She rather prided herself upon her conversational powers, indeed,
writers of her day assert that nobody could talk better, either in
society or on State affairs. The King, who liked to have her opinion
about everything that went on, always sent the ambassadors to her after
an audience with him.
One day she was going to receive the Spanish ambassador, and not
understanding Spanish she asked her chamberlain, the Prince de Chalais,
who understood several languages, to teach her some sentences to say
to him. Chalais, who had a mania for playing practical jokes, without
considering whether the Queen was a proper subject for one, taught her
some words not possible in any decent society. Fortunately for himself
he was so delighted with his trick or so doubtful of the result of it
that, just before the audience, he told it to the King. He laughed but
hastened to warn the Queen, who was, of course, exceedingly angry,
would not receive Chalais for some days, and would have dismissed him
had not the King dissuaded her, assuring her that he would never have
allowed her to say the words to the ambassador.[344]
In 1510 Louis and Anne sustained an irreparable loss by the death of
the Cardinal d’Amboise.
As usual, the French successes in Italy had been short lived. The
Venetians under their famous Doge, Loredan, had reconquered nearly all
their territory, and the members of the league of Cambrai had turned
against France, the Milanese was lost, and the King of Spain seized
the Spanish side of Navarre including Pampeluna. Catherine de Foix,
heiress of the gallant Princes of Navarre and Queen in her own right,
remarked to her husband, Jean d’Albret, “Dom Jean, if you had been born
Catherine and I Dom Jean, we should never have lost Navarre.”[345]
{1511}
The Queen had so dangerous an illness in March, 1511, that her life was
despaired of; but after receiving the Communion she revived and by the
middle of April was tolerably well. In the following January she had
another son, who died like all his brothers, and the doctors managed
the Queen so badly that her health was permanently injured. Late in
March the Austrian ambassador, who went to take leave of her, found
her still in bed but brave, cheerful, and taking her usual interest in
public affairs. She did not get up until May, when she appeared much
better, but never really regained her strength, and just then many
circumstances combined to depress and trouble her.
A great battle was fought August 10, 1512, between the French and
English fleets. The _Regent_ with the English Admiral on board attacked
the famous _Cordelière_, commanded by the Breton Hervé Portzmoguet. The
two ships were grappled together, the battle raged fiercely and the
dead lay in heaps on the decks. Then Portzmoguet, seeing that all hope
was lost, set fire to both vessels, and, clad in complete armour, threw
himself from the mast into the sea. The ships went down together with
more than two thousand men, the French fleet drew off to Brest, the
English to the high seas.[346]
{1514}
There was strife between the King and Pope, and the Queen’s views were
strongly opposed to those of Louis. The Pope laid France under an
interdict from which he excepted Bretagne. In vain the King assured
her that women had no voice in Church matters; she had but to point to
Bretagne as her answer, and to remind him that at fourteen years old
she had successfully opposed Innocent III. when he illegally appointed
two of his nephews to benefices in her duchy. Also that her influence
had prevented Louis from occupying Rome, when, after the battle of
Ravenna, the road to the Eternal City lay open to his victorious
troops. She ultimately induced him to subscribe to the Lateran Council,
whereby the Roman gained the victory over the Gallican party in the
Church.[347]
Anne was not yet thirty-eight, but her brilliant, eventful life was
drawing to a close. For a year or two her health had been failing and
on the 2nd of January, 1514, she was taken ill at Blois and died a
week afterwards. Knowing that she would not recover, one of her last
orders was that her heart should be sent to Nantes and laid in the tomb
of her father and mother in the land and among the people she had so
faithfully loved.
The King shut himself up alone for days wearing the black mourning
he had chosen, contrary to the custom for Kings of France. From the
shock of the Queen’s death he never recovered. He only survived for
two months the preposterous marriage he was induced to make in the
following year with the young sister of Henry VIII. for the purpose of
stopping the English war. Claude, wife of François I., died ten years
after her mother leaving several children, one of whom was Henri II.,
whose three sons were the last kings of the house of Valois.
The funeral of the Queen at St. Denis was of more than usual
magnificence, and when her coffin was lowered into the tomb there
stepped forward Champagne King-at-arms who, after calling three times
for silence, said, “King-at-arms of the Bretons, do your duty.”
Then Bretagne King-at-arms in his coat of mail stepped forward and
proclaimed, “The most Christian Queen and Duchess, our sovereign Lady
and Mistress, is dead? The Queen is dead! The Queen is dead!” The
_Chevalier d’honneur_ with the hand of justice, the _Grand Maître de
Bretagne_ (brother of the Queen) with the sceptre, and the _grand
écuyer_ with the crown advanced, kissed them, and gave them to the
Bretagne King-at-arms, who laid them on the coffin.[348]
In France, to which she had given a great province, Anne de Bretagne
was soon forgotten; but, in the land she loved and ruled so well four
hundred years ago, her name and her memory are still honoured and
cherished by her own people.
[Illustration: _D’hermines._]
INDEX
A
Abbeville, 81
Agnadel, battle of, 357
Aire, castle of, 272
Albret, Alain de:
wishes to marry Anne de Bretagne, 307;
she consents to betrothal, 308;
she refuses to marry him, 310, 311;
his rebellion, 313, 314;
marriage of his daughter, 340
Albret, Armand de:
married Marguérite de Bourbon, 69
Albret, Charles de:
commanded at battle of Azincourt, 271
Albret, Jean de, 361
Alexander VI. (_see_ Borgia)
Alençon, 8, 99, 256, 357
Alençon (_see_ Catherine)
Amadeo VI., Count of Savoy (called Green Count), 4, 5, 13, 14, 85
Amadeo VII., Count of Savoy (called Red Count), 85
Amadeo VIII., Count of Savoy, 85
Amboise, George, Cardinal de, 332, 340, 351, 360
Amboise, Château de, 301, 322, 324, 326, 343, 347, 351
Amiens, Jacquerie, 22;
fair of, 113-115;
conference, 158
Ampoulle, 54
Angoulême, François de (_see_ Valois)
Angoulême, Jean, Comte de, 261
Angoulême, Marguérite de, 357
Anjou, Louis, Duc de, second son of Jean, King of France:
knighted, 8;
hostage in England, 46;
breaks parole, 50;
bad government, 98;
disputed precedence with Burgundy, 131;
death, 131
Anjou (_see_ Marie d’Anjou)
Anné de Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XI., Regent of France, 302, 318,
322
Anne de Bourgogne, 338
Anne, Duchesse de Bretagne, 88
Anne, Duchesse de Bretagne, wife of Charles VIII. and Louis XII.:
birth and childhood, 302-308;
refuses Albret, 308;
succeeds to duchy, 308;
first council, 309;
war with France, 312;
marriage with King of the Romans, 314;
besieged at Rennes, 316;
betrothed to Charles VIII., 318;
marriage, 320;
coronation, 321;
birth of Dauphin, 322;
Italian war, 323;
return of King and death of Dauphin, 324;
birth and death of other children, 325;
death of Charles VIII., 327;
Queen goes to Paris, 329;
betrothed to Louis XII., 331;
returns to Bretagne, 331;
marries Louis XII., 335;
birth of Claude de France, 337;
hôtel des Tournelles, 338;
maids of honour, 338;
gardens, court, pursuits, and dress, 343;
betrothal of Claude de France to the Duke of Luxemburg, 345;
birth and death of a son, 345;
quarrel with Gié, 346;
pilgrimage to Bretagne after King’s illness, 348;
betrothal of Claude de France to François Duc de Valois, 351, 352;
birth of Renée de France, 352;
love of music, 359;
gives a bell to cathedral of Chartres, 359;
anger with Chalais, 360;
dangerous illness, 361;
birth of another son, his death, 361;
death of the Queen, 362;
her funeral, 363
Agnes Sorel, 300, 304
Anne de Candale, 339, 340
Anne de Foix, 338
Anne de Graville, 353-356
Anne de Rohan, 340
Aquitaine (_see_ Louis de France)
Ardres, 184
Arleux, Château de, 16, 21
Armagnac, Bernard, Comte de, 254, 256, 269, 277, 282, 283, 288
