of the Indian War in the West, when he served as captain in the
then existing only regiment of regulars under Col. Harmar. His own
company was composed of a majority of Pennsylvania Germans. Manned
Fort Harmar (Marietta, O.); built Fort Finney at the mouth of the Big
Miami, and subsequently took part in the expedition of General George
Roger Clark against the Kickapoos on the Wabash, and in 1790, in the
disastrous expedition of Gen. Harmar against the Indians on the upper
Miami.
In the battle of the Maumee he distinguished himself for personal
bravery, and St. Clair dispatched Ziegler with two companies to
succor the distressed settlers in and around Marietta following the
defeat of Harmar. He soon obtained the upper hand of the hordes of
Indians, and in restoring order gained such decisive advantages that
he was hailed as the most popular soldier in the Northwest. In the
fall of 1791, Ziegler took part in the bloody and disastrous campaign
under St. Clair, in which he commanded a battalion of Federal troops.
Being prevented from taking part in the actual battle by reason
of special service elsewhere, was assigned to cover the headlong
retreat of the demoralized troops, and by ceaseless vigilance and
strict discipline succeeded in the face of furious attacks by the
Indians, drunk with victory, in leading the scattered American forces
back to Fort Washington (Cincinnati). This feat earned for him the
unqualified praise of all concerned, and materially increased his
popularity.
His dash and efficiency in the campaign of the previous year
had caused his advancement to the rank of major in the regular
army, and new honors awaited him. When General St. Clair, as
commander-in-chief, was summoned to Philadelphia to defend his
conduct before Congress, he invested Ziegler with the “ad interim”
authority of commander-in-chief of the whole army, passing over the
heads of officers of higher rank, Wilkinson, Butler and Armstrong.
Thus a German, for a period of six weeks, acted as commander-in-chief
of the American army. This distinction resulted in a cabal of native
officers to get rid of a detested “foreigner,” and Col. Jacob
Wilkinson (afterward general and highest commanding officer), and
Col. Armstrong preferred charges of insubordination and drunkenness
against the veteran.
Ziegler in disgust thereupon resigned his command and retired from
the army. But the people insisted on testifying their admiration
and loyalty to their hero, and when Cincinnati in 1802 became an
incorporated town he was elected its first mayor by a large majority
and subsequently re-elected “in recognition,” according to Judge
Burnett in “Notes on the Settlement of the Northwest Territory,”
“of his services in protecting the settlements in 1791 and 1792
as well as in reprisal for the unjust treatment accorded him by
the government.” Ziegler died in Cincinnati, September 24, 1811,
universally mourned by his fellow citizens.
=Zenger, John Peter, and the Freedom of the Press.=--Noted in
American history as the man who fought to a successful issue the
problem of the freedom of the press in this country. Came over as a
boy in the Palatine migration and was an apprentice to Bradford in
Philadelphia. Established the New York “Weekly Journal,” November
5, 1733. Was arrested and imprisoned by Governor Cosby for his
political criticisms; the paper containing them was publicly burned
by the hangman, and the case was then thrown into the courts. Zenger
was charged with being an immigrant who dared to attack the royal
prerogatives and official representatives.
Arrested in 1734, he was at first denied pen, ink and paper,
notwithstanding which he continued to edit the “Journal” from
his prison. The grand jury refused to find a bill for libel, and
proceedings were instituted by the Attorney General by information.
Zenger’s defense was entrusted to Andrew Hamilton, a Quaker lawyer
of marked ability, himself an immigrant from Ireland, who came from
Philadelphia especially to undertake the defense.
Zenger’s case became a turning point on the great question of the
truth justifying libel. Hamilton attacked the claim of the Governor,
denounced the practice of information for libel, and declared that
this was not the cause of a poor printer, but of liberty, which
concerned every American. The triumphant result obtained by Hamilton
has made his name famous in American jurisprudence. Zenger’s trial
overthrew the effort of arbitrary power to suppress free speech, to
control courts of justice, to rule by royal prerogative. The jury
turned the judge out of court and Zenger was sustained in the right
of criticising the administration, and his criticisms were declared
to be true and just. Zenger therefore gained for the people the
freedom of the press, and through it their rights to deliberate and
act so as best to secure their rights.
