M‘Intosh and Masterman, 565 n.
Mackerel, 678, 168, 275, 302
_Macquaria_, _659_
_Macrius_, _705_;
_M. amissus_, 705
_Macrodon_, _575_; {746}
_M. trahira_, mouth, 577
_Macrones_, _588_
_Macropharynx_, _604_
_Macrophthalmia chilensis_, _426_
_Macropodus viridi-auratus_, _669_
_Macropoma_, _481_, 202, 268
Macrosemiidae, _498_, 497
_Macrosemius_, _498_
_Macrostomias_, _571_
Macruridae, _647_, 702
_Macruronus_, _647_
_Macrurus_, _647_;
_M. carminatus_, 647
_Maena_, _664_
Mahaseer, 584
Maigre (= Meagre), 361, 362, 663
_Malacanthus_, _661_
_Malacichthys_, _659_
_Malacocephalus_, _647_
_Malacopterus_, _673_
Malacopterygii, _543_ f., 159, 306
_Malacosarcus_, _619_
_Malacosteus_, _571_;
_M. indicus_, 570;
_photophoreo_, 178
_Mallotus_, _566_;
_M. villosus_, 568, 569
Malm, 685 n.
Malopterurinae, _588_
_Malopterurus_, _588_, 593, 359;
electric organs, 365, 366;
_M. electricus_, 591, 362
_Malthe_, _720_;
scales, 190, 191;
_M. vespertilio_, 720
Malthidae, _720_, 718
_Malthopsis_, _720_
Mantle, 42
_Marcusenius_, _551_
Marsupial pouches, 416
Mastacembelidae, _716_
_Mastacembelus_, _717_;
_M. maculatus_, 717
Masterman, 23 n., 25, 27, 28, 29, 31 n.
_Maurolicus_, _571_, 570
Mazza, 714 n.
M‘Biriki, 583
Meagre (= Maigre, _q.v._)
_Meda_, _582_
_Medialuna_, _657_
Median fins, 156, 234 f.
Medusae, with _Caranx_, 643
Meek, 714 n.
_Megalichthys_, _477_, 478;
spiral valve, 268
_Megalocercus_, _68_;
_M. abyssorum_, 66, 68
_Megalops_, _547_;
_M. atlanticus_, 547;
_M. cyprinoides_, 547
_Megalurus_, _501_
Megrim, 687
_Melambaphes_, _664_
_Melamphaes_, _656_, 620, 655
_Melanocetus_, _719_
_Melanostigma_, _712_
_Melanostoma_, _659_
_Melanotaenia_, _639_
Membrana nictitans, 395
Membranellae, 19
_Menaspis_, _445_
_Mene_, _677_
_Merluccius_, _648_, 648 n.;
_M. vulgaris_, 649;
red gland, 308
Meroblastic, 93, 409, 410
Merosomata, _85_, 81, 110
Mertens, Von, 66
_Mesacanthus_, _442_
_Mesiteia_, _447_
_Mesoborus_, _576_
Mesocoracoid arch, 543, 573
_Mesodon_, _498_
Mesonephros, 397, 398, 400
_Mesoprion gembra_, radialia of the dorsal fin, 235
Mesorchium, 402
Mesovarium, 402
_Mesturus_, _498_
Metcalf, 38, 52, 109
Metschnikoff, 19, 31 n., 39
_Metynnis_, _576_
Meyen, 677 n.
_Micracanthus_, _669_
_Micralestes_, _575_
_Microbrachius_, _534_
_Microcoelia_, _611_
_Microcosmus draschii_, dorsal tubercle, 79
_Microdon_, _498_
_Micropogon undulatus_, air-bladder and its muscles, 360, 361
_Micropterus_, _657_
Micropyles, 411, 412
_Microspathodon_, _672_
_Microstoma_, _566_, 565
Miller's Thumb, 698
Milne-Edwards, 37
Minnow, 288
Minot, 30 n.
_Minous_, _695_, 692;
_M. inermis_, 695
_Misgurnus_, _582_, 290;
intestinal respiration, 261, 292;
oviducts, 405;
_M. fossilis_, 358, 585
_Mistichthys luzonensis_, _689_
Möbius, 630 n., 673, 724
_Mochocus_, _588_
_Mola_, _727_
_Molgula_, _77_;
_M. citrina_, 79;
_M. oculata_, 77, 79;
_M. pyriformis_, branchial sac, 77;
dorsal tubercle, 79
Molgulidae, _77_, 64, 110;
nervous system, 53;
reproductive organs, 55
Molidae, _726_, 722
_Mollienesia_, _616_
Molluscoidea, 35
_Molva_, _648_;
_M. vulgaris_, 649
_Monacanthus_, _724_;
coloration, 165;
warning colours, 174;
scales, 190;
sounds, 354, 357;
_M_. sp., 723;
_M. pardalis_, 361;
_M. scopas_, scale, 191
Monascidiae, 35 {747}
Monocentridae, _656_, 653
_Monocentris_, _656_
_Monocirrus_, _658_
Monogamy, 413
_Monopterus_, _597_;
_M. javanensis_, head, skull, pectoral arch, vertebrae, 598
Moon-eyes, 553
Moon-fish, 579
_Morchellium_, _88_;
_M. argus_, stomach, 88
_Mordacia_, _426_
Morgan, 11 n., 20, 21 n., 31 n., 32
_Moringua_, _601_
Mormyridae, _549_, 544, 154;
larval gills, 290;
abdominal pores, 401
Mormyrinae, _551_
_Mormyrops_, _551_, 549
Mormyrs, 551
_Mormyrus_, _551_;
_M. caballus_, 549;
electric organs, 365, 366, 401
_Morone_, _659_, 660
Moseley, 95, 613, 702 n.
_Motella_, _649_, 288
Mouth, position, size, and shape;
of Cyclostomata, 150;
of Fishes, 153 f.
_Moxostoma_, _581_
Mud-Fish, 610
_Mugil_, _640_, 264;
_M. capito_, 640
Mugilidae, _640_, 637, 256;
gizzard, 260
Müller, H., 37
Müller, J., 19, 31, 112, 129
Müller, O. F., 36
Müllerian duct, 398, 400, 404
Mullets, Grey, 640;
Red, 665
Mullidae, _665_, 654
_Mulloides_, _665_
_Mullus_, _665_;
_M. barbatus_, 666;
_M. surmuletus_, 666;
pectoral arch, 666
_Muraena_, _605_;
_M. helena_, 600, 605
_Muraenesox_, _601_
_Muraenichthys_, _601_
Muraenidae, _604_, 163, 259
Muraenolepididae, _649_
_Muraenolepis_, _649_
Murray, 613
Muscular system, 350
_Mustelus_, _448_, 298;
placenta, 434, 449;
_M. antarcticus_, radialia of the dorsal fin, 234;
vascular system, 316, 317, 330, 331, 334;
placenta, 435;
_M. laevis_, 449;
_M. vulgaris_, 449
_Myletes_, _576_
_Myleus_, _576_
Myliobatidae, _465_;
teeth, 251
_Myliobatis_, _465_, 466;
_M. aquila_, 465, 466
_Mylostoma_, _537_
Myocoele, 397, 398
Myocomma, 117
_Myomyrus_, _551_
Myotome, 117, 133
Myriacanthidae, _468_
_Myriacanthus_, _468_;
_M. granulatus_, 468
_Myripristis_, _656_
_Myroconger_, _605_
_Myrophis_, _601_
_Myrus_, _601_
_Myxine_, _422_, 147;
external characters, 151;
thread-cells, 182;
vertebral column, 197;
teeth, 248;
liver, 273;
pancreas, 273;
gill-sacs, 281;
blood corpuscles, 341;
brain, 372;
auditory organ, 387, 388;
pituitary involution, 391;
degenerate eyes, 394, 395;
pronephros, 399, 400;
genital pore, 403;
distribution, 422;
habits, 422;
hermaphroditism, 423;
_M. glutinosa_, 151, 422, 423
Myxinidae, _422_
Myxinoides, _421_ f.
_Myxus_, _640_
Nandidae, _658_, 653
_Nandus_, _658_
_Nannaethiops_, _576_
_Nannobrachium_, _611_
_Nannocampus_, _634_, 635
_Nannocharax_, _576_
_Nanoglanis_, _588_
_Nanognathus_, _576_
_Nanostomus_, _576_
_Nansenia_, _566_, 565
_Narcetes_, _570_
_Narcine_, _464_
_Naseus_, _668_
_Naucrates_, _677_;
_N. ductor_, 677
_Nealotus_, _679_
_Neatherina_, _639_
_Nebris_, _663_
_Nedystoma_, _588_
Needle-Fish, 634
_Nemachilus_, _582_
_Nematabramis_, _582_
_Nematistius_, _677_
_Nematogenys_, _588_, 587
_Nematonotus_, _611_
Nemichthyidae, _603_
_Nemichthys_, _603_
_Nemopteryx_, _648_
_Neobola_, _582_
_Neoborus_, _576_
_Neobythitis_, _712_
_Neoceratodus_, _508_, 259, 291;
skull, 231;
pectoral fin, 244;
gills, 285, 286;
lung, 291, 299, 300;
vascular system, 323, 324, 329, 338;
grunting sounds, 363;
brain, 377;
abdominal pores, 401;
Müllerian ducts in the male, 407;
distribution and habits, 508, 512;
spawning, 510;
eggs, 510;
young, 510, 511;
relations with other Dipnoi, 518, 519;
_N. forsteri_, 508, 509
_Neochanna_, _608
Neolebias_, _576_ {748}
_Neopempheris_, _657_
_Neopercis_, _705_
_Neoscopelus_, _611_
_Neosilurus_, _588_
Nephridia, of Amphioxus, 125
Nephrostomes, 398;
persistent, 401
Nephrotome, 397, 398
_Nerophis_, _634_, 635
Nerve eminences, 383
Nervous system, of Chordata, 4;
of Hemichordata, 9, 25, 30;
of Tunicata, 53, 58, 66;
of Amphioxus, 127 f., 131;
of Fishes, 367 f.
