The personal quest of Marie E. Zakrzewska is ended. The land of
dispossession and refusal has been penetrated by many small parties
under her and other leadership, and many outposts have been established
and are being valiantly held.
But the battle which she faced and fought is not ended. It remains for
all lovers of justice to sustain the impulsion which carried her on and
so to continue the fight till the truth of her watchword, “Science has
no sex,” is acknowledged. Then, and only then, will her life’s work be
fulfilled.
In medicine, many doors of opportunity have been opened as the result
of her life and the lives of her sister pioneers. But as with her and
with them, the struggle persists around the hospitals. Many if not most
of the great medical schools are now open to women but to-day, even as
in Dr. Zakrzewska’s day, the attainment of the degree of M.D. is only
the beginning of medical knowledge.
Opportunities for hospital study and training are needed not only
for the subsequent year of interneship, but as a constant resource
all through the professional life. With a few exceptions, these
opportunities are not yet open to women, and women are to-day hampered
by this exclusion even more than they were in the past.
With the modern expansion of the science and art of medicine and the
increasing elaboration of the required appliances and methods of
examination, hospitals have become great centers of laboratory and
clinical investigation and research. And the physician who is not able
to form contact with some such center is crippled and is compelled to
do his work either imperfectly or at the cost of tremendous additional
strain.
This is the reason why we have just said that the opening of all
hospital opportunities to women on equal terms with men is yet more
imperative to-day than it was when Dr. Zakrzewska made such valiant
battle for her sisters.
At the same time, when women seem to have attained opportunities, they
still find it necessary to remember Dr. Zakrzewska’s distrust and fear
of beguilement, to remain on guard and to take all possible steps to
keep secure all that has been so painfully achieved.
Even among nonmedical students and in circles that are supposed to be
the most broadly educated, here and there the tolerances and amenities
of civilized life develop slowly. Thus as late as October 20, 1921,
the students of the University of Cambridge (England) express their
disapproval of even “limited membership” for women by the old, worn-out
methods of mobbing and rioting--battering down and smashing the
valuable memorial gates of the women’s college, Newnham. The arrival of
the police prevented their further progress there, but at Peile Hall,
they reached the doors and tried to force entrance into the college
itself, which further outrage was again prevented by the police.[28]
In 1922 the London Hospital decided to exclude women from the classes
and services to which they had been admitted since 1908. The story
has a familiar sound--“... the chairman emphasizes the fact that the
step has not been brought about by any failure of the women students
... who have done very well in every way, in work, in conduct, and in
discipline.”[29]
Notwithstanding all the handicaps imposed on woman, she has
demonstrated that “science has no sex.” Do not her opponents now need
to demonstrate that they themselves are worthy followers of science by
accepting truth wherever it may be found and by rendering impartial
justice to every one?
As some of these pages are being written (June 21, 1921), Madame Marie
Curie is in Boston.
The morning papers report that she was yesterday given a reception
by Harvard University. President Lowell presided, and in his address
he ranked Madame Curie with “Sir Isaac Newton and other epoch-making
discoverers.” He then introduced Professor Richards of the Department
of Chemistry, who said, “The discovery of Madame Curie gave the world
new ideas concerning the structure of the universe, and opened a new
path of thought to scientists.”
The highest mark of distinction which a college or university can
bestow upon a person whom it desires to honor is an honorary degree.
At its Commencement, three days later, Harvard did not confer an
honorary degree on Madame Curie. Would it have conferred one on Sir
Isaac Newton?
Is scholarship, then, the ideal of a college or university? Or is it
scholarship which happens to be attained by a sex?
But humanity is neither male nor female: it is both. And both possess
all human faculties _plus_ the specialized qualities of the sex
of the individual. The nonrecognition of this basic fact impedes the
progress of the race. And the subjection of either sex to the other
impedes both.
Hence, an appeal for justice to women, such as is embodied in this life
of Marie E. Zakrzewska, is equally an appeal for justice to men. The
man who would hold woman in subjection is himself held in subjection.
For
“The woman’s cause is man’s: they rise or sink
Together, dwarf’d or godlike, bond or free:
For she that out of Lethe scales with man
The shining steps of Nature, shares with man
His nights, his days, moves with him to one goal,
Stays all the fair young planet in her hands--
If she be small, slight-natured, miserable,
How shall men grow?”
NOTES
[1] This statement and related ones throughout the autobiographical
chapters are the only references to her family history made in this
connection by Dr. Zakrzewska.
A “Memoir of Dr. Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska, issued by the New England
Hospital for Women and Children, Boston, 1903,” quotes her as writing
to a friend, “I am in reality as family-proud as any aristocrat can
possibly be, but I prefer to be remembered only as a woman who was
willing to work for the elevation of Woman.” This Memoir further says:
The Polish family of Zakrzewski of which her father and grandfather
were in the line of direct descendants, is one of the most ancient in
Europe and traces its history back to 911. It is named among the most
powerful aristocratic “republican families of agitators” of Poland,
and fell with Poland’s downfall.
The princely family property--which consisted according to some
accounts of ninety-nine villages--was confiscated, the main portion
falling into Russia’s hands in 1793. At that time Marie’s grandfather
saved his life by flight beyond the border, having seen his father
fall on the field of battle and his mother and other members of the
family perish in the flames of their castle.
Writing of the family history, a brother of Marie states: “Ludovico
was the name written under the coat of arms which I often held in my
hands as a boy, and Ludwig was the name borne by every eldest son of
the family until 1802. When our father was born on November 11--St.
Martin’s Day--his mother, a good Catholic, added Martin to the name
of Ludwig.” His father (Marie’s grandfather) was, however, the first
one of the Zakrzewski family to leave the Catholic church. He became
not only a Protestant but a very liberal thinker.
The family history on the mother’s side is traced back only to the
middle of the eighteenth century.
Marie Elizabeth Sauer, the great-grandmother of Marie, for whom she
was named, was a Gypsy Queen of the Lombardi family. She was said
to be “the most lovely of women, very beautiful and energetic.” Her
father was a surgeon and was attached to the army of Frederick the
Great during the Seven Years’ War. His daughter accompanied him in his
work as assistant surgeon. Among those whom she attended was a Captain
Urban. He had been wounded in the chest and she removed the ball. Upon
his recovery they were married, much to the delight of her father,
as Captain Urban belonged to the same Gypsy tribe of the Lombardi.
Nine children were born to them, five daughters and four sons. They
were all of unusual size, the daughters almost six feet tall, with
hair flowing down to their feet; the sons seven feet tall and of
perfect stature. Marie’s grandmother was the middle one of these nine
children, and became a veterinary surgeon. She had three daughters one
of whom was the mother of Marie.
[2] “The undersigned, Secretary of Legation of the United States
of America, certifies that Miss Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska has
exhibited to him very strong recommendations from the highest
professional authorities of Prussia, as a scientific, practical,
experienced _accoucheuse_ of unusual talent and skill. She has been
chief _accoucheuse_ in the Royal Hospital of Berlin, and possesses a
certificate of her superiority from the Board of Directors of that
institution. She has not only manifested great talent as a practitioner
but also as a teacher; and enjoys the advantage of a moral and
irreproachable private character. She has attained this high rank over
many female competitors in the same branch; there being more than fifty
in the city of Berlin who threaten by their acknowledged excellence to
monopolize the obstetric art.
THEO. S. FAY.
Legation United States, Berlin, Jan. 26, 1853.
(SEAL)
Upon inquiry I find that instead of fifty there are one hundred and
ten female _accoucheuses_ in Berlin.
THEO. S. FAY.