Armagnacs, 286, 287, 291
Arras, 155, 272, 298
Augustins, 295
Auton, Jean de, 348
Auvergne, Jeanne, Comtesse de, second wife of Jean, King of France, 8
Auvergne, Eléonore de Comminges, Comtesse de, 139, 141
Avaugour, François Baron de, son of François II., Duc de Bretagne,
and Antoinette de Maignelais, 309, 329, 363
Avignon, plague at, 47;
Charles VI. at, 153
Azincourt, battle of, 272-277
B
Bar, Marie, Duchesse de, youngest daughter of Robert II., Duke of
Burgundy, 47
Bar, Edouard, Duc de, 59, 228, 263, 276
Bar, Marie, Duchesse de, daughter of Jean, King of France, 59
Barbette, hôtel de, 206, 216, 236
Basoche, clercs de la, 347
Bastille, 81, 167, 192, 204, 287
Bavaria, 110
Beaumont-sur-Oise, Château de, 20
Beauté, château de, 74, 81, 102, 105, 126, 154, 222
Beauvais, 22
Beaujeu (_see_ Anne de Beaujeu)
Bègue de Vilaine, 24, 58
Berry (now spelt Berri), Jean, Duc de, third son of Jean,
King of France:
hostage in England, 46;
ransom, 51;
bad qualities, 59;
christening of Dauphin, 79;
meets the Emperor, 99;
guardian to his nephews, 111, 122;
regent, 124;
Charles VI. obliges him to resign, 126;
grasping and unpopular, 131;
marriage, 139, 141, 142;
gives house to Isabeau, 152;
conference at Amiens, 158;
opposes war with Bretagne, 163;
regency, 167;
saves La Rivière, 168;
opposes Orléans, 170;
the ball, 174;
attends wedding of Richard II. and Isabelle de France, 185, 186;
marriage of his daughter with Henry of Lancaster prevented, 209;
illness and recovery, 225;
mediates between Queen and Burgundy, 232;
occupies hôtel de Nesle, 233;
grief at murder of Louis d’Orléans, 241;
conference at Chartres, 249;
Armagnac connections, 254;
disputes regency, 268;
death, 280
Berry, Duchesse de, 142, 148, 168, 172, 173
Bertrand du Guesclin:
commands French troops, 52;
takes prisoner the Captal de Buch, 56;
avenges the murder of Blanche de Bourbon on Pedro el Cruel, 58;
made Constable of France, 81;
godfather to Louis de France, 87;
his life and death, 90-93;
buried at Saint-Denis, 132
Blanche de Bourbon:
birth, 3;
marries Pedro el Cruel, King of Spain, 11;
imprisoned by him, 13;
murdered, 57
Blanche de Navarre, wife of Philippe VI.:
godmother to daughter of Charles V., 6, 7;
arranges state entry of Isabeau de Bavière, 148;
death, 193, 194
Blanche de France, daughter of Charles IV., Duchesse d’Orléans, 20,
33, 79, 125, 340
Blois, Château de, 182, 248, 249, 325, 336, 337, 343, 347, 357, 362
Bonne d’Artois, daughter of Philippe Duc de Bourgogne, 155
Bonne de Luxembourg, first wife of Jean, King of France, 10
Bonne de Bourbon, wife of Amadeo VI., Count of Savoy, 3, 14, 85
Bonne de France, daughter of Charles V., 41, 45
Borgia, Alexander VI., 330, 332, 340
Borgia, Cesare, son of Alexander VI., 332-335, 340
Bosredon, Louis de, 283
Bourbon, Catherine de, Comtesse de Harcourt, 3, 35
Bourbon, Isabelle, Duchesse de (_see_ Valois)
Bourbon, Louis II., Duc de:
birth, 3;
succeeds to duchy, 15;
hostage, 46;
christening of Dauphin, 79;
love for du Guesclin, 81;
defends his mother and sister, 85;
marriage, 85;
good qualities and popularity, 86;
guardian to nephews, 98;
meets the Emperor, 99;
affection of Charles VI. for him, 126;
knighthood of King of Sicily, 136;
wise government, 155;
godfather to Charles d’Orléans, 157;
wedding of King and Queen of England, 185, 187;
goes to Melun, 232;
indignation at murder of Louis d’Orléans, 241;
his death, 254
Bourbon, Jean, Duc de, 155, 256, 264, 277, 288
Bourbon, Marguérite, Dame d’Albret, 3
Bourbon, Pierre Duc de:
marries Isabelle de Valois, 3;
Crécy, 4;
arranges marriage of eldest daughter, 5;
of second daughter, 11;
killed at Poitiers, 15
Bourges, 259
Brabant, Duchesse de, 112, 113, 116
Brabant, Duc de, 276
Bretagne, Duc de, 161, 163
Bretagne, Jean, Duc de, 183, 190, 246, 251, 252
Bretagne, Jeanne, Duchesse de, second daughter of Charles VI.:
born, 153;
betrothed, 183;
married, 190;
remained with her mother, 195, 217;
quarrel with her husband, 251;
reconciliation, 252;
birth of a son, 253;
survived the Queen, 296
Bretagne, François II., Duc de (_see_ François)
Bretigny, treaty of, 41, 42, 288
Briçonnet, Cardinal, 328
Burgundy, Philippe de Rouvre, last Capétien Duke of, 8, 47
Burgundy, Philippe, fourth son of Jean, King of France:
first Valois Duke of, 57;
favourite brother of Charles V., 59;
guardian to his nephews, 98;
meets Emperor, 99;
oppressive government, 111;
marriage of his daughter to Bavarian prince, 112;
mismanagement of his nephew, 120, 121, 125;
character, 130, 131;
opposes Duc de Bourbon, 155;
Amiens, 158;
opposes war with Bretagne, 163;
present when King went mad, 165;
seizes government and persecutes La Rivière and others, 166-170;
ball, 174;
disputed King’s permission, 177;
attends marriage of Richard II. of England and Isabelle de
France, 185, 187;
levies enormous taxes on his vassals, 187;
funeral of Queen Blanche de Navarre, 194;
dissensions with Louis Duc d’Orléans, 208;
with Lancaster, 209;
disapproves marriage of Isabelle, Queen-dowager of England, 212;
meets her with escort, 219;
hatred between Burgundy and Orléans, 221, 223;
death, 224
Burgundy, Jean Sans-peur, Duke of:
swears vengeance against Louis d’Orléans, 221;
character, 225;
captures the Dauphin, 232;
murders Louis, Duc d’Orléans, 239;
confesses crime, flight, 241;
impunity and power, 242-245;
returns to Paris, 249;
conference at Chartres and influence over Dauphin, 250;
sent for to punish the Duc de Bretagne, 252;
governor of the Dauphin, 253;
interferes to protect his daughter, 256;
quarrels with his son-in-law the Dauphin, 256;
siege of Bourges, 259;
riots, 261-265;
La Cassinelle, 269;
forbids his son to be at Azincourt, 272;
accused of poisoning the Dauphin, 278;
delivers the Queen, 285;
gets into Paris and massacres the Armagnacs, 287;
goes with Queen to Melun, 288;
peace with Dauphin Charles, 290;
murdered, 292
Burgundy, Philippe le Bon, Duke of:
betrothed to Michelle de France, 224;
married, 251;
returns to Burgundy, 265;
grief at being prevented being at Azincourt, 272;
at his father’s assassination, 292;
enters Paris with the Kings and Queens of England and France, 293
Burgundy, Marguérite de Flandre, wife of Philippe de Rouvre and
Philippe de France, Dukes of Burgundy:
inherits Flanders and Hainault, 48;
harmonious life led by Philippe and Marguérite, 130;
their death, 224, 225
Burgundy, Marguérite, eldest daughter of Philippe and Marguérite,
Duke and Duchess of Burgundy; wife of Louis, Duc d’Aquitaine
and Dauphin, 224, 243, 248, 255, 258, 277, 278
C
Cale, Guillaume, leader of the Jacquerie, 22, 31
Cambrai, 99, 112, 178, 357
Canny, Dame de, 216
Canny, Sieur de, 240
Captal de Buch, Jean de Grailly, 27, 28, 56
Carmelites, 36, 37, 295
Cassinelle, 256, 269
Catherine d’Alençon, 201, 260, 267
Catherine de France, daughter of Charles V., 104, 121, 125
Catherine de France, daughter of Charles VI., 215, 288, 289,
293, 294, 296
Catherine de Foix, 361
Céléstins, 35, 60, 61, 62, 180, 255
Chandos, Sir John, 81, 139
Chalais, Prince de, 360
Châlons, Jean de (_see_ Orange)
Charles V., King of France:
betrothed to Jeanne de Bourbon, 6;
married to her, 7;
Duke of Normandy, 9;
Vivier-en-Brie, 10;
regent, 16;
visit to the Emperor, 16;
Meaux, 23, 24;
returns to Paris, 35;
Carmelites, 37;
treaty of Bretigny, 42;
death of two daughters, 45;
misrule, 49;
siege of Vernon, 52;
coronation and state entry, 53-57;
war with Pedro el Cruel, 59;
difficulties and ill-health, 59, 60;
Céléstins, 60, 61, 62;
library treasures, 63-67;
the Louvre and its gardens, 69-75;
King’s barge, 77;
birth and christening of Dauphin, 72-79;
gets rid of the Grande Compagnie, 79;
prosperity of kingdom, 81;
Hôtel St. Paul, 82-84;
pilgrimages, 90;
success and happiness, 91;
Louis de Harcourt, 93;
life at court, 93-97;
distrust of his brothers, 98;
will, 99;
visit of the Emperor, 99-104;
death of the Queen, 104;
death of Charles V., 105
Charles VI., King of France:
birth, christening, 77, 79;
visit of Emperor, 102, 103;
succeeds to throne, 107;
negotiations for marriage, 110-113;
fair of Amiens, 113-116;
Isabeau de Bavière, 116, 117;
wedding, 117;
character and education of Charles VI., 118-122;
assumes government, 126;
birth and death of Dauphin, 127;
dress, 130;
splendour of fêtes for knighthood of the King of Sicily 134, 135;
opposes marriage of Duc de Berry, 142;
fêtes for marriage of Louis d’Orléans, affection for Valentine
Visconti, 142-145;