_Nesiarchus_, _679_
Nesting habits of Sticklebacks, 630
Nests of Fishes, 414 f., 427, 500, 501, 514, 515, 517;
of _Arius_, 593;
of _Doras_ and _Callichthys_, 592;
of _Gobius_, 690;
of _Gymnarchus_, 552;
of _Heterotis_, 558;
of _Spinachia_, 631
_Nettastoma_, _601_
_Nettenchelys_, _601_
_Nettophichthys_, _601_
Neural gland, 52
Neurenteric canal, 57, 131, 133
Neuromeres, 195 n.
Neuropore, 10, 58, 59
Nilhechte, 550
Nilsson, 715
_Niphon_, _659_
Nishikawa, 685 n.
Noll, 584 n.
_Nomeus_, _643_;
_N. gronovii_, 643
Norman, 23
Notacanthidae, _624_
_Notacanthus_, _625_;
_N. bonapartii_, 625
_Notagogus_, _498_
Notidanidae, _442_, 279;
persistent nephrostomes, 401
_Notidanus_, _443_, 345;
spiral valve, 267;
_N. cinereus_, branchial clefts, 277;
skull, 222;
_N. griseus_, branchial clefts, 277
Notochord, 3;
of Enteropneusta, 14;
of _Cephalodiscus_, 24, 25;
of _Rhabdopleura_, 27;
of Actinotrocha, 28;
of Tunicata, 57, 60, 61;
of Amphioxus, 119, 118, 119, 132;
of Fishes, 193 f.
_Notoglanidium_, _588_
_Notoglanis_, _588_
_Notogoneus_, _572_
Notopteridae, _554_, 544, 303, 389, 405
_Notopterus_, _555_, 153, 305, 306;
_N. afer_, skeleton, 554;
_N. chitala_, 555
_Notothenia_, _706_
Nototheniidae, _705_, 704
_Noturus_, _588_, 590
_Novacula_, _673_
Nucleus, of Thaliacea, 101, 105
_Nuria_, _582_
Nurse, 97
Oar-Fish, 715, 163
_Oblata_, _664_
Ocelli, 53
Octacnemidae, _108_, 101
_Octacnemus_, _109_, 101;
_O. bythius_, 109;
_O. patagoniensis_, 109
_Odax_, _674_
_Odaxothrissa_, _563_
_Odontaspis_, _451_
_Odonteus_, _673_
_Odontonectes_, _660_
_Odontostomus_, _611_, 613
_Oenoscopus_, _545_
Oesophageo-cutaneous duct, 281
Oikoplasts, 65
_Oikopleura_, _68_, 67, 69;
transverse section, 67;
longitudinal section, 68;
_O. cophocerca_, 66;
_O. dioica_, 70;
_O. flabellum_, transverse section, 69
Olfactory organs, 155, 390 f., 391, 392
Olfactory pit, 129
Oligopleuridae, _545_, 544
_Oligopleurus_, _545_
_Oligorus_, _659_
_Oligosarcus_, _575_
_Oligotrema_, _78_, 111 n.
Olt, 584 n.
_Olyra_, _588_
Omble Chevalier, 567
_Omiodon_, _611_
_Omosudis_, _611_
_Oncorhynchus_, _566_
_Oneirodes_, _719_;
_O. eschrichtii_, 174
_Onus_, _648_;
coloration of larvae, 175
Oozooid, 84, 91, 93
Opah, 628, 164
Operculum, 25, 155, 278, 282, 283
_Ophichthys_, _601_
Ophidiidae, _713_, 651, 702, 704, 163, 361
_Ophidium_, _713_, 361;
air-bladder, 302
_Ophioblennius_, _709_
Ophiocephalidae, _644_, 637, 163, 293, 361;
distribution, 645
_Ophiocephalus_, _645_;
labyrinthiform organ, 293;
_O. marulius_, 361;
_O. gachua_, 361
_Ophiodon_, _696_;
_O. elongatus_, skull, 692
_Opisthocentrus_, _709_
_Opisthognathus_, _661_
Opisthomi, _716_ f., 651, 306
_Opisthomyzon_, _691_
_Opisthonema_, _563_
_Opisthoproctus soleatus_, telescopic eyes, 395
_Opisthopteryx_, _611_
_Opostomias_, _571_;
_O. micripnus_, photophores, 178, 179, 181
_Opsanus_, _711_
_Opsariichthys_, _582_
Oral hood, 116, 119, 136
_Oreinus_, _582
Oreosoma_, _683_ {749}
_Orestias_, _616_
_Orodus_, _445_
_Orthagoriscus_, _727_, 153, 354;
spinal cord, 367;
_O. mola_, 602, 727, 348, 357
Ortho-enteric, 102, 108
_Osmeroides_, _547_
_Osmerus_, _566_, 565;
_O. eperlanus_, 568;
gonoducts, 405, 411
Osphromenidae, _669_, 654;
labyrinthiform organ, 293
_Osphromenus_, _669_, 293;
_O. olfax_, 669
_Osphyolax_, _634_
Ostariophysi, _573_ f., 306, 389
_Osteochilus_, _582_
_Osteogeniosus_, _588_, 593
Osteoglossidae, _555_, 544, 294, 405;
larval gills, 290;
distribution, 557
_Osteoglossum_, _557_;
_O. bicirrhosum_, 556
Osteolepida, _477_ f.
Osteolepidae, _477_
_Osteolepis_, _477_;
_O. macrolepidota_, 477
Osteostraci, _527_ f., 149
_Ostracion_, _724_, 152, 361;
colours, 165, 174;
scales, 191;
_O. ornatus_, 165;
_O. quadricornis_, 725;
_O. trigonus_, 362
Ostraciontidae, _724_, 721
Ostracodermi, _522_ f., 149, 721
_Otocinclus_, _595_
_Otolithus_, _663_;
air-bladder, 304;
_O. regalis_, 361
Oviducal gland (shell-gland), 400, 407
Ovipositor, 408
_Oxuderces_, _690_
_Oxydoras_, _588_, 359
_Oxygnathus_, _487_
_Oxylebius_, _696_
_Oxymetopon_, _689_
Pachycormidae, _501_
_Pachycormus_, _501_
_Pachylebias_, _616_
_Pachymetopon_, _665_
Pachyrhizodontidae, _569_
_Pachyrhizodus_, _569_
_Pachystomias_, _571_;
_P. microdon_, photophores, 178, 179, 180
_Pachyula_, _588_
Paddle-Fish, _491_; = _Polyodon_, q.v.
_Pagellus_, _665_;
_P. centrodontus_, 346
_Pagrus_, _665_;
_P. auratus_, 665
_Palaeolycus_, _609_
_Palaeomylus_, _468_
Palaeoniscidae, _486_, 485;
range in time, 487
_Palaeoniscus_, _486_, 487;
_P. macropomus_, 486
Palaeorhynchidae, _680_
_Palaeorhynchus_, _680_
_Palaeoscyllium_, _447_
_Palaeospinax_, _445_;
vertebral column, 197
Palaeospondylidae, _521_ f., 149
_Palaeospondylus gunni_, _521_, 522
_Palimphyes_, _678_
Pallas, 112
Pancreas, 273
_Pangasius_, _588_, 305, 359;
_P. micronema_, 359 n.
_Pantodon buchholzi_, _558_, 559
Pantodontidae, _558_, 544
Papillae, adhering, 61
_Paracentroscyllium_, _455_
_Paradiplomystes_, _588_
_Paragoniates_, _575_
_Parailia_, _588_
_Paralepis_, _611_
_Paralichthys_, _687_
_Paraliparis_, _698_
_Paraluteres_, _724_
_Paranthias_, _659_
_Parapegasus_, _636_
_Parapelecus_, _582_
_Parapercis_, _705_
_Paraphago_, _576_
_Paraphractura_, _588_, 589
_Parapriacanthus_, _657_
_Parapsettus_, _668_
_Parascopelus_, _611_
Parasitism, of _Rhodeus_, 584, 416;
of _Stegophilus_, 594
_Paratilapia_, _671_
_Paratrachichthys_, _656_, 655
_Paratrygon_, _465_
Parental care, 415, 416, 500, 501
_Parexus_, _441_
Parietal budding, 82
Parietal eye, 395 f., 396
_Pariolius_, _588_
Parker, T. J., 714 n.
Parker, W. N., 705 n.
