A RECENT CONTROVERSY: ARE ATHLETES HEALTHY?--MR. SANDOW'S VIEWS ON THE
TRAINING OF OARSMEN.
It would not be right, I think, to send forth a new book on rowing
without referring to the controversy that has recently been carried on
in the columns of the _St. James's Gazette_ under the general title of
"Are Athletes Healthy?" The discussion, which concerned itself mainly
with oarsmen, is naturally of very deep interest, not only to them, but
to the fathers and mothers who are anxious about the welfare of their
energetic sons, and who, if the charges alleged against rowing can be
proved, will, of course, do their best to dissuade their offspring from
indulging in this pernicious exercise. I should have preferred to
discuss the matter in the earlier chapters of this book, but the
printing was already so far advanced as to render this course out of
the question, and I am therefore compelled to deal with it somewhat out
of its place in this final chapter.
[Illustration: ROWING TYPES.
NO. 1.]
It would be idle to deny that there was some reason for beginning this
discussion. Within the past two years three magnificent young oarsmen,
Mr. H. B. Cotton, Mr. T. H. E. Stretch, and Mr. E. R. Balfour, have
died; the first after an illness of six months' duration, the other two
after being ill for less than a fortnight. They were all Oxford men, had
rowed in victorious races both at Putney and at Henley, and two of
them--Mr. Cotton and Mr. Balfour--had been actually rowing and racing
till within a short time of the attack that proved fatal to them. Mr.
Stretch had not raced, except in scratch Eights at Putney, since the
Henley Regatta of 1896, some ten months before he died.
It has been asserted that these three untimely deaths were due directly
to the severe strain undergone both in preparation for racing and in the
actual races in which these oarsmen took part, and that had they been
content with unathletic lives they might have lived on for many years.
Can that be proved? I admit that I do not wish to think the allegation
capable of proof, for these three were my familiar friends. I had
coached and trained them all; with two of them I had rowed in several
races; I had spent innumerable happy days in their society, and the
sorrow I feel in having lost them would be terribly increased if I were
forced to believe that our favourite sport had had any part in hastening
their end. In these cases I will confine myself to stating facts within
my own knowledge, and will leave those who read my statement to say
whether on a fair view of the matter the exercise of rowing can be held
blameworthy.
I may begin by saying that it is the invariable rule at Oxford to send
all men who may be required for the University Eight to undergo a
preliminary medical examination. This examination is no perfunctory one.
It is conducted by Mr. H. P. Symonds, a gentleman of very wide
experience, especially amongst undergraduates, and I have known several
instances in which, owing to his report, an oarsman has had to withdraw
temporarily from the river, and has lost his chance of wearing the
coveted blue. There has never been any question about yielding to Mr.
Symonds's judgment. His verdict, if adverse, has always been accepted
as final both by the oarsman concerned and by the president of the Boat
Club. In all the three cases with which I am dealing, Mr. Symonds passed
his men as perfectly sound in heart and lungs and in every other organ.
I take the case of Mr. Stretch first, in order to eliminate it
conclusively. The cause of his death was appendicitis, followed by
severe blood-poisoning. It is quite impossible to connect this painful
and malignant illness with rowing or with any other exercise. The
_appendix vermiformis_, which is the seat of the disease, is an
unaccountable relic in the internal organization of human beings; it is
liable to be affected mysteriously and suddenly in the young and the
old, and the only effective remedy, I believe, is by means of an
operation which removes it altogether. Mr. Stretch had, as I said, not
trained and raced for ten months, and up to the moment of his illness
had been in the enjoyment of robust and almost exceptional health.
Mr. Cotton, whose case I now proceed to consider, was an Eton boy, and
had rowed a great deal during his school days, though he had not been
included in the Eton crew at Henley. He was a man of small stature,
beautifully built and proportioned, well-framed, muscular, strong, and
active. On coming to Oxford he continued his rowing, and being a good
waterman and a man of remarkable endurance and courage, he was in his
second year placed at bow of the University crew. Altogether he rowed in
four victorious Oxford crews, he won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley
twice as bow of a Leander crew, he won the Stewards' Cup in a Magdalen
College Four, rowed Head of the River three times, besides taking part
in many other races more or less important. During his whole rowing
career I knew him to be unwell only once, and that was in 1893, when he
suffered from a sore throat at Putney. In 1895 he rowed bow of the
Oxford Eight for the fourth time. The training of this crew was a very
anxious one. Influenza was very prevalent, and one after another the
Oxford men were affected by this illness. There were only two
exceptions, and one of these was Mr. Cotton, who was never sick or sorry
for a single day during the whole period of practice. Shortly after the
race he came to stay with me. He was then perfectly strong, perfectly
healthy, and in wonderfully good spirits, and showed not the least sign
of being stale or exhausted. He told me himself, on my congratulating
him on having escaped the influenza, that he had never felt better or
stronger in his life than he did at that time. On the Easter Monday he
bicycled from Bourne End to Oxford and back (a distance of nearly
seventy miles as he rode it), and, as he had had to battle against a
strong cold wind on the return journey, he was very tired on his
arrival. On the following morning, however, he appeared perfectly well.
Towards the end of that week he complained of feeling "very
lackadaisical and having a bad headache," but he attached no importance
to these symptoms, and soon after went back to Oxford with a view to
rowing in the Magdalen Eight. The tired feeling and the headache,
however, continued, and eventually got so bad that he had to take to his
bed with a high temperature and all the other symptoms of violent
influenza. This illness, neglected at the outset, almost immediately
settled on his lungs, both of which were congested with pneumonia.
Owing, as Mr. Symonds himself told me, to his good general condition and
his great strength, he fought through this, but in the mean time signs
of consumption had declared themselves, and of this he died at Davos
Platz in the following October.
With regard to Mr. Balfour, the facts are these: He was a man of
Herculean build and strength. He played in the Oxford Rugby Union
Football team for two years, 1894 and 1895. In 1896 and in this year he
rowed in the University Eight, and last July he rowed at Henley in the
Leander Eight, and won the pair-oared race with Mr. Guy Nickalls. I can
answer for it that during all his races he was absolutely fit and well.
I saw him daily at Henley, and, though I knew him to be strong and
healthy, I was surprised not merely by his improvement in style, but by
the great vigour he displayed in rowing. On the morning after the
Regatta I saw him for the last time. He was then in splendid health and
spirits. On the 12th of August he shot grouse; on the following day, in
very cold wet weather, he went out fishing, and came home wet through,
complaining of a chill. On the following day he took to his bed in a
high fever, with both lungs congested. The illness next attacked his
kidneys, and soon after his life was despaired of. However, he rallied
in an extraordinary way until symptoms of blood-poisoning declared
themselves, when he rapidly sank, and died on August 27th. Now, this
illness was due either to an ordinary chill or to influenza, or, as I
have since heard, primarily to blood-poisoning, caused by leaky and
poisonous drains at a place where he had been staying before his
shooting excursion. A subsequent examination of these drains revealed a
very bad condition of affairs immediately underneath the room that Mr.
Balfour had occupied. In any case it does not appear--and the strong
testimony of the doctors who attended him confirms me in this--that Mr.
Balfour's death was due to his rowing. But an objector may say, "It is
true that neither in Mr. Cotton's nor in Mr. Balfour's case can death be
_directly_ attributed to rowing; their exertions, however, so exhausted
their strength, the soundness of their organs, and their powers of
resistance to disease, that when they were attacked they became easy
victims." To this I oppose (1) the report of Mr. H. P. Symonds, who
examined both these oarsmen before they rowed in their University
Eights; (2) my own observation of their health, condition, and spirits
during practice, in their races, and afterwards when the races were
over; and (3) the reports of the doctors who attended them during their
last illnesses, and who declared (I speak at second hand with regard to
Mr. Balfour, at first hand with regard to Mr. Cotton) that they were
both, when struck down, in a surprising state of strength, due to the
exercise in which they had taken part, and that in both cases their
powers of resistance were far greater than are usually found. Do I go
too far in asserting that any doctor in large practice could find in his
own experience for each of these two cases at least twenty cases in
which non-rowing and non-athletic men have been suddenly carried off by
the same sort of illness? I am not concerned to prove that rowing
confers an immunity from fatal illness: my point is that in the two
cases I have considered, and in all cases where it is pursued under
proper conditions of training and medical advice, rowing does not in any
way promote a condition favourable to disease.
