that it commonlie portendeth: as to saie, |For my kindnesse you haue
vsed me kindly, meaning indeede you haue vsed mee verie badly. And I
can bee contented to pray with you though you pray not vppon me|. Where
this worde |kindly| is applied to the worser part, which of it selfe
carieth as wee see a far other meaning: and likewise |pray| in one
sence being to entreate, is in another sense intended here to spoile.
And as another said to a rude fellow, |you are too course to keepe
course in our companie|, here is |course| for rudenes, and |course| in
another sense for |good order|.=
=_Erotema_ or _Interrogatio_, when by interrogation we sift out anie
thing somtimes by demand, as to saie, |But you sir, now frō whence
I pray you, deriue you your fancie?| by asseueration, as to saie:
|Haue you not in this action behaued your selfe excellent well?| By
commiseration, as to saie: |Alas what grounde may holde mee, what lande
or shore may possesse mee, circumuented as I am with so many euils?| By
vrging, as thus, |What hadst thou to intermeddle in so bad a company?
How long shall wee bee thus abused with so fained treachery? Art thou
not ashamed seeing thy purposes thus reuealed? Perceiuest thou not thy
driftes to bee all discouered?| By indignation, as to saie, |Shall I
yet couer thy villanies being at thy handes thus hatefully misused?|
or thus, |Wicked and peruerse kinde of people, howe long will you
thus hatefully deale with your fauorers?| By admiration, as to saie,
|Good Lord, who woulde haue thought so much loosenesse in so chaste a
countenance! But what is it that this blind and sottish loue draweth
not a man headlong into?| And lastly, by doubting, as thus: |What shall
I say, or what further speeches may I vse to withdraw you from these
euils?| Or otherwise: |Whither shall I turne me to speake vnto you, or
what wordes may I vse whereby to withdraw you from these vanities?|=
=_Anthypophora_ or _Subiectio_, when to a question asked by vs, we
answere of our selues in our own reasonings, the maner whereof is
accomplished three kinde of waies, as first when wee obiect vnto our
selues that which to others might be obiected, and answere it againe.
Secondlie, when we do (as it were) vrge those we speake vnto to answere
vs, and so answering, do confute their sayinges. Thirdlie, when in a
deliberatiue sort we propound diuers things, and refute them all one
after another. Example of the first maie bee this. |Is this a maner of
discipline? Doe men in such sort deliuer their instructions? Had they
for this cause the authoritie of tutors to them giuen, that in vanities
and misliked pleasures, they who are committed vnto their charge,
shoulde consume their youth vnder them? Beleeue me I am of a farre
other opinion, neither do I thinke, that the reasonable time of young
men, being now fittest of all others for anie vertuous impression,
shoulde thus cautelouslie be deluded of that, whereunto both their
parents and birth do commend them|. Of the second, this: |Nowe after
al these proofes of the happie comming and acknowledgement of our
true and onelie Messias: Let me speake vnto you againe, yee Iewes,
enemies, and maligners of our sole and onelie God and Sauiour Christ
Iesus, with what reasons strengthned doe you persist in your madnes?
Stande ye vpon the Oracles of Prophets? Wee haue made plaine vnto you
that they are wholie for vs. Looke ye after Moyses? It was only of our
Christ, and none other that he that written. Waite ye on Types and
Figures? They all in one do agree to bee in him fulfilled. Preferre
you vnto vs miracles? Who could desire more then by him was shewed.
Bring you against vs a number of consents? Alas you onely bring the
smallest number, and lurking as it were in a corner, are the gainsayers
of trueth itselfe, sith the whole world round about you doth witnes
for vs. Doth the hope of any euent yet a little detaine you? Beholde
your temple long since subuerted: your sacrifices quenched, your Citie
rased, your people runnagate and dispersed, nor anie hope at all left
vnto you to be relieued but by the clemencie of the Christians|. Of
the thirde, this. |Tell mee I praie, what or wherein is it, that a
worldlie man hath such meane to glorie in? wherein shoulde hee bee
proude, or for what cause should he thus puffe vp himselfe in vanitie?
Is it for his riches? they neuer make a man either happy or blessed,
so farre off are they many times from anie such euent, as often wee
do see that they are the verie cause of their owners destructions,
they sundrie waies are meanes to inconueniences, and in our owne sight
forsake their maisters in their life times, but seldome followe them
for ought wee see to their graues. Is it for children? The keeping of
them is then of riches far more vncertaine. Is it in respect of a wife,
familie and other such like commodities? they are vexations, cares and
griefes, nothing in them stable, nor such as may induce a man to any
hoped tranquility, &c.| There is also of this sort another example, by
an immediate answere to euerie question, as thus: |Wherfore then is
the law? for transgressors, wherefore reward? for wel-doers|. Or thus:
|Where is now their pride? vanished. Where are their boasts? deluded.