_Parodon_, _576_
_Paropsis_, _677_
Parrot-Wrasses, 674
_Pataecus_, _709_
Pearl Oysters, _Fierasfer_ in, 625
Pectoral fins, 157, 242, 243, 244
Pectoral girdle, 239, 240
Pediculati, _717_ f., 651, 306
Pegasidae, _635_, 626, 628
_Pegasus_, _636_
_Pegea_, _108_;
_P. scutigera-confoederata_, 108
Pelagic ova, 408
_Pelargorhynchus_, _623_
_Pelecus_, _582_
Pellegrin, 671 n., 724 n.
_Pellona_, _563_, 563
_Pellonula_, _563_
_Pelonaia_, _74_;
branchial sac, 74;
_P. corrugata_, 76
_Pelor_, _695_
_Peloria_, _685_
Pelvic fins, 158, 245 f., 246
Pelvic girdle, 239 f., 240, 241 {750}
Pempheridae, _656_, 653
_Pempheris_, _657_;
_P. muelleri_, 657
_Penetopteryx_, _634_, 635
_Pentaceropsis_, _660_
_Pentaceros_, _660_
Pentacerotinae, _660_
_Pentanemus_, _641_;
_P. quinquarius_, 162
_Pentapus_, _664_
_Pentaroge_, _695_
_Peprilus_, _643_
_Perca_, _659_, 262;
alimentary canal, 275;
veins, 323;
thyroid, 343;
auditory organ, 388;
_P. fluviatilis_, 659, 321, 323
_Percalates_, _659_
_Percarina_, _659_
Percesoces, _636_ f.
Perch, 659;
deposition of eggs, 411; = _Perca_, q.v.
_Percichthys_, _659_, 660
Percidae, _658_, 654, 412;
coloration, 166
Perciformes, _652_ f., 651
_Percilia_, _659_
_Percina_, _659_
Percophiidae, _705_, 703
_Percophis_, _705_;
_P. brasilianus_, pectoral arch of, 703
Percopsidae, _620_, 606
_Percopsis_, _621_
Peribranchial budding, 82
Peribranchial cavity, 43, 44, 59, 63;
of Thaliacea, 95, 101
Pericardium, of Hemichordata, 15;
of Tunicata, 44, 49;
of Fishes, 327
Perihaemal spaces, 9
_Periophthalmus_, _689_, 690, 355;
eyes, 155;
pectoral fins, 161;
tail as a respiratory organ, 289;
_P. koelreuteri_, 690 n.
Peripharyngeal bands, 45, 46, 52, 53
Peripharyngeal spaces, 9
_Peristedion_, _701_
Péron, 36
_Perophora_, _72_, 84;
_P. listeri_, 72
Petalodontidae, _446_
_Petalodus_, _446_
_Petalopteryx_, _498_
Petersen, 690 n.
_Petersius_, _575_
_Petrocephalus_, _551_
_Petromyzon_, _426_, 147, 258, 367, 382;
external characters, 150;
skull, 217;
teeth, 247, 248;
spiral valve, 264;
liver, 272;
pancreas, 273;
gill-sacs, 279, 280;
heart, 327;
arteries, 329, 330;
blood corpuscles, 341;
thyroid, 343, 344;
supra-renal bodies, 346;
brain, 371, 372, 392;
spinal nerves, 378;
auditory organ, 387;
olfactory organ, 391, 392;
naso-pituitary involution, 391;
pituitary caecum, 392;
parietal eye, 395, 396;
kidneys, gonads, and genital pores, 399, 400, 403;
distribution, 426;
_P. fluviatilis_, 426;
_P. marinus_, 426;
_P. planeri_, ova, 428;
_P. wilderi_, spawning, 427;
larva, Ammocoetes stage, 428
Petromyzontes, _425_ f.
Petromyzontidae, _426_
_Petroscirtes_, _709_
_Phago_, _576_
_Phallusia_, _72_
_Phaneropleuron_, _506_, 519;
_P. andersoni_, 506
_Phanerosteon_, _487_
Pharyngeal teeth, 251
_Pharyngodictyon_, _87_;
_P. mirabile_, 80
Pharyngognathi, _543_
Pharyngopneusta, _30_ n.
Phisalix, 705 n.
_Phlyctaenaspis_, _536_
_Pholedichthys_, _709_
Pholididae, _711_, 704
Pholidophoridae, _545_, 541 n., 544
_Pholidophorus_, _545_
_Pholis_, _711_, 712;
_P. gunnellus_, 712, 415
Phoronidea, _27_ f., 5
_Phoronis_, _27_ f., 5;
regeneration, 16, 30;
_P. buskii_, 28
Phorozooid, 99, 100
Phosphorescent organs, 178
_Photichthys_, _571_, 570
_Photoblepharon_, _660_
_Photonectes_, _571_
Photophores, 178, 612, 613, 624, 711
_Photostomias_, _571_
Phractolaemidae, _560_, 544
_Phractolaemus ansorgii_, _560_, 560
_Phractura_, _588_
Phthinobranchii, _629_
_Phycis_, _648_
_Phyllodoce_, nephridium, 127
_Phyllodus_, _674_
_Phyllopteryx_, _634_;
_P. eques_, 635
_Phylogephyra_, _565_
_Physailia_, _588_
_Physalia_, with _Nomeus_, _643_
_Physiculus_, _648_
Physoclisti, _306_, 307, 311
_Physopyxis_, _588_
Physostomi, _543_, 306, 311
_Piabucina_, _575_;
_P. argentina_, mouth, 577
Pike, 609, 250, 307
Pike-Perch, 659
Pilchard, 564, 389
Pilot-Fish, 677
_Pimelepterus_, _657_
_Pimelodina_, _588_
_Pimelodus_, _588_, 589, 361
_Pimephales_, _582_
Pipe-Fish, 634, 154
_Piramutana_, _588_ {751}
Piranha, 578
Pirate Perch, 656
_Piratinga_, 361
_Pirinampus_, _588_
Pit-organs, 383
Pituitary body, 129
Placenta, of _Doliolum_, 98;
of Hemimyaria, 101, 107;
of Fishes, 434
Plagiostomi, _442_ f., 148
_Plagusia_, _687_
_Plagyodus_, _614_
Plaice, 687
_Platax_, _668_
Platycephalidae, _699_, 694, 650
_Platycephalus_, _699_, 693
_Platychaerops_, _673_
_Platycormus_, _643_
_Platyglossus_, _673_
_Platylaemus_, _674_
_Platypoecilus_, _616_
_Platyrhinoidis_, _460_
_Platysomatichthys_, _687_, 685
Platysomidae, _487_, 485
_Platysomus_, _488_
_Platystoma_, _594_;
air-bladder and its extrinsic muscles, 360, 361, 362;
_P. coruscans_, 594
_Platytroctes_, _570_
_Plecodus_, _672_
_Plecoglossus_, _566_, 569
_Plecostomus_, _595_, 256, 292;
(_Hypostoma_) scales, 190;
_P. commersonii_, 192
Plectognathi, _721_ f., 543, 651, 205, 231, 275, 306, 354, 418
_Plectromus_, _656_
_Plectropoma_, _659_;
_P. richardsoni_, coloration, 165
_Plesiops_, _659_
_Plethodus_, _549_
Pleuracanthidae, _440_
_Pleuracanthus_, _440_, 159, 235, 236, 438;
vertebral column, 197;
pectoral and pelvic girdles, 239;
pectoral fin, 242;
pelvic fins, 245;
_P. ducheni_, 439
_Pleuragramma_, _705_;
_P. antarcticum_, 705
_Pleurogrammus_, _696_
_Pleuronectes_, _687_;
_P. flesus_, 687;
coloration elements, 167, 170;
_P. limanda_, 687;
_P. platessa_, 686, 687
Pleuronectidae, _684_, 683, 152, 264, 275, 284, 302, 412;
protective coloration, 172
_Pleuropholis_, _545_
_Pleuroplax_, _445_
Pleuropterygii, _436_, 148
Plication, of branchial sac, 48
_Plotosus_, _588_, 587, 408
_Podateles_, _714_;
_P. indicus_, pectoral arch of, 714
Podatelidae, _713_, 704
_Poecilia_, _616_
_Poecilodus_, _445_
_Poecilopsetta_, _687_
Poey, 713 n.