I pass from these particular cases, the discussion of which has been
painful to me, to the general question of health amongst the great mass
of those who have been, or are, active rowing men. It may be remembered
that some twenty-five years ago Dr. J. H. Morgan, of Oxford, moved to
his task by a controversy similar to that which has recently taken
place, instituted a very careful inquiry into the health of those who
had taken part in the University Boat-race from 1829 to 1869. Their
number amounted, if I remember rightly, to 294, of whom 255 were alive
at the date of the inquiry. Of these 115 were benefited by rowing, 162
were uninjured, and only in 17 cases was any injury stated to have
resulted. And it must be remembered that this inquiry covered a period
during which far less care, as a general rule, was exercised both as to
the selection and the training of men than is the case at the present
day. I may add my own experience. Since I began to row, in 1874, I have
rowed and raced with or against hundreds of men in college races and at
regattas, and I have watched closely the rowing of very many others in
University and in Henley crews. I have kept in touch with rowing men,
both my contemporaries and my successors, and amongst them all I could
not point to one (putting aside for the moment the three special cases I
have just discussed) who has been injured by the exercise, or would
state himself to have been injured. On the contrary, I can point to
scores and scores of men who have been strengthened in limb and
health--I say nothing here of any moral effect--by their early races
and the training they had to undergo for them. I could at this moment
pick a crew composed of men all more than thirty years old who are
still, or have been till quite recently, in active rowing, and, though
some of them are married men, I would back them to render a good account
of themselves in Eight or Four or Pair against any selection of men that
could be made. Nay more, in any other contests of strength or endurance
I believe they would more than hold their own against younger athletes,
and would overwhelm any similar number of non-athletes of the same or
any other age. As contests I should select a hard day's shooting over
dogs, cross-country riding, tug-of-war, boxing, long-distance rowing,
or, in fact, any contest in which the special element of racing in light
ships has no part. For such contests I could pick, not eight, but eighty
men well over thirty years old, and if the limit were extended to
twenty-four years of age I could secure an army. Is there any one who
doubts that my rowing men would knock the non-athletes into a cocked
hat? For it must be remembered that the bulk of rowing men are not
exclusively devoted to oarsmanship. A very large proportion of those
that I have known have been good all-round sportsmen.
[Illustration: ROWING TYPES.
NO. 2.]
As to the general effect of rowing on strength and health I may perhaps
be pardoned if I cite my own case, not because there is anything
specially remarkable in it, but because it bears on some of the
questions that have been raised, and I can speak about it with
certainty. In early childhood I had a serious illness which considerably
retarded my physical development. At school, however, I took my part in
all sports, played three years in the Cricket XI. and in the Football
XV., and won several prizes at the athletic sports. I went to Cambridge
in 1874, when I was three months short of nineteen, and immediately took
to rowing. I was certainly not a particularly strong boy then, though I
had a fair share of activity. I rowed persistently in Eights, Fours and
Pairs, at first with labour and distress, but gradually, as time went
on, with ease and pleasure, and I found that the oftener I rowed the
greater became my powers of endurance. I ought to add that I never rowed
in the University Race, but I have borne my share in thirty-six bumping
races, as well as in numerous other races ranging in distance from
three-quarters of a mile to three miles. I believe that the six
consecutive races of a May Term call for endurance at least as great as
the single race from Putney to Mortlake. My actual muscular strength,
too, increased very largely, and has ever since maintained itself
unimpaired. I have found that this exercise has, in fact, strengthened
and consolidated me all round; and I can think of no other exercise that
could have had upon me the same salutary effect that I am justified in
attributing mainly to rowing--an effect which has enabled me to endure
great exertion, sometimes in extremes of heat or of cold, without the
smallest ill result, and has brought me to middle age with sound organs,
a strong constitution, active limbs, and a good digestion. There are
hundreds of other men who could, I doubt not, give a similar account of
themselves.
[Illustration: ROWING TYPES.
NO. 3.]
Out of this main discussion on the health of athletes there sprang a
subsidiary one, which proved of even greater interest to rowing men. It
was started by Mr. Sandow, the eminent weight-lifter and modern
representative of Hercules. Mr. Sandow, stimulated by a disinterested
love for his fellow-men in general, and for those of Cambridge
University in particular, wrote an article in the _St. James's
Gazette_ in which he put forward his own peculiar views on the proper
system for the training of athletes. He ended by declaring that if he
were allowed to train a Cambridge crew according to his system (it being
understood that rowing instruction was at the same time to be imparted
to them by a properly qualified teacher), he would guarantee to turn out
a crew the like of which had never before sat in a boat. We were to
infer, though this was at first sight not obvious, that this crew would
easily defeat an Oxford crew trained on a system which Mr. Sandow
evidently considered to be absurd and obsolete.
According to Mr. Sandow's system, as he subsequently developed it, the
members of this crew were to have complete license in all things. They
were to eat what they liked, drink what they liked, smoke as much as
they liked, and, in fact, make their own good pleasure the supreme law
of their existence. All that Mr. Sandow stipulated was that for some two
hours a day during a period of several months these men were to put
themselves in Mr. Sandow's hands for the purpose of muscular development
all round according to the methods usually employed by him. Any spare
energy that might then remain to them might be devoted to the work of
rowing in the boat.
Now, in the first place, there are certain elementary difficulties which
would go far to prevent the adoption of this experiment. The crew is not
selected several months before the race; and even if it were, it would
be practically impossible for the men composing it to spare the time
required by Mr. Sandow. After all, even the most brilliant of us have to
get through a certain amount of work for our degrees. There are lectures
to be attended, there is private reading, not to speak of the time which
has to be devoted to the ordinary social amenities of life at a
University. Sport has its proper place in the life of an undergraduate;
but it does not, and cannot, absorb the whole of that life. Yet if a man
is to spend two hours with Mr. Sandow, and about two hours and a half (I
calculate from the moment he leaves his rooms until he returns from the
river) on the exercise of rowing, it is not easy to see how he will have
sufficient vigour left to him to tackle the work required even for the
easiest of pass examinations. I can foresee that not only the man
himself, but his tutors and his parents might offer some rather serious
objections.
[Illustration: ROWING TYPES.
NO. 4.]
But I am not going to content myself with pointing out these preliminary
difficulties. I go further, and say that the whole proposal is based
upon a fallacy. The method of training and development that may fit a
man admirably for the purpose of weight-lifting, or of excelling his
fellow-creatures in the measurement of his chest and his muscles, is
utterly unsuited for a contest that requires great quickness of
movement, highly developed lung-power, and general endurance spread over
a period of some twenty minutes. It does not follow that because a man
measures forty-two inches round the chest, and has all his muscles
developed in proportion, he will therefore be better fitted for the
propulsion of a racing-boat than a man who in all points of development
is his inferior. If I produced Mr. C. W. Kent _incognito_ before Mr.
Sandow and asked whether it would be feasible to include this gentleman
in an eight-oared crew, Mr. Sandow would probably laugh me to scorn. Mr.
Sandow could doubtless hold out Mr. Kent at arm's length with the
greatest possible ease. I am perfectly certain that Mr. Kent--if he will
pardon me for thus making free with his name--could do nothing of the
kind to Mr. Sandow. Yet I am perfectly certain, too, that, in a severely
contested race, Mr. Kent--admittedly one of the finest strokes that ever
rowed--would, to put it mildly, be more useful than Mr. Sandow. All
gymnasium work, and even the modified form of it patented by Mr. Sandow,
must tend to make men muscle-bound, and therefore slow. Skilled rowing
consists of a series of movements which have to be gone through with a
peculiar quickness, precision, and neatness. To be able to go through
Mr. Sandow's eight weight exercises, to lift weights, to carry horses on
your chest, may indicate great muscular strength, but it has absolutely
nothing to do with being able to row. If a rowing man requires some
exercise subsidiary to rowing, he would, in my opinion, be far better
advised if he devoted some of his spare time to boxing and to fencing,
exercises which necessitate immense quickness and perfect combination
between brain, hand, and eye, than if he were to spend time in building
up his body with such exercises as are included in the Sandow
curriculum. But, in the main, rowing must develop for itself the muscles
it requires. It is an exercise which, when all is said and done, can
only be learnt effectively in a boat on the water. It is thus, and thus
only, that a man can acquire the necessary movements, and perfect
himself in that sense of balance and of rhythm which is as necessary to
a rowing man as muscular strength. My experience leads me to the
conclusion that men who, though naturally well-framed and proportioned,
are not afflicted with excessive muscle, are more likely to be useful in
rowing than the pet of a gymnasium or the muscle-bound prodigies made in
the image of Mr. Sandow. I may cite as examples such men as Mr. R. P. P.
Rowe, Mr. R. O. Kerrison, Mr. W. Burton Stewart, Mr. W. E. Crum, Mr. J.
A. Ford, and Mr. C. W. Kent.[18] All these men acquired their
unquestionable excellence as oarsmen by the only possible method--that
is, by long practice of rowing in boats. Even an exercise so nearly
resembling actual rowing as the tank work practised in the winter by
American crews has very serious disadvantages. It might be supposed that
it would exercise and keep in trim the muscles required for actual
rowing; but its effect is to make men slow and heavy, faults which they
have to correct when they once more take to the river.
[18] The photographs reproduced in this chapter are those of active
rowing men. No. 4, whose muscular development is the slightest, is one
of the most brilliant oarsmen of the day. See also photographs of Mr.
Kent and Mr. Gold in Chapter V.
[Illustration: ROWING TYPES.
NO. 5.]