Came they to aide vs? no, rather to suppresse vs. Came they to comfort
vs? no, but to kill vs|.=
=_Antenagoge_, when hauing spoken as it were in the dispraise or
mislike of a thing, we goe about to helpe the same againe with a new
colour to the matter: As to saie, |It is a thing difficult to attain
learning, but yet verie commodious. It is tedious to trauell for sundry
knowledges, but vnto our liues it is a thing most necessary.|=
=_Ecphonesis_ or _Exclamatio_, which hath signification of griefe or
indignation of a thing, as of griefe thus, |O cruell and lamentable
times wherein wee liue, subiect as wee are to so manifolde miseries!|
Of indignation thus. |O incredible boldnesse, or rather impudencie of a
shamelesse creature: not fit to bee suffered|. Neither is this manner
speaking, alwaies framed by the Interiection O, but rather otherwise,
as thus: |Vnhappie man, made vnhappie by so great a misfortune, what
vnkinde destiny droue him to so imminent a perill? Howe miserable and
vncertaine is the state and condition of man, subiect to so many and so
huge calamities?| Or otherwise, |What kind of people are you to rage in
so vile a madnesse? Was euer seene a multitude so fierce, a company so
carelesse, an assemblie so desperate? What inconsiderate dealing do you
vse? I shame to see you, & grieue to behold you, &c.|=
=_Insultatio_, when iniuriously, or by a contumelious reproch we insult
vpon a mans doings, as thus: |Trudge on with thy mischiefs, proceed in
these thy insatiable cruelties, and he that hath power ouer al, wil
one day I hope correct thee|. Or otherwise, |Pursue I pray you your
glorious enterprise, you haue, no doubt, very waightily begun, & we
cannot but expect thereof a notable issue.|=
=_Aporia_ or |Dubitatio|, when wee make staie or doubt howe to tearme a
thing, or which waie to wade in a matter, as thus: |What shoulde I say,
was it anger or an inueterate malice that led him to this mischiefe?
Shall I cal him cunning as cautelous, that procured it, and so well
could shift himselfe of it?| Or otherwise thus: |May hee bee said to be
beloued, or rather fortunate or blessed, to haue escaped such daungers?
is it to bee tearmed clemencie or rather piety to vse one so miserable
with great curtesie|. Or thus: |I am not well perswaded what course to
take in these causes, shall I begin where others haue left? or of my
selfe shall I renewe againe vnto you what you haue so often heard? &c.|=
=_Paradoxon_, affined vnto that before, but with a kinde of maruelling
or woondering thereunto added, as thus: |Could it possibly bee thought
that learning and place of good education might euer haue produced such
monstrous effectes?| Or otherwise: |I haue great maruell that men so
generous, should so quickly be diuerted from their honest purposes|. Or
thus. |I woulde neuer haue beleeued that such graue and considerate
counsels shoulde so easily haue beene subuerted.|=
=_Epitropis_, when by proposing a cause, wee reason what should
bee done therein, as thus: |In times so troublesome and seasons so
tempestious, giue now your aduise what is fit to bee done. If the
case were your owne, what would you doe, what would you say therein,
tell me I pray you, you that conuerse in these and such like actions,
I herein appeale vnto your wisdomes, your owne consciences, shewe me
but your mindes herein|. And this figure is vsed in reasoning, when as
to conclude a matter, and seeming loath to trouble the auditorie anie
further in the same, we pretend to reserue a great part thereof, which
we would refer to their iudgements.=
=_Parresia_, or libertie to speake, when by winning of curtesie to our
spéech we séek to auoid any offence thereof, as thus. |Pardon if I be
tedious, the circumstance of the cause requireth it. If my speech seeme
vehement, the matter occasioning the same is vrgent. If what I write
seeme offensiue vnto you, you haue to mislike the ill disposition of
such as inforce it, and not with me to be agreeued.|=
=_Apostrophe_, or _Auersio_, when wee turne our speeches from one
person or thing to another, as if one hauing spoken much of the vanitie
of the worlde shoulde thereupon turne and saie vnto the worlde, |O
world, how sweete and pleasant are the shewes of those things which
thou producest: but in taste, how full of too much bitternes?| Or in
speaking of the certaintie of death, and the little respect thereof
had, to turne a mans speach to death it selfe and saie, |O death, how
bitter is thy remembrance to a man hauing peace and plenty in his
riches, &c.|=
=_Prosopopœia_ when to things without life wee frame an action, spéech