Pogge, 700
_Pogonias_, _663_;
_P. chromis_, 663, 361;
air-bladder, 304, 305;
drumming sounds, 362
Poison, of _Trachinus_, 705
Poison glands, 176
Pollack, 649
Pollan, 568
_Polyacanthonotus_, _625_
_Polyacanthus_, _669_, 293;
_P. opercularis_, 669
Polyandry, 413
_Polycarpa_, _74_, 76;
reproductive organs, 55;
_P. aurata_, 76;
dorsal tubercle, 79;
_P. comata_, 76;
_P. glomerata_, larva, 78;
_P. pedata_, 76;
_P. tinctor_, 76;
dorsal tubercle, 79
Polycarps, 76
_Polycaulus_, _695_
_Polycentropsis_, _658_
_Polycentrus_, _658_
Polyclinidae, _87_, 81, 83, 110;
ascidiozooid, 82
_Polyclinum_, _88_;
_P. molle_, stomach, 88
_Polycyclus renieri_, larva, 78
Polygamy, 413
_Polyipnus_, _571_
_Polymixia_, _656_
Polynemidae, _640_, 637
_Polynemus_, _641_;
_P. quadrifilis_, 641;
shoulder-girdle and pelvis of, 640;
_P. vereker_, coloration, 165
_Polyodon_, _491_, 154, 284, 405;
vestigial dermal denticles, 188;
ribs, 201;
skull, 225;
pelvic fin, 245;
teeth, 249;
pyloric caeca, 274, 276;
gills, 282;
spiracle, 283;
gill-rakers, 288;
_P. folium_, 491;
habits and distribution, 491;
breeding, _492_
Polyodontidae, _491_, 486, 489
Polyphyodont, 250
_Polyprion_, _659_
Polypteridae, _481_;
distribution, 483
_Polypterus_, _482_, 149, 323;
scales, 185, 187;
vertebral column, 202;
ribs, 206;
skull, 226, 227, 229;
median fins, 235;
pelvic girdle, 241;
pectoral fin, 243;
tongue, 252;
spiral valve, 268;
pyloric caecum, 274;
spiracle, 283;
pseudobranch, 284;
larval gills, 290;
air-bladder, 298;
arteries to air-bladder, 337;
sounds, 362;
habits and food, 482;
breeding, 483;
_P. bichir_, 482;
_P. congicus_, 290;
_P. lapradei_, 483;
larvae, 483, 484;
_P. senegalus_, 482, 483
_Polyrhizodus_, _446_
Polystyelidae, _89_, 81, 110
Polyzoa, 35 {752}
_Pomacanthus_, _668_
Pomacentridae, _672_, 654;
coloration, 166
_Pomacentrus_, _672_
Pomatominae, _660_
_Pomatomus_, _660_
_Pomoxys_, _657_
Pope, 659
Porbeagle Sharks, 450
Porcupine Fishes, 726, 163
_Porichthys_, _711_;
photophores, 179;
_P. porosissimus_, 711
_Porogadus_, _712_
_Portheus_, _561_
Post-abdomen, 83
Pouchet, 7 n.
Pout, 649
Powell, 714 n.
Prebranchial zone, 45
_Premnas_, _672_
Prenadillas, 595
Priacanthinae, _660_
_Priacanthus_, _660_
Prince, 630 n.
_Prionodon_, _448_
_Prionolepis_, _609_
_Prionotus_, _701_, 361
_Prionurus_, _668_
_Priscacara_, _672_
Pristidae, _459_, 458
_Pristigaster_, _563_
Pristiophoridae, _457_, 458
_Pristiophorus_, _457_
_Pristipoma_, _664_, 361
Pristipomatidae, _664_, 654
_Pristis_, _460_, 272;
rostral denticles, 184;
_P. antiquorum_, 459
_Pristiurus_, _446_, 447
_Proantigonia_, _667_
Proboscis-gland, 15
Proboscis-pore, 9, 24, 27
Proboscis-skeleton, 14
_Procatopus_, _616_
_Prochanos_, _563_
_Prochilodus_, _576_
_Prolates_, _660_
_Prolebias_, _616_
Proles gregaria, 102
Proles solitaria, 102
_Promethichthys_, _679_
_Promyliobatis_, _466_
Pronephros, 397, 400
_Pronotacanthus_, _622_
Propagation, of Eel, 601
_Propoma_, _659_
_Propristis_, _460_
_Protaulopsis_, _638_, 632 n.
_Prothymallus_, _565_
_Protocampus_, _634_
Protocercal, 159
_Protopterus_, _511_, 149, 153, 259, 261, 262, 272, 273;
nostrils, 155;
pectoral fins, 157;
cutaneous glands, 182;
skull, 231, 232;
pelvic girdle, 241;
alimentary canal, 257;
spiral valve, 268;
pancreas, 274;
gills, 286;
larval gills, 291, 515;
lung, 291, 300, 301, 302;
vascular system, 326, 327, 329, 339, 340;
thyroid, 343;
thymus, 345;
sounds, 362;
brain, 376, 377;
auditory organ, 387;
abdominal pores, 401;
testis, 406;
Müllerian ducts in male, 407;
distribution, 511, 512;
habits, 512;
summer sleep, 513;
cocoon, 513;
nest, 514, 515;
larva, 515;
relations with other Dipnoi, 518, 519;
_P. aethiopicus_, 512;
_P. annectens_, 509, 512;
_P. dolloi_, 512
_Protosphyraena_, _502_
Protospondyli, _497_
Protostigmata, 59
Protosyngnathidae, _631_, 628
_Protosyngnathus sumatrensis_, _632_
_Prototroctes_, _608_
Prototunicata, 110
Psammodontidae, _446_
_Psammodus_, _446_
_Psammoperca_, _660_
Psammosteidae, _526_, 530
_Psammosteus_, _527_
_Psenes_, _643_
_Psenopsis_, _643_
_Psephodus_, _445_
_Psephurus_, _492_;
_P. gladius_, 492
_Psetta_ (= _Rhombus_), _687_, 685;
_P. laevis_, 687;
_P. maxima_, 686, 687
_Psettodes_, _687_, 684, 685;
_P. erumei_, 686
_Psettus_, _666_;
_P. sebae_, 666, 667
_Pseudaluteres_, _724_
_Pseudecheneis_, _588_, 589
_Pseudetroplus_, _672_
_Pseudeutropius_, _588_
_Pseudobagrus_, _588_
_Pseudoberyx_, _563_
_Pseudoblennius_, _698_
Pseudobrachium, 717
Pseudochromididae, _661_, 653
_Pseudochromis_, _661_
_Pseudocorynopoma_, _575_
_Pseudogobio_, _582_
_Pseudomonacanthus_, _724_
_Pseudomugil_, _639_
_Pseudoplesiops_, _659_
_Pseudopriacanthus_, _660_
_Pseudoscarus_, _674_
_Pseudoscopelus_, _641_, 642
_Pseudosphaerodon_, _674_
_Pseudosyngnathus_, _634_
_Pseudotriakis microdon_, _447_
_Pseudoxiphophorus_, _616_
_Psilocephalus_, _724_
_Psilorhynchus_, _582_
_Psychrolutes_, _698_
_Pteraclis_, _682_
Pteraspidae, _527_, 530 {753}
_Pteraspis_, _527_, 530, 149;
_P. rostrata_, 527
_Pterichthys_, _534_, 149;
_P. milleri_, 533
Pterobranchia, _21_ f., 5, 31
_Pterois_, _695_
_Pterophryne_, _720_
_Pterophyllum_, _672_
_Pteroplatea_, _464_;
_P. micrura_, intra-uterine nutrition, 435
_Pteropsarion_, _582_
_Pteropsaron_, _705_
_Pterothrissus_, _548_
_Pterycombus_, _682_
_Pterygocephalus_, _709_
_Pterygoplichthys_, _595_
_Ptilichthys_, _709_
_Ptychobarbus_, _582_
_Ptychodera_, _17_, 5, 13, 16, 25 n.;
_P. bahamensis_, 5, 10;
_P. flava_, 10, 11
Ptychoderidae, _17_
Ptyctodontidae, _468_
_Ptyctodus_, _468_
Puffers, 726
Punnett, 17 n., 21 n.
Putnam, 619 n., 625
Pycnodontidae, _498_, 497
_Pycnodus_, _498_
_Pycnosterinx_, _656_
Pygochord, 15
Pyloric caeca, 274, 275
_Pyrosoma_, _91_, 91, 36, 37, 70, 86, 108;
structure, 91 f., 92;
development and life-history, 93, 94;
occurrence, 94;
_P. aherniosum_, 94;
_P. atlanticum_, 94;
_P. elegans_, 94;
_P. excelsior_, 95;
_P. giganteum_, 94;
_P. minatum_, 94;
_P. spinosum_, 94
Pyrosomatidae, _91_, 81, 110
_Pyrrhulina_, _575_
_Pythonichthys_, _605_
Quinnat Salmon, 566, 569
Raad, 591
_Raconda_, _563_
_Racovitzaia_, _706_
Räderorgan, 129
Raffaele, 614 n.
Rag-Fishes, 644
_Raia_, _461_;
dermal spines, 184;
pectoral fin, 243;
teeth, 251;
spiral valve, 265, 266;
inter-renal bodies, 347;
electric organs, 365;
distribution, 461;
coloration, 461;
sexual dimorphism, 462;
_R. abyssicola_, 462;
_R. alba_, 462;
_R. batis_, 462;
_R. circularis_, 462;
_R. clavata_, 462;
_R. fullonica_, 462;
_R. macrorhynchus_, 462;
_R. maculata_, 267, 462;
_R. mamillidens_, 462;
_R. microcellata_, 462;
_R. murrayi_, 461;
_R. oxyrhynchus_, 462;
_R. radiata_, 462
Raiidae, _461_
Ramsay, 635
_Raniceps_, _648_
_Ranzania_, _727_
_Rasbora_, _582_
_Rathbunella_, _661_
Rays = _Raia_, q.v.