With regard to Mr. Sandow's revolutionary proposals about diet, smoking,
and hours, I have only this to say. We rowing men have shown time after
time that by adhering to what I do not hesitate to call our common-sense
system of rules tempered with indulgences we can bring our men to the
post in the most perfect health and condition, absolutely fit, so far as
their wind and powers of endurance are concerned, to take part in the
severest contests. What has Mr. Sandow shown that should avail, with
these results before our eyes, to make us exchange our disciplined
liberty for his unfettered license? In the mean time we shall very
properly hesitate to take the leap in the dark that he suggests.
I trust that the President of the C.U.B.C. will, in future, conduct the
practice of his crew according to the methods that have proved their
efficacy over and over again, and that he will not listen to the voice
of Mr. Sandow, charm he never so unwisely. _Non tali auxilio_ are
boat-races to be won.
APPENDIX.
HENLEY ROYAL REGATTA.
_Secretary_: J. F. COOPER.
QUALIFICATION RULES.
THE GRAND CHALLENGE CUP, FOR EIGHT OARS.
Any crew of amateurs who are members of any University or public school,
or who are officers of Her Majesty's army or navy, or any amateur club
established at least one year previous to the day of entry, shall be
qualified to contend for this prize.
THE STEWARDS' CHALLENGE CUP, FOR FOUR OARS.
The same as for the Grand Challenge Cup.
THE LADIES' CHALLENGE PLATE, FOR EIGHT OARS.
Any crew of amateurs who are members of any of the boat clubs of
colleges, or non-collegiate boat clubs of the Universities, or boat
clubs of any of the public schools, in the United Kingdom only, shall be
qualified to contend for this prize; but no member of any college or
non-collegiate crew shall be allowed to row for it who has exceeded four
years from the date of his first commencing residence at the
University; and each member of a public school crew shall, at the time
of entering, be _bon[^a] fide_ a member "_in statu pupillari_" of such
school.
THE VISITORS' CHALLENGE CUP, FOR FOUR OARS.
The same as for the Ladies' Challenge Plate.
THE THAMES CHALLENGE CUP, FOR EIGHT OARS.
The qualification for this cup shall be the same as for the Grand
Challenge Cup; but no one (coxswains excepted) may enter for this cup
who has ever rowed in a winning crew for the Grand Challenge Cup or
Stewards' Challenge Cup; and no one (substitutes as per Rule II
excepted) may enter, and no one shall row, for this cup and for the
Grand Challenge Cup, or Stewards' Challenge Cup, at the same regatta.
THE WYFOLD CHALLENGE CUP, FOR FOUR OARS.
The qualification for this cup shall be the same as for the Stewards'
Challenge Cup; but no one shall enter for this cup who has ever rowed in
a winning crew for the Stewards' Challenge Cup; and no one (substitutes
as per Rule II excepted) may enter, and no one shall row, for this cap
and for the Stewards' Challenge Cup at the same regatta.
THE SILVER GOBLETS, FOR PAIR OARS.
Open to all amateurs duly entered for the same according to the Rules
following.
THE DIAMOND CHALLENGE SCULLS, FOR SCULLS.
Open to all amateurs duly entered for the same according to the Rules
following.
GENERAL RULES.
_Revised December 1st, 1894._
_Definition._
I.--No person shall be considered an amateur oarsman, sculler or
coxswain--
1. Who has ever rowed or steered in any race for a stake, money, or
entrance-fee.[19]
2. Who has ever knowingly rowed or steered with or against a
professional for any prize.
3. Who has ever taught, pursued, or assisted in the practice of
athletic exercises of any kind for profit.
4. Who has ever been employed in or about boats, or in manual
labour, for money or wages.
5. Who is or has been by trade or employment for wages, a mechanic,
artisan, or labourer, or engaged in any menial duty.
6. Who is disqualified as an amateur in any other branch of sport.
[19] This clause is not to be construed as disqualifying any otherwise
duly qualified amateur who previously to June 23, 1894, has rowed or
steered for a stake, money, or entrance-fee, in a race confined to
members of any one club, school, college, or University.
_Eligibility._
II.--No one shall be eligible to row or steer for a club unless he has
been a member of that club for at least two months preceding the
regatta, but this Rule shall not apply to colleges, schools, or crews
composed of officers of Her Majesty's army or navy.
_Entries._
III.--The entry of any amateur club, crew, or sculler, in the United
Kingdom, must be made ten clear days before the regatta, and the names
of the captain or secretary of each club or crew must accompany the
entry. A copy of the list of entries shall be forwarded by the secretary
of the regatta to the captain or secretary of each club or crew duly
entered.
IV.--The entry of any crew or sculler, out of the United Kingdom, other
than a crew or sculler belonging to a club affiliated to the Union des
Soci['e]t['e]s Francaises de Sports Athl['e]tiques, or of the Deutscher
Ruder Verband, or of the Verbonden Nederlandsche Roeivereenigingen, must
be made on or before the 31st of March, and any such entry must be
accompanied by a declaration made before a notary public, with regard to
the profession of each person so entering, to the effect that he has
never rowed or steered in any race for a stake, money, or entrance fee;
has never knowingly rowed or steered with or against a professional for
any prize; has never taught, pursued, or assisted in the practice of
athletic exercises of any kind for profit; has never been employed in or
about boats, or in manual labour for money or wages; is not, and never
has been, by trade or employment, for wages, a mechanic, artisan, or
labourer, or engaged in any menial duty; and is not disqualified as an
amateur in any other branch of sport; and in cases of the entry of a
crew, that such crew represents a club which has been duly established
at least one year previous to the day of entry: and such declaration
must be certified by the British Consul or the mayor, or the chief
authority of the locality.
The entry of any crew or sculler belonging to a club affiliated to the
Union des Soci['e]t['e]s Francaises de Sports Athl['e]tiques, or of the
Deutscher Ruder Verband, or of the Verbonden Nederlandsche
Roeivereenigingen, must be made on or before the 1st of June, and any
such entry must be accompanied by a declaration in writing by the
secretary of such Union, or Verband, or by the Council of the club from
time to time appointed by the Verbonden Nederlandsche
Roeivereenigingen, with regard to the profession of each person so
entering, to the effect that he has never since the institution of the
Union des Soci['e]t['e]s Francaises de Sports Athl['e]tiques, or the
Deutscher Ruder Verband, or of the Verbonden Nederlandsche
Roeivereenigingen, as the case may be, either rowed or steered in any
race for a stake, money, or entrance fee; or knowingly rowed or steered
with or against a professional for any prize; has never taught, pursued,
or assisted in the practice of athletic exercises of any kind for
profit; has never been employed in or about boats, or in manual labour
for money or wages; is not, and never has been by trade or employment,
for wages, a mechanic, artisan, or labourer, or engaged in any menial
duty; and is not disqualified as an amateur in any other branch of
sport; and in cases of the entry of a crew, that each member thereof is
and has been for two months a member of such club, and that such club
has been duly established at least one year previous to the day of
entry.
V.--No assumed name shall be given to the secretary unless accompanied
by the real name of the competitor.
VI.--No one shall enter twice for the same race.
VII.--No official of the regatta shall divulge any entry, or report the
state of the entrance list, until such list be closed.
VIII.--Entrance money for each boat shall be paid to the secretary at
the time of entering, as follows:--
[L] _s._ _d._
For the Grand Challenge Cup 6 6 0
" Ladies' Challenge Plate 5 5 0
" Thames Challenge Cup 5 5 0
" Stewards' " 4 4 0
" Visitors' " 3 3 0
" Wyfold " 3 3 0
" Silver Goblets 2 2 0
" Diamond Challenge Sculls 1 1 0
IX.--The Committee shall investigate any questionable entry,
irrespective of protest.
X.--The Committee shall have power to refuse or return any entry up to
the time of starting, without being bound to assign a reason.
XI.--The captain or secretary of each club or crew entered shall, seven
clear days before the regatta, deliver to the secretary of the regatta a
list containing the names of the actual crew appointed to compete, to
which list the names of not more than four other members for an
eight-oar and two for a four-oar may be added as substitutes.
XII.--No person may be substituted for another who has already rowed or
steered in a heat.
XIII.--The secretary of the regatta, after receiving the list of the
crews entered, and of the substitutes, shall, if required, furnish a
copy of the same, with the names, real and assumed, to the captain or
secretary of each club or crew entered, and in the case of pairs or
scullers to each competitor entered.
_Objections._
XIV.--Objections to the entry of any club or crew must be made in
writing to the secretary at least four clear days before the regatta,
when the committee shall investigate the grounds of objection, and
decide thereon without delay.
XV.--Objections to the qualification of a competitor must be made in
writing to the secretary at the earliest moment practicable. No protest
shall be entertained unless lodged before the prizes are distributed.
_Course._
XVI.--The races shall commence below the Island, and terminate at the
upper end of Phyllis Court. Length of course, about 1 mile and 550
yards.
XVII.--The whole course must be completed by a competitor before he can
be held to have won a trial or final heat.
_Stations._
XVIII.--Stations shall be drawn by the Committee.