state entry of Queen, 148, 149;
coronation of Queen, 150, 151;
southern tour, 152-155;
birth of second Dauphin Charles, 157;
Pierre de Craon and the Constable de Clisson, 158-163;
war with Bretagne, 163, 164;
madness of Charles VI., 164-169;
recovery, 169, 170;
fire at the ball, 171-175;
second attack of madness, 175;
second recovery, 176-178;
madness returned, 179;
affection for Valentine, 180;
recovered again, 182;
at wedding of Richard II. and Isabelle, 184-187;
attends the profession of his daughter Marie at Poissy, 190, 191;
declining health, 190, 194;
receives news of Queen of England, 206;
anxiety for Queen of England and displeasure with Lancaster,
208, 209;
alarm caused by English revolution brings on attack of madness, 210;
frequent attacks, 214, 215;
joy at return of Queen of England, 219;
bad health, 222, 223;
calls council, 223;
his respect for Philippe, Duke of Burgundy, 226;
anger with Savoisy, 227;
Jacques Legrand, 228;
the King and the Princess Marie, 229;
the King and the Dauphin, 230;
summons Jean Sans-peur, 231;
bad attack, 233;
disguised men, 233, 234;
horror at murder of Duc d’Orléans, 240;
bad health, 242, 243;
receives Valentine, 245;
goes to Melun to the Queen, 246;
Odette de Champdivers, 247;
conference of Chartres, 249;
returns to Paris and sends for Duke of Burgundy, 251;
quarrel with Duc de Bretagne, 252;
appoints Burgundy governor to Dauphin, 253;
letter to Duc de Bourbon, 255;
riots, 260, 268;
Azincourt, 272-277;
King ill, 278;
execution of Bosredon, quarrel with the Queen, her imprisonment,
282-284;
in the hands of Burgundians, 287;
attack of frenzy, 288;
desires Dauphin to make peace with Burgundy, 289;
goes to Troyes, 290;
Paris, 293;
death, 294;
funeral, 295, 296
Charles VII., King of France:
birth, 221;
betrothed to Marie d’Anjou, 267;
Duc de Touraine, 280;
Armagnac, 281, 282;
quarrel with Queen, 283, 284;
fled to Bastille, 287;
Burgundy and Armagnac, 288;
murder of Burgundy, 291;
excluded from succession, 292;
in exile, 294;
treaty of Arras, 298, 300, 301
Charles VIII., King of France, 302;
war with Bretagne, 308-315;
siege of Rennes, 316, 317;
betrothed to Anne de Bretagne, 318;
broke off marriage with Marguérite of Austria, 318;
married Anne de Bretagne, 320;
character, 321, 322;
lived at Plessis and Amboise, 322;
birth of Dauphin, 322;
departure for Italy, 323;
return, 324;
despair at loss of his children, 325;
treasures he brought from Italy, 326;
death, 327;
funeral, 329
Charles IV., Emperor, son of Jean, King of Bohemia, 17, 99, 104
Charles, eldest son of Charles VI., 127
Charles, Dauphin, second son of Charles VI., 157, 181, 211, 214
Charles le Mauvais, King of Navarre, 16, 21, 30, 31, 35, 47, 52, 59
Charles le Bon, King of Navarre, 226, 249
Charles, Duc d’Orléans:
birth, 157;
marries Isabelle, Queen-dowager of England, 234, 235;
sent to Blois, 245, 248;
conference of Chartres, 250;
death of Isabelle, 252, 253;
marries Bonne d’Armagnac, 254;
treaty with English, 256;
with princes at Vernon, 264;
taken prisoner at Azincourt, 277;
disapproved his son’s marriage, 305, 325
Charlotte d’Aragon:
refuses Cæsar Borgia, 334;
marries Guy de Laval, 340
Charlotte de Savoie, Queen of France, 301, 302
Chartreux, 176
Châtelet, 204, 286, 359
Châteauneuf-Randon, death of Bertrand du Guesclin, 91
Chelles, abbey de, 62
Christine de Pisan, 76, 95, 97
Claude, Queen of France:
birth, 337;
betrothed to Duke of Luxemburg, 345;
heiress of Bretagne, 346;
betrothed to Duc de Valois, 352;
illness, 356;
death, 363
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, second son of Edward III., King of
England, 246, 261
Clermont, Château de, 31, 86
Clermont, Jean de (_see_ Bourbon)
Clisson, Constable de, 161, 163, 167
Comets, 68
Comminges, Comte de, 309, 313
Comminges, Comtesse de, 139, 141
Compiègne, 22, 99
_Cordelière, Marie la_, favourite ship of Anne de Bretagne, 341;
she visits it, 350;
sunk in sea fight, 360
Cordelière, order of Anne de Bretagne, 344
Cordeliers, 203, 295, 337
Coucy, Dame de, 186, 210
Coucy, Seigneur de, 168
Craon, Pierre de, 158-163
Crécy, battle of, 4, 18
Creil, 81, 125, 169
D
Dauphin du Viennois, Humbert de la Tour du Pin, 5, 6
Dunois, Jean, Comte de, son of Louis, Duc d’Orléans and the Dame de
Canny, called Bastard of Orléans, 216, 249
Dunois, Comte de, 309, 313-315, 318, 319
Dunois, Comte de, 349
E
Eclipse, 234
Edward III., King of England, 52, 243, 272
Edward, Prince of Wales (Black Prince), 6-9
Eléonore de Guzman, 12
Entragues, Baron de, 355
Ermenonville, 20
Etienne Marcel:
provost of Paris, 16;
Jacquerie, 27, 28;
death, 34
Étuves or public baths, 199, 200
F
Foix, Gaston, Comte de:
called Gaston Phoebus, 27, 28, 139-142
Foix, Comte de, 307
Foix, Germaine de, 339, 340
Foix (_see_ Catherine)
François, Duc de Valois, afterwards François II., King of
France, 348, 352
François II., Duc de Bretagne, 303;
Antoinette de Maignelais, 304;
character, 305;
Landais, 307;
battle of St. Aubin, death, 308
Françoise de Dinan, Dame de Laval, 304, 308-312, 314, 317, 320, 321
Frèron, Doctor, 176, 177, 178
Friederich von Landshut (_see_ Wittelsbach)
G
Giac, Madame de, 289
Gié, Maréchal de, 346, 347
Gilles, 24
Guérande, Château de, 309
H
Hainault, Jacqueline de:
wife of Jean, Duc de Touraine and Dauphin, fourth son of
Charles VI., 234, 235, 278-280
Harcourt, Jean de, married Catherine de Bourbon, 35
Harcourt, Louis de, 93
Harfleur, battle of, 271
Hasseley, Guillaume, doctor, 169, 170
Henry IV., Duke of Lancaster, King of England:
exiled for treasonable practices, 208;
proposes to marry daughter of Duc de Berry, 209;
indignation of French at his usurpation, 210;
wishes to marry Isabelle de France, widow of Richard II., to Prince
of Wales, 213;
detains her jewels and dowry, 219;
absurd claim to French crown, 244;
death, 261
Henry V., King of England, 261;
invades France, 270;
Harfleur, 271;
Azincourt, 272-277;
negotiations for his marriage with Catherine de France, 288, 289;
is betrothed to her and declared Regent and heir of France, 292;
marriage, 293;
departure to England and birth of a son, 293;
return to France, 293;
death, 294
Henry VI., King of England and France:
birth, 293;
enters Paris, 297
I
Isabeau de Bavière, wife of Charles VI.:
birth and childhood, 109;
negotiations for marriage with Charles VI., 110-112;
fair of Amiens, 113-116;
interview with the King, 116, 117;
wedding, 117;
beauty of Isabeau, 122;
remains at Creil, 125;
birth and death of first Dauphin Charles, 126, 127;
birth of Isabelle de France, 127;
character of Isabeau, 128;
dress at court, 129, 130;
fêtes for the knighthood of King of Sicily, 134-137;
Isabeau and Louis d’Orléans, 138;
jealousy of Valentine Visconti, 145;
state entry and coronation, 147-152;
absence of the King, 152;
birth of Jeanne de France, 153;
at Beauté, return of King and his brother, 154;
storm at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 156;
birth of the second Dauphin Charles, 157;
of Marie de France, 167;
goes to the King at Creil, 169;
returns to Paris, 170;
has her own _argentier_, 171;
ball, 172-174;
King does not know her, 175;
birth of Michelle de France, 176;
quarrels with Duchess of Burgundy, 179;
birth of Louis de France, 182;
Poissy, 193, 194;
birth of Jean de France, 193;
tastes, pursuits, and household, 194-200;
amasses treasure, 201;
hôtels, 206;
letters from England, 206;
anxiety for Queen of England, 208, 210;
birth of Catherine de France, 215;
society and amusements of Isabeau and Louis d’Orléans, 215, 217;
Isabeau and her children, 217, 218;
fools and dwarfs, 218;
return of Queen of England, 219;
tries to mediate between Orléans and Burgundy, 221;
birth of Charles de France (afterwards Charles VII.), 221;
fête at hôtel Barbette, 222;
council, 223;
betrothal of Michelle de France, 224;
receives complaint of University, 226;
treasures of Isabeau and Ludwig of Bavaria stopped, 227;
Jacques Legrand, 228;
the Queen and Princess Marie, 229;
the forest of Saint-Germain, 229;
neglect of her children, 230;
flight to Melun, 231;
Burgundy seizes the Dauphin, 232;
anger with some of her household, 233;
returns to Saint Paul, 233;
objects of Jean, Duc de Touraine, going to Hainault, 235;
birth and death of Philippe de France, 236;
murder of Louis d’Orléans, 236-241;
implores vengeance, 243;
goes to Melun, 243;
consecration of Princess Marie, King’s visit to Melun, Queen
returns to Louvre, 246, 247;
Odette de Champdivers, 247;
goes with children to Tours, 248;