Rectal gland, 276
Red-currant Squirter, 74
Red Mullets, 665
_Regalecus_, _715_;
_R. banksii_, prehensile tail, 163;
_R. glesne_, 715
Regan, 542, 595 n., 643 n., 646, 702, 721
Reinhardt, 579, 594
_Remora_, _691_;
cephalic sucker, 161;
_R. brachyptera_, 691
Renal organ, of Ascidians, 54;
of Fishes—see Kidneys
Reproductive organs, of Hemichordata, 16, 25;
of Tunicata, 55, 67, 76, 93, 97, 105;
of Amphioxus, 129;
of Fishes, 402 f., 400, 403
Respiration, mechanism of, 288
Respiratory organs—Elasmobranchii, 276, 278;
Cyclostomata, 279, 280, 281;
Holocephali, 282, 283;
Teleostomi, 282, 283;
Dipnoi, 285, 286;
mechanism of respiration, 288;
larval gills, 289, 290;
air-bladder as a respiratory organ, 291;
accessory organs of respiration, 292, 293, 294, 295
_Retropinna_, _566_, 565
Retzius, 113
_Rhabdocynthia_, _75_;
spicules, 87
_Rhabdopleura_, _21_ f., 5, 26 f.;
_R. compacta_, 23;
_R. grimaldii_, 23;
_R. manubialis_, 23;
_R. normani_, 22, 23, 26
Rhachicentridae, _677_, 676
_Rhachicentrum_, _678_
_Rhamphichthys_, _579_
Rhamphocottidae, _697_, 694
_Rhamphocottus richardsonii_, _697_
_Rhamphognathus_, _640_
_Rhamphosternarchus_, _579_;
_R. curvirostris_, 580;
_R. tamandua_, 580
_Rhamphosus_, _633_
_Rhina_, _457_;
_R. squatina_, 456, 457
_Rhineaster_, _589_
_Rhinelepis_, _595_
_Rhinellus_, _611_
_Rhinichthys_, _582_
Rhinidae, _456_, 458;
persistent nephrostomes, 401
Rhinobatidae, _460_, 458
_Rhinobatus_, _460_;
_R. granulatus_, 460
_Rhinodon_, _454_;
_R. typicus_, gill-rakers, 287
Rhinodontidae, _454_
_Rhinodoras_, 359
_Rhinogobio_, _582_
_Rhinoptera_, _465_, 466
Rhipidistia, _477_ n. {754}
Rhizodontidae, _478_, 202
_Rhizodopsis_, _479_, 228;
_R. sauroides_, skull, 478
_Rhizodus_, _478_, 202
_Rhodeus_, _582_;
_R. amarus_, 584;
oviducal tubes, 408;
embryos in gill-cavities of _Unio_, 416
_Rhodichthys_, _712_
_Rhodosoma_, _73_;
_R. callense_, 72
_Rhombatractus_, _639_
_Rhomboidichthys_, _687_
_Rhombosolea_, _687_
_Rhombus_, _687_, 264;
_R. aculeatus_, 262;
_R. maximus_, 264, 275
—see also _Psetta_
_Rhyacichthys_, _689_
_Rhynchobatus_, _460_
_Rhynchobdella_, _717_
_Rhynchodus_, _468_
_Rhypticus_, _660_
Ribbon-Fish, 715, 152, 160
Ribs, 205
Ridewood, 542 n.
_Rita_, _588_;
_R. crucigera_, 303
Ritter, 8 n., 39, 83, 690 n.
_Rivulus_, _616_
Rocklings, 649, 288
Rohde, 113
_Rohteichthys_, _582_
Rolph, 113
_Rondeletia_, _614_
Rosette-organ, 97
Roule, 38
Rowntree, 579 n., 621 n.
Rudder-Fish, 643
_Ruvettus_, _679_
Ryder, 711 n.
_Saccarius_, _720_
Sacchi, 696 n.
_Saccobranchus_, _588_, 590;
air-sacs, 295;
_S. fossilis_, 295;
_S. singio_, 295
_Saccodon_, _576_
Saccopharyngidae, _603_
_Saccopharynx_, _604_;
_S. ampullaceus_, 604
Sachs, 581 n.
Sagemehl, 542, 573, 575, 579 n., 586 n., 649 n.
_Sagenodus_, _507_
Sail-Fishes, _679_
_Salanx_, _566_
_Salarias_, _709_, 710
Salensky, 39, 411
_Salminus_, _575_;
_S. orbignianus_, 578
_Salmo_, _565_, 566 f., 567, 290;
pyloric caeca, 275;
spiracles in the embryo, 283;
pseudobranch, 284;
_S. alpinus_, 567;
_S. fario_, 567;
caudal portion of the vertebral column, 237;
pectoral girdle, 240;
dissection to show the internal organs, 255;
brain, 375;
section of the eye, 394;
_S. fontinalis_, 567;
_S. irideus_, 567;
_S. salar_ (Salmon), 567, 323;
skull, 211 f., 212, 213, 214;
kidneys, gonoducts, and abdominal pores in the female, 405, 406;
deposition of eggs, 415;
length of hatching, 417;
_S. salvelinus_, pectoral fin, 243;
_S. stomachicus_, gizzard, 260;
_S. trutta_, 567
Salmon, 566 f.—see also _Salmo salar_.
Salmonidae, _565_, 544, 269;
distribution, 566;
liver, 272;
abdominal pores, 402;
oviducts, 405;
eggs, 411
Salmopercae, _620_
_Salpa_, _101_, 36, 37;
arrangement of zooids, 102, 103;
structure, 104, 105;
alternation of generations, 105;
development and life-history, 106;
classification, 108;
_S. democratica-mucronata_, young, 107;
_S. hexagona_, 106;
_S. pinnata_, endostyle and stolon, 103;
_S. runcinata-fusiformis_, 102, 108
—see also _Cyclosalpa_, _Iasis_, _Pegea_, and _Thalia_
Salpians, 64
Salpidae, _101_, 39, 110
_Salvelinus_, _567_
Sand-Eel, 639, 275
Sander, 659
_Sarcodaces_, _575_
_Sarda_, _678_;
_S. orientalis_, caudal fin of, 675
Sardine, 564
_Sardinioides_, _611_
_Sardinius_, _611_
_Sargus_, _665_
Sars, G. O., 21, 23
Sars, M., 21
_Saurenchelys_, _601_
_Saurida_, _611_
Saurie, 638
_Saurocephalus_, _561_
_Saurodon_, _561_
Saurodontidae, _561_, 544
_Saurogobio_, _582_
Sauropsida, _145_
_Saurus_, _611_
Saury Pike, 411
Savi's vesicles, 384
Savigny, 36
Saw-Fishes, 457, 459
Scabbard-Fish, 679
Scales, 185 f.;
_Acipenser ruthenus_, 187;
_Antennarius hispidus_, 191;
_Balistes capriscus_, 191;
_Centriscus scolopax_, 190;
_Hypostoma commersonii_, 192;
_Lepidosteus_, 188;
_L. osseus_, 186;
_Monacanthus scopas_, 191;
_Salmo fario_, 190;
as an index of age, 191
_Scapanorhynchus_, _453_
_Scaphirhynchus_, _495_;
_S. platyrhynchus_, 495
Scaridae, _674_, 651, 654
_Scarus_, _674_; {755}
teeth, 251;
_S. strongylocephalus_, pharyngeal bones, 674
_Scatophagus_, _668_
_Scaumenacia_, _506_, 519
_Schilbe_, _588_
_Schilbichthys_, _588_
Schimkewitsch, 21 n.
_Schizocardium_, 17, 5, 6, 13, 14;
_S. brasiliense_, 6, 13, 14
_Schizothorax_, _582_
Schlosser and Ellis, 36
Schmidt, 705 n.
Schmidt, C., 37
Schnapper, 665
Schultz, 29, 30
_Sciades_, _588_
_Sciaena_, _663_;
_S. aquila_, 663, 362, 361
Sciaenidae, _663_, 653, 361, 363;
branching of the air-bladder, 303
_Scissor_, _575_
_Sclerocottus_, _698_
Sclerodermi, _722_ f., 721, 357
_Sclerognathus_, _581_
_Scleropages_, _555_;
_S. leichardti_, 556, 558
Scleroparei, _692_ f., 651, 652
_Sclerorhynchus_, _460_
_Scoliodon_, _448_
_Scolopsis_, _664_
_Scomber_, _678_, 272;
_S. brachyurus_, 357;
_S. colias_, 302;
_S. pneumatophorus_, 302;
_S. scombrus_, 678, 275, 302;
coloration, 168
_Scombramphodon_, _678_
Scombresoces, _636_ n.