_Row over._
XIX.--In the event of there being but one boat, entered for any prize,
or if more than one enter, and all withdraw but one, the crew of the
remaining boat must row over the course to be entitled to such prize.
_Heats._
XX.--If there shall be more than two competitors, they shall row a trial
heat or heats; but no more than two boats shall contend in any heat for
any of the prizes above mentioned.
XXI.--In the event of a dead heat taking place, the same crews shall
contend again, after such interval as the Committee may appoint, or the
crew refusing shall be adjudged to have lost the heat.
_Clothing._
XXII.--Every competitor must wear complete clothing from the shoulders
to the knees--including a sleeved jersey.
_Coxswains._
XXIII.--Every eight-oared boat shall carry a coxswain; such coxswain
must be an amateur, and shall not steer for more than one club for the
same prize.
The minimum weight for coxswains shall be 7 stone.
Crews averaging 10-1/2 stone and under 11 stone to carry not less
than 7-1/2 stone.
Crews averaging 11 stone or more, to carry not less than 8 stone.
Deficiencies must be made up by dead weight carried on the
coxswain's thwart.
The dead weight shall be provided by the Committee, and shall be
placed in the boat and removed from it by a person appointed for
that purpose.
Each competitor (including the coxswain) in eight and four-oared
races shall attend to be weighed (in rowing costume) at the time
and place appointed by the Committee: and his weight then
registered by the secretary shall be considered his racing weight
during the regatta.
Any member of a crew omitting to register his weight shall be
disqualified.
_Flag._
XXIV.--Every boat shall, at starting, carry a flag showing its colour at
the bow. Boats not conforming to this Rule are liable to be disqualified
at the discretion of the umpire.
_Umpire._
XXV.--The Committee shall appoint one or more umpires to act under the
laws of boat-racing.
_Judge._
XXVI.--The Committee shall appoint one or more judges, whose decision as
to the order in which the boats pass the post shall be final.
_Prizes._
XXVII.--The prizes shall be delivered at the conclusion of the regatta
to the respective winners, who on receipt of a challenge prize shall
subscribe a document of the following effect:--
"I/We A (B C D, etc.) (members of the club), having been this day
declared to be the winners of the Henley Royal Regatta Challenge Cup (or
diamond sculls), and the same having been delivered to us on behalf of
the stewards of the said regatta, do (jointly and severally) agree to
return in good order and condition as now received the said cup (or
diamond sculls), to the stewards on or before June 1st next, and I/we do
also (jointly and severally) agree that if the said cup (or sculls) be
accidentally lost or destroyed, or in any way permanently defaced, I/we
will on or before the date aforesaid, or as near thereto as may be
conveniently possible, place in the hands of the said stewards a cup (or
diamond sculls) of similar design and value, and engraved with the names
of the previous winners (their officers) (and crews) as now engraved on
the present cup and base./case. In witness of which agreement I/we have
hereunto subscribed my/our (respective) name./names."
_Committee._
XXVIII.--All questions of eligibility, qualification, interpretation of
the Rules, or other matters not specially provided for, shall be
referred to the Committee, whose decision shall be final.
XXIX.--The laws of boat-racing to be observed at the regatta are as
follows:--
(_The same as the A.R.A. Laws._)
THE AMATEUR ROWING ASSOCIATION.
_Hon. Sec._: R. C. LEHMANN, 30, Bury Street, St. James's, S.W.
_Revised, April 23rd, 1894._
CONSTITUTION.
I.--This Association shall be called "The Amateur Rowing Association,"
and its objects shall be--
1. To maintain the standard of amateur oarsmanship as recognized by
the Universities and principal boat clubs of the United Kingdom;
2. To promote the interests of boat-racing generally.
II.--The Association shall consist of clubs which adopt the following
definition of an amateur, viz.:
No person shall be considered an amateur oarsman, sculler, or coxswain--
1. Who has ever rowed or steered in any race for a stake, money or
entrance-fee.[20]
2. Who has ever knowingly rowed or steered with or against a
professional for any prize.
3. Who has ever taught, pursued, or assisted in the practice of
athletic exercises of any kind for profit.
4. Who has ever been employed in or about boats, or in manual
labour, for money or wages.
5. Who is or has been by trade or employment for wages a mechanic,
artisan, or labourer, or engaged in any menial duty.
6. Who is disqualified as an amateur in any other branch of sport.
[20] N.B.--This clause is not to be construed as disqualifying any
otherwise duly qualified amateur who previously to April 23rd, 1894, has
rowed or steered for a stake, money or entrance-fee, in a race confined
to members of any one club, school, college, or University.
III.--Any amateur club willing to bind itself to observe the rules of
the Association may become affiliated upon making application to the
Hon. Sec. of the A.R.A., and being elected by a majority of two-thirds
of the meeting of the Committee.
Every affiliated club shall have at least one vote at General Meetings.
Any club having more than two hundred full members shall have in
addition one vote for every hundred or part of a hundred members in
excess of two hundred; but no club shall have more than six votes.
Every affiliated club shall, when required, send to the Hon. Sec. of the
A.R.A. a list of its members and a copy of its last balance-sheet.
The Committee shall not consider an application for affiliation from any
club previously refused, until after the expiration of twelve calendar
months from the date of such refusal.
IV.--Each club shall pay to the expenses of the Association an annual
subscription to be fixed by the Committee; such subscription not to
exceed one guinea.
V.--The government and management of the Association shall be vested in
a Committee of twenty-five members, who shall meet once at least in
every six months, or as often as may be required. At the first meeting
of the Committee in each year a chairman shall be elected, who shall
remain in office until the next General Meeting. At all meetings of the
committee the chairman shall preside, and in his absence a chairman
shall be elected for the occasion; seven members shall form a quorum,
and the chairman shall have a casting vote.
VI.--For the purpose of electing the members of the Committee a General
Meeting of the representatives of the affiliated clubs shall be held
once a year at a date to be fixed by the Committee. Ten days' notice of
this meeting shall be given.
Each club shall notify to the Secretary in writing, not less than three
days prior to the Annual General Meeting, the names of its authorized
representatives, the number of whom must not exceed the number of votes
to which such club is entitled; but should a club nominate one
representative only such representative can record the number of votes
to which his club is entitled.
VII.--Five members of the Committee shall be elected at each Annual
General Meeting, and shall remain in office for three years. The
Committees of the Cambridge University Boat Club, the Royal Chester
Rowing Club, the Kingston Rowing Club, the Leander Club, the London
Rowing Club, the Molesey Boat Club, the Oxford University Boat Club, the
Thames Rowing Club, and the Twickenham Rowing Cub shall each nominate
annually a member of the Committee, and such nomination shall be sent to
the Secretary prior to the General Meeting. The Hon. Sec. of the A.R.A.
shall be an _ex officio_ member of the Committee of the A.R.A. In the
year 1894, in order to complete the number of twenty-five, the fifteen
members of the Committee elected and nominated as hereinbefore provided
shall meet and co-opt the remaining ten members, and the business of
that meeting shall be confined to this object alone. Five members of the
Committee shall retire annually by rotation, but shall be eligible for
re-election. Five of the co-opted members shall retire in 1895, the
remaining five in 1896. The Committee shall have power to fill up any
vacancy that may occur during the year amongst the elected members, but
any vacancy amongst the nominated members shall be filled up by the club
affected.
VIII.--The Committee shall have power to affiliate clubs to the
Association, to appoint officers, to make or alter rules, to suspend,
disqualify, and reinstate amateurs, and generally to determine and
settle all questions and disputes relating to boat-racing which may be
referred to them for decision. And further, the Committee shall take
such other steps as they may consider necessary or expedient for
carrying into effect the objects of the Association.
IX.--The Committee shall have power on due cause being shown to suspend
any affiliated club or to remove it from the list of affiliated clubs.
No motion for the suspension or removal of a club shall be considered
except at a Committee Meeting specially called at not less than seven
days' notice for the purpose. Such a motion shall not be deemed carried
except by a majority of two-thirds of the Committee present.
A resolution for the removal of a club must be confirmed at a subsequent
meeting of the Committee specially summoned at not less than seven days'
notice for the purpose.
X.--The hon. sec. shall be elected by the Committee; he shall keep a
proper record of the proceedings of the Committee and of General
Meetings, and shall be responsible for the books, accounts, and funds of
the Association.
XI.--No member of any club affiliated to the Association shall compete
in any regatta in England which is not held in accordance with the rules
of the Association.
XII.--No addition to or alteration in these rules shall be made except
by the vote of a majority of two-thirds of a meeting of the Committee
specially summoned at not less than seven days' notice for the purpose.
Such notice shall state the alteration or addition proposed.
LIST OF AFFILIATED CLUBS.
N.B.--The figures denote the number of votes to which each of the clubs
is entitled.
(1) Albion Rowing Club.
(1) Anglian Boat Club.
(1) Ariel Rowing Club.
(1) Avon Rowing Club.
(1) Barry Amateur Rowing Club.