Dr. William Elliot Griffis, in “The Romance of American
Colonization,” comments on the case in the words: “Thus one of the
greatest of all victories in behalf of law and freedom ever won on
this continent was secured.”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A
Page
Adams, President John Quincy;
on First Treaty with Prussia, 229
Alabama, The;
Confederate Cruiser 51, 111
Allied Nations in War 11
Alsace-Lorraine 11
No Desire for French Annexation;
Linked with the German Empire;
German Character of 12
General Rapp Demands Independence of;
Germans Deported from 14
France Distrusts Her Own People in 15
American Bearers of Foreign Titles 27
“American Liberal, The” 70
American School Children and Foreign Propaganda 20
Americanization Committee of Massachusetts on;
Macaulay on George III;
King George Not Alone Responsible 21
George Haven Putnam’s London Address 22
Owen Wister in London “Times” 23
Americans Not an English People 16
William Elliot Griffis Quoted 178-179
Prof. Albert B. Faust 16
James Russell Lowell;
Douglas Campbell 17
Scott Nearing 18
James A. Garfield;
Charles E. Hughes 19
Americans Saved from Tampico Mob
by German Cruiser 19
Armstead, Major George;
Defender of Ft. McHenry 20
Astor, John Jacob;
American Pathfinder 25
Atherton, Gertrude;
on Experience in Germany 188
Atrocities, Belgian and French 28
Melville E. Stone on 29
Rev. J. F. Stillimans on;
London “Globe” on 30
London “Universe” on;
John T. McCutcheon on;
Irvin S. Cobb on;
Emily S. Hobhouse on 31
Rev. J. F. Matthews on 32
Horace Green on;
Prof. Kellogg on;
Ernest P. Bicknell on 33
American Correspondents on;
Premier Asquith Denies 34
State Department Refuses Information on;
Church Authorities Investigate 35
William K. Draper Quoted;
Why Created 36
Same Stories Told in Civil War Period;
Post Office Department Prohibits Denial of 37
B
Bancroft, George;
on Germans in American Revolution 105
Negotiates Memorable Agreement with Bismarck 38
Refers Vancouver Boundary Dispute to German Emperor;
Advises Friendship With Germany 39
Baralong, English Pirate Ship 39
Beck, James M. 199
Becker, Alfred L.,
Deputy Attorney General of New York,
Investigates German Propaganda;
Investigated by Senator Reed 71
Employed Ex-Convicts 73
Becker, Prof. Carl L.;
on Composition of American People 103
Berger, Mrs. Frances,
Victim of Mob 67
Berliner, Emile,
Inventor of the Microphone 40
Bernstorff, German Ambassador,
Quotes Col. House 131
Blaine, James G.,
Quotes English Sentiment During Civil War 112
Blockade,
“Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible” 42
Blue Laws of Virginia 184
Boers, The;
English Treatment of 40
“Bombing Maternity Hospitals” 44
Brant, Indian Chief,
Destroys German Settlements 135, 175
C
Campbell, Douglas,
on Composition of American People 17
Carnegie, Andrew,
on British-American Union 197-8
Cavell, Edith,
Executed by Germans;
Execution Justified by Col. E. R. West 46
Chamberlain, Senator,
Speech on English Threats 74
Cheradame, Andre, French Propagandist,
Conspires Against President Wilson 187
Christiansen, Hendrik,
True Explorer of the Hudson River 48
Clemenceau, Premier Georges,
Blames France for War of 1870-71 241
Cobb, Sanford H.,
Story of the Palatines 104
Concord, The;
Brought Germantown Settlers 121
Concord Society, The;
Objects of 47
Cramb, Prof. J. A.,
on Germany’s Lofty Spirit 51
Cramps, Shipbuilders 125
Creasy, Prof. E. S.,
on the German Race 18
Creel and the Sisson Documents 44
Cromberger, Johann 45
Custer, General George A.,
a Hessian Descendant 45
D
Daimler, Gottlieb,
Inventor of the Gas Engine 138
Danzig 60, 85
DeKalb, Major General Johann von 48
“Dial, The,”
on French Propaganda 187
Dillon, Dr. E. J.,
on Alsace-Lorraine 11
Dorsheimer, Hon. William 49
Dual Citizenship 49
Dutch and German 49