[3] Apparently Dr. Zakrzewska had no information as to the details of
raising the money which was loaned to her for defraying her living
expenses while at the medical college.
In _Glances and Glimpses_, the source of such financial assistance
is suggested by Dr. Harriot K. Hunt, who visited Cleveland in 1854.
She speaks of the first Medical Loan Fund Association. She also speaks
of the Ohio Female Medical Education Society, and quotes from the
constitution of this latter an article referring to the repayment of
loans.
Dr. Hunt further speaks of traveling to other towns in Ohio, lecturing
on the study of medicine by women, and “establishing loan fund
associations auxiliary to the Cleveland association.” She particularly
mentions Elyria (where Mrs. Severance also spoke), Tiffin, Columbus,
Cincinnati, and Yellow Springs.
[4] Elsewhere, Dr. Zakrzewska says:
In the beginning of the first winter I was the only woman; after the
first month another was admitted; and during the second winter there
were three besides myself who attended the lectures and graduated in
the spring.
[5] This attitude of the clerical profession, persisting at least as
late as 1857, is also referred to by Professor Joseph P. Remington
in the report of an address published in the _American Journal of
Pharmacy_, January, 1911.
[6] Speaking of the visit made to Cleveland at this time, Dr. Hunt
states in _Glances and Glimpses_:
In December, 1854, I started for Ohio, being desirous to understand
the medical question in that State.... I had only heard that Marie was
a student at the Cleveland College; but when I met her I felt that
here was a combination of head and heart which was as uncommon as it
was beautiful.... Further acquaintance has but deepened my interest
in Marie, and Dr. Blackwell of New York must feel it a privilege to
have been the means of her introduction at Cleveland as a medical
student, where her noble bearing and scientific mind are perceived and
acknowledged by the faculty....
I attended lectures one day on a class of diseases peculiar to women,
and not one shade of levity or impropriety diminished the interest of
the occasion. Men and women studying together at a medical college
of high standing was prophetic. I spoke with the professor after the
lecture and he remarked, “We are more democratic in Ohio than you
are in Massachusetts.” I felt like hanging my head. The Athens of
America was eclipsed by a younger sister; yet I rejoiced greatly that
as the elder was unprepared to advance, the junior tripped her up
triumphantly, stepped over her, and took the first prize.
... I thought it best to visit the towns in the northern part of Ohio
and try to elicit interest in the medical question by establishing
loan fund associations.
[7] Mary L. Booth later earned a reputation as historian and as
translator, and was the editor of _Harper’s Bazar_ from its
beginning in 1867.
[8] The first Board of Directors (nineteen in number) was made up
almost entirely of women who were serving on the Board of Lady Managers
for the Clinical Department of the New England Female Medical College
in 1861-1862, the last year of Dr. Zakrzewska’s connection with that
college. Her resignation at the end of that year caused that department
to be discontinued and the services of the Lady Managers to be no
longer in request by the college.
To the number of Lady Managers who transferred their interest to the
new Hospital were added on the Board of Directors several men, one
being the former leading trustee of the college, Hon. Samuel E. Sewall.
This historic first Board of Directors was finally constituted as
follows:
Mrs. Mary C. E. Barnard
Miss Sarah P. Beck
Geo. Wm. Bond
Mrs. Louisa C. Bond
Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney
Mrs. Anna H. Clarke
Miss Mary J. Ellis
Mrs. Lucretia G. French
Miss Lucy Goddard
Fred. W. G. May
Mrs. Joanna L. Merriam
Mrs. Mary A. S. Palmer
Thomas Russell
Mrs. Caroline M. Severance
Samuel E. Sewall
John H. Stephenson
James Tolman
Mrs. Mary G. White
Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska
[9] Later, Dr. Mary E. Breed, who was graduated from the New England
Female Medical College and had been a student under Dr. Zakrzewska at
the New York Infirmary, became resident physician, and Miss Anita E.
Tyng and Miss Lucy M. Abbott, who had been her students at the New
England Female Medical College, were student assistants. Dr. John Ware
consented to serve as consulting physician and Dr. Samuel Cabot as
consulting surgeon.
[10] Karl Heinzen is thus described by the Boston _Evening
Transcript_:
He was a native of Prussia and came to America in January, 1848, as an
exile, having been banished from Germany on account of a book which
he published on the _Civil Service of the Prussian Government_,
which showed that, instead of the promised constitutional government,
a complete net of absolutism was extending over every province of
Prussia.
On the breaking out of the revolution of 1848 in France and Germany,
he left America in May to participate in the movement in Europe; after
its suppression he was again exiled, going first to Switzerland and
afterwards to England. But in 1850 he again came to America which has
since been the scene of his labors.
On his arrival he found almost the entire German population in the
Democratic and pro-slavery party; he therefore established here the
first anti-slavery German newspaper. This exposed him to severe
persecutions by the Democrats, so that his life was threatened in New
York City and in Toledo, Ohio.
He was also the first among the German-Americans to advocate woman
suffrage.
Since 1858 he has lived in Boston, and during this time he has stood
on terms of firm friendship with William Lloyd Garrison who frequently
translated Mr. Heinzen’s articles for the _Liberator_.
Mr. Heinzen was the most radical thinker whom the Germans in America
possess. Besides editing for more than twenty-five years a newspaper,
_The Pioneer_, he has published a number of valuable books on
political, philosophical and social subjects.
[11] Dr. Tyng had been a student at the New England Female Medical
College under Dr. Zakrzewska, later a resident student at the New
England Hospital and then a graduate of the Philadelphia medical
school--this school now becoming established on a more stable
foundation and having changed its name from the Female Medical College
of Pennsylvania to the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania.
[12] Dr. Thompson was a graduate of the New England Female Medical
College, studying for two years under Dr. Zakrzewska. Later she
received an honorary degree from the Woman’s Medical College of
Pennsylvania. The Chicago Hospital for Women and Children which she
founded was afterwards named the Mary Thompson Chicago Hospital for
Women and Children.
In an affectionate letter to Dr. Zakrzewska in later years, Dr.
Thompson rallies this former teacher on her frank remarks when trying
to goad the students of the New England Female Medical College to
better work, saying:
I wished to tell you of our work here that you might know that we
are doing something more than “the ordinary run of nurses,” I having
heard it remarked in times past that that was all we would amount
to. That did not stimulate me in the least to this kind of work. But
I will tell you what did--it was the actual love of surgery and the
witnessing many men operate when I felt that I could do quite as well
as they did. Since writing you, my third case of ovariotomy has done
well.
[13] Dr. Buckel was graduated in Philadelphia and then served under
Dr. Zakrzewska as resident student at the New York Infirmary. During
the last two years of the Civil War she rendered efficient service in
the United States military hospitals of the Southwest, earning the
soubriquet of “The Little Major.” _The Survey_, May 17, 1913,
says: “She selected and supervised the nurses, kept records in the
absence of clerks, wrote letters for sick soldiers, obtained furloughs
for convalescents, and comforted the dying.” In the year 1865-1866, she
succeeded Dr. Ruth A. Gerry as assistant physician at the New England
Hospital, the latter returning to the practice which she had already
started at Ypsilanti, and beginning to share in the long fight for the
admission of women to the University of Michigan.
[14] After receiving her degree of M.D. at Berne, Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake
returned to Great Britain and was largely instrumental in establishing
the London School of Medicine for Women and in obtaining hospital
facilities for it. She has reported her experience in _Medicine as
a Profession for Women_ and in _Medical Education of Women_.
Charles Reade makes extensive use of both of these articles in writing
his novel _The Woman Hater_.