Scombresocidae, _637_, 636
_Scombresox_, _638_, 411
Scombridae, _678_, 676, 158, 303, 412
Scombriformes, _675_ f., 651, 652
_Scombrinus_, _678_
_Scombroclupea_, _563_
_Scombrocottus_, _697_
_Scombrocypris_, _582_
_Scombrops_, _660_
_Scopelarchus_, _611_
_Scopelengys_, _611_
Scopelidae, _611_, 606, 302, 396;
photophores, 178
_Scopelogadus_, _656_
_Scopeloides_, _611_
_Scopelosaurus_, _611_
_Scopelus_, _611_, 613, 620;
_S. benoitii_, photophores, 178, 179, 181;
_S. crocodilus_, 612
_Scorpaena_, _695_, 693;
_S. grandicornis_, 695
_Scorpaenichthys_, _698_;
_S. marmoratus_, pectoral arch of, 693
Scorpaenidae, _694_, 692, 153, 418
_Scorpaenoides_, _695_
Scorpididae, _666_, 651, 652, 653
_Scorpis_, _666_
_Scyllaemus_, _565_
Scylliidae, _446_, 401, 402;
fossil, 447
_Scylliogaleus_, _449_
_Scylliorhinus_—see _Scyllium profundorum_
_Scyllium_, _446_, 198, 271, 446;
dermal denticles, 184;
teeth in embryo, 249;
internal organs, 253;
spleen, 343;
fossil, 447;
_S. canescens_, 447;
_S. canicula_, 446;
vertebral column, 193, 194, 195;
skull, 207 f., 208;
spiral valve, 267;
liver, 273;
pancreas, 273;
lateral veins, 318 n.;
brain, 373;
abdominal pores, 401;
oviparous, 433;
attachment of eggs, 434;
supra- and inter-renal bodies, 346, 433;
_S. catulus_, 446;
_S_. (_Scylliorhinus_) _profundorum_, 447
_Scymnus_, _455_, 456;
vertebral column, 198
Scyphophori, _543_
_Scytalina_, _712_
Sea-Breams, 664
Sea-Horse, 634, 154, 163, 361, 362
Sea-Snails, 699, 411
_Sebastes_, _695_, 692, 693;
_S. norvegicus_, 419;
_S. percoides_, pectoral arch, 693
_Sectator_, _657_
Seeliger, 39
_Selache_ (_Cetorhinus_), _453_, 264;
fossil, 454;
_S. aurata_, gill-rakers, 287;
_S. maxima_, 453;
gill-rakers as a plankton-filter, 287;
distribution and food, 453, 454
Selachii, _442_, 148
_Selachophidium_, _712_
_Selene_, _677_
Selenichthyes, _627_, 629
Semionotidae, _497_
_Semionotus_, _498_
_Semiophorus_, _677_
_Semiplotus_, _582_
Semon, 510, 593
Semper, 625
Sense-organs, of Ascidians, 53;
of Amphioxus, 128;
of Fishes, 383
_Seriola_, _677_
_Seriolella_, _643_
_Seriolichthys_, _677_
Serranidae, _659_, 651, 652, 653, 361, 389
Serraninae, _659_
_Serranus_, _659_, 660;
hermaphroditism, 420;
_S. cabrilla_, 660, 420;
_S. hepatus_, 660, 420;
_S. scriba_, 660, 420
_Serrasalmo_, _576_;
_S. niger_, 578;
_S. rhombeus_, mouth, 577
Serrasalmoninae, _576_
_Serrivomer_, _603_
_Setarches_, _695_
Sexual dimorphism, 419 f., 432, 462, 469, 471, 483, 500
Shad, 564
Shape of the body, in Fishes, 152
Sheep's-Head, 665
Shipley, 20 n.
_Sicyases_, 709;
_S. sanguineus_, 708;
sucker, 162
_Sicydium_, _689_ {756}
Siel-Smelt, 569
Sik, 568
Sillaginidae, _662_, 653
_Sillago_, _662_
_Silondia_, _588_
_Siluranodon_, _588_
_Silurichthys_, _588_
Siluridae, _586_, 575, 163, 251, 275, 283;
barbels, 154;
intestinal respiration, 292;
accessory respiratory organs, 293, 294;
air-bladder, 302, 303, 305;
sound-production, 356-361, 363;
connexion of the air-bladder and auditory organ, 389, 390;
nests, 416;
protection of young, 593
Silurinae, _588_
_Silurodon_, _588_
_Silurus_, _588_, 342;
_S. glanis_, 592, 593, 358
Silvestri, 594
_Simenchelys_, _601_;
_S. parasiticus_, 603
Simple Ascidians, 35, 36 f., 39 f., 70, 71, 110
_Siniperca_, _659_
Siphons, 43, 53
_Siphonognathus_, _674_
_Siphonostoma_, _634_;
_S. typhle_, protective coloration, 172
Sirenoidei, _149_
_Sisor_, _588_, 589
Skates = _Raia_, q.v.
Skeleton, of Enteropneusta, 14;
of Amphioxus, 119;
of Fishes, 193 f.
Skin, of Cyclostomata, 182;
of Fishes, 182
Skull, composition of, 206;
development, 206;
_Scyllium canicula_, 207, 208;
_Salmo salar_, 211, 212, 213, 214;
Cyclostomata, 216 f.;
_Petromyzon marinus_, 216 f., 217;
_Bdellostoma_, 220 f., 220, 221;
Elasmobranchii, 222 f.;
_Notidanus cinereus_, 222;
_Chimaera monstrosa_, 223;
Chondrostei, 224 f.;
Sturgeon, 224;
_Polyodon_, 225;
Crossopterygii, 226 f.;
_Polypterus_, 227;
Holostei, 228 f.;
Teleostei, 229 f.;
Dipnoi, 231 f.;
_Protopterus_, 231 f., 232;
_Lepidosiren_, 231 f., 233
Sluiter, 38
Smelt, 568, 411
Smitt, 569 n., 714 n.
Social Ascidians, 71
Sole, 687
_Solea_, _687_, 685;
_S. vulgaris_, 686, 687
Solenocytes, 29, 126, 127
_Solenognathus_, _634_
_Solenorhynchus_, _634_
Solenostomidae, _633_, 626, 627, 628;
marsupial pouches, 416
_Solenostomus_, _633_
_Soleotalpa_, _687_
Sollas, I., 522
Sollas, W. J., 522
Sörensen, 355, 590 n.
_Sorubim_, _588_, 361
_Sosia_, _588_
Sound-producing organs, 355 f.
Spalt-papillen, 384
_Spaniodon_, _563_, 564 n.
Sparidae, _664_, 654, 303, 389;
teeth, 251
_Sparisoma_, _674_
_Sparnodus_, _665_
_Sparus_, _665_;
_S. unicolor_, 665
_Spathiurus_, _545_
_Spathodactylus_, _561_
Spengel, 5, 7, 8, 13 n., 16, 17, 18 n., 19
_Spengelia_, _17_, 5, 6
Spermatozoa, 413
_Sphaerodon_, _665_
_Sphenacanthus_, _445_
_Sphenocephalus_, _656_
_Sphyraena_, _642_
Sphyraenidae, _642_, 637
_Sphyraenodus_, _678_
_Sphyrna_, _449_, 153;
liver, 272;
fossil, 450;
distribution, 449;
_S. malleus_, 266;
spiral valve, 266, 267;
_S. tiburo_, 450;
_S. tudes_, 449;
_S. zygaena_, 450
Sphyrnidae, _449_
_Spinacanthus_, _723_
_Spinachia_, _630_;
_S. vulgaris_, 631
Spinacidae, _454_;
photophores, 179;
fossil, 456
Spinal cord, 367
Spinal nerves, 378
_Spinax_, _455_
_Spinivomer_, _603_
Spiny Dog-Fishes, 455
Spiracle, 279, 283
Spiracular pseudobranch, 279, 284;
in Teleostomi, 284;
blood supply, 335
Spiral valve, 264 f.
Spix, 558 n.
Spleen, 342
Spoon-Bill, 491; = _Polyodon_, q.v.
Sprat, 564
_Squaliobarbus_, _582_
_Squaloraia_, _468_
Squaloraiidae, _468_
Star-gazers, 155
Starks, 627 n.
_Steatogenys_, _579_
Steenstrup, 36, 685 n.
_Stegophilus_, _589_;
_S. insidiosus_, _594_
_Stegostoma_, _446_;
_S. tigrinum_, 446
_Steindachneria_, _647_
_Steinegeria_, _682_
_Stenodus_, _565_
Stephanoberycidae, _619_, 606
_Stephanoberyx_, _619_;
_S. gillii_, 620;
_S. monae_, 620
_Stereobalanus_, _17_, 5;
_S. canadensis_, 16, 17
_Stereolepis_, _659_, 660
Sterlet, 493
_Sternarchus_, _579_; {757}
_S. albifrons_, 580;
_S. macrostoma_, 580
Sternoptychinae, _571_
_Sternoptyx_, _571_;
_S. diaphana_, 571, 178
_Sternopygus_, _579_
_Stichonodon_, _575_
Sticklebacks, 630, 163, 169, 288, 354, 357
Stigmata, 47;
of Appendicularians, 67;
of Cyclomyaria, 95
_Stigmatophorus_, _634_, 635
Stolon, 71, 93, 95, 97, 103
Stolonial budding, 81
_Stomatorhinus microps_, _551_
_Stomias_, _571_, 572
Stomiatidae, _570_, 545;
photophores, 178
Stomiatinae, _571_
Stomodaeum, 59, 120, 136
Storms, 691 n.
_Stratodus_, _623_
_Strepsodus_, _479_
Stridulation, 356
Stromateidae, _643_, 637
_Stromateoides_, _643_
_Stromateus_, _643_
Sturgeon, 154, 334, 493; = _Acipenser_, q.v.
_Styela_, _74_, 76;
branchial sac, 74;
_S. bythia_, 76;
_S. clava_, 76;
_S. etheridgii_, dorsal tubercle, 79;
_S. squamosa_, 76;
_S. whiteleggii_, dorsal tubercle, 79
Styelinae, _74_;
tentacles, 75
_Styelopsis_, _74_;
branchial sac, 74;
_S. grossularia_, 74, 76
_Stygicola_, _713_
_Stygogenes_, _595_
_Stylophorus_, _716_
Sucker-Fish (Sucking-Fish), 691, 161
_Sudis_, _611_;
_S. gigas_, air-bladder as a respiratory organ, 291
Sun-Fish, 657 (_Lepomis_);
727 (_Orthagoriscus_)—see also _Orthagoriscus_
Supra-pericardial organs, 344
Supra-renal bodies, 346, 346
Surf-Fishes, 670
Swinnerton, 573, 627, 636 n.