E
Earling, Albert J.,
Railway President 50
Eckert, Thomas 50
Election of 1916 and the
League of Nations Covenants 51
President Wilson’s Colloquy with Senator McCumber 56
Foreign Minister Hanotaux Promised American Aid
in 1914 57
Eliot, Prof. Charles W.,
on German Civilization 50
England Plundered American Commerce 51
Refuses Loan to United States in Civil War 110
Threatens United States Through Canada 73
English Government Offers $8 for American Scalps 136
View of Paul Jones 139
First to Use Poison Gas 192
Tribute to Germany’s Lofty Spirit 51
Opinion of Prussians in 1815 58
Investment in Confederate Bonds 114
Propaganda in Public Schools 20
White Book Justifies Invasion of Belgium 207
Statesmen Denounce American Union 113
“English-Speaking Union” 198
Erzberger, Appeal to
Conscience of America 90
Espionage Act, Vote on 58
How Administered 59
Report of Civil Liberties Bureau;
New York “Sun” Quoted 63
Friends of German Democracy;
Mrs. William Jay;
German Masons in New Jersey 64
Exports and Imports in 1914 58
F
Fisher, Admiral,
Justifies German Submarines 212
Foreign Residents Assured as to
their Investments 230
Fourteen Points, The;
History of 86
France’s Historic Relations
with the United States 76
Franklin, Benjamin 80
Alarmed by German Immigration 81
Praises German Population 83
Frederick the Great and the American Colonies 84
Prevents Russian Alliance with England
Against Colonies;
Offers American Cruisers Refuge at Danzig 85
Free Masons in New Jersey
Against Language Edict 64
Fresch, Hermann, Sulphur King 224
Fricke, Albert Paul,
Tried for Treason and Acquitted 67
Friends of German Democracy 64
Fritchie, Barbara,
Immortalized by Whittier 90
G
Gas, Poison,
First Employed by English 192
George III, a “German King”? 20
Macaulay on 21
George, Lloyd,
Denounces Atrocities Against Boers 41
German American Captains of Industry 94
German Element in American Life 102
Mechanics in Jamestown Settlement 91
In Virginia 105
Moravians First Settlers in Ohio 107
On Indian Border in Pennsylvania 108
Settle Frankfort and Louisville, Ky 109
Ardent patriots in Revolution 105, 109, 175, 181
Early Western Border Occupied by 108
Protest Against Slavery 180
First Proclamation of Independence 175
Praise for Their Republican Virtues 180
In Civil War 114
In Confederate Army 120
Ideals of Liberty 154
Women Spies Executed by French 49
In American Art, Science and Literature 91
Praised by Franklin 83
Praised by Washington 245
Praised by Jefferson 141
First Newspapers 91
George Bancroft on 105
Subscriptions to Liberty Loan 153
In Massachusetts Bay Colony 156
Keeps Missouri in the Union 159
German Emperor Decides Vancouver
Boundary Dispute in Our Favor 39
Germantown Settlement 121
Germany;
Why Strengthened Her Army 124
Treatment of France After War of 1870-71 90
Conduct During Civil War 110
Buys $600,000,000 of Union Bonds 111
Bancroft Quoted 39
Sends Relief During Civil War 90
Godfrey,
Inventor of Quadrant 178
Gould, B. A.;
Civil War Statistics 115
Grey, Sir Edward,
on Humanity in War 132
Griffis, Dr. William Elliot,
on German Element 104
Early German Mechanics 105
On Jacob Leisler 146
On Teutonic Influence 178-9
On Bay Colony Aristocracy 181
On Confusing Germans with Dutch 49
Guizot,
on German Love of Liberty 154
H
Hagner, Peter 124
Haiman, Louis,
“Swordmaker of the Confederacy” 227
Hanotaux, Foreign Minister,
on Assurances Given France in 1914 by American
Ambassadors 56
Harris, Frank,
on Germany and England 155
Hartford Convention, The 124
Hempel 125
“Herald,” New York,
Urges Hanging of German Americans 125
Hereshoffs and Cramps 125
Herkimer, General Nicholas,
Hero of Oriskany 125
Hervé, Gustave,
on Alsace Lorraine 12
On Poison Gas 192
Hessians, The 125
Swell Jackson’s Stonewall Brigade; Where Settled 129