[15] Dr. Morton was a classmate of Dr. Sewall when both were students
of Dr. Zakrzewska at the New England Female Medical College. She had
spent four years in study at the Paris Maternité during the last two of
which she had served as assistant teacher.
She returned to Boston in 1867 to begin the practice of her profession.
She then became connected with the New England Hospital, her first
appointment being on the staff of the Dispensary. Here she became the
successor of Dr. Zakrzewska, the latter resigning from this branch of
the work and leaving it entirely to the constantly growing number of
younger medical women.
[16] (p. 355) There are two great causes of sickness in our lying-in
wards. First, mental distress during pregnancy, caused by poverty or
neglect; second, the exposure and fatigue which many endure before
coming to us.
One young girl, late last fall, had been sleeping for a week in
outhouses. Another came in the cold winter weather, after wandering
in a bewildered condition in the streets with wet skirts and no
stockings, searching for some place of shelter in her distress. Another
when she entered was very sick with acute pleurisy and pneumonia, so
that even before her delivery her life was threatened. Several cases
of intermittent fever and one of typhus fever were admitted under
such circumstances that we could not avoid taking them without being
guilty of inhumanity. Two women in a comatose condition from puerperal
convulsions were also taken in. One of these last was restored to
health, while the other never recovered consciousness.
We have taken in several babies who were so poisoned with patented
nostrums that only the most vigorous treatment with antidotes could
rouse them, and weeks of the most assiduous nursing were necessary to
restore their enfeebled vitality.
Some of you saw in one of the wards the wretched little creature who
was brought by its mother to us in a comatose state, with the skin
drawn loosely over its bones and its half-closed glassy eyes sunk
deeply in their sockets. This child had been boarded out by its mother
while she worked at service, and it had been gradually declining until
at the age of three and one-half months, it weighed but seven and
one-half pounds.
This was an extreme case, but frequently a practiced eye will detect
the same process going on. Often when I am called to a sick child, I
recognize in the ashy hue, sunken eyes and other well-known symptoms,
the work of some “soothing syrup” or other equally pernicious drug.
Pitiful indeed is the fate of babies deprived of their natural
guardians and subjected to the influence of these infamous nostrums.
Can we not find some means to secure to infants a mother’s care and
love for at least the first year of their lives, by furnishing these
mothers with some honest means of support, and thus saving both mothers
and children? I leave this important question for you to consider, for
even if it is not strictly part of our work, it is a sequel to one
department of our Hospital.
A young woman, who in her childhood lost her mother and whose
stepmother not only kept a house of ill-fame but sent this daughter to
another, has now a beautiful baby to which she is so strongly attached
that, in spite of the evil influences of all her past life, she is
willing to do even the hardest work for the sake of keeping her baby
with her. Yet, only a few evenings ago she came, with her blue-eyed
baby sweetly smiling in the soft wrappings provided by its fond mother,
and said that she must give it up. “Nobody,” she said, “would take
_her_ with her baby,” and I saw the hard look in her eyes and the
bitter smile that made me tremble for her future, though I am confident
that she had the will and the strength to earn her living honestly.
Last winter we were called to attend a woman in a difficult and
complicated labor. She lived in a dark basement with floor wet and
broken, the scanty bedcovering eked out by her husband’s old coat
(which he himself needed) and the small pile of coal on the floor being
the only comforts visible except the stove. Cold, faint and hungry,
this woman had suffered for hours. When she was safely delivered,
public charity could not make her comfortable--it was private
benevolence that gave her blankets, sheets, clothing and care.
Another case of recent occurrence shows how insufficient is the law to
take care of the sick. A woman in one of the worst localities in the
city who was beaten by her drunken husband and turned out of doors,
was seized with premature labor in the streets and found her way into
the house of a neighbor. This neighbor, Mrs. M., who was nearly blind,
supported by her daily earnings herself and an interesting little boy
whom she had taken from the city crier’s to nurse and whom she had kept
with her rather than send him to Tewksbury.
Mrs. M. allowed the woman to stay, and on the third day I was sent
for and found her in an almost dying condition. It was late Saturday
evening, and there was neither food nor fuel in the house. The woman
was too ill to be removed, no aid could be obtained from the city
before Monday, and then the legal allowance would be only two dollars
in groceries and one dollar in money. Clothing, a bed and a nurse were
absolutely needed. These were provided by private charity and the
woman recovered, though it was said that three different physicians
who were called in by the neighbors had declined to attend her as they
considered it useless under such adverse circumstances to attempt to
save her.
The first time this woman stepped out of doors she walked from the
North End to the Hospital to see if we could not get work for her.
Her husband, who had been released from the jail where he had been
kept awaiting the result of her illness, had visited her and told her
he should do nothing more for her. Also, Mrs. M., who had given her
shelter, was about to be turned out of her rooms because she had not
been able to work as usual to earn her rent.
It is true that all these sufferers were drunkards, but I mention their
cases to show how the Hospital leads us into every path of reform.
In order to accomplish permanent good, it is necessary to remove
the causes of evil. For this reason, we are deeply interested in
every effort to dispel ignorance, promote temperance, and banish
licentiousness and other vices, for all these have a direct influence
on health or disease. We frequently find it necessary not only to watch
over the individual case of illness but to see that the whole tenement
is cleaned and ventilated; or, when this is impossible, we sometimes
succeed in removing the whole family to a more healthful locality away
from their old associates and the low, drinking saloons.
Thus it will be seen that our students have a large field of labor open
to them--every woman whom we help to educate not only adds one to the
band of workers but strengthens our position and enlarges our means
of usefulness. Hence, it is all-important that we gain every possible
advantage for our students, and it is hard to see denied to them the
valuable opportunities so freely offered to young men in this city, for
we feel that the very best America affords comes far short of our wants.
[17] The new Hospital is described in the annual report:
Although within the bounds of the city, thus giving the advantages of
water, gas and the other conveniences of city life, the land is very
high and commands an extensive and beautiful view of Jamaica Plain,
Roxbury and Brookline. It is also easily accessible both by horse and
steam cars, and seems to combine all the important requisites of good
air, light and easy access at a moderate price.
The beautiful exterior of the building is due to the taste and skill
of our architects, Messrs. Cummings and Sears, who have successfully
grappled with the problem of designing a hospital which shall be
beautiful in proportion, form and color, and so contribute to the
pleasure of all connected with it, without sacrificing either interior
comfort or economy of means.
The excellence of the interior arrangements, especially of the wards
and the nurses’ rooms (which differ from those of any hospital known
to the Committee), is due to the Women Physicians who, having learned
from long experience the needs of their patients, have striven to meet
them by arrangements at once simple and ingenious.
Our first object was to secure an entire isolation of the lying-in
patients from those of the medical and the surgical wards, so as to
guard against all possible danger of infection passing from one to
the other. This has been effected by a separate house, called the
“Maternity Cottage” for the lying-in patients.
In this building, the two stories are so arranged that one can be
thoroughly cleansed and aired while the other is in use. Our plan
contemplates a second similar building as soon as our means will
enable us to construct it. Then, in case of any threatened danger, one
house can be entirely isolated, while all new patients are taken to
the other. In this way, we can increase our Lying-in Department to any
desirable extent without incurring the dangers attendant upon large
hospitals.
The next consideration was to get as much sunlight as possible into
the patients’ rooms and to give the nurses, who are all human beings
and need to be cared for as well as others, good airy rooms in which
to take their rest when rest is possible to them. For this reason, all
the medical wards have been placed on the back of the house, which
looks nearly south.