Sword-Fish, 681, 154
Symbranchidae, _597_, 283, 294
Symbranchii, _597_ f.
_Symbranchus_, _597_, 598, 156
_Symphurus_, _687_
_Symphysodon_, _672_
_Synagris_, _664_
_Synagrops_, _659_
_Synancia_, _695_;
_S. verrucosa_, poison-glands, 177
Synaphobranchidae, _603_
_Synaphobranchus_, _603_
Synapticula, 13, 12, 122
_Synaptura_, _687_
Synascidiae, _80_, 35
_Synchirus_, _698_
_Synechodus_, _445_
Syngnathidae, _634_, 627, 628, 163, 205, 251, 354, 361, 416;
colours, 166;
protective coloration, 172
_Syngnathus_, _634_, 627, 635;
mouth, 154;
_S. acus_, 262, 271;
_S. intestinalis_, 635;
_S. pelagicus_, 634
_Synodontis_, _588_, 590, 359;
_S. batensoda_, 591;
_S. decorus_, 591;
_S. membranaceus_, 591
_Syntegmodus_, _549_
Tadpole, Ascidian, 59, 62
_Taeniolabrus_, _706_
Taeniosomi, _714_ f., 651, 652
Tamiobatidae, _462_
_Tamiobatis vetustus_, _462_
_Taractes_, _682_
Tarpon, 547
Tarrasiidae, _477_ n.
_Tarrasius problematicus_, _477_ n.
Tattersall, 137 n.
_Tauredophidium_, _712_, 713
_Tauroglossus_, _17_ n.
_Tautoga_, _673_
Taylor, 599 n.
Tectospondylic, 198
Teleostei, _504_, _541_ f.;
classification, 542, 543, 149
Teleostomi, _475_ f., 149
_Telepholis_, _615_
Telescope Fish, 585
_Telescops_, _659_
_Tellia_, _616_
_Telmatherina_, _639_
Telolecithal, 409, 410
Tench, 583, 171, 260, 320, 321
Tentacles, of Ascidians, 44;
of Amphioxus, 116
Test, 40, 63;
of Appendicularians, 65
Testa-cells, 56
_Tethyum_, 36
_Tetragonopterus_, _575_
Tetragonuridae, _642_, 637
_Tetragonurus cuvieri_, _642_
_Tetranematichthys_, _589_
_Tetrapturus_, _680_;
_T. belone_, 680
_Tetraroge_, _695_
_Tetrodon_, _726_, 152, 354, 361;
warning colours, 163;
scales, 191;
teeth, 251;
_T. honckenii_, 362;
_T. mbu_, pectoral arch of, 722
Tetrodontidae, _726_, 722
_Tetronarce_, _464_
_Teuthis_, _669_
Teuthididae, _668_, 654
_Thalassophryne_, _711_;
_T. reticulata_, poison glands, 177
_Thalassothia_, _711_
_Thaleichthys_, _566_
_Thalia_, _108_;
_T. democratica-mucronata_, 108
Thaliacea, _95_ f., 38, 64, 81, 110
_Thaumatostomias_, _571_ {758}
_Thaumaturus_, _565_
_Thelodus_, _524_;
_T. pagei_, 524;
_T. tulensis_, 525
_Therapon_, _660_, 361
Thilo, 682 n.
_Thoracopterus_, _545_
Thoracostei, _627_, _629_
Thread-cells, in Myxinoids, 182
_Threpterius_, _664_
Thresher Shark, 451, 452
_Thrissopater_, _562_
Thrissopatrinae, _562_
_Thrissops_, _546_
_Thryptodus_, _549_
_Thunnus_, _678_, 275;
_T. thynnus_, 678
_Thursius_, _477_
_Thylacium_, _89_
_Thymallus_, _565_;
_T. vexillifer_ = _vulgaris_, 568
Thymus, 344, 345
_Thyrina_, _639_
Thyroid gland, 46, 343, 344
_Thyrsites_, _679_
_Thyrsitocephalus_, _679_
_Thyrsoidea_, _605_;
_T. macrura_, 605;
_T. meleagris_, skull, 604
_Tilapia_, _671_;
_T. dardennii_, 671;
_T. dolloi_, 152
Tile-Fish, 661
_Tinca_, _582_;
_T. vulgaris_, 583, 171, 260, 320;
renal portal system, 320, 321
_Titanichthys_, _537_
Todaro, 39
Tongue, 252
Tongue-bars, 12, 12, 13, 120, 135
Tope, 449
Tornaria, 18, 18 f., 28, 31;
_T. agassizii_, 21;
_T. grenacheri_, 19;
_T. krohni_, 19
Torpedinidae, _462_
_Torpedo_, _463_;
electric organs, 365, 366;
_T. hebetans_, 463;
_T. marmorata_, 463;
_T. narce_, 463;
_T. ocellata_, 463
_Toxotes_, _658_;
_T. jaculator_, 658
Toxotidae, _658_, 653
_Trachelochismus_, _709_
_Trachelyopterus_, _589_, 361
_Trachichthys_, _656_, 655
Trachinidae, _704_, 703
_Trachinops_, _659_
_Trachinus_, _704_;
warning colours, 174;
poison-glands and spines, 176;
_T. draco_, 705, 176;
pectoral arch of, 703;
_T. vipera_, 705, 176
_Trachyglanis_, _588_
_Trachynotus_, _677_
_Trachypoma_, _659_
Trachypteridae, _715_, 152
_Trachypterus_, _715_;
_T. arcticus_, 715;
_T. iris_, 715;
_T. taenia_, 160
_Trachyrhynchus_, _647_
Traquair, 436, 523, 530, 537, 687 n.
Traustedt, 38, 101 n.
Tremataspidae, _530_
_Tremataspis_, _530_
_Trematomus_, _706_
Tremblador, 580
Triacanthidae, _722_, 721
_Triacanthodes_, _722_
_Triacanthus_, _722_;
scales, 190;
sound-production, 357;
_T. biaculeatus_, 361;
_T. brevirostris_, 361;
pectoral arch of, 722
_Trichiurichthys_, _679_
Trichiuridae, _679_, 676
_Trichiurus_, _679_
_Trichodon_, _663_
Trichodontidae, _663_, 654, 704
_Trichogaster_, _669_, 293
Trichomycterinae, _589_
_Trichomycterus_, _589_
Trichonotidae, _706_
_Trichonotus_, _706_
Trigger-Fishes, 724, 174, 357
_Trigla_ (Gurnards), _701_, 693;
liver, 272;
air-bladder, 305;
sound-production, 361, 363;
_T. cuculus_, 701, 363;
_T. gurnardus_, 701, 363;
rectal valve, 254;
_T. hirundo_, 701, 363;
_T. lineata_, 701;
_T. lyra_, 701, 363;
_T. obscura_, 701
Triglidae, _700_, 694;
coloration, 164;
sounds, 361, 363
_Triglops_, _698_
_Triglopsis_, _697_
_Trigonodon_, _665_
_Triodon_, _723_, 721;
_T. bursarius_, 723
Triodontidae, _723_, 721
_Triplophos_, _571_
_Tripterophycis_, _648_
_Trissolepis_, _487_
_Tristichopterus_, _478_;
_T. alatus_, 479
_Tristychius_, _445_
_Troglichthys rosae_, _619_
_Tropheus_, _671_
Trophozooid, 98, 100
_Tropidichthys_, _726_
Troschel, 682 n.
Trout, 566 f., 567;
Brook-, 567;
Brown, 567;
Gillaroo, 260;
Sea-, 567
Trumpet-Fish, 154
Trunk-Fishes, 724
_Trygon_, _464_;
spines, 177;
uterine nutrition, 434;
_T. pastinaca_, 464;
_T. sabina_, 464
Trygonidae, _464_, 465
_Trygonorhina_, _460_, 461
_Trypauchen_, _689_
_Trypauchenichthys_, _689_
Tunic, 63
Tunicata, _63_, 35, 36 f., 39, 4, 30 n.;
affinities, 62;
external form, 64
Tunicine, 37
Tunny, 678, 678
Turbot, 687
Turner, 593 n.
Twait Shad, 564 {759}
_Typhlichthys_, _618_;
_T. rosae_, 619;
_T. subterraneus_, 619
_Typhlogobius_, _689_, 394;
_T. californiensis_, 690
_Typhlonus_, _712_, 713;
_T. nasus_, 712
Typhlosole, 54
Uljanin, 39
_Ulocentra_, _659_
_Umbra_, _609_;
_U. crameri_, 610;
_U. limi_, 610
_Umbrina_, _663_;
_U. cirrhosa_, 361
_Undina_, _481_, 161;
_U. gulo_, 480
_Unio_, _Rhodeus_ in, 584
_Upeneichthys_, _665_
_Upeneoides_, _665_
_Upeneus_, _665_
Uranoscopidae, _706_, 703
_Uranoscopus_, _706_;
eyes, 155
_Urenchelys_, _601_
_Urocampus_, _634_
Urochord, 66
Urochordata, _4_, _63_, 38
_Uroconger_, _601_
_Urogymnus_, _464_
_Urolepis_, _487_
_Urolophus_, _464_
Uronemidae, _507_
_Uronemus_, _507_, 519
_Urosphen_, _632_
Ussoff, 38
Vaillant, 596 n., 621 n., 720 n.