(1) Bedford Amateur Rowing Club.
(1) Bewdley Rowing Club.
(1) Birmingham Rowing Club.
(1) Bradford Amateur Rowing Club.
(1) Bridgnorth Rowing Club.
(1) Broxbourne Rowing Club.
(1) Burton Rowing Club.
(6) Cambridge University Boat Club.
(1) Cardiff Amateur Rowing Club.
(1) Cecilian Rowing Club.
(1) Cooper's Hill Boat Club.
(1) Gloucester Rowing Club.
(1) Henley Rowing Club.
(1) Irex Rowing Club.
(1) Iris Rowing Club.
(1) Ironbridge Rowing Club.
(1) Kensington Rowing Club.
(2) Kingston Rowing Club.
(6) Leander Club.
(1) Leicester Rowing Club.
(1) Liverpool Rowing Club.
(6) London Rowing Club.
(1) Marlow Rowing Club.
(1) Medway Rowing Club.
(1) Mersey Rowing Club.
(1) Molesey Boat Club.
(1) North London Boat Club.
(1) Nottingham Rowing Club.
(6) Oxford University Boat Club.
(1) Pembroke Rowing Club.
(2) Pengwern Boat Club.
(1) Reading Rowing Club.
(1) Redcliffe Rowing Club.
(2) Royal Chester Rowing Club.
(1) Royal Savoy Club.
(1) Staines Boat Club.
(1) Stourport Boat Club.
(5) Thames Rowing Club.
(1) Twickenham Rowing Club.
(1) Vesta Rowing Club.
(1) Warwick Boat Club.
(1) Worcester Rowing Club.
RULES FOR REGATTAS.
I.--The laws of boat-racing adopted by the Association shall be
observed, and the Association's definition of an amateur shall govern
the qualifications of each competitor.
II.--The Regatta Committee shall state on their programmes, and all
other official notices and advertisements, that their regatta is held in
accordance with the rules of the A.R.A.
III.--No money or "value prize" (_i.e._ a cheque on a tradesman) shall
be offered for competition, nor shall a prize and money be offered as
alternatives.
IV.--Entries shall close at least three clear days before the date of
the regatta.
V.--No assumed name shall be given to the secretary of the regatta
unless accompanied by the real name of the competitor.
VI.--No one shall enter twice for the same race.
VII.--No official of the regatta shall divulge any entry, or report the
state of the entrance list, until such list be closed.
VIII.--The Regatta Committee shall investigate any questionable entry
irrespective of protest, and shall have power to refuse or return any
entry up to the time of starting, without being bound to assign a
reason.
IX.--The captain or secretary of each club or crew entered, shall, at
least three clear days before the regatta, deliver to the secretary of
the regatta a list containing the names of the actual crew appointed to
compete, to which list the names of not more than four other members for
an eight-oar, and two for a four-oar, may be added as substitutes.
X.--No person may be substituted for another who has already rowed or
steered in a heat.
XI.--The secretary of the regatta, after receiving the list of the crews
entered, and of the substitutes, shall, if required, furnish a copy of
the same, with the names, real and assumed, to the captain or secretary
of each club or crew entered, and, in the case of pairs or scullers, to
each competitor entered.
XII.--Objections to the qualification of a competitor must be made in
writing to the secretary of the regatta at the earliest moment
practicable. No protest shall be entertained unless lodged before the
prizes are distributed.
XIII.--The whole course must be completed by a competitor before he can
be held to have won a trial or final heat.
XIV.--In the event of there being but one boat entered for any prize, or
if more than one enter and all withdraw but one, the crew of the
remaining boat must row over the course to be entitled to such prize.
XV.--In the event of a dead heat taking place, any competitor refusing
to row again, as may be directed by the Regatta Committee, shall be
adjudged to have lost.
XVI.--Every competitor must wear complete clothing from the shoulders to
the knees--including a sleeved jersey.
XVII.--The Regatta Committee shall appoint one or more umpires.
XVIII.--The Regatta Committee shall appoint one or more judges, whose
decision as to the order in which the boats pass the posts shall be
final.
XIX.--A maiden oarsman is an oarsman (A) who has never won a race with
oars at a regatta; (B) who has never been a competitor in any
International or Inter-University Rowing Match.
A maiden sculler is a sculler (A) who has never won a sculling race at a
regatta; (B) who has never competed for the Diamond Sculls at Henley, or
for the Amateur Championship of any country.
XX.--A junior oarsman is an oarsman (A) who has never won a race with
oars at a regatta other than a school race; a race in which the
construction of the boats was restricted; or a race limited to members
of one club; (B) who has never been a competitor in any International or
Inter-University match. No oarsman who has won a race at a regatta in
which the construction of the boats was restricted, shall compete as a
junior in any such race after the end of the current year.
A junior sculler is a sculler (A) who has never won a sculling race at a
regatta other than a race in which the construction of the boats was
restricted; or a race limited to members of one club; (B) who has never
competed for the Diamond Sculls at Henley, or for the Amateur
Championship of any country.
N.B.--The qualification shall in every case relate to the day of the
regatta.
XXI.--All questions not specially provided for shall be decided by the
Regatta Committee.
LAWS OF BOAT-RACING.
I.--All boat races shall be started in the following manner:--The
starter on being satisfied that the competitors are ready, shall give
the signal to start.
II.--A boat not at its post at the time specified, shall be liable to be
disqualified by the umpire.
III.--The umpire may act as starter, or not, as he thinks fit; when he
does not so act, the starter shall be subject to the control of the
umpire.
IV.--If the starter considers the start false, he shall at once recall
the boats to their stations, and any boat refusing to start again shall
be disqualified.
V.--Each boat shall keep its own water throughout a race. A boat
departing from its own water will do so at its peril.
VI.--A boat's own water is its due course, parallel with the course of
the other competing boat or boats, from the station assigned to it at
starting, to the finish.
VII.--No fouling whatever shall be allowed; the boat or boats committing
a foul shall be disqualified.
VIII.--It shall be considered a foul when, after a race has been
started, any competitor, by his oar, boat, or person, comes into contact
with the oar, boat, or person of another competitor; unless, in the
opinion of the umpire, such contact is so slight as not to influence the
race.
IX.--A claim of foul must be made to the umpire or the judge by the
competitor himself before getting out of his boat.
X.--In case of a foul the umpire shall have power--
(_a_) To place the boats not disqualified in the order in which they
come in.
(_b_) To order the boats not disqualified to row again on the same
or another day.
(_c_) To re-start the boats not disqualified according to his
discretion.
XI.--The umpire shall be sole judge of a boat's own water and due course
during a race, and he may caution any competitor when in danger of
committing a foul.
XII.--The umpire, when appealed to, shall decide all questions as to a
foul.
XIII.--Every boat shall abide by its accidents, but if during a race a
boat shall be interfered with by any outside boat, the umpire shall have
power, if he thinks fit, to re-start the boats according to his
discretion, or to order them to row again on the same or another day.
XIV.--No boat shall be allowed to accompany or follow any race for the
purpose of directing the course of any of the competitors. Any
competitor receiving any extraneous assistance may be disqualified, at
the discretion of the umpire.
XV.--Boats shall be held to have completed the course when their bows
reach the winning post.
XVI.--Any competitor refusing to abide by the decision of the umpire, or
to follow his directions, shall be disqualified.
XVII.--The umpire, if he thinks proper, may reserve his decision,
provided that in every case such decision be given on the day of the
race.
XVIII.--The jurisdiction of the umpire extends over a race and all
matters connected with it, from the time the race is specified to start
until its termination, and his decision in all cases shall be final and
without appeal.
* * * * *
A brief explanation of some points arising out of the Rules and
Regulations of the A.R.A. may be useful.
"PROFESSIONAL."
Up to 1894 the A.R.A. gave a very wide interpretation to the term
"professional," which was held to include "any person not qualified as
an amateur under A.R.A. Rules." Mechanics, artisans, labourers, men
engaged in menial duty, or employed in manual labour for money or wages,
were, therefore, not merely disqualified as amateurs, but were
considered to be professionals, and competition against them for a prize
involved disqualification to the amateur so competing. In 1894, however,
the whole code of A.R.A. was submitted to the revision of a
sub-committee, and their report, subsequently adopted by the full
committee, laid it down that from this time on the word "professional"
must be interpreted "in its primary and literal sense," _i.e._ one who
makes money by rowing, sculling, or steering. An amateur rowing, or
sculling, or steering with or against a professional for a prize is
still disqualified, but the amateur status of one who rows or steers
with or against mechanics, artisans, etc. (provided, of course, the
race is not for a stake, money, or entrance fee), is not affected. At
the same time it must be remembered (Rule I of Rules for Regattas) that
at regattas held in accordance with A.R.A. rules no mechanic, artisan,
etc., can be admitted to compete, and by Clause XI. of the Constitution
no member of any club affiliated to the A.R.A. is permitted to compete
at a regatta not held in accordance with A.R.A. rules. The result would
seem to be, therefore, that whereas an amateur who is not a member of a
club affiliated to the A.R.A. can compete against mechanics, artisans,
etc., at a regatta not held in accordance with A.R.A. rules without
incurring any penalty, a member of a club affiliated to the A.R.A. can
compete against this class only in a private match. Any member of an
affiliated club transgressing Clause XI. would unquestionably render
himself liable to suspension under Clause VIII. of the Constitution.