conference of Chartres, 249, 250;
returns to Paris, 251;
anger with son-in-law, Duc de Bretagne, 252;
gives up charge of the Duc d’Aquitaine, 253;
takes care of Duchesse d’Aquitaine, 256;
threatens Duc d’Aquitaine, 259;
riots, 260-264;
quarrel with Aquitaine, 267;
flight from Melun after battle of Azincourt, 277;
sends for Jean, Duc de Touraine, now Dauphin, 278;
goes to Senlis with Charles, now Duc de Touraine, 280;
absurd accusation of poisoning him, 281;
unfortunate relations with her sons, 282;
violent quarrel with King and Charles, the new Dauphin, 283;
imprisonment, 284;
appeals to Jean Sans-peur, 284;
he rescues her, 285;
she assumes the regency, 285;
they enter Paris, 287;
massacre of Armagnacs and reconciliation with King, 287;
the Princess Catherine, 288, 289;
truce with Dauphin, 289;
goes to Troyes, 291;
spends Christmas at Paris, 293, 294;
death of Charles VI., 294;
years of widowhood, 296;
her grandson, Henry VI., 297;
death, 297
Isabelle de France, daughter of Jean, King of France:
besieged in Meaux, 26;
forced to marry Giovanni Visconti, 43, 44;
splendour of her life in Italy, 142, 143;
death, 143
Isabelle de France, daughter of Charles V.:
birth, betrothal, death, 87, 99, 104
Isabelle de Valois, daughter of Charles de Valois:
married Pierre, Duc de Bourbon, 3;
left Paris, 5;
lived much at court, 57;
captured by free companies, 85;
exchanged, 86;
meets her daughters, 86, 87;
the Duchesse de Bourbon and the Emperor, 102, 103;
takes charge of her granddaughters, retired into convent of
Cordelières, death, 105, 125
Isabelle de Bretagne, second daughter of François II., Duc de
Bretagne, 303, 304, 309, 312, 313, 317
Isabelle de France, eldest daughter of Charles VI., wife of Richard
II., King of England:
birth, 127;
receives English ambassadors, 183;
marriage, 183-187;
letters to parents, 206;
English revolution, 210;
courage, love for Richard, his death, 213;
returns to France, 219;
marries Charles d’Orléans, 235;
death, 252
J
Jacobins, 15, 202, 295
Jacquerie, 20-32
Jean, King of France, 7;
coronation, 8;
treaty with Spain, 10;
battle of Poitiers, captivity, 14;
released, 42;
disastrous treaty, 43;
fêtes at Calais, 44, 45;
seizes Burgundy, 47, 48;
his amusements, 49;
returns to England, 50, 51;
death, 52
Jean de France, Duc de Touraine, afterwards Dauphin, fourth son of
Charles VI.:
birth and childhood, 193, 217, 218;
proposed marriage with a daughter of Burgundy, 224;
betrothal to Jacqueline de Hainault, 224;
marriage, 234;
goes to Hainault, 235;
brought up there, 259;
proposal to declare him heir of France, 265;
becomes Dauphin, 278;
goes to Compiègne, 279;
lives in splendour there, 280;
estranged from the Queen, 281;
death, 281
Jeanne de France, daughter of Louis XI., wife of Louis XII.:
unhappy marriage, 305;
divorce, 332;
made Duchesse de Berry, lived at Bourges, died there, 332
Jeanne d’Evreux, wife of Charles IV., 32, 52, 67, 90
Jeanne de France, daughter of Philippe VI., 90
Jeanne de France, daughter of Jean, King of France, 4
Jeanne de Bourbon, wife of Charles V.:
birth, 3;
betrothal to Comte de Savoie, 3;
to Dauphin du Viennois, 5;
to Dauphin of France, 6;
her marriage, 7;
birth of a daughter, 20;
Marché de Meaux, 20-29;
returns to Paris, 35;
birth of second daughter, 41;
death of children, 45;
beauty and popularity of the Dauphine, 50;
coronation, 53, 54, 55;
entry into Paris, 56;
the King’s love for the Queen, 60;
their literary tastes, 61;
birth and death of a daughter, 67;
household and daily life, 68;
birth of Dauphin, 77;
illness of the Queen, 89;
birth of Marie de France, 84;
the Queen’s mother, 86;
birth of Louis and Isabelle de France, 87;
illness of the Queen, 89;
life at court, 93-96;
the last fête of the court of Jeanne de Bourbon, 101-104;
birth of Catherine de France and death of Queen, 104
Jeanne de France, daughter of Charles V., 20, 45
Jeanne de France, daughter of Charles V., 67
Jeanne de France, daughter of Charles VI. (_see_ Bretagne)
Jeanne de Laval, Queen of Sicily, 329, 331
Joan (_see_ Jeanne de France, daughter of King Jean)
Jussi, Robert de, 36, 37
L
Ladislas, King of Hungary, Poland, and Bohemia, 339
Lancaster (_see_ Henry IV.)
Langue d’oc, 17, 98, 179, 223
Langue d’oil, 17
Laval, Françoise de Dinan, Dame de (_see_ Françoise)
Lendit, fair of, 115, 222
Loches, Château de, 301, 341
Loredan, Doge of Venice, 360
Lorris, Robert, 24
Louis de France, Duc d’Anjou (_see_ Anjou)
Louis de France, Duc d’Orléans, second son of Charles V.:
birth, 87;
visit of the Emperor, 102, 103;
talents, 121;
Comte de Valois et Duc de Touraine, 124;
opposes his uncles, 125;
Louis and Isabeau, 138;
marriage of Louis with Valentine Visconti, 142, 145;
journey to Provence, 152;
race to Paris, 154;
love affair and quarrel with Craon, 158-161;
King goes mad and attacks him, 164;
ball, 172-174;
accused of sorcery, 180, 193;
_étuves_, 199;
power and ambition, 208;
goes to Notre Dame and Ste. Catherine, 214;
society of Queen and Duc d’Orléans, 216, 217;
expedition to Luxemburg, 219;
hatred and rivalry between Orléans and Burgundy, 220, 221;
oppressive government, 223;
Jean Sans-peur and Louis d’Orléans, 225, 226;
amasses treasure, 227;
helps the Queen to persuade Princess Marie to renounce the
cloister, 228, 229;
narrow escape in the forest of St. Germain, 229;
refuses to pay his debts, 230;
goes to Melun with the Queen, 231;
will not listen to the King of Sicily and Duc de Bourbon, 232;
returns to Paris, 233;
hôtel Barbette, 236;
murdered, 238, 239
Louis de France, Duc d’Aquitaine and Dauphin, third son of
Charles VI.:
birth, 182;
Dauphin, 211;
betrothed to Marguérite of Burgundy, 223;
marriage, 224;
the King and the Dauphin, 230;
taken by Duke of Burgundy, 231;
lodges in Louvre, 232;
weakness of character, 250;
conduct to his wife, 255, 256;
stops siege of Bourges, 258;
universally disliked, 259;
dissensions with Burgundy, 261;
riots, 262-266;
quarrel with the Queen, 267, 268;
with his wife and father-in-law, 269;
at Rouen before the battle of Azincourt, 271;
death, 278
Louis XII., King of France and Duc d’Orléans:
quarrel with Anne de Beaujeu, Regent of France, 304;
Louis d’Orléans and Jeanne de France, 305;
prisoner, 313;
godfather to Dauphin Charles-Orland, 322;
displeasure of Anne de Bretagne, retires from court, lives at
Blois, 325;
succeeds to throne, 328;
visits the Queen, 329;
in love with Anne de Bretagne, 331;
divorced from Jeanne de France, 332;
marries Anne de Bretagne, 335;
their happiness, 336;
birth of Claude de France, 337;
Les Tournelles, 338;
Italian war, 340, 341;
crusade, 342;
visit of Archdukes, 244;
betrothal of Claude de France, 345;
illness of King, 345;
recovery, arrests Gié, 346;
clercs de la Basoche, 347;
summer in Touraine, 347;
another illness, 348;
Tommasina Spinola, 348;
recalls Queen from Bretagne, 351;
betroths Claude to François, Duc de Valois, 352;
Italian expedition, 356;
league of Cambrai, 357;
return to France, 357;
birth of Renée de France, 359;
loss of Italian conquests, 360;
strife with Pope, 362;
death of Queen, 362;
death of Louis XII., 363
Louis, Duc de Bourbon (_see_ Bourbon)
Louvre, Palais du, 35, 63-67, 102, 182, 204, 232, 247, 264, 266, 267
M
Marcel, Jacques, 36
Marcoussy, Château de, 353-356
Marguérite de Bourbon (_see_ Bourbon)
Marguérite de Flandre, (_see_ Burgundy)
Marguérite de Valois, daughter of Charles, Comte d’Angoulême, and
sister of François I., King of France, 357
Marguérite of Austria, daughter of Emperor Maximilian, 119, 318
Marie d’Anjou, daughter of Louis, King of Sicily, wife of
Charles VII.:
married Charles, Comte de Ponthieu, fifth son of Charles VI.,
267, 300;
takes refuge in Bastille, 287;
rejoins Charles, 288;
neglect of Charles VII., 300;
love of her son, Louis XI., 300;
death, 300
Marie de Bourbon, daughter of Pierre, Duc de Bourbon, Prioress of
Poissy, 91, 193, 194
Marie de Clermont, daughter of Robert, Comte de Clermont,
granddaughter of Saint Louis, Prioress of Poissy, 90
Marie de France, daughter of Charles V., 84
Marie de France, daughter of Charles VI., Prioress of Poissy:
birth, 167;
dedicated to religion, 167;
enters convent of Poissy, 193, 194;
refuses to leave convent, 229;
takes the veil, 246;
survives most of her brothers and sisters, 296
Maximilian, Emperor, 308, 310, 311, 318, 344, 348
Meaux, 20, 29, 34
Melun, Château de, 81, 145, 148, 154, 221, 232, 246, 277, 284
Michelle de France, Duchess of Burgundy, daughter of Charles VI.