Each ward consists of two rooms--one for two beds and one for
four--with a nurse’s room between. The nurse can thus often have the
benefit of the solitude and quiet of her own room and yet be so close
to her patients that nothing can escape her notice. A bathroom, also
enjoying the sunshine, separates the two wards and can be used by the
patients of either. These light, airy, sunny wards with their open
fireplaces seem more like the rooms of a pleasant home than the dreary
apartments of a hospital.
The house does not square exactly with the points of the compass, and
the northern side is touched by the sun during some part of the day,
thereby securing it from dampness. The eastern surgical ward projects
beyond the other part of the house, and so gains a southern window for
light and cheerful sunshine. A similar projection on the western side
makes a pleasant parlor for the patients.
The rest of this side of the house is occupied by the patients’
admission room, tea kitchen, etc., in which sunshine is not so
important.
The Children’s Ward, in the upper story, is a new feature of which we
have long felt the want. It is large, airy and convenient.
The furniture of the wards was mainly provided by individuals and by
various churches and societies in the city and vicinity. The wards
were named after the donors, who promised to keep them in order and
in repair, the names to be retained as long as the rooms were thus
sustained.
[18] Dr. Dimock had been a student in the Hospital in 1867. As was
the case with several other students, she thus at the beginning of
her medical life came under the teachings of Dr. Zakrzewska. We may
judge of the trend of these teachings from what Dr. Zakrzewska writes
elsewhere as to her advice to Dr. Sewall when the latter wished to
begin the study of medicine. She says:
“I advised her to lay a foundation by first studying natural
history--biology, comparative physiology and microscopical anatomy.”
And we are already familiar with the convictions of Dr. Zakrzewska that
Europe at that time offered both to men and women better opportunities
for a medical education than did the United States.
Susan Dimock differed from these other students in that she had more
initiative, or more self-dependence, or less fear of circumstance and
convention, or some other temperamental quality. Or perhaps it was
the financial situation--that great lion in the path of women not
trained in self-support--that she felt she could control, through Dr.
Zakrzewska and other friends.
At any rate, the resulting reaction of Dr. Zakrzewska’s teaching upon
this temperament was such that Susan Dimock decided to go abroad
for her entire medical course, to study there and to be graduated
there--almost the first American woman to take such a radical step, and
one of a lengthening procession of women from many countries who were
driven into temporary exile by their ambition to qualify themselves for
their chosen profession, having found the best opportunities at home
reserved for the exclusive use of their brothers.
She entered the University of Zurich, and after completing the required
five years of study, received her degree, returning to Boston as the
new building of the Hospital was in course of erection. She had paid
particular attention to surgery and was intending to specialize in that
branch.
[19] Dr. Keller was a graduate of the Woman’s Medical College of
Pennsylvania and she had been attending physician at the Woman’s
Hospital in Philadelphia. She had also had considerable surgical
experience in hospital and private practice.
[20] The New England Hospital Medical Society, later the New England
Women’s Medical Society.
[21] Dr. Call was a student of the Hospital and later was graduated at
the head of her class in the University of Michigan. She then spent a
year studying in Europe before beginning work at the Dispensary.
[22] The twin sisters, Drs. Augusta and Emily Pope, after being
graduated at the New England Female Medical College, went to Europe to
study for an additional year, becoming connected with the Dispensary on
their return. Both later received an honorary degree of M.D. from the
Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania.
[23] Among the internes whose address in India was, unfortunately, not
for long, was the charming Dr. Anandabai Joshee, the first Hindoo woman
to seek medical education in America, and who had been graduated at the
Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania.
Coming to Boston in the summer of 1886, she served only a short time
when her health failed. She returned to India to become physician in
charge of the Female Ward of the Albert Edward Hospital in Kolhapur,
but she died from tuberculosis a few months later, before reaching her
twenty-second birthday.
[24] Dr. Clarke was a member of the board of trustees of the New
England Female Medical College when Dr. Zakrzewska became a member
of the faculty. He resigned this trusteeship when she resigned from
the faculty, and his wife, Mrs. Anna H. Clarke, became a member of
the board of directors of the New England Hospital which was founded
immediately thereafter.
Mrs. Clarke remained a member of the board of directors until her
death in 1897. Their daughter, Miss Lilian Freeman Clarke, was always
interested in the Hospital and, as already stated, she assisted in
organizing in connection with the Maternity the first hospital social
service work in America.
[25] (p. 467)
1. John Ware.
2. Samuel Cabot.
3. Walter Channing.
4. Henry I. Bowditch.
5. E. C. Rolfe.
6. Edward Jarvis.
7. Edward H. Clarke.
8. Francis Minot.
9. B. Joy Jeffries.
10. Reginald H. Fitz.
11. C. H. Osgood.
12. G. G. Tarbell.
13 Arthur T. Cabot.
14. W. W. Gannett.
15. James R. Chadwick.
16. Geo. F. Jelly.
17. J. J. Putnam.
18. Maurice H. Richardson.
19. Clarence J. Blake.
20. F. B. Mallory.
21. Vincent Y. Bowditch.
22. W. F. Whitney.
23. G. A. Leland.
24. F. C. Shattuck.
25. C. F. Withington.
26. J. E. Goldthwait.
27. Richard C. Cabot.
[26] In 1910, the Children’s Department obtained a building of its
own in the Kimball Cottage. This was named for Miss Helen Kimball and
for her father, Moses K. Kimball, who was a staunch supporter of the
Hospital. Mrs. Cheney became president in 1887, upon the resignation of
Miss Lucy Goddard, the first president, and continued in office till
1902 when she resigned and was succeeded by Miss Kimball.
[27] An interesting note in connection with the new Surgical Building
was the receipt through Dr. Zakrzewska of a contribution of five
hundred dollars towards its construction, from one of her classmates at
the Cleveland Medical College, Dr. Cordelia A. Greene, then established
at Castile, N. Y.
[28] Boston _Herald_, October 21, 1921.
[29] Boston _Evening Transcript_, March 30, 1922, quoting the
Springfield _Republican_.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BLACKWELL, ELIZABETH, M.D., _Pioneer Work in Opening the
Medical Profession to Women_.
CHADWICK, JAMES R., M.D., “The Study and Practice of Medicine
by Women” (_International Review_, October, 1879).
DALL, MRS. CAROLINE H., _A Practical Illustration of
Woman’s Right to Labor, or A Letter from Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D.,
late of Berlin, Prussia_, 1860.
GREGORY, SAMUEL, _Man-Midwifery_. Reports of the Boston
Female Medical School; the Female Medical Education Society; and the
New England Female Medical College.
HUNT, DR. HARRIOT KEZIA, _Glances and Glimpses_, 1856.
JEX-BLAKE, SOPHIA, M.D., _Medicine as a Profession for
Women; Medical Education of Women_.
LIVERMORE, MRS. MARY A., _The Business Folio_, Boston,
March, 1895.
NEW ENGLAND HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN, _Memoir of
Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D._, 1903.
PUTNAM-JACOBI, MARY, M.D., “Women in Medicine” (_Woman’s
Work in America_, 1891).
READE, CHARLES, _The Woman Hater_.
SIMS, J. MARION, M.D., _The Story of my Life_, 1884.
INDEX
Abbott, Lucy M., 253
Agassiz, Alexander, 385
Aigner, Dr., 182, 222, 223
Albert Edward Hospital, Kolhapur, India, 497
Alcott, Mr., 200
Alexander, Mrs. Janet, 136
Alexandrian School, 261
Alpha, The, 198, 203
American Journal of Pharmacy, 485
American Medical Association, 342, 344
Ames, Rev. Charles G., 463
Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 200
Anti-Slavery Movement, 110, 138, 146, 152, 153, 154, 193, 198, 202,
245, 297, 391, 459
A Practical Illustration of Woman’s Right to Labor, or A Letter from
Marie E. Zakrzewska, M. D., late of Berlin, Prussia, by Caroline H.