General Custer, Descended from 45
Hillegas, Michael,
First Treasurer of the United States 129
Hitchcock, Senator Gilbert M.,
on Seizure of Alien Property 232
House, Col. E. M.;
Reputed Author of “Philip Dru, Administrator” 130
Influences President on Surrender of Saar Valley 131
Friend of Lloyd George;
Attended School in England 130
I
Ibanez, Vincente Blasco,
French Propaganda Agent 185
Ideals of Liberty 154
Illiteracy of Contending Countries 132
Immigration 132
Germantown 177
Indians, Tories and German Settlements 135
Invention of Telephone, Gas Engine,
Photographic Lenses, etc. 138
“Issues and Events” 69
J
Jaeger, Pastor,
Murdered for Being German 67
Jay, Mrs. William,
Leads Campaign to Suppress German Music 64
Jefferson, Thomas,
on German Immigrants 141
On English Hyphenates 140
On Virginia Blue Laws 184
On Longing for an English King 24
Jones, John Paul;
English View of 139
K
Kapp, Frederich,
History of American People 102-4
King, Senator, of Utah,
Bill Canceling Charter of the German American
Alliance 69
Knobel, Caspar,
Captures Jefferson Davis 142
Knownothing Party 142
Koerner, Gustav,
on Political Character of German Americans 143
Krech, Alvin W.
Kudlich, Dr. Hans,
the Peasant Emancipator 143
L
Langlotz, Prof. C. A.,
Author of “Old Nassau” 145
Lee, Lighthouse Harry 148
Lehman, Philip Theodore,
William Penn’s Secretary 145
Lehmann, Frederick William 145
Leisler, Jacob,
First Martyr to Cause of American Independence 145
Lieber, Francis 146
Founder, “Encyclopedia Americana” 147
Legal Advisor to Lincoln Government;
Author of “Instructions for the
Armies in the Field” 148
Lincoln, Abraham,
of German Extraction? 148
London “Times” in 1862 113
Long, Frances L.,
One of Custer’s Sergeants and
Survivor Greeley Arctic Expedition 152
Lossing, Benson J.,
on Our Debt to France 77
On Jacob Leisler 146
On Conrad Weiser 245
Lowell, James Russell;
American People Not English 17
Ludwig, Christian,
Purveyor of the Revolutionary Army 153
M
Macaulay, Lord,
on German Immigrant Settlers 104
On George III 21
Marix, Rear Admiral Adolph 156
Massow, Baron von,
Member of Mosby’s Brigade 156
McCarthy, Justin,
on Cruise of the Alabama;
Recognition of Confederacy 111
On Schleswig-Holstein Question 210
McCumber, Senator,
Asks President About Our Entrance Into the War 56
McNeill, Walter S.,
on German Constitution 155
On German Civil Law 157
Memminger, Christoph Gustav,
Secretary of the Treasury
in the Confederate Cabinet 157
Menken, S. Stanwood,
Organizer and President National Security League 171-2
Mergenthaler, Ottmar,
Inventor of the Linotype Machine 157
Military Establishments of the
Warring Nations in 1914 157
Minnewit, Peter,
Purchased Island of Manhattan from Indians 158
Missouri, How Kept in the Union 159
Montesquieu, on Birth of Liberty 154
Morgan, J. Pierpont 158
Related to Viscount Lewis Harcourt 159
Accused in Congress of Controlling Press 190
Muhlenberg,
Heinrich Melchior,
Founder Lutheran Church in America;
Frederick August,
First Speaker House of Representative;
Peter, General;
Career of 161
N
Nagel, Charles,
Secretary of Commerce and Labor 169
Nast, Thomas,
America’s Greatest Cartoonist;
Kills the Tweed Ring;
Grant’s Opinion of 169
National Security League;
Objects of, Backers of 169
Representative Cooper of Wisconsin on 170
Interference with New York Public Schools 171
How Organized; Disbursements by 172
Denounced in Congress 171-2
Neutrality;
President Wilson on,
in Mexican Relations 172
New Ulm Massacre 173
Northcliffe, Lord;
Control of American Newspapers 174
O
Ohio;
Germans First to Settle,
First White Child in 107
Orth, Charles D.,
President National Security League 171-2
Osterhaus, General Peter Joseph,
Record in Union Army 174
His Pension Canceled 175
Overman Bill 54
P
Palatines, the;