Montauban, chancellor of Bretagne, 311-315
Montereau, 291
Mortaigne, (_see_ Pierre de Navarre)
Montjoie Saint Denis, 133
N
Nantes, 301, 312, 313, 317, 335, 362
Navarre (_see_ Blanche de)
Navarre (_see_ Charles de)
Navarre, Pierre de, Comte de Mortaigne, youngest son of Charles le
Mauvais, King of Navarre, 136, 194
Nesle, Hôtel de, 221, 233, 241
Nevers (_see_ Jean Sans-peur, Duke of Burgundy)
Normandie, Duc de:
Charles, son of King Jean, 9;
favourite title, 10
O
Odette de Champdivers, 247
Orléans (_see_ Louis de, Philippe de, etc.)
Oriflamme, 132, 273
Orange, Jean de Châlons, Prince de, 313, 315, 317, 319, 320, 329
P
Palais de la Cité, 56, 69, 101, 150, 253, 264, 266, 347
Pampeluna, 360
Pedro el Cruel, King of Spain:
marriage and crimes, 10-13;
murder of Blanche de Bourbon, 57;
death, 58
Peers of France, 96
Philippe VI., de Valois, King of France, 6, 8, 10
Philippe, Archduke of Austria, son of Emperor Maximilian, 344, 345
Plessis-les-Tours, Château de, 301
Poitiers, 14
Portzmoguet, Admiral, 361
Pré-aux-clercs, 202
R
Renée de France, youngest daughter of Louis XII.:
Duchess of Ferrara, 359
Rennes, siege of, 313-318
Richard II., King of England:
betrothed to Isabelle de France, 182;
married, 185-187;
letters to Charles VI., 206;
revolution, 208;
captivity, 210;
death, 213
Rieux, Maréchal de:
guardian to Anne and Isabelle de Bretagne, 309, 310, 312,
313, 315, 317
Rivière, Jean de la:
friend of Charles V., 95
Rivière, Bureau de la, 116;
arranges marriage of Duke de Berry, 139-141;
gratitude of the Duchess, 142;
arrested and thrown into Bastille, 167;
saved by Duchesse de Berry, 168
S
Savoisy, chamberlain to Charles VI., 151, 226
St. Aubin, battle of, 308
Saint-Denis, Abbey of:
burial of King Jean, 52;
Charles V. returns thanks for birth of Dauphin, 78;
burial of Jeanne de Bourbon and Isabelle de France, 104;
knighthood of King of Sicily, 132-138;
coronation of Isabeau de Bavière, 148-150;
Charles VI., mass after recovery from attack of madness, 176;
Isabelle de France on her way to marry Richard II. of England, 185;
dispute about a crown at the consecration of Marie de France, 191;
relic left by Queen Blanche de Navarre, 194;
Charles, Dauphin, son of Charles VI., rides from Paris to St.
Denis, 211;
prayers for his life, 214;
thanksgivings for peace between Orléans and Burgundy, 221;
masses for soul of Dauphin Charles, 222;
dresses of Isabelle de France given after her death, 253;
plague, 28;
funeral of Charles VI., 295;
coronation of Anne de Bretagne, 321;
her second coronation, 347;
her funeral, 363
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 156, 269
Saint-Germain-des-Près, 115, 204
St. Paul, Hôtel de, 42, 76, 77, 78, 82-84, 102, 104, 121, 157, 161,
170, 183, 215, 216, 217, 219, 233, 239, 240, 245, 247, 260,
294, 329, 337
Sforza, Ludovico, 340, 341
Soulas, Jean, mayor of Meaux, 22-24
Spinoza, Tommasina, 348
Streets of Paris, 205, 206
T
Tanneguy du Chastel, provost of Paris, 286, 287, 290, 291
Temple, 204
Tournelles, Château des, 337, 338
V
Valois, François, Duc de (_see_ François II., King of France)
Valois (_see_ Isabelle)
Vauvert, 176
Villequier, Antoinette de Maignelais, Dame de, 304, 307, 309
Vincennes, 3, 7, 37, 69, 70-75, 102, 104, 125, 233, 283, 293
Vivier-en-Brie, Château de, 10
Visconti, Bernabo, 43, 109
Visconti, Galeazzo, Vicomte et Prince de Milan, 43
Visconti, Giovanni or Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Milan, 43, 142-144,
180, 182
Visconti, Maddalena, 109
Visconti, Taddea, 109
Visconti, Valentine, daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti and Isabelle
de France, wife of Louis, Duc d’Orléans:
birth, childhood, and youth in Italy, 142-144;
marries Louis, Duc d’Orléans, 145, 146;
enters Paris, 148;
remains at Beauté, 154;
birth of a son, 157;
story of Pierre de Craon, 158-160;
rivalry with Duchess of Burgundy, 170;
affection of the King, 175;
accused of sorcery, 180;
of attempt to poison the Dauphin, 181;
goes to Blois, 182;
enmity with Duchess of Burgundy, 220;
in the country, 236;
demands vengeance on the murderers of Louis d’Orléans, 245;
retires to Blois, 248;
death, 249
W
Wenceslas, Emperor, 360
Wittelsbach, house of, 108, 109
Wittelsbach, Friederich, of Landshut, Duke of Bavaria, 109-114
Wittelsbach, Johann, of Munich, Duke of Bavaria, 109
Wittelsbach, Stephan, of Ingolstadt, Duke of Bavaria, 109-114, 214
Wittelsbach, Ludwig, son of Stephan, Duke of Bavaria, 109, 201, 227,
231, 232, 260, 263, 266, 267, 396
UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.
FOOTNOTES
[1] “Chron. Guill. de Nangis,” t. ii. p. 94. Société de l’histoire de
France.
[2] “Les Grandes Chron.,” confirment la leçon _in gallo_, mais donnent
deux vers un peu différents.
Quant ce coq-ci chanté ara
Le roy trouvé ça entrera.
[3] Charles de Valois had three wives and fourteen children; two
or three of his daughters were named Isabelle. One married Robert
d’Artois. Sainte-Marthe says the marriage of Pierre and Isabelle took
place in 1322, in her early childhood; but other historians, with more
probability, place it in 1332.
[4] It is difficult to reconcile the conflicting dates given by
historians. There is no doubt that Jeanne was the eldest daughter, yet
some place her birth in 1337; and the second daughter Blanche, who in
that case would not have been born till 1338, is nevertheless declared
to have been sixteen years old when she became Queen of Spain, 1352,
which is manifestly impossible.
[5] There seems to be some doubt about Isabelle, as we hear nothing
about her in after life. One historian confuses her with her sister
Marguérite; another states that she married one Guillaume, Sire de
Mello; others that she died unmarried; most do not mention her at all.
If she ever existed she most probably died in childhood.
[6] The Counts of Savoy were, as is well known, ancestors of the Kings
of Italy.
[7] Only the children of the King and the heir-apparent were called
“Enfants de France.” It was for centuries later the rule that only the
Enfants de France might ride or drive into the Louvre, Palais, Hôtel
St. Paul, Tournelles, or any royal palace. Princes of the blood must
get down at the door, nobles in the street. (De Sauval.)
[8] “Grandes Chroniques,” t. vi. p. 2.
[9] “Grandes Chroniques,” t. vi. p. 2. M. Paulin Paris remarks that the
distinction here made between the _gens de métier_, or workmen, and
bourgeois, or burghers, sufficiently proves the existence of the latter
as a class.
[10] Mariana, “España.”
[11] Morèry, “Grand dictionnaire historique,” 1699.
[12] “Grandes Chroniques de France,” t. vi. p. 35, Paulin Paris.
[13] The northern part of France was the Langue d’oil, the southern the
Langue d’oc, so called from the languages spoken there.
[14] Sismondi, “Hist. France,” t. vii. p. 78.
[15] “Hist. de la Jacquerie,” chap. ii. p. 31. Siméon Luce.
[16] “Grandes Chroniques de France,” Paulin Paris, t. vi. p. 110.
[17] Siméon de Luce, “Guerre de cent ans.”
[18] “Hist. de la Jacquerie,” Siméon Luce.
[19] “Hist. de la Jacquerie,” Siméon Luce.
[20] “Hist. de la Jacquerie,” p. 135, Siméon Luce.
[21] This is the first time the white banner appears in French history.
[22] “Hist. de la Jacquerie,” p. 140. Siméon Luce.
[23] Siméon de Luce.
[24] “Sire, vous etes le plus gentilhomme du monde, ne souffrés
pas que gentillesse soit mise à néant. Si ceste gent qui ce dient
Jacques durent longuement, et les bonne villes soient de leur aide,
ilz mettront gentillesse au néant et du tout destruiront” (“Hist.
Jacquerie,” Siméon Luce; et “Chronique des quatre premiers Valois”).
[25] Sismondi.