Dall, xi, 59, 256
Association for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women, 398
Asylum for Infants, Temporary, 280
Atlee, Dr., 129
Bacon, Lord, 261
Barnard, Mrs. Mary C. E., 487
Barnard, Rev. Charles F., 329
Baudeloque, 263
Beck, Miss Sarah P., 487
Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward, 189, 203, 211
Bellevue Hospital (New York), 222
Bellevue Hospital (N. Y.) Training School for Nurses, 364
Bellows, Rev. Mr., 203, 207
Bennett, Dr. Alice, 390, 402
Berlin, Dr. Fanny, 458, 473
Berne, University of (Switzerland), 350
Bigelow, Dr. Jacob, 136
Billroth, Prof., 347
Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 119, 121, 123, 124, 130, 134, 143, 148, 149, 155, 156, 178, 180,
181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,
202, 206, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 222, 225, 226, 236, 237, 238,
240, 268, 307, 310, 311, 335, 358, 373, 375, 376, 476
Blackwell, Dr. Emily, 112, 113, 130, 195, 206, 211, 214, 225, 226,
236, 237, 238, 240, 268, 358, 373, 375, 376, 402
Blackwell, Henry, 181
Blackwell, Mrs. Antoinette Brown (Rev. Dr. Antoinette Brown
Blackwell), 181, 198, 202
Blackwell, Mrs. Lucy Stone, _see_ Mrs. Lucy Stone
Blackwell, Mrs., Sr., 181, 203
Blake, Dr. Clarence J., 498
Boardman, Mrs., 411
Boivin, Madame, 111, 263, 392
Bologna, University of, 111
Bond, George William, 244, 293, 294, 487
Bond, Louisa (Mrs. George William), 244, 487
Bond, Rev. Henry, 153
Booth, Mary L., xi, 184, 185, 198, 203, 210, 230, 235, 239, 240, 476,
486
Boston City Hospital, 337, 364
Boston Evening Transcript, 127, 481, 487
Boston Female Medical School, _see_ New England Female Medical College
Boston Herald, 481
Boston Lying-in Hospital, 243, 297, 334, 338, 364
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 224, 342, 389, 390
Boston University Medical College, 285, 286, 382, 448
Bowditch, Dr. Henry I., 256, 277, 332, 336, 337, 344, 390, 392, 498
Bowditch, Dr. Vincent Y., 498
Boylston Prize (Harvard University), won by a woman, Dr. Mary Putnam
Jacobi, 399
Brace, Charles, 201
Bradburn, Mrs. George, 152
Breed, Dr. Mary E., 216, 217, 295, 309, 487
Breslau, Prof., 347
Brignoli, 215
Brisbane, Albert, 200
Brook Farm Movement, 201
Brown, Dr. B., 310
Browne, Mrs., 226
Buck, Dr., 222
Buckel, Dr. C. Annette, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 354, 364, 369, 370,
458, 465, 489
Burns, Dr. John, 263
Busch, Dr., 44
Business, Folio, The, 129
Butler, Mrs. Emma E., 474
Cabot, Dr. Arthur T., 498
Cabot, Dr. Richard C., 498
Cabot, Dr. Samuel, 244, 256, 277, 301, 332, 339, 340, 345, 350, 351,
487, 498
Cabot, J. Elliot, 385
Call, Abraham A., 294
Call, Dr. Emma L., 294, 401, 412, 417, 497
Cambridge (England), University of, 480
Carey, Miss Susan, 244
Cary, Alice and Phœbe, 198, 215
Cary, Miss, 411
Celsus, 261
Centennial International Exhibition, 371
Chadwick, Dr. James R., 286, 385, 498
Chadwick, Mrs. (M.D.), 126, 139
Channing, Dr. Walter, 277, 332, 333, 498
Channing, Dr. W. H., 185
Channing, Dr. William F., 151, 244
Channing, Rev. William Ellery, 133
Chapin, Rev. Mr., 153, 203
Chase, Salmon, 153
Cheney, Mrs. Ednah D., 186, 193, 194, 244, 245, 293, 348, 363, 365,
371, 404, 450, 469, 471, 473, 476
Cherokee Indians, 142, 173
Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, 253, 345, 488
Christian Science, 166
Clairvoyance, 30, 31, 166, 179
Clark, Dr. E. H., 244, 277
Clark, Dr. Henry E., 254
Clark, (Clarke), Dr. Nancy, 149, 150, 336
Clarke, Anna H. (Mrs. James Freeman), 194, 244, 476, 497
Clarke, Dr. Edward H., 498
Clarke, Miss Lilian Freeman, 365, 497
Clarke, Miss Sarah, 194
Clarke, Rev. James Freeman, 244, 464, 497
Cleveland, Dr. Emeline H., 279
Cleveland Medical College, _see_ Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Mrs., 201
Cole, Mrs., 215
Colfax, Speaker, 153, 199
College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York), 379
Columbian University (Georgetown, D. C.), 441
Cook, Miss, 301
Cooper, Peter, 201
Cotting, Dr. S., 256, 277
Cummings & Sears, 371, 494
Curie, Madame Marie, 481, 482
Curtis, George W., 203
Cushier, Dr. Elizabeth M., 402
Cushman, Charlotte, 200
Dall, Mrs. Caroline H., xi, 59, 60
Davis, Andrew Jackson, 200
Delamater, Dr. John J., 123, 125, 126, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 178
De la Motte, 261
Deventer, 261
Dimock, Dr. Susan, 238, 364, 365, 368, 370, 495
Ditrichin, Justina, _see_ Siegemund
Douglass, Frederick, 153
Drysdale, Dr. Charles, 406
Eagleswood (N. J.), Phalanstery, 201
Eastern Dispensary (N. Y.), 223
Eberle, Dr., 275
Ebert, Dr., 58, 69, 70
École de Médecine, University of Paris, 398
Edinburgh, University of, 130, 350
Elder, Dr. William, 153, 211
Eliot, President Charles W., 385, 386, 387
Ellis, Miss Mary J., 487
Elson family, 460
Emerson, Professor and Mrs., 160, 161, 162, 180
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 153, 159, 160, 161, 162, 180
Farnham, Miss, 411
Fay, Theodore S., 69, 134, 485
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, _see_ Pennsylvania, Woman’s
Medical College of
Female Medical Education Society (Boston), _see_ New England Female
Medical College
Fichte, 464
First in America--
Woman listed officially as specializing in surgery, 336
Woman appointed as attending surgeon on a hospital staff, 369
District Nursing service, 411
Hospital Social Service, 365
Regularly organized general Training School for Nurses, 363
Regularly trained nurse graduated, 364
Fitz, Dr. Reginald H., 498
Fliedner, Pastor, 57
Florence, University of, 111
Formes, Karl, 215
Fourier Movement, The, 138, 201
Fox Sisters, The, 201
Free Lovers Circle, 138, 200
Free Soil Movement, The, 146, 152, 153, 154
Freeman, Miss, 200
Freiligrath, 477
French, Mrs. Lucretia G., 487
Frothingham, Rev. O. B., 203
Gannett, Dr. W. W., 49
Garrett, Miss (England), 307
Garrett, Miss Mary (Baltimore, Md.), 437
Garrison, William Lloyd, 151, 153, 199, 244, 459, 474, 488
Geneva (N. Y.), Medical College, 112
George Washington University Medical School, _see_ Columbian
University, Georgetown, D. C.