Sanford H. Cobb on 104
Judge Benton Quoted 105
Declaration of Independence Antedates that of
Mecklenburg 175
Its Signers 176-7
Panin, Count Nikolai I, Russian Premier,
Bribed by Frederick the Great 85
Pastorius, Franz Daniel,
Founder of Germantown 121, 177
Agitation Against Unveiling of Monument to 179
Author of First Protest Against Slavery 180
Pathfinders, German American 191
Penn, William,
and Crefeld Immigrants 121
His Mother a Dutch Woman 193
Pennypacker, Ex-Governor Samuel Whitaker 121
Pilgrim Society 193
Pitcher, Molly;
Famous Heroine of German Descent 190
Poison Gas;
First Used at Colenso; French Testimony 192
Prager, Robert B.,
Lynched by Anti-German Mob 67
Press Attacked in Congress 190
Propaganda in the United States 185
Vincente Blasco Ibanez, French Agent 185
Louis Tracy, English Agent; How Conducted 186
French Described by “The Dial;” Andre Cheradame 187
Overman Committee; Gertrude Atherton 188
Prussia, First Treaty with 229
Prussian Constitution,
Praised by President Wilson 156
Puritans;
Land in 1620;
Great Migration;
Freemen;
Hang Quakers and Witches;
Blue Laws 184
Putnam, George Haven,
Repudiates the American Revolution;
Proposes to Rewrite Text Books of
American History in Public Schools 22
Regrets American Independence from England 23
Q
Quakers Hanged in Bay Colony 184
Quitman, General J. A.,
in Mexican War 194
R
Rassieur, Leo 205
Reis, Philipp,
Inventor of the Telephone 139
Representation in Congress 194
Rhodes, Cecil;
Text of Secret Will to Reclaim the United States 195
Sinclair Kennedy, on Plan 196-7
Whitelaw Reid, on Unity with English Government 196
Andrew Carnegie,
on British-American Union;
Rhodes Scholarships 197
General Pershing’s Statement;
James M. Beck’s Statement 199
Admiral Sims’s Guildhall Speech;
New York “Globe” Quotes Ambassador Page 200
Prof. Roland G. Usher,
on Secret Understanding;
Colonial Secretary Chamberlain Quoted 201
Joseph H. Choate’s Toast to the King 202
Ringling, Al 203, 207
Rittenhouse, David,
First Great American Scientist 204
Roebling, John August,
Famous Bridge Builder 205
Roosevelt, Theodore 205
Russia Approached by England for
Alliance Against the Colonies 85
S
Sauer, Christopher,
Famous Colonial Printer 217
Scheffauer, Herman George,
American Poet 215
Schell, Johann Christian:
An Episode of the Early Border 215
Schleswig-Holstein,
“One and Indivisible” 209
Wish to be German;
Revolution Against Denmark, 1848 210
Cradle of Purest Germanism 211
Total Danish-Speaking Population in Germany 212
Schley, Admiral Winfield Scott;
Rescue of Lt. Greeley 216
Schreiner, George A.,
on American Passport Discriminations 66
On Use of Poison Gas at Colenso 192
On Lusitania Sinking 242
Schurz, Carl,
on German Revolution of 1848 214
On German Element in the United States 102
Scraps of Paper 208
Secret Treaties 89
Seward, Secretary William H.,
Expresses Thanks to Prussia 112
Slavery, First Protest Against 180
Starving Germany;
Result of, and Casualties 217
State Department Note of Assurance,
February 8, 1917 230
Steinmetz, Charles P.,
Famous Electrician 217
Steuben, Baron Frederick von 220
Sutter,
the Romance of a California Pioneer 225
First to Hoist American Flag to Stay;
Founds New Switzerland on Sacramento River;
Alvarado Land Grant 225
Sides with Santa Anna;
Lays Out Town of Sutterville, now Sacramento;
Visited by Major Fremont;
Hoists the American Flag on His Fort;
Gold Discovered on His Ranch by Marshall 226
Sutter Ruined;
Dies Poor in Pennsylvania;
Tribute to 227
“Swordmaker of the Confederacy” 227
T
Taft, William H.,
on Religious Intolerance 185
Praises Kaiser 208
“Times,” London,
Denounces United States 113
Advocates British Propaganda in the United States 24
Titled Americans 27
Tolstoy on American Liberty 228
Tracy, Louis,
Head of English Propaganda Bureau 186