[26] A gold florin was worth twenty francs.
[27] The “Grandes Chroniques de France” place this marriage in October,
1359.
[28] The guild or confraternity of tailors and dressmakers of Paris.
“_Item._ Que quiconque sera tailleur de robes à Paris, et il mestaille
une robe ou une garnement par mal ordonner le drap au tailler, ou par
l’ignorance de sa taille, le meffait et dommaige sera veu et regardé
par ledis maistres; et s’ilz rapportent que la robe ou garnement soit
empiré par mestaille ou par la coulpe du tailleur, le tailleur rendra
le dommaige à celui à qui la robe ou le garnement sera; et y paiera
cinq solz d’amende, dont les trois seront au roy, et les deux à la
dicte confrairie.”
[29] “_Item._ Que nul ne mectent lay ne estouppes en doublet qu’il face
pour vendre; et qui fera le contraire; le doublet sera ars, et paiera
six solz d’amende au roy, et quatre solz à la confrairie.
“Estouppe était probablement chanvre, filasse, lin.”
[30] _Bonne villes_, _i.e._, fortified towns.
[31] “Grandes Chroniques de France.”
[32] “Grandes Chroniques de France.”
[33] Sainte-Marthe.
[34] “... ma il drappo sopra capo non sofferse, e così stette infino
che fu sposata; e da quel punto dinnanzi posto in oltre la reale
dignità e nobilità di sangue, reverenza fece a messer Galeazzo e a
messer Barnabo e alle donne loro.”
[35] Sainte-Marthe.
[36] _Loggie_ are arcaded galleries, terraces or balconies generally
to be seen in Italian palaces or houses of any antiquity. The vulgar
and tasteless buildings that now disfigure modern Italy are frequently
without them.
[37] De Mézeray.
[38] Bonne de France died November 7, 1360. “Item, le jeudi 12 Novembre
furent enterrées les deux filles du duc de Normandie à Saint Antoine
près de Paris, et fu present le dit duc à l’enterrage moult courroucié
qui plus n’avait d’enfants.”
[39] Dulaure, “Hist. Paris.”
[40] “Hist. du Cérémonial Français,” Godefroy.
[41] Soon afterwards released.
[42] Guizot, “Hist. France,” t. ii. p. 179.
[43] “Trésor des Chartes,” No. 386, p. 221.
[44] Dreux du Radier, “Reines et Regentes.”
[45] There is also a letter of his son Charles VI.
[46] De Sauval, “Sablier.”
[47] “Environs de Paris,” Nodier.
[48] Sauval, “Antiquitez de Paris.”
[49] “Bibliothèque du Roy,” Félibien.
[50] Félibien.
[51] Douet d’Arcq.
[52] “Grandes Chroniques de France.”
[53] De Mézeray, “Hist. France.”
[54] “Archives Nat. de Bourbon,” No. 1,409.
[55] “Paris in its Old and Present Times,” p. 157. Hamerton.
[56] “Antiquitez de Paris,” Sauval.
[57] “Paris à Travers les Ages,” Fourmier et Hoffbauer.
[58] “Comptes du vieux Louvre. Topographie historique du vieux Paris.”
A. Berty et Tisserand.
[59] “Comptes du vieux Louvre. Topographie historique du vieux Paris.”
[60] “Paris à Travers les Ages,” Fourmier et Hoffbauer.
[61] Documents inédits, 3me serie: Archéologie.
[62] Documents inedits, 3me serie: Archéologie.
[63] “Grandes Chroniques de France,” t. vi. p. 251.
[64] “Queens of England,” A. Strickland, vol. ii. p. 345.
[65] Christine de Pisan.
[66] “Grandes Chroniques de France,” t. vi. p. 267.
[67] Idem.
[68] Marguérite de Bourbon.
[69] “Grandes Chroniques de France.”
[70] “Chron. de Bertrand du Guesclin,” Cuvelier, 14th century.
[71] Martin, “Hist. France.”
[72] Sauval.
[73] Abbé Choisy, “Hist. Charles V.”
[74] Montfaucon, “Monuments de la Monarchie française.”
[75] Some doubt has been thrown on the certainty of this occurrence,
but an ancient chronicler of Du Guesclin gives an account which
confirms the fact of the keys being laid on the coffin of the dead
hero. (Guizot, “Hist. France,” t. ii. p. 201.)
[76] “Chronique des quatre premiers Valois.”
[77] He had couriers who rode night and day and brought him news from
a distance of eighty leagues on the following day. (Martin, “Hist.
France.”)
[78] “Hist. Cérémonial Français.” T. Godefroy.
[79] Christine de Pisan.
[80] Documents inédits.
[81] “Grandes Chroniques de France.”
[82] “... en leur hostel avoit esté norry en sa jeunesse et que moult
de biens luy avoient fais.”
[83] “C’estoit piteuse chose à regarder.”
[84] “Grandes Chroniques de France,” t. vi. p. 401.
[85] De Mézeray.
[86] “Baierischen Geschichten,” Heinrich Zschokke.
[87] The house of Wittelsbach claims descent from Charlemagne. The
Kings of Bavaria descend from Johann, or John of Munich the third
brother.
[88] “Chronique de Flandre.”
[89] “Antiquitez de Paris,” t. i. p. 667. De Sauval.
[90] “Chronique de Flandre.”
[91] Froissart.
[92] Christine de Pisan.
[93] “La Vie politique de Louis de France, Duc d’Orléans,” Jarry.
[94] Christine de Pisan.
[95] “Chronique du religieux de St. Denis,” t. i. p. 25.
[96] Froissart.
[97] “Relig. du St. Denis.”
[98] “Comptes de l’hôtel de la reine Isabeau de Bavière. Doüet d’Arcq,
Archives de l’empire.”
[99] The Princess Catherine died in childhood.
[100] It is true that the Valois were strictly speaking Capétiens also;
but the elder line are generally known as the Capétiens and the younger
as the Valois Dukes.
[101] Froissart.
[102] “Ducs de Bourbon et Comtes de Forez,” J. de la Mure. Notes,
Steyert.
[103] Brantôme.
[104] Relig. de St. Denis, trad., Bellaguet, t. i. livre vii., p. 459.
[105] Juvenal des Ursins.
[106] “Isabeau de Bavière, étude historique,” Vallet de Viriville, p. 8.
[107] “Comment discerner les styles, le costume et la mode du viii. au
xix. siècle,” L. Roger-Milés.
[108] “Comment discerner les Styles,” etc. L. Roger Milés.
[109] Ibid.
[110] “Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne,” t. ii. p. 161. Barante.
[111] De Sauval, &c.
[112] “Grand Dictionnaire Historique: père Louis Morery, prêtre,
docteur en théologie,” pub. Thierry, Rue St. Jacques, devant les
Mathurius, 1699, t. iv. This name, when quoted by some writers, is
spelt “Morèri.”
[113] With this account of St. Denis in mediæval France, let us compare
the following account of it in modern France:--
“Most of these persons were still drunk, with the brandy they had
swallowed out of chalices--eating mackerel on the patenas! Mounted on
asses, which were housed with priests’ cloaks, they reined them with
priests’ stoles; they held clutched with the same hand communion-cup
and sacred wafer. They stopped at the doors of dram-shops; held out
ciboriums: and the landlord, stoup in hand, had to fill them thrice.
Next came mules high-laden with crosses, chandeliers, censers,
holy-water vessels, hyssops; recalling to mind the priests of Cybele,
whose panniers, filled with the instruments of their worship, served
at once as storehouse, sacristy, and temple. In such equipage did
these profaners advance towards the Convention. They enter there,
in an immense train, ranged in two rows; all masked like mummers in
fantastic sacerdotal vestments; bearing on hand-barrows their heaped
plunder--ciboriums, suns, candelabras, plates of gold and silver....
Not untouched with liquor, they crave to dance the Carmagnole also
on the spot: whereto an exhilarated Convention cannot but accede....
Several members, quitting their curule chairs, took the hand of girls
flaunting in priests’ vestures, and danced the Carmagnole along with
them. Such Old-Hallowtide have they in this year once named of Grace,
1793” (“French Revolution,” Carlyle, vol. iii. p. 193).
[114] “Au cloistre d’icelle maison royale se voit un bassin de fontaine
fort ancien et admirable pour estre grand et d’une piéce, et relevé
tout à l’entour de figures qui representent quelques fables des dieux
paiens” (Père du Breul).
[115] “Ils souillèrent la sainteté de la maison religieuse” (“Relig. de
St. Denis,” liv. x. p. 599).
[116] “Vie politique de Louis de France,” &c., Jarry.
[117] “Isabeau de Bavière,” Vallet de Viriville, p. 13.
[118] “Madame et cousine, je fairay volontiers ce dont vous me priez.
Car j’y suis tenus par lignage, et pour ce vostre fille ma cousine je
garderay, et penseray bien d’elle comme si ce fust ma propre fille ...”
(“L’Art de vérifier les dates,” t. 10, p. 145).
[119] “Valentine Visconti,” Mary Robinson, _Fortnightly Review_.
[120] “Valentine Visconti,” Mary Robinson, _Fortnightly Review_.
[121] Blanche de Navarre. “Lives of the Early Valois Queens,” to which
this volume is a sequel.
[122] “Relig. de St. Denis”; Froissart.
[123] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. x. p. 615.
[124] “Antiquitez de Paris.” De Sauval.