or person, fitting a man, as if we should saie of |vertue|, as of a
liuing person, that |her wayes were sweet, and replenished with all
maner of delight, that she putteth her selfe foorth to the woorthiest
to be receyued, and to the most honoured to be embraced|. Or faine
the |ghosts| from out their graues to prescribe good examples, or
to rebuke the vices of men. Or our |countrey| to accuse vs of our
negligent regard vnto it in these or suchlike speeches: |Vnkind people
and Citizens whom I haue ingendred in my bowels, nourished with my
paps, fostered with my delights, why doe you thus vngratefullie not
onelie abstaine to tender mee, but giue mee an open proy to my foes
to suppresse mee: yea, which is most loathsome of all others, become
proper murtherers and paracides of your owne parentage and familie,
cruell destroyers of your owne patrimonie, and wretched renders and
tearers of your mothers bowels, without all regard or pitie.|=
=_Synonymia_, when we bring foorth many wordes together of one
signification, or sounding all to one purpose, as to say, |thou hast
spoiled thy Countrey, destroied thy Citie, and turned the Commonweale
topsie-turuie:| all which do sort but to one purpose, for the
expressing the hatefulnesse of the iniurie: or otherwise to say,
|What head hadst thou to deuise such a thing, where was thy wit when
thou wentst about it, what became of thy minde in purposing the same,
whither was thy discretion caried in the prosequution?| Here is |head,
wit, minde and discretion|, all sorting to one thing. Also, |what
desirest thou, what soughtest thou, what couldest thou wish or expect
in the action|. Here is |desired, sought, wish and expect|, being all
to one meaning.=
=_Auxesis_ or _Incrementum_, where by degrees we not onlie rise to the
summe of euerie thing, but also sometimes go beyond, as to say, |Hee
first set vpon him with reproachfull wordes, after assayled him with
his weapons, then wounded him, and lastlie did moste miserablie murther
him|. Here by degrees is passed to the last exigent. Now to the second.
|It is euill to reproch, wicked to slaunder, villanous vnwarilie to
strike, detestable to murther. What shall I say to betray a man to
all these|. Here is now _vltra summum_, beyond all that was spoken to
the vttermost. The excellencie of this Figure is so much the more, by
howe much euerie degrée is still inforced one aboue another, and goeth
beyonde in comparison, as to say: |golde, riches, honour, estate,
treasure, kingdomes, life, and all he helde of no moment|. Another
kinde of recitall pertaineth also to this figure short in repetition,
but for vehemencie wonderfull, as to say: |Thou hast conspired the
death of thy Prince, and in her the subuersion of a whole kingdome,
what should I say thou hast conspired the death of thy Prince|. As who
would enforce that no one thing then that could be greater: Finallie,
for inforcement of a thing, to say in reprehension of follies. |If thou
hadst done or spoken this in a priuate audience, among men of the ruder
and meaner sort, among such as are lesse capable of skill then a great
many others, thy fault could not haue beene hid: but to doe it before
thy betters, in the presence of such as are adiudged both honorable and
wise, in the hearing of those of great account of such as haue power to
checke, and authoritie to compell thee, it was too peeuish.|=
=_Sinathrismus_, a heaping of words diuersly signifying togithers, as
to say, |Hee was a man wholie malicious, exceedinglie proude, vtterlie
arrogant, altogither subtill, by nature cruell, and in speeches
contentious|. Or otherwise thus: |What should I tell thee further of
his partes, how wise, how sober, how honest, howe courteous, howe
friendly, how choicelie he liued.|=
=_Brachiologa_, when in single wordes without anie coupling togethers,
we procéed in a broken kind of deliuerie, and yet hasten forward as in
the other: As to saie, |loue, hate, Ielousie, frensie, furie|, drew him
from |pitty|.=
=_Antithesis_, or |Contentio|, when we amplifie by contraries, as to
say, |Being in my power to vse as I listed, I cared for thee, and did
not destroy thee. Thou wast charie vnto me whē no man regarded thee,
and when my selfe also might haue despised thee|. Or otherwise: |If
you doe that is good, you haue the rewarde of praise, if you prosecute
badnesse, your merite is euill|. Or thus: |To thy enimyes and those
that maligne thee, thou art placable: to thy friendes, inexorable. In
coole matters thou art hotte: in the hottest causes, colde: Art thou
called? Thou art gone. Thy absence required? we cannot be rid of thee.|=