There are now, therefore, three classes of oarsmen, viz. amateurs,
non-amateurs, and professionals.
NON-AMATEURS.
The A.R.A. holds that "apprenticeship is no disqualification." Nobody,
therefore, is to be disqualified for serving an apprenticeship, even if
it involves (as in the case of engineers or nurserymen) manual labour
for a money payment. But such manual labour on the part of one who has
passed through his ordinary apprenticeship and still continues at the
work for a year or two would disqualify.
The committee has held that disqualification attaches, for instance,
to--
(1) A watchmaker's assistant who works, or has worked, at the bench.
(2) A baker's assistant who not only helps to make bread, but also
delivers it.
(3) Engravers and etchers.
(4) A man having an interest in a boat-letting business, _and_ taking in
or starting boats at a raft.
But not to--
(5) A 3rd engineer, sea-going, who goes to sea and works for money,
where such sea-service it necessary to qualify him for passing his
examinations for the position of chief engineer.
(6) A draughtsman in an engineering firm, though working for wages.
Decisions 3 and 6 are not easily to be reconciled.
REGATTA. JUNIOR OARSMEN AND SCULLERS.
Doubts have occasionally arisen as to what is the correct meaning of the
word "Regatta" in Clause XI. of the Constitution, and in Rules 19 and 20
of the Rules for Regattas. The committee has held that any meeting,
whether or not called open, at which more than one club, or members of
more than one club, compete, is a regatta. This decision does not cover
a private match, but does cover a regatta where, for instance, the
competition is limited to certain clubs, specially invited by the club
or committee who arrange and manage the regatta. Thus, if a junior
competed and won, either as an oarsman or sculler, at a regatta limited,
say, to members of the London, Kingston, and Thames Rowing Clubs, he
would by so winning cease to be a junior, provided the race was neither
a school race nor one in which the construction of the boats was
restricted.
The committee has decided that a man who rows over for a junior sculls
race, even though he receive no prize (the committee not awarding one in
any race in which there was only one starter), ceases to be a junior
sculler.
A junior sculler may be a senior oarsman, and _vice vers[^a]_.
EXTRACTS FROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY BOAT
CLUB.
LAWS OF THE CLUB.
I.--That the CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY BOAT CLUB consist of the members of
the several boat clubs in the University.
II.--That the affairs of the club be under the management of a
president, a vice-president (who shall also be hon. secretary), a
treasurer, the captains of all boats rowing in the regular University
races, and all those who have been members of the University crew. The
president and vice-president shall be elected at the first meeting in
each term, and those only to be eligible who shall have been members of
a University crew. The treasurer shall be a resident graduate of the
University, to be elected annually at the first meeting of the Easter
Term.
III.--That to assist the officers in case of extraordinary and pressing
business, a small committee be formed, consisting of the president,
vice-president, treasurer, and three extra committee-men, who shall be
elected at the last meeting of the C.U.B.C. in each term. That members
of the Committee shall have the right of attending meetings of the
C.U.B.C. and voting at the same. That at meetings of the committee all
except the treasurer must be present in person or by deputy. The
treasurer must attend all meetings of the committee on financial
questions.
. . . . . .
VIII.--That all cases of dispute be referred to the president or his
deputy, and the four first-boat captains, in residence, of the clubs in
their order on the river who are not concerned in the dispute: whose
decision shall be final. That representatives of the clubs concerned be
present at the meeting.
. . . . . .
XVIII.--That the secretary of each boat club do send in to the
assistant-secretary of the C.U.B.C. a balance-sheet of the receipts and
expenditure of his club for the past year, within three weeks of the
beginning of the October Term. That the penalty for neglecting this Rule
be one guinea.
XIX.--That every club do pay to the C.U.B.C. a subscription in
proportion to its receipts for the previous year.
XX.--That the rate per cent. of this tax be fixed by the treasurer of
the C.U.B.C., and, when confirmed by the Finance Committee, levied in
three equal instalments.
XXI.--That all moneys, however obtained, be included in the receipts of
a College boat club, except such as are specially subscribed towards the
expenses of a crew going to Henley.
XXII.--That any club neglecting to pay the subscriptions or arrears due
to the C.U.B.C. within six weeks of the beginning of full term be fined
one guinea; and that no captain be allowed to vote whose club is in
arrear.
XXIII.--That medals be given by the C.U.B.C. to each member of such
University crews as shall be winners of the University match with
Oxford. Also to each member of those College crews which shall be head
of the river at the end of the Lent and Easter Term races; and to each
member of the Trial Eights.
. . . . . .
XXVI.--That all boats, except tub-pairs, used for coaching purposes be
obliged to carry an india-rubber ball fixed to the nose of the boat.
That the penalty for neglecting this Rule be one guinea.
REGULATIONS FOR BOAT-RACING.
I.--That none but members of the C.U.B.C. be allowed to row or steer in
the C.U.B.C. races.
II.--That there be regular eight-oared races in the Easter and Lent
Terms, and that the days on which they shall take place and the number
of races be appointed and declared at the last general meeting of the
preceding term respectively. That in these races two umpires be
appointed by the president or his deputy; that in all other C.U.B.C.
races one umpire be appointed.
III.--That the number of boats be limited in the Easter Term to thirty,
rowing in two divisions of fifteen and sixteen respectively, including
the sandwich boat, and in the Lent Term to thirty-one, rowing in two
divisions of sixteen each, including the sandwich boat.
IV.--(1) That in the Lent and Easter Terms the two divisions be named
respectively first and second division. That in the Lent Term both
divisions shall row in clinker-built boats not more than 57 feet long,
with not less than five streaks on a side, none of which shall exceed
4-1/2 inches (outside measurement). All such boats must be passed by the
president and secretary of the C.U.B.C. before they can be used in the
races. That in the Easter Term the first division shall row in racing
ships on sliding seats, and the second division in clinker-built boats,
as above, and sliding seats.
(2) That every college boat club have the right to be represented by at
least one boat in the Lent races; and by at least one, and not more than
three, in the May races.
V.--That during the races no person shall row or steer in both divisions
(the crews of the last boats in a division excepted), except under
peculiar circumstances, to be decided by the president or his deputy and
the four senior captains in residence who are not concerned, which
decision must be obtained before the crew or crews in question be
allowed to start.
VI.--In the races in the Lent Term no one be allowed to row or steer who
rowed or steered respectively in any race of the previous Easter Term.
VII.--That no one be allowed to row in the Lent or May races, or Fours
or Pairs, after more than four years have elapsed from the first term he
came up, unless he keep in residence three-fourths of the term in which
he desires to row.
VIII.--That each crew be chosen from one club and college in the case of
Trinity and St. John's, and from not more than two clubs or two colleges
in the case of other colleges; and that the crew of the two colleges
joining be considered as a fresh one, and start from the bottom.
IX.--That in order to take a boat off the river the captain must give
notice to the hon. secretary of the C.U.B.C., who shall place lists of
the boats entered for the races, arranged according to their order, in
the different University boat-houses, at least a week before the
commencement of races in each term, and on every race day during the
term.
X.--(1) That in the Easter Term any club desirous of putting on a second
or third boat shall have the right to challenge the lowest
non-representative boat to a bumping-race, but if successful shall start
at the bottom of the river. That if there be more challenging crews than
one, they shall row a time race amongst themselves, and the winner shall
row the challenged boat. That the entrance fee for such races be five
guineas; that the date for them be fixed at the first general meeting
of the term, and that at least ten clear days' notice be given to the
secretary of the C.U.B.C. by the captains of crews desirous to compete.
(2) That no man who has rowed in the successful challenging boat shall
row in a higher boat during the following May races, except as in
Chapter III., rule 7.
XI.--That the boats row down to their stations in reversed order, the
last boat of each division starting first.
XII.--That on racing days in the Lent Term a gun be fired at the Railway
Bridge, at 3 p.m., as a signal for the last boat of the second division
to row down; at 3.15 p.m. for the first boat of the division; and a
third at 4 p.m. for the first boat of the first division. That in the
Easter Term corresponding signals be fired for the second and first
division boats at 5, 5.15, and 6.15 p.m. respectively. That boats
starting late be fined one guinea.
That at the close of each race of the second division in the Lent Term,
and of the second division in the Easter Term, a gun be fired at the
Bridge; and that until this gun be fired no boat of the other racing
division shall pass below the Ash Plantation under penalty of one
guinea. That the umpire be responsible for the punctual firing of these
guns. That any racing boat, leaving so late as to be obliged to pass the
first boat of its division below Ditton Corner, be fined one guinea by
the captain of the latter on behalf of the C.U.B.C. That the captain of
the first boat starting late, or neglecting to act as this rule directs,
be fined one guinea.