Gerry, Dr. Ruth A., 489
Gibbons, Dr., 343
Giessen, University of, 111
Giles, John, 153
Glances and Glimpses, Autobiography of Dr. Harriot K. Hunt, 112,
126, 127, 149
Goddard, George A., 440
Goddard, Miss Lucy, 186, 244, 293, 295, 404, 410, 440, 476, 487
Goddard, Miss Matilda, 151, 280
Goddard, Mrs. M. LeB., 440
Goldthwait, Dr. J. E., 498
Goodrich, Miss, 105, 107
Gottschalk, 200
Graefe, von, Prof., 347
Greeley, Horace, 199, 200, 204
Greeley, Mrs. Horace, 201
Greene, Dr. Cordelia A., 126, 142, 498
Greene, Miss Elizabeth, 365
Greenwood, Grace (Mrs. Leander Lippincott), 146, 153
Gregory, Samuel, 272, 284
Griesinger, Prof., 347
Grimké, Miss Angelina, _see_ Mrs. Theodore Weld
Grimké, Miss Sarah, 149, 150, 198, 201
Grissell, Dr. Elizabeth, 126
Grosvenor, Mrs., 200
Hahnemann, Dr., 32
Hale, Dr. Edward Everett, 465
Hale, Miss Ellen E., 416
Harper’s Bazar, 230, 486
Harvard University Medical School, 126, 136, 249, 286, 346, 380, 381,
383, 385, 386, 387, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 435, 437, 481, 482
Hasenfuss, (Hassenfuss), Mrs., 246
Haydock, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, 207
Haynes, Miss, 199
Heinzen, Karl, 297, 300, 303, 304, 458, 459, 460, 477, 487, 488
Heinzen, Mrs. Karl, 297, 300, 301, 304, 458, 459
Hemenway, Augustus, 372
Hildreth, Mr. and Mrs. George (N. Y.), 152, 200, 215
Hildreth, Mrs. George (Boston), 194
Hilliard, Mrs. George, 194
Hippocrates, 261
Hirschfeld, Dr. Henriette P., _see_ Dr. Henriette Pagelson
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 403
Home for Aged Men, 243
Homeopathy, 32, 33, 105, 286, 448, 459
Hooper, E. W., 402
Horn, Director, 64, 68, 69
Horner, Prof., 347
Hospital Social Service in America begun, First, 365
Hovey, Miss Marian, 385, 386, 437
Howe, Julia Ward, 335
Howland, Mrs., 203
Hunt, Dr. Harriot Kezia, 112, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 137, 149, 150,
152, 185, 186, 192, 197, 224, 336,485, 486
Hunt, Sarah Augusta, 135, 136
Hunter, Dr., 263
Hydropathy, 179
Hypnotism, 166
Illinois State Medical Society, 344
Infant asylum in Boston, Temporary, 280
Insane asylums of Massachusetts, Women physicians on staffs of, 411
International Review, 286
Jackson, Francis, 244
Jackson, Dr. James, 136, 278
Jacobi, Dr. Abraham, 399
Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, 136, 392, 398, 402
Jarvis, Dr. Edward, 498
Jefferson, Joseph, 215
Jefferson Medical College (Philadelphia), 274, 379
Jeffries, Dr. B. Joy, 498
Jelly, Dr. George F., 498
Jex-Blake, Dr. Sophia, 130, 350, 405, 489
Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.), 403, 435, 436, 437, 442
Johnson, Dr., 267
Joshee, Dr. Anandabai, 497
Kaiserswerth Institute, 57, 101, 197
Keene, Laura, 215
Keller, Dr. Elizabeth C., 370, 496
Kemble, Fanny, 197
Kilian, Dr., 44
Kimball, Miss Helen, 498
Kimball, Moses K., 498
King, Rev. Starr, 153
Kirtland, Dr. J. P., 124, 174
Kirtland, Mrs., 199
Kissam, Dr., 203, 211, 222, 227
Know-Nothing Party, 133, 277
Koehler Family, 460
Kölliker’s Comparative Anatomy, 175
Lachapelle, Madame, 42, 52, 263, 392
Lee, Mrs. George G., 298
Leland, Dr. G. A., 498
Liberator, The, 488
Lippincott, Mrs. Leander, _see_ Grace Greenwood
Livermore, Mrs. Mary A., 129
London (England) School of Medicine for Women, 490
London (England) Hospital, 481
Lowell, Miss Anna, 194, 245
Lowell, President, 481
Lutze, Dr. Arthur, 31, 32, 33
Lyons, Mrs., 203
Lyceum System, 152
Mack, Mrs. Thomas, 470
Magnetism, 33, 138, 166
Mallory, Dr. F. B., 498
Man-Midwifery, Samuel Gregory, 272
Mann, Mrs. Horace, 201
Marburg, University of, 111
Mary Thompson Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, 253, 345, 488,
489
Mason, Hugh, 410
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 365
Massachusetts Infant Asylum, 280
Massachusetts General Hospital, 337, 346, 364
Massachusetts Hospitals for Insane, Women Physicians on staffs of, 411
Massachusetts, Legislature of, 334, 411
Massachusetts Medical Society, 277, 382, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392,
393, 394
Maternité, Paris, 279, 308, 370, 490
Mauriceau, 261
May, Miss Abby, 186, 244, 245
May, F. W. G., 244, 294
Mayer, Prof., 347
Mayo, Rev. A. D., and family, 131, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146,
148, 151, 152, 154, 176, 464
McCready, Dr., 182, 203, 222
Medical Education of Women, by Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake, 490
Medical Loan Fund Associations in Ohio, 485, 486
Medicine as a Profession for Women, Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake, 490
Merriam, Mrs. Joanna L., 487
Mesmerism, 33, 165, 166
Meyer, Professor, 368
Michigan (Ann Arbor), University of, 383, 489
Minot, Dr. Francis, 498
Moleschott, Prof., 347
Moral Education Association of Massachusetts, 417, 418
Morton, Dr. Helen, 253, 300, 352, 366, 370, 402, 410, 416, 437, 440,
458, 476
Mosher, Dr. Eliza M., 402
Mott, Lucretia, 192
Mott, Mr. and Mrs., 135
Müller, Dr., 17, 18, 19, 42, 44
Müller, Dr. Johannes, 44
Müller, Prof., 58, 68, 69, 70, 124
Mumford, Rev. Mr., 153
Murdock, James, 153
New England Female Medical College, 150, 236-286, 291, 292, 293
Boston Female Medical School, 247, 248, 249
Female Medical Education Society, Boston, 248, 249
Clinical Department of, 243-285
Opened, 244, 252
Training for nurses, 361
Closed, 285
College merged with Boston University Medical College, 285
New England Hospital for Women and Children,
Founded, 293
Incorporated, 294, 295
First board of directors, 486, 487
First location, 293; Second location, 329
First woman in America listed officially as specializing in surgery
(being appointed assistant surgeon), 336
First General Training
School for Nurses regularly organized in America, 363
First Hospital Social Service in America established, 365
First woman in America appointed as attending surgeon on a hospital
staff, 369
First District Nursing Service in America established, 411
Graduation of first regularly trained nurse in America, 364
List of medical men on the consulting staff during the lifetime of
Dr. Zakrzewska, 498
Main building of Hospital named “The Zakrzewska Building,” 471
New buildings (third location) opened, 356
Plans receive award at Centennial International Exhibition, 371
Purposes, 295
Resident students required to have degree of M.D., 411
New England Hospital Medical Society, 385, 395, 401, 496
New England Women’s Club, 375
New England Woman’s Medical Society, 496
New Hospital for Women (London), 409
Newton, Sir Isaac, 481, 482
New York Infirmary for Women and Children, 109, 112, 114, 130, 149,
182-190, 193, 196, 206-219, 227-229, 233, 234, 238, 239, 257, 293,
360, 374, 487, 489