Vallentin, R., 608
_Vandellia_, _589_;
_V. cirrhosa_, entering urethra, 593
Vascular system, 313 f.;
general, 313;
Cyclostomata, 315, 327, 329, 330;
Elasmobranchii, 316, 318, 327, 328, 330, 331, 333, 334;
Teleostomi, 319, 320, 321, 322, 328, 333, 335, 336, 337;
Dipnoi, 323, 324, 326, 329, 338, 340;
blood, 341;
blood-glands, 342
Velum, 120
Vendace, 568
Venous system, 315 f.
Vermiform process, of Enteropneusta, 14, 17
Vertebral column, 193 f.;
_Scyllium canicula_, 193, 194, 195;
Cyclostomata, 197;
Elasmobranchs, 197, 198;
_Chimaera monstrosa_, 199;
Dipnoi, 199;
Chondrostei, 200;
_Acipenser sturio_, 200;
Crossopterygii, Holostei, and Teleostei, 201 f.;
_Amia_, 201, 203;
_Lepidosteus_, 201, 204;
_Caturus furcatus_, 203;
_Eurycormus speciosus_, 203;
_Gadus morrhua_, 205
Vertebrates, characters of, 3 f.
Vessels, of Ascidians, 41—see also Vascular system
_Vidalia_, _546_
Vipan, 592
_Vireosa_, _689_
Visceral arches, 207
Viviparous Fishes, 418 f., 433, 435
Vogt, 37
_Vomeropsis_, _677_
_Vulsus_, _707_
Wagner, 595 n.
Waite, 643
Walking-Fish, 690
_Wallago_, _588_
Warington, 630 n.
Watase, 585 n.
Weber, E. H., 573
Weber, Max, 661
Weberian ossicles, 389, 573 f.
Weevers, 704, 174
Weiss, 568 (= _Coregonus_)
Weiss, F. E., 126
Wels, 593
_Wertheimeria_, _588_
Wetterfisch, 585
Whiff, 687
Whip-tailed Rays, _464_
Whitebait, 564, 608
White-Fish, 568, 569
Whiting, 649, 168, 275
Whymper, 595 n.
Willey, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 n., 15 n., 16, 19 n., 58 n., 113, 633
_Willeyia_, _17_ n.
Williamson, 602 n.
Wilson, 113
Witch, 687
_Wodnika_, _445_
Wolf-Fishes, 710, 251, 408
Woodward, A. Smith, 458, 477 n., 480 n., 497, 541 n., 542, 543, 622, 624,
626, 680
Wrasses, 673, 164, 166
Wright, Ramsay, 587
Wyman, 593 n., 596 n.
Xanthochroism, 171
_Xenichthys_, _659_
_Xenocharax_, _576_, 578
_Xenocypris_, _582_
_Xenocys_, _659_
_Xenodermichthys_, _570_
_Xenomystus_, _555_
_Xenopholis_, _498_
Xenopteri, _708_
_Xenopterus_, _726_
_Xenotilapia_, _671_
_Xiphasia_, _709_
_Xiphias_, _681_;
beak, 154;
_X. gladius_, 681
Xiphiidae, _681_, 676
_Xiphiorhynchus_, _680_
_Xiphistes_, _709
Xiphostoma_, _576_ {760}
Xiphostominae, _576_
Yarrell, 112
_Zalocys_, _677_
_Zanclus_, _668_
_Zaniolepis_, _696_
_Zapteryx_, _460_
Zeidae, _683_, 361
_Zenion_, _683_
Zeorhombi, _682_ f., 651, 652
_Zeugopterus_, _687_
_Zeus_, _683_;
_Z. faber_, 683, 361, 363;
red gland, 308
_Zoarces_, _712_, 713;
_Z. viviparus_, 419
Zoarcidae, _712_, 704, 361, 395
Zograf, 697 n.
_Zygaena_, _449_
END OF VOL. VII
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY
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INSECTS AND CENTIPEDES
VOLUME V.
PERIPATUS. By ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.—MYRIAPODS. By F. G. SINCLAIR,
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INSECTS—PART II.
VOLUME VI.
HYMENOPTERA _continued_ (TUBULIFERA AND ACULEATA), COLEOPTERA,
STREPSIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, APHANIPTERA, THYSANOPTERA, HEMIPTERA,
ANOPLURA. By DAVID SHARP, M.A., F.R.S.
_SATURDAY REVIEW_.—"Dr. Sharp's treatment is altogether worthy of the
series and of his own high scientific reputation. But in a work of this
sort it is not only necessary that information should be accurate, but
also that it shall be presented to the eye, so far as illustrations and
printing are concerned, in such a way as to render its matter as easily
intelligible as possible, and readily usable for purposes of reference.
Under both these heads we have nothing but commendation for Mr. Sharp's
treatise. The illustrations are indeed beautiful, and the use of the
heavy type for the headings of the various sections and leading
paragraphs materially helps the reader in the progress of his study.
Certainly this is a book that should be in every entomologist's library."
_DAILY NEWS_.—"It would be hard to say too much in praise of this most
admirable volume. It is too often the case that scientific books are
written in a dull and uninteresting style. The reader will find nothing
of that kind to complain of here. The descriptions are clear, the
illustrations are excellent; while, as in the previous volumes of the
series, printing and paper are all that could be desired."
FISHES
VOLUME VII.
HEMICHORDATA. By S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S. ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS. By
W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S. FISHES. By T. W. BRIDGE, Sc.D., F.R.S., and
G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.
AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES
VOLUME VIII.
By HANS GADOW, M.A., F.R.S.
_FIELD_.—"The work is worthy of the series in which it appears, and we
cannot give it higher praise."
_SCIENCE GOSSIP_.—"More than maintains the high scientific reputation of
this series. The herpetologists, or students of the Amphibia and
Reptiles, have now a standard work of the highest class."
_LANCET_.—"An account of both Amphibia and Reptiles which should satisfy
the expert, and at the same time entertain the reader who is merely
interested in the tit-bits of natural history.... A book full of accurate
information and pleasant reading."
_MORNING POST_.—"A delightful as well as a serviceable book.... Herein
perhaps lies the great charm and merit of Dr. Gadow's book, that, while
satisfying all the inquiries of the student, it is also in great part
written for the ordinary intelligence, and the naturalist in the crowd
may, while necessarily gliding over distressing technicalities, find in
its pages many hours of profitable and entertaining study of the habits
of the classes under notice."
_NATURE_.—"In concluding the review we would express the opinion that by
this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been made;
that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and charming
accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do much to
popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology; and that
lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one generally thinks,
will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them emanates from one who
is thoroughly in sympathy with their enthusiasm."
BIRDS
VOLUME IX.
By A. H. EVANS, M.A., Clare College, Cambridge. With numerous
Illustrations by G. E. LODGE.
_IBIS_.—"Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of
information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and
habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference to
all students of ornithology."
_NATURE NOTES_.—"We venture to predict that, of the ten volumes of which
this excellent series is planned to consist, none will secure a wider
popularity than Mr. Evans's treatise on birds. Strange as it may appear,
among the many books on birds that have appeared of late years, we do not
recall any that covers the same ground.... We are grateful to the author
for the mine of valuable information which he has crowded between his two
covers."
_SCIENCE GOSSIP_.—"General readers will find this work most useful in
obtaining a proper understanding of birds, and will be assisted by the
effective diagram of a hawk in the introduction, showing the recognised
names of every part of the exterior appearance. The expressions used in
naming the various portions are fully explained on the adjoining page. As
we have already said, the illustrations are admirable. The book is a
useful addition to any library, as it treats of nearly every known kind
of bird throughout the world."
_SATURDAY REVIEW_.—"The expert and the novice alike must be at once
delighted by the accuracy and the beauty of the illustrations.... It is
astonishing to note the mass of information the author has been able to
bring together.... With a little practice any observant person would soon
learn by the help of this volume to track down any bird very nearly to
its ultimate place in classification."
MAMMALS
VOLUME X.
MAMMALIA. By FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A. Oxon., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and
Prosector of the Zoological Society of London.
_NATURE_.—"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the
Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and
palæontology."
_ATHENÆUM_.—"Mr. Beddard has produced a volume equal in interest and
value to the others in the Cambridge series."
_LAND AND WATER_.—"A notable book, the result of long study, patient
labour, sound reasoning, and careful selection, for which we are deeply
indebted to the author."
_DAILY NEWS_.—"A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for
its style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its
predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful of a
brilliant series."
_KNOWLEDGE_.—"In this volume Mr. Beddard has undoubtedly made an
important contribution to the history of mammals, his text-book being the
only one which can be said to be up to date and to contain notices of the
many important types—both recent and fossil—discovered during the last
few years."
_FIELD_.—"Its utility to the working zoological student can hardly be
overrated. It is exceedingly well illustrated."
_CONCLUDING VOLUMES IN PREPARATION_.
VOLUME I.