[125] “Savoisy, je te pris tant que je puis, que tu montes sur un bon
cheval et je monterai derrière toi et nous nous habillerons tellement
qu’on ne nous connoistra point et nous allons voir l’entrée de ma
femme.”
[126] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. x. p. 609; also Juvenal des Ursins
and Froissart.
[127] De Sauval.
[128] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. x. p. 627.
[129] “Archives de l’Art Français, 1858,” p. 342 et suivantes. “Isabeau
de Bavière,” Vallet de Viriville.
[130] Ibid.
[131] “Histoire des Ducs de Bourbon, Comtes de Forez,” La Mure.
[132] Juvenal des Ursins, p. 83.
[133] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xi. p. 685.
[134] “Antiquitez de Paris,” De Sauval.
[135] “Hist. de la maison de France,” Sainte-Marthe, t. 1. p. 675.
[136] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xiii. p. 63.
[137] Froissart, t. xiii. c. 27, p. 45.
[138] “Comment! vous voulez donc m’enlever, monseigneur?” “Nenni,
Madame, à Dieu ne plaise; je n’oserai seulement pas y penser.” “C’est
vrai, je sais tout et suis bien informée; monseigneur vous aime et vous
l’aimez, la chose va même si loin qu’il vous a promis 1,000 écus d’or.
Mais vous avez refusé, et vous avez fait sagement. Je vous pardonne
pour cette fois et vous défends, si vous tenez à la vie d’avoir
désormais nul entretien avec monseigneur” (“Ducs de Bourgogne de la
maison de Valois,” Barante).
[139] Froissart, t. xiii. c. 28, p. 38 to 61. “Relig. de St. Denis,”
liv. xii. c. i. p. 214. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 88.
[140] “Regardez mon connétable, et sachez me dire ce qu’il y a à
craindre, etc.” (“Ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois,” p. 341.)
[141] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xiv. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 91.
[142] Froissart; “Relig. de St. Denis,” &c.
[143] “Chronique de Flandre.”
[144] Froissart, xiii. c. 50, p. 102. “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xii.
c. 4, p. 221. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 91.
[145] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xiv. p. 95.
[146] Juvenal des Ursins, p. 91.
[147] Juvenal des Ursins, p. 91.
[148] “Chronique de Flandre.”
[149] Ibid.
[150] “Chronique de Flandre.” Froissart. Paradin.
[151] “Chronique de Flandre.”
[152] A curious relic of this ancient custom still survives in villages
in the west of England, where, after the marriage of a widow or
widower, the villagers will sometimes assemble at night outside their
house blowing horns, beating drums, and making hideous noises.
[153] The “Religieux de St. Denis” says this ball was at the hôtel
St. Paul; but Juvenal des Ursins, who from his position at Court was
certain to have known where it took place, and was most likely himself
at the ball, declares it was at the hôtel de la Reine Blanche, we will
therefore accept his authority, which De Sauval considers conclusive.
[154] Froissart, t. xiii. c. 32, p. 240. “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv.
xii. c. 9, p. 255. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 93. Monstrelet, t. i. pp. 312
and 423. Also Barante, “Ducs de Bourgogne,” t. ii. p. 197.
[155] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xiv. p. 93.
[156] Sismondi.
[157] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xv. c. 14, p. 324.
[158] Juvenal des Ursins. The “Relig. de St. Denis” relates this
ghostly story, but places it in 1397.
[159] It was the “Chroniques de France.” Philippe de Bourgogne, like
all his brothers, was a collector of books, manuscripts, and objects of
art.
[160] “Relig. de St. Denis,” t. xvi. p. 407.
[161] “Diabolicum recitas et quod est impossibile,” Valentine Visconti,
M. Robinson, _Fortnightly Review_. Gian Galeazzo bought the title of
Duke from the Emperor, 1395.
[162] Froissart.
[163] “Relig. de St. Denis,” l. xvii. p. 465.
[164] “Relig. de St. Denis,” l. xvii. p. 469. Froissart.
[165] Barante, “Ducs de Bourgogne.”
[166] “Les demandes du roi Charles VI. avec les réponses de Pierre
Salmon, son sécrétaire et intime.” “D’après les Manuscrits de la
Bibliothèque du Roi,” p. 17. Salmon was one of these attendants. The
Minutes of the Council contain a long list of the French members of
Isabelle’s household returning with her some years afterwards to France.
[167] Planche, “Hist. de Bourg.,” l. xiv. c. 150, p. 147.
[168] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xvii. p. 483.
[169] Ibid.
[170] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[171] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[172] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[173] Ibid.
[174] “Isabeau de Bavière,” Vallet de Viriville.
[175] “Isabeau de Bavière,” Vallet de Viriville.
[176] Idem.
[177] “Isabeau de Bavière,” Vallet de Viriville.
[178] “Poésies d’Eustache Deschamps.”
[179] “An Idler in Old France,” Tighe Hopkins.
[180] I do not, of course, mean to say that the Roman baths were
destroyed by the early Christians.
[181] Vallet de Viriville.
[182] De Sauval, “Antiquitez de Paris.”
[183] “The Mediæval City. The Transformation of Paris,” F. Harrison.
[184] The hospice of Quinze-Vingts was founded by St. Louis for the
blind. A tradition, which is not considered true, says it was so
named from three hundred knights who were blinded by the infidels for
the Christian faith. They had a cemetery, chapel, chaplain, and two
bells, and bore the _fleur-de-lis_, being a royal foundation. A tavern
keeper in Paris having adopted the sign of the “Quinze-Vingts,” they
complained to the provost, who ordered him to give it up.
[185] “Antiquitez de Paris.” Sauval.
[186] “Relig. de St. Denis.” Juvenal des Ursins.
[187] Sismondi.
[188] Froissart, t. xiv. c. 69, p. 155.
[189] Strickland, “Queens of England,” vol. iii. p. 25.
[190] Sismondi, “Hist. Français,” t. viii. p. 125.
[191] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xx. p. 745.
[192] Juvenal des Ursins.
[193] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxi. p. 771, t. ii.
[194] The whole history of it may be read in ancient French chronicles,
Juvenal des Ursins, Paradin, &c.
[195] “Compte de l’hôtel de la reine Isabeau de Bavière,” 1401.
“Archives de l’Empire.” “Registre Côté,” R. K. 45, fol. 87 à 101. Doüet
d’Arcq.
[196] Vallet de Viriville.
[197] “Compte de l’hôtel de la reine Isabeau de Bavière,” 1401.
“Archives de l’Empire.” “Registre Côté,” R. K. 45, fol. 87 à 101. Doüet
d’Arcq.
[198] “Relig. de St. Denis,” t. iii. l. xxii. p. 7.
[199] Plancher, “Hist. de Bourg.,” l. xiv. p. 182.
[200] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxi. c. 4, p. 442. Juvenal des Ursins.
[201] “Compte de l’hôtel de la reine Isabeau de Bavière,” 1401.
“Archives de l’Empire.” “Registre Côté,” R. K. 45, fol. 87 à 101. Doüet
d’Arcq.
[202] “Relig. de St. Denis,” t. iii. l. xxii. p. 9. Another account
says the Queen was in bed at the time, but escaped unhurt.
[203] Aquitaine was beginning to be called Guyenne about this time.
[204] Monstrelet, “Chronique,” t. i. p. 89. Barante, “Ducs de Bourg.,”
t. ii. p. 17.
[205] Sismondi.
[206] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxiv. c. 8, p. 493. Monstrelet, c.
xiii. p. 126.
[207] “Isabeau de Bavière,” Vallet de Viriville.
[208] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxvi. p. 275.
[209] Ibid., liv. xxvi. p. 281.
[210] “Relig. de St. Denis.” Juvenal des Ursins.
[211] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxvi. p. 283.
[212] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[213] “Early Valois Queens.”
[214] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxvi. p. 295.
[215] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxvi. p. 331.
[216] Juvenal des Ursins, p. 177.
[217] Juvenal des Ursins.
[218] Many historians make out Isabelle and Charles to have been
younger, which is impossible, as she was born in November, 1388, and he
in May, 1391.
[219] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxvii. p. 397.
[220] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[221] It was the custom to use mules to go about in the town, also for
two to ride the same horse on these occasions.
[222] Félibien, Monstrelet, Paradin, “Relig. de St. Denis,” &c.
[223] De Mézeray, Monstrelet, Félibien, &c.
[224] The hôtels of princes of the blood were sanctuary, as well as the
churches.
[225] Vallet de Viriville.
[226] Sismondi, “Hist. France.”
[227] “Lives of the Early Valois Queens,” Catherine Bearne, p. 8.
[228] The Yorkists claimed the crown of England by a marriage with the
heiress of the elder line, _i.e._, of Lionel.
[229] Monstrelet, “Chronique,” t. i. c. 43, p. 165.
[230] Monstrelet, c. 37, p. 229. “Relig. de St. Denis.” The Duke of
Burgundy before an assembly of princes boldly tried to justify the
murder, and employed a friar to speak for that purpose. Charles was
induced in his weak state to sign letters of pardon for him.
[231] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxviii. p. 749.
[232] Ibid., liv. xxix. p. 59.
[233] “Isabeau de Bavière,” p. 15, Vallet de Viriville.
[234] Before the final expulsion of the English, Aquitaine was
gradually taking the name of Guyenne. But, when it became the settled
name, Guyenne did not include Gascony, Limousin, Saintonge, Anjoumois,
and Poitou.