Woman’s Medical College of the, 348, 350, 375, 376, 399
New York Times, 184, 203, 230
New York Tribune, 204
New York University of Medicine, 310
New York “Woman’s Hospital,” 225
Nichols, Miss, 301
Nightingale, Florence, 57, 197, 206
Nurses, first regularly organized Training School in America for, 363
Ohio Female Medical Education Society (Cleveland), 485
Open Court, The, 442
Osgood, Dr. C. H., 498
Pagelson (Tiburtius), Dr. Henriette, 432
Palmer, Mrs. Mary A. S. (Mrs. J. K.), 487
Pareus, 261
Paris Maternité, 279, 308, 370, 490
Parker, Theodore, 133, 151, 153, 244
Parker, Dr. Willard, 222, 347
Parkman, Miss Mary Jane, 186, 244, 365
Peabody, Miss Elizabeth P., 197, 201
Peile Hall, Cambridge (England), 480
Pennsylvania, Female Medical College of, _see_ Pennsylvania, Woman’s
Medical College of
Pennsylvania State Medical Society, 129, 390
Pennsylvania, University of, 379
Pennsylvania, Woman’s Medical College of (Philadelphia), 67, 69, 105,
126, 128, 137, 191, 195, 224, 278, 279, 310, 374, 376, 402, 488, 489,
496, 497
Phalanstery (Eagleswood, N. J.), 201
Philadelphia County Medical Society, 128, 278, 310
Philadelphia Woman’s Medical College, _see_ Pennsylvania, Woman’s
Medical College of
Philadelphia, Woman’s Hospital of, 192, 279, 374, 496
Phillips, Wendell, 151, 153, 244
Physiological Society (Cleveland), 121, 124, 125
Pioneer, The, 488
Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women, by Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell, 111
Pope, Colonel A. A., 468
Pope, Drs. Augusta and Emily, 417, 458, 468, 497
Porter, Dr., 203
Prang family, 458, 460
Preston, Dr. Ann, 191, 240, 278, 358, 373
Priestley, Dr., 310
Putnam, Dr. C. G., 332
Putnam, Dr. J. J ., 498
Putnam Jacobi, Dr. Mary, _see_ Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam
Quaker friends of the New York Infirmary, The, 185, 210
Reade, Charles, 490
Reisig, Dr., 84
Remington, Professor Joseph P., 485
Restelle, Madame, 180
Richards, Miss Linda A., 364
Richards, Professor, 481
Richardson, Dr. Maurice H., 498
Ripley, George, 199, 200, 204
Rock Garden, 458
Rolfe, Dr. E. C., 498
Rose, Mrs. Ernestine L., 202
Royal Free Hospital (London), 406, 408, 409
Royal Hospital Charité (Berlin), 36, 40, 43, 100, 172, 254, 484
Russell, Dr. LeBaron, 385
Russell, Mrs. George R., 476
Russell, Mrs. Sarah Shaw, 244, 245
Russell, Thomas, 487
Schmidt, Dr. Joseph Hermann, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 67, 69, 107, 332
Schmidt, Mrs. Joseph Hermann, 40, 53, 54, 62, 69, 70
School for Midwives (Berlin), 36, 38, 43, 56
Sedgwick, Miss Catherine, 107, 201, 203
Sedgwick, Theodore, 108
Seelye, Dr., 142, 143
Severance, Mrs. Caroline M., 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 134, 137, 138,
142, 154, 186, 190, 460, 485, 487
Sewall, Dr. Lucy E., 192, 253, 295, 299, 314, 335, 339, 345, 348, 349,
350, 351, 352, 363, 366, 370, 402, 416, 437, 440, 476
Sewall, Hon. Samuel E., 192, 236, 244, 250, 281, 283, 285, 294, 298,
299, 440
Sewall, Joseph, 192
Shattuck, Dr. F. C., 498
Shaw, Mrs. Robert G., 203, 244, 353, 476
Shepard, Mrs., 125, 131, 142
Siegemund, Justina Ditrichin, 36, 37, 261, 263
Simpson, Dr., 310
Sims, Dr. J. Marion, 224, 225, 226, 274, 275, 276
Sister Catherine, 41, 43, 44, 56, 57, 58, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105
Smith, Dr. Mary A., 383, 410
Smith, Mrs. Elizabeth Oakes, 199, 215
Social Service in America, First Hospital, 365
Somerville, Mrs., 392, 405
Somnambulism, 30, 31, 166
Spiritualism, 31, 138, 166, 179, 201
Sprague, Miss Julia A., 296, 297, 301, 304, 311, 368, 458, 477
Spring, Marcus, 201
Spring, Mrs. Marcus, 198, 203
Springfield Republican, The, 481
Stephenson, John H., 487
Stevens, Miss Hannah, 151
Stevenson, Dr. Sarah Hackett, 344
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital (London), 406
St. Thomas’ Hospital (London), 406
Stone, Mrs. Lucy, 181, 198, 202
Storer, Dr. Horatio R., 295, 310, 332, 335, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343
Story of My Life, The, by Dr. J. Marion Sims, 225, 274
Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, 244
Stuart, Henri L., 226
Suffolk District Medical Society (Boston), 389, 394
Survey, The, 489
Tarbell, Dr. G. G., 498
Taylor, Bayard, 153
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 442, 482
Thompson, Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, Mary, 345, 488, 489
Thompson, Dr. Mary Harris, 253, 345, 488, 489
Tiburtius, Dr. Henriette P., _see_ Dr. Henriette Pagelson
Tolman, James, 487
Trained nurses in America, _see_ Nurses
Training School for Nurses in America, first regularly organized
general, 363
Transcendentalism, 132, 198
Tudor, Mrs. F. Fenno, 244
Tuthill, Dr. and Mrs., 203
Tuthill, Miss Sarah, 203
Tyng, Dr. Anita E., 253, 309, 336, 338, 351, 487, 488
Unitarians, 138, 146
Universalists, 138, 146
University, Harvard, 400, 401
University, Johns Hopkins, _see_ Johns Hopkins University
University Medical School, Harvard, _see_ Harvard University Medical
School
University of Berne, 350, 489
Bologna, 111
Cambridge (Eng.), 480
Edinburgh, 130, 350
Florence, 111
Giessen, 111
Marburg, 111
Michigan, 383, 497
Paris, 399
Pennsylvania, 379
Zurich, 346, 347, 383, 496
Vaughan, Miss Virginia, 159, 160
Vaughan, Mrs. C., 152, 153, 154
Virchow’s Cellular Pathology, 175
von Graefe, Prof., 347
von Raumer, Minister, 68
Ware, Dr. John, 254, 255, 256, 498
Weld, Angelina Grimké (Mrs. Theodore), 149, 150, 198, 201
Weld, Theodore, 201
Western Reserve University Medical School (Cleveland Medical College),
115, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 134, 163, 168-170, 171, 174,
175, 394
White, Mrs. Mary G., 487
Whitman, Walt, 167
Whitney, Dr. W. F., 498
Whitney, Miss Anne, 197
Willey, Mr. and Mrs. G., 152, 177
Withington, Dr. C. F., 498
Woman, First in America listed officially as specializing in surgery,
336
First in America appointed as attending surgeon on a hospital staff,
369
Woman Hater, The, Charles Reade, 490
Woman in Medicine, Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, 339
Woman’s Hospital, New York, _see_ New York Woman’s Hospital
Woman’s Hospital, Philadelphia, _see_ Philadelphia, Woman’s Hospital
of
Woman’s Journal, The, 322, 428
Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, _see_ Pennsylvania, Woman’s
Medical College of
Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary, 348, 350, 375, 376,
399
Woman’s Medical Society, New England, _see_ New England Woman’s
Medical Society
Woman’s Rights Movement, 47, 131, 134, 138, 153, 156, 157, 202, 212,
245, 297, 459, 488
Woman’s Rights Movement in London, 410
Woman’s Right to Labor, A Practical Illustration of, by Caroline H.