Treaties of 1799 and 1828,
with Germany 229-30
Treaty, Commercial,
with Germany, and How Observed;
President John Quincy Adams on First Treaty;
Treaties of 1799-1828 229
State Department Assures Foreign Residents 230
Alien Custodianship Aired in Congress;
Senator Hitchcock’s Momentous Statement;
President Wilson’s Remarks of April 2, 1917;
List of Persons Whose Property Was Seized 232
Property of Wives of Aliens Seized 233
Tryon County Committee of Safety 175
U
Usher, Prof. Roland G.,
on “Understanding” with England 200-2
V
Viereck, George Sylvester 71, 92
Villard, Henry 236
Virginia Blue Laws 184
Vote on War in Congress 236
W
War of 1870-71 240
War Lies Repudiated by English Paper 241
Washington’s Body Guard 244
Tribute to Germans 245
Weiser, Conrad,
Pioneer and Statesman 245
West, Col. E. R.,
Justifies Execution of Edith Cavell 46
Wetzel, Lou, Indian Fighter 246
Whittier, John Greenleaf,
Poem on Germantown Settlement 180
Williams, Deantor John Sharp,
on Fighting Canada 76
Wilson, Woodrow, President;
on Our Debt to France 78
On His Fourteen Points 88
Friendship for German People 90
German Intellectualism, 1917 and 1919 155
Praises Prussian Constitution 156
On “Best Practices of Nations” 172
Wirt, William,
Famous Jurist and Author 247
Wirtz, Captain Henry,
of Andersonville Prison 247
Wistar, Caspar 247
Z
Zane, Elizabeth,
Early Border Heroine 248
Zeisberger, David,
Founds First Christian Community in Ohio 107
Zenger, John Peter,
and the Freedom of the Press 250
Ziegler, David,
Revolutionary Soldier and Indian Fighter 248
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
The following corrections have been made in the text:
Section: Alsace-Lorraine,
paragraph starting: Under date of January 17, 1917,...
- ‘inferference’ replaced with ‘interference’
(without the interference of any foreign)
Section: Alsace-Lorraine,
paragraph starting: After this, who can be scandalized....
- ‘liberatarian’ replaced with ‘libertarian’
(Does M. Clemenceau, that “old libertarian”)
Section: Americans Not An English People,
paragraph starting: In order to estimate the full....
- ‘have’ replaced with ‘gave’
(Romans gave the designation)
Section: Americans Not An English People,
paragraph starting: In a like manner Charles E. Hughes,...
- ‘spech’ replaced with ‘speech’
(in a speech at Mount Vernon)
Section: American School Children and English Propaganda,
paragraph starting: The feelings and prejudices....
- ‘boks’ replaced with ‘books’
(on text books and histories)
Section: Atrocities,
paragraph starting: The following correspondence....
- ‘correspondenece’ replaced with ‘correspondence’
(following correspondence will speak)
Section: Atrocities,
paragraph starting: The late James G. Blaine quoted....
- ‘Malmsbury’ replaced with ‘Malmesbury’
(Blaine quoted Lord Malmesbury)
Section: Baralong,
paragraph starting: An English pirate ship commanded....
- ‘Nocosian’ replaced with ‘Nicosian’
(swam alongside of the “Nicosian”)
- ‘tradegy’ replaced with ‘tragedy’
(history of the tragedy first came)
Section: Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible Blockades,
paragraph starting: But the State Department surrendered....
- ‘Scandanavia’ replaced with ‘Scandinavia’
(commerce of Holland and Scandinavia)
Section: Illegal, Ineffective and Indefensible Blockades,
paragraph starting: The point is that future wars....
- ‘compells’ replaced with ‘compels’
(it compels us to compact our)
Section: Dutch and German,
paragraph starting: In the history of early American....
- ‘Minnewitt’ replaced with ‘Minnewit’
(Peter Minnewit, the first regular governor)
Section: Espionage Act, Vote on,
paragraph starting: The actual count showed....
- ‘resul’ replaced with ‘result’
(showed the result as follows)