[235] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[236] Historians differ as to what this meant.
[237] Paradin, “Annales de Bourgogne,” liv. iii. p. 518.
[238] Juvenal des Ursins.
[239] Jeanne de Navarre, mother of the Duc de Bretagne, had, as a
widow, become the wife of Henry IV. of England.
[240] Monstrelet, “Chron.,” 1. ii. p. 96, édition Buchon.
[241] Idem.
[242] M. de Maulde de Clavière, however, in his interesting history of
Louis XII., son of Charles, says that, with respect to the second at
any rate of these poems, it is not known for whom it was meant, it was
written during his captivity in England. There is, however, no reason
why it should not have been about Isabelle.
[243] Monstrelet, “Chroniques,” c. lxv. p. 81, édition Doüet d’Arcq.
[244] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxxi. p. 333.
[245] La Mure, “Hist. Ducs de Bourgogne, &c.”
[246] Paradin, “Annales de Bourgogne,” liv. iii. p. 560.
[247] Paradin. “Relig. de St. Denis.” Monstrelet.
[248] Paradin.
[249] Paradin. “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[250] “Relig. de St. Denis,” xxxvi. 587.
[251] “Chronique de Flandre.” Monstrelet, “Chron.,” c. cxliii. p. 85.
[252] Juvenal des Ursins, p. 330.
[253] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxxv. p. 1002.
[254] Monstrelet, “Chron.,” c. cxliii. p. 85.
[255] Monstrelet, c. cxlvii. p. 102.
[256] The battle of Azincourt was the last at which the Oriflamme
appeared.
[257] Monstrelet.
[258] “Le Fèvre St. Remi,” t. viii. c. 61, p. 1. Monstrelet.
[259] Sismondi in the account he gives of this battle says that Le
Fèvre Saint-Remi who writes of it was himself present, and to him most
of these details are owing. The description of it is also given by the
“Relig. de St. Denis,” Monstrelet, Juvenal des Ursins, Pierre Fenin,
Barante, Walsingham, and others.
[260] “Mem. Sire de St. Remi, ed. Buchon,” t. viii. p. 27.
[261] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxxv., c. 9, p. 1016. Monstrelet,
c. clxiv. p. 168. “Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris,” p. 210. Paradin,
Juvenal des Ursins, &c.
[262] “Chronique de Flandre.” “Messager des sciences historiques de la
Belgique,” 1887.
[263] “Relig. de St. Denis,” t. vi. liv. xxxvii. p. 61.
[264] “Messager des Sciences historiques de la Belgique,” Leopold de
Villers, 1887.
[265] “Chronique de Flandre,” “Relig. de St. Denis,” Monstrelet,
Juvenal des Ursins, Paradin, De Mézeray, &c.
[266] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[267] “Relig. de St. Denis,” liv. xxxix. p. 283.
[268] De Mézeray, p. 1023. Monstrelet, c. ccvii., p. 322.
[269] “Chronique anonyme.” Bibliothèque imperiale.
[270] “Relig. de St. Denis.”
[271] Ibid.
[272] Strickland, “Queens of England,” vol. iii. p. 135. Katherine de
Valois.
[273] “Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris,” p. 148.
[274] “Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris.”
[275] Monstrelet.
[276] T. Chastier, t. i. p. 211.
[277] Except his eldest daughter in after years, for whom he had a
strong affection.
[278] Sainte-Marthe. Hilarion de la Coste. Morèry, Grand Dictionnaire.
Lobineau, “Hist. Bretagne,” t. i. p. 727.
[279] About a game of _paume_. Commines, Bellefont, &c.
[280] De Maulde La Clavière. Louis XII. t. i. p. 115.
[281] Lobineau, “Hist. Bretagne,” t. i. p. 745.
[282] Lobineau, “Hist. Bretagne,” t. i. p. 790.
[283] D’Argentré.
[284] Lobineau, “Hist. Bret.,” t. i. p. 796.
[285] Ibid., t. i. pp. 798, 807, 808.
[286] Philippe de Commines. “Mém.” t. ii. p. 241, note 1, édition
Dupont. L’Art de Vérifier les dates.
[287] Le Roux de Lincy.
[288] Jean Molinet, “Chroniques,” t. iv. p. 577.
[289] “Revue des provinces de l’Ouest,” Juillet, 1854, p. 235.
[290] Dom Morice; Lobineau, “Hist. Bretagne,” t. ii. col. 1550.
[291] Commines.
[292] Ibid.
[293] Le Roux de Lincy, “Anne de Bretagne,” t. i. p. 133.
[294] Brantôme, “Dames illustres,” t. v. p. 4.
[295] De Maulde-la-Clavière, “Louis XII.,” t. ii. p. 272.
[296] Commines; Brantôme, t. ii. p. 19, ed. Petitot.
[297] Villeneuve, “Mem. Anne de Bretagne,” p. 246.
[298] Commines, Villeneuve, Godefroy, &c.
[299] Villeneuve, “Mem.,” p. 246.
[300] Godefroy, “Hist. Charles VIII.,” p. 745.
[301] Dom Lobineau, t. i. p. 823.
[302] Brantôme, “Hommes illustres,” t. ii. p. 59.
[303] Touchard Lafosse.
[304] Biblio. Imp., fonds Béthune, MS. 8465, fol. 10, _recto_ (Le Roux
de Lincy).
[305] Douey d’Attichy, “Madame Jeanne de France de Valois,” &c., p. 143.
[306] Moréry.
[307] Brantôme, “Capitaines étrangers,” t. l. p. 404.
[308] “Etat de la maison d’Anne de Bretagne,” p. 708. “Hist. Charles
VIII.” Godefroy.
[309] Tomasi, “Bibliophile Jacob, Hist. xvi. Siècle,” i. p. 176. Le
Roux de Lincy.
[310] Sainte-Marthe, t. ii. p. 620. De Seyssel.
[311] De Mézeray.
[312] The buildings were sold in 1542 and pulled down; scarcely a trace
remains of them except a tower at the corner of the rue St. Paul, which
may have belonged to one.
[313] Le Roux de Lincy.
[314] Hilarion, de la Coste.
[315] Guizot, “Hist. France,” t. ii. p. 505.
[316] Jean d’Auton.
[317] De Mézeray.
[318] Brantôme, “Dames illustres,” t. v. p. 8.
[319] Musée des Souverains, Louvre.
[320] Roger-Milés, “Comment discerner les styles,” &c.
[321] Godefroy, “Ceremonial français.”
[322] Ibid.
[323] Lobineau.
[324] Brantôme, D’Argentré, Jean d’Auton.
[325] “L’Art de vérifier les dates.”
[326] “Jean de Saint Gelais.”
[327] Le Roux de Lincy.
[328] Spinola was one of the four great Genoese families allowed to
build their palaces of striped black and white marble. The others were
Grimaldi, Fieschi, and Doria.
[329] Le Roux de Lincy.
[330] Ibid.
[331] These valuable letters were first published by M. Le Roux de
Lincy in his work on Anne de Bretagne; they belonged to the collection
Lajariette.
[332] De Mézeray, “Hist. France,” p. 375.
[333] Dane, “Hist. Bretagne,” t. iii. p. 242; Henault, Ste.-Marthe.
[334] Letter preserved in Archives of Château de Marcoussy.
[335] Archives of Monastery of Marcoussy, “Histoire manuscrites des
convent et des seigneurs de Marcoussy &c.,” given by M. Le Roux de
Lincy.
[336] Bibliothèque Imperiale. MS. 8457, fol. 5, given by Le Roux de
Lincy.
[337] Jean d’Auton.
[338] Guizot, “Hist. France,” t. ii. p. 520. Henault, Sainte-Marthe.
[339] Touchard-Lafosse, “Hist. Blois.” St. Gelais.
[340] “Revue des deux Mondes,” 1 Mai, 1885.
[341] “La Société provençale, à la fin du Moyen Age.”
[342] “Antiquitez de Paris.”
[343] Le Roux de Lincy quotes “Hist. de l’auguste et vénérable église
de Chartres, &c.,” Chartres, 1683.
[344] Brantôme, “Dames illustres,” t. v. p. 9.
[345] Henault, “Hist. France,” t. i. p. 442.
[346] Alain Bouchard, “Chron. de Bretagne,” quoted by Le Roux de Lincy,
&c.
[347] Louarches, “Les Femmes dans l’hist. France,” p. 105.
[348] M. Le Roux de Lincy giving these details says they only exist in
a manuscript called “Le trépas de l’Hermine regrettée.” MS. fol. 35.
vo.
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not
changed. The spelling of non-English words has not been thoroughly
checked.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
The original book included a running timeline (years) at the top of
most pages. Those years appear here between paragraphs in the form:
{year} (where “year” is a number), with consecutive duplicates
omitted within each chapter. The dates in the timeline mostly are in
ascending sequence, but not always.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Footnotes, originally at the bottom of each page, have been collected
and placed at the end of this eBook, following the Index.
Page 2: Small-caps names in the text version of the genealogy chart are
shown in all-caps.
Page 45: Closing quotation mark added after “no more children.”
Page 195: Closing quotation mark added after “_varlet de chambre_”.
Page 310: Closing quotation mark added after “girl as she was!”.
Page 340: Closing quotation mark added after “the war in Lombardy
finished.”
Page 363: “Mistress, is dead? The Queen is dead!” was printed with the
question mark.
Page 375: No page numbers given for “Michelle de France”.