Dall, xi, 59, 60, 256
Women and Children, Chicago Hospital for, _see_ Chicago Hospital for
Women and Children
Women and Children, New England Hospital for, _see_ New England
Hospital for Women and Children
Women and Children, New York Infirmary for, _see_ New York Infirmary
for Women and Children
Women of attainment, Why not monuments in Westminster Abbey to
English, 404
Women physicians in England, Training of, compared with that in
America, 405-409
Women’s Club, New England, _see_ New England Women’s Club
Women’s, Club, Worcester (Mass.), 436
Women’s College, Newnham (Cambridge, Eng.), 480
Worcester (Mass.), Women’s Club, _see_ Women’s Club, Worcester
Wright, Mrs., 134
Würtzer, Dr., 224
Wyman, Dr. Morrill, 385, 392
Zakrzewska, Marie E., M.D.
birth, 4
ancestry, 483
recollections of early childhood, 3-7
beginning of school life,
conflicts, friendships, prizes,
contacts with mental and physical illness, her mother begins
training as midwife,
begins to read medical books, 8-25
end of school life, resorts to father’s library, 26
training in housework, dressmaking, nursing, French, housekeeping
and assisting in mother’s practice, 26-34
studies midwifery privately under Professor Schmidt, 36
enters school at Royal Hospital Charité as student and assistant
teacher, 42
repeatedly declines father’s choice for marriage, 51, 66
appointed _Accoucheuse en chef_, 52, 65
resigns position and emigrates to America to organize a woman’s
hospital, 66-72
arrives in New York, 73-83
disappointed in professional plans she becomes self-supporting in
business, 83-105, 115-118
her meeting with Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell reopens the medical path,
108-110, 114
assists Dr. Blackwell in dispensary of New York Infirmary, 114-115
enters Western Reserve Medical College (Cleveland), 123
learns details of the professional and social opposition to women
physicians, students and practitioners, 125-131
meets men and women noted in all phases of advanced thought, 134,
138, 146, 149-153, 160
first visit to Boston, 149
receives degree of M.D., 168
returns to New York where no one is willing to rent her an office,
78;
begins practice in Dr. Blackwell’s house, 181;
and finds the Infirmary dispensary closed, 182
successful visit to Boston to seek money to reopen the dispensary
and to establish the hospital department, 190-191
visit to Philadelphia decides those interested in the Woman’s
Medical College to establish also a hospital, 191, 192
entrée into the varied social circles of New York, 196-204, 220-222
becomes resident physician and superintendent of the finally
opened New York Infirmary, 209-211
incidents in hospital management, in teaching and in practice,
213-218
experiences in mobbing of Infirmary and in neighborhood fires,
218-219, 227, 233
meeting with Dr. J. Marion Sims and observation of his
interpretation of the New York Woman’s Hospital’s by-law
calling for the appointment of a woman physician on the staff,
224-226
definitely begins training of nurses, 212, 228
health begins to show effect of overstrain, 230, 234, 239, 244
removes to Boston to become a member of the faculty of the New
England Female Medical College, 239
is appointed professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and
children, 238, 259
establishes the Clinical Department (hospital) of which she
becomes the head, and in which she continues the definite
training of nurses, 243, 252, 361
tries to elevate the standards of the college and insists students
must be trained practically as well as theoretically, 250-252,
273-277
is refused admission to the Massachusetts Medical Society because
of her sex, 277, 394
establishes a temporary asylum for infants, 280
continuing unable to raise the standards of the college, she
resigns from the faculty and the hospital is discontinued,
280-286
founds the New England Hospital for Women and Children and becomes
resident, attending and dispensary physician and in charge of the
out-practice, 293, 294
details of out-practice; night calls, 328, 329
continuous growth of this hospital and addition of assisting and
coöperating medical women necessitate moving to larger quarters
and favor her plans for specially designed buildings, 329, 333,
334, 352-354, 356-360, 493-495
she buys a horse and carriage, 335
for a second time she is refused admission to the Massachusetts
Medical Society because of her sex, 394
opening of the new hospital buildings enables her to expand her
already existing training school into the first general training
school for nurses regularly organized in America, this school
being under the direction of Dr. Susan A. Dimock, 360-364
serious effects of overwork oblige her to take first vacation in
fifteen years; goes to Europe, 366-368
joins in the movement to check tendency towards the lowering of
standards for the medical education of women, and towards opening
to women the great medical schools of America, 373-387, 398-399,
401-403, 424-428, 435-437, 448
assists in forming the New England Hospital Medical Society and
becomes its first president, 385
declines to apply a third time for admission to the Massachusetts
Medical Society, this society now deciding to admit women,
392-395
goes to Europe again for vacation and investigates the progress of
medical women in England, 404-411
resigns as attending physician, becoming advisory physician, 416
her private life, 457-466
celebrates her seventieth birthday, 470
her acceptance of the inevitable, 471-474
her death, 474
her farewell message, 474-478
addresses, letters and writings,
The Study of Medicine, 259
Hospitals; Their History, Designs and Needs, 312
On the Problem of the Doctor in Charging Fees, 315
On Charity, 315
On the Golden Rule, 316
A Lesson, 316
Another True Story, 322
The Medical Education of Women, 375
A Moral Code for Women, 417
Should Women Study Medicine?, 424
What’s in a Name?, 428
The Emancipation of Woman: Will It Be a Success?, 442
Letters to Dr. Lucy E. Sewall, 300-312, 348, 367, 412
On the opening of the new buildings of the New England Hospital,
356
On the question of Harvard University opening a separate medical
school for women, 380
Declining to apply a third time for admission to the Massachusetts
Medical Society, having been refused twice on account of her sex,
393
Should medicines which cause anesthesia, emesis or prostration
ever be administered to refractory prisoners to enforce obedience
through their action?, 396
Letter to Mrs. Cheney and others, 404
On the absence in Westminster Abbey of any monument to a woman
of attainment, 405
On the abuse of the word “lady,” 405
On the progress of medical women in England, 405
Comparison between earlier and later women medical students, 413
On the increasing work of the Hospital under women surgeons, 438
On her attitude as a critic, 447
Against the admission to the New England Hospital of women
students of the Boston University Medical School (that being then
a school of homeopathy), 448
On the reciprocal relation of the medical staff and the board of
directors of the New England Hospital, 449
On a question of hospital discipline, 451
Letter to an ambitious colleague whose feelings have been hurt,
453
On the relation of the Dispensary to confidence in women surgeons,
468
On the laying of the corner stone of the Ednah D. Cheney surgical
building, 469
Farewell message to be read at her funeral service, 474
Zurich, University of, _see_ University of Zurich
THE END
Transcriber’s Notes
Page 120: “to lecures in 1851” changed to “to lectures in 1851”
Page 327: “especially on rainly days” changed to “especially on rainy
days”
Missing period were added at the end of a few sentences.
The index reference for Dr. Elder was corrected to 211 (instead of 21).
Footnotes 28 and 29 were numbered and moved to the Notes section with
the other footnotes. All other footnote numbers have been retained as
in the original, though they appear out of sequence in the original
text.