XIII.--That the races be bumping races, and the starting posts be 175
feet apart. That the last post be at Baitsbite-lock, and the
winning-posts at the Big Horse-grind and the first ditch above the
Railway Bridge.
XIV.--That the first seven boats in all divisions be obliged to go up to
the further post at the Big Horse-grind, and the other boats be obliged
to stop at the nearer post at the first ditch above the Railway Bridge;
also that the eighth boats have the option of stopping at the nearer or
going on to the further post.
XV.--That each boat start with the coxswain holding a line 36 feet in
length attached to its post (or, if he by chance lose the line, with No.
7's rowlock opposite the post); that otherwise it cannot make a bump,
but is subject to be bumped and to be fined one guinea.
XVI.--That if a boat miss a race, the boat behind it shall row past its
post and be allowed the bump, and that the boat missing the race be
fined one guinea.
XVII.--That the boats be started by three guns: the first gun shall be
fired when the head boat shall have arrived at its post, the order being
given by the captain of that boat; the second gun three minutes after
the first, and the last gun one minute after the second.
XVIII.--That a boat be considered fairly bumped when it is touched by
any part of the boat behind it, before its stern is past the
winning-post; passing a boat being equivalent to a bump, providing the
passing boat draw its whole length in advance. (The word boat includes
the ship, crew, and oars, if in rowlock). That the coxswain of a boat so
bumped shall immediately acknowledge the bump by holding up his hand,
and that the crew making the bump immediately cease rowing; that any
crew neglecting this rule be fined one guinea.
XIX.--That when one boat bumps another, both shall immediately draw
aside till the racing boats have passed; that the last boat carry a
white flag in the bows; that any boat neglecting this rule be fined one
guinea.
XX.--That if one boat bumps another they exchange places, whatever may
have been their position before starting. That any boat making a bump
may row up after the race with its flag hoisted; as also the boat rowing
head.
XXI.--That in order to claim a bump, the captain, on arriving at the
Goldie Boat-house, must bracket the bump, state where it took place, and
sign his name on the secretary's list; if the bump be not bracketed he
shall be fined one guinea, but that the bumps shall, on sufficient
evidence, be allowed; and that no bumps can be claimed after six o'clock
in the Lent Term, or after nine in the Easter Term, or disputed after
nine on the following morning.
XXII.--That all cases of disputed bumps be referred to the president, or
his deputy, and the four first-boat captains, in residence, of the clubs
in their order on the river who are not concerned in the dispute, whose
decision shall be final; and who shall have the power, in all doubtful
cases, of causing the boats concerned to row the race again, starting
from their original posts; and that there be representatives at the
meeting of the clubs interested in the dispute.
. . . . . .
XXV.--That watermen be allowed to coach members of College boats in
tub-pairs only till within a fortnight of the first day of the races.
. . . . . .
XXVII.--That breaches of Regulations issued by the officers of the
C.U.B.C. be liable to a fine of one guinea.
LENT TERM RACES AND TIME RACES.
I.--That all clubs wishing to put another boat on the river must enter
such boat with the secretary of the C.U.B.C. on or before a date to be
appointed by him at the beginning of the Lent Term.
Entrance fee, three guineas, to be paid at the time of entry.
II.--That the Rules for these races be the same as those for the
"Getting-on" races in the Easter Term, and that the races be under the
management of the C.U.B.C. or their deputies [see chapter II., rule 10
(1)].
III.--That no first boat of a club be obliged to row for its place.
IV.--That these races be rowed on days preceding the Lent races.
V.--That no man shall row in these time races (1) who has rowed on any
night of the previous May races, or (2) who does not comply with Chapter
II., rule 7.
VI.--That no man who has rowed in the successful boat or boats during
these trial time-races shall row in a higher boat in the following Lent
races, except under peculiar circumstances, to be decided upon by the
president, or his deputy, and the four senior captains in residence who
are not concerned.
VII.--That when more than two boats start in a heat to race for getting
on the river, such heat be started by three guns: the first gun to be
fired when the last boat to come down shall have arrived at its post,
the order being given by the umpire; the second gun three minutes after
the first, and the last one minute after the second. That chains 36 feet
in length be provided 100 yards apart. That each boat start with the
coxswain holding the chain allotted to it (or, if he by chance lose the
chain, with No. 7's rowlock opposite the post), that otherwise it is
liable to be disqualified.
VIII.--That in time races, under the management of the C.U.B.C., the
pistols at the winning-posts be fired by University men, who shall be
called on to do so in the following order:--
The president, secretary, and committee of the C.U.B.C.; then the first
captain of the boats in their order on the river, or deputies from their
own clubs; provided that no one of the same club as any of the
competitors shall fire a pistol in any race in which such competitor of
his own club is rowing; and that no one need, by reason of this rule,
refuse to umpire. And that to prevent all difficulties of a pistol
missing fire, a second person be appointed by the President or his
deputy to stand at each winning-post and hold up a white flag, which
shall be dropped the moment that the nose of the boat passes the post.
IX.--That in time races no boat draw more than one bye.
X.--That if in any time race any boat touch any part of, or pass on the
course, or be in any way inconvenienced by any boat in front of it, and
the boat so touching, passing, or being inconvenienced, shall not come
to its post first in order, such boat shall be allowed to start in the
following day's race, whether the same would otherwise have been a final
or a trial heat, and shall start on the same footing as regards drawing
for stations, etc., as the other boats left in.
Or the boat so impeded shall row again with the boat coming in first.
RULES FOR THE UNIVERSITY CLINKER FOURS.
I.--That the University Clinker-built Fours be rowed as time races over
the Colquhoun course.
II.--That the race be open to crews from any club, such crews to be
composed solely of men who did not row in the first division of the
previous May races.
III.--That no "Blue" be allowed to compete.
IV.--That the coxswains must be members of the clubs they steer, and
must weigh not less than 7st. 7lbs.
V.--The definition of a clinker boat is as follows:--That no boat have
less than five streaks on a side, none of which shall exceed 4-1/2
inches (outside measurement). All such boats must be passed by the
president and secretary of the C.U.B.C. at least one week before the
commencement of the races.
VI.--That the entrance money for each boat be one guinea.
LAWS OF THE MAGDALENE SILVER PAIR-OARS AND UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION CUPS.
I.--That watermen be allowed to coach and steer for these races.
. . . . . .
IV.--That any member qualified to pull in the C.U.B.C. races be
qualified to start for these oars.
V.--That the crews need not consist of members of one club.
VI.--That no winning pair be allowed to enter together a second time.
REGULATIONS OF THE "COLQUHOUN SILVER SCULLS."
III. That only those members of the C.U.B.C. who have not exceeded five
years from the date of their first commencing residence be allowed to
start, on complying with the terms herein specified.
EXTRACTS FROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY BOAT
CLUB.
GENERAL RULES.
I.--That the club be open to all members of the University on the
following conditions:--
II.--That any graduate of the University by paying two pounds, or any
undergraduate by paying three pounds ten shillings, may become a life
member.
III.--That any member of the University by paying one pound may become a
member for one term, not being thereby qualified to row or steer in any
of the University races unless he has paid four such terminal
subscriptions.
IV.--That the subscription must be paid before the admission to the
club.
V.--That this club is affiliated to the Amateur Rowing Association, and
that members are therefore bound to observe the A.R.A. rules.
. . . . . .
VII.--That the officers of the club consist of president, secretary, and
treasurer; who, with two other members of the club, shall form a
committee.
VIII.--That no member who is not strictly residing be on the committee.
IX.--That the president, secretary, treasurer, and committee be elected
by the captains of College boat clubs, or their representatives.
X.--That the election of the president and secretary take place at the
first captains' meeting in the Summer Term, that of the treasurer and
the other members of the committee at the first meeting in the October
Term.
XI.--That the president have the entire supervision of the property of
the club; that he preside over all captains' meetings; have the sole
selection and management of all University crews, and that he have
absolute authority and entire responsibility in all matters immediately
concerning the University boat; that he have charge of the president's
book, and make such records in it as shall be interesting and useful to
the future of the club; and that he keep the official records of all
University races.
. . . . . .
XXV.--That if Henley Regatta do not take place at such a date in
relation to Commemoration Day as is convenient to the O.U.B.C., the club
reserves to itself the right of withdrawing its subscription.
XXVI.--That the racing boat last purchased be not let or sold under any
circumstances whatever.
RULES FOR RACES.
I.--That all future members of the O.U.B.C. shall show a certificate of
having passed a satisfactory swimming test before being allowed to row
in University races.
II.--That such certificate be either (1) that of some public school
approved by the committee, or (2) a certificate from Dolley's Baths,
signed by the bathman, and countersigned by the captain of the College
boat club.
III.--That any College boat club rowing a member who has obtained a
certificate unfairly shall be fined five pounds, and lose one place on
the river for each night on which he has rowed.
IV.--That each college shall have its own punt and waterman during the
races.
V.--That the captain of each boat club shall, so far as possible, fix
upon the maximum number which his punt is able to carry, and that this
number shall in no case exceed twelve, and that the fine for
overcrowding be five shillings.
VI.--That each barge shall be furnished with two lifebuoys.
VII.--That the bows of all racing Eights and Fours, both keel-less and
clinker-built, and of all racing pair-oars and sculling boats be
protected by an india-rubber ball, and the penalty for violation of this
rule be, in the case of Eights and Fours, one pound; in the case of all
other boats, ten shillings.
VIII.--That all Challenge Cups which are the property of the O.U.B.C.
shall either be taken home by the captain of the boat club which holds
them, or be deposited at Rowell and Harris's during the vacation.
THE EIGHTS AND TORPIDS.
I.--That all gentlemen rowing or steering in the races must be life
members of the O.U.B.C.
II.--That no boat be allowed to start in the races with more or less
than eight oars.
III.--That all boats starting in the races carry a coxswain over the
whole course.
IV.--That the names of the crews be sent to the treasurer at least one
day before the races begin, and that afterwards no change can be made,
unless notice is given to the president at least one hour before the
races begin, under a penalty of one pound.
V.--That every club neglecting to send in the names of its crew to the
treasurer, and pay the entrance money, five pounds, into the Old Bank,
on or before the day previous to the first race in which they intend to
row, shall forfeit five shillings; and that every club entering a boat
after the races have begun shall pay one pound for every night of the
races on which it has not had a boat on.
VI.--That no club start a boat in the races till all its arrears are
paid, whether of fines, entrance money, or annual subscription.
VII.--That no crew be allowed to start in the races which shall have
employed any waterman in capacity of coach or trainer within three weeks
of the first race.
VIII.--That no college be allowed to enter more than one boat for the
Eights, unless it has had on a Torpid in the same year.
IX.--That each boat start from a rope held by the steerer, and fastened
to a post on the Berkshire shore; the rope to be 50 feet in length.
X.--That the last boat be stationed above Iffley Lasher; and that 130
feet be the distance between the posts.
XI.--That the boats entered for the races be divided as equally as
possible, and row in two divisions; that the second division row first,
and never contain fewer boats than the first division; that the head
boat of the second division may row again with first division; and that
the last boat of the first division start head of the second division on
the following day.
XII.--That the president provide a starter, who shall fire a signal gun
for the boats to take their places; after four minutes another gun; and
after the interval of one minute another gun for the start; after the
third gun the race be always held to have begun.
XIII.--That any boat starting before the gun goes off do lose a place
forthwith.
XIV.--That when a boat touches the boat or any part of the boat before
it, or its oars or rudder, it be considered a bump; and also if a boat
rows clean by another it be equivalent to a bump.
XV.--That both the boat which bumps and the boat which is bumped
immediately row out of the course of the other racing boats; and in case
any obstruction be caused by culpable neglect of this, the offending
boat be fined five pounds.
XVI.--That after every bump the boat bumping change places with the boat
bumped, whatever be their orders before starting; also in a bumping race
no boat can make more than one bump, but of four boats, A, B, C, D,
should B bump C, then A may bump D, and the next race A and D change
places with each other.
XVII.--That in the case of any boat not starting, the boat immediately
behind them do row past their starting-post and be considered to have
bumped the other boat.
XVIII.--That all boats stand by their accidents; and that, in case of
dispute, boats must take the place assigned them by the committee.
XIX.--That an umpire be appointed by the first six colleges of each
division in rotation, who shall sit and vote on the committee to decide
disputes on the day on which he is in authority.
XX.--That the races finish at the lower of the white posts to which
Salter's barge is moored, on which a flag is to be hoisted, and that a
boat is liable to be bumped till every part of it has passed that post,
and that a judge be appointed by the president.
XXI.--That if any boat after passing the post impedes another which has
not passed the post, it be fined five pounds.
. . . . . .
XXVI.--That all disputes concerning bumps, etc., arising out of the
races, be referred to the committee on the day of the race, who shall
decide the point before the next race.
. . . . . .
XXVIII.--That the College races take place in Easter or Act Term, and be
six in number.
XXIX.--That no non-resident member of the University may either row or
steer in the races, unless he has resided in Oxford at least ten
consecutive days before the races commence. That this rule apply to all
University races, viz. Eights, Torpids, Fours, Pairs, and Sculls.
XXX.--That no one may be allowed to row or steer in the races for a
college or hall of which he is not a _bon[^a] fide_ member.
XXXI.--That a man may be held to have rowed or steered in the Eights or
Torpids when he has so officiated for three days.
TORPID RACES--SPECIAL RULES.
That the Torpid races be regulated by the above rules as far as they are
applicable: but
(1) That the races take place in the Lent Term, and be six in number.
(2) That no one who has rowed or steered in the Eights may officiate in
the same capacity in the next Torpid races.
(3) That no one be allowed to row in his Torpid who has exceeded sixteen
terms from his Matriculation.
(4) That unless a college has had an Eight on the river more than three
nights during the previous year, it be not permitted to start a Torpid,
unless it engage to put on a distinct Eight in the ensuing Eights.
That in this case the distinct Eight
(_a_) do contain five men, at least, who have not rowed in the
Torpids.
(_b_) be compelled to row more than three nights, under penalty of
[L]10.
(5) That the committee have power to relax this rule at their discretion
in the case of boats in the second division.
(6) That these races be rowed in gig boats, of the specified mould,
measuring inside at the gunwale not less than 2ft. 2in., clinker-built
of not less than 5 streaks.
(7) That the distance between the starting-posts be 160 feet.
(8) That no Torpid be allowed to use sliding seats.
(9) That if more than twenty-five Torpids enter, the races shall be in
three divisions; the boats to be divided as equally as possible, so that
a higher division shall not contain more boats than a lower one.
FOUR-OAR CHALLENGE CUP.
I.--That the Cup be open for competition to members of any one college
or hall who have not exceeded eighteen terms from their Matriculation.
II.--That the race take place annually, in the Michaelmas Term.
. . . . . .
VII.--That no crew be allowed to start which has had any waterman in the
capacity of "coach" or trainer within three weeks of the first race.
CLINKER FOURS RACE.
I.--That the race be called the "Clinker Fours" race.
II.--That the race take place annually in the Lent Term.
III.--That it should be open for competition to members of any college
or hall who have not exceeded eighteen terms from their Matriculation,
and who have not rowed either in the University Race at Putney, or the
Trials, or rowed in a College Eight which finished in the upper division
of the summer races in the previous year, sandwich boat reckoning as
Second Division.
IV.--That the race shall be rowed in keeled clinker-built boats with
slides of not more than 12 inches, having not less than 5 streaks in
each side, exclusive of saxe-board. The streaks shall not be more than
4-1/4 inches in breadth. The maximum inside width of each boat shall not
be less than 24 inches, measured on the top of the gunwale. No
batswings, false outriggers, splayed-boards, or other device will be
allowed to take the place of saxe-boards, and the committee of the
O.U.B.C. reserve the right of determining in each instance whether these
conditions have been fairly carried out or not.
V.--That no boat be allowed to start with more or less than four oars
and a coxswain.
VI.--That no crew be allowed to start which has had any waterman in the
capacity of "coach" or trainer.
RULES FOR THE UNIVERSITY TRIAL EIGHT RACE.
I.--That the race be called the "University Trial Eight Race."
II.--That the race take place in Michaelmas Term, and subsequent to that
for the Four-Oared Challenge Cup.
III.--That the crews be selected by the president.
IV.--That the crews be in practice not less than twelve days.
V.--That each member of the two crews pay ten shillings entrance money.
VI.--That a silver medal be presented to each of the winning crew.
VII.--That any member of the two crews who refuses to row in the
University Eight if called upon to do so, be suspended by the committee
from rowing in any University race till the end of the Summer Term,
unless he shows reasonable grounds for refusal.
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Transcriber's Notes
There is some text missing between Page 64 and Page 65: the beginning of
paragraph (4) with an opening quotation mark is missing, as shown by
'[(4) "...]'. ([(4) "...] Watch the bodies in front of you as they move,
and mould yourself on their movement.")
Factual errors were noted as follows:
Page 273: Reference to "Minneapolis" instead of "Annapolis" (The United
States Naval Academy at Minneapolis ...)
Changes to the text are as follows:
Title page: added comma after "C. M. PITMAN" ( ... C. M. PITMAN, W. E.
CRUM, AND E. G. BLACKMORE)
Page xii: added missing line in the List of Illustrations (LENT RACES IN
THE PLOUGH REACH 200)
Plate "Henley Regatta" originally facing page 157: changed "Heart fo" to
"Heat for" (A Heat for the Diamonds.)
Page 258: changed "Warnambool" to "Warrnambool" (Important meetings are
also held at Ballarat, Geelong, Warrnambool, Bairnsdale, ...)
Page 339: changed "captain's" to "captains'" ( ... at the first
captains' meeting ...)