=_Epanodis_, carrieng a reference to the matter preceding, much like to
the figure _Prolepsis_, but that yᵉ figure _Prolepsis_, hath relation
onelie to the matter, this to the matter and tearmes therein vsed, the
difference whereof you maie see in some of mine epistles as the same is
quoted in the margent where the figure is vsed.=
=_Comparatio_, which taketh his increase of smaller matters, which
if they may séeme great in all opinions, then that which we séeke to
amplifie must of necessitie séeme greater, sometimes also by diminution
of things great, to make the residue the greater, example of the first
may bee that saying of |Cicero| of |Catiline|, in these wordes, |Did
the famous Scipio for a little ill gouernment of the common weale,
cause Tiberius Gracchus priuatelie to bee made awaie: and shall wee
preferre Catiline that goeth about to fill the whole worlde with his
slaughters?| Here is |Catiline| compared to |Gracchus|, the state of a
common wealth to the whole worlde, a small sliding to an insufferable
wasting, and a priuate man to the whole Senate. Or otherwise thus:
|Tell mee I praie thee, if one had giuen thee but a small summe of
money to comfort thy neede withall, were it not humanitie to thanke
him: If hee had giuen thee possessions to liue vppon, were it not
honestie to requite him: If of a slaue hee made thee rich, shouldest
thou not bee bounden vnto him? Howe much more then to him that hath
not alonelie done all these, but farre more then these vnto thee,
oughtest thou in the verie bondes of nature and courtesie to bee both
thankefull and louing?| Example of the seconde sort for diminution
might bee this: |What is it that you propose vnto mee these small
matters of vnkindnesse, as that the man is ingratefull, that hee hath
no good remembraunce of courtesies, that there is in him not so much
as an acknowledgement, which is a thing farre from requitall, these
I must confesse are iniuries to some, but vnto mee they are trifles,
matters of no moment, things not to bee reckoned of: what say you to
him that betrayeth his friend, seeketh his death that hath sought his
life, worketh by all possible meanes his ouerthrow, his destruction and
vndoing?| And in this exaggeration of |vices|, so also might there bee
the like of |Vertues|, as if one should exhort a man to |Pietie|, after
hee had set foorth all the commodities thereof, as |the tranquilitie
of minde, peace of conscience, libertie of spirit, the communion with
Saints, from a bonslaue of the diuell to become the childe of God, the
comfort of the holie Ghost which the Prophet denieth may be by man
conceyued:| he might lastlie adde, |what thinges then these in all the
worlde could be greater, what more singular, what more happie, and yet
if they be conferred vnto that blessed heritage of immortalitie, if
to the life and ioyes to come, if to that heauenlie Ierusalem, which
certainlie remaineth for all such as are endued with such a spirit:
they are toies and things of no excellencie or moment.|=
=_Metonoia_, when by a sudden restraint of spéech, wee giue grace or
mislike to a person, or thing, as to saie, |worthilie atchieued? nay
rather honourablie attained, a man notable|, we maie rather saie,
|singular: Ah cruell man|, and no man neither, but a |beast: Oh rare
clemencie|, or rather |most admirable patience. Hee is no thiefe, but a
rauener: no murtherer, but a tyrant.|=
=_Aphorismus_, a |Scheme|, like vnto the other, but differing by a
maner of reprehension, as to saie, |What lawes bee these, if at least
wise they may be termed lawes, which beare in them so vile customs,
and not rather firebrands of the citie, and the plague of the whole
common weale|. Or otherwise: |your counsellers, if such may be called
counsellers, as draw vnto mischiefe, are vtterlie vnmeete to such kinde
of assemblies.|=
=_Diminutio_, when we goe about to extenuate things difficult, to make
them lesse in seeming, as to one that would shun learning, for the
tediousnesse thereof in studie: We might shew, |that besides the great
necessitie thereof in the life of man, wee shall in attaining thereof,
take no other nor more laboursome course, then others before vs haue
done: that the way thereunto is verie plaine and easie, the labour
(if anie be) sweet and pleasant. And whereas in all our ordinarie
exercises of vanitie, there redoundeth for the most part in the ende
but meere trauaile, and vnprofitable charge: in this the commoditie
is as great as the delight, the gaine as ordinarie as the practise,
wherein the studie is but the least part of a mans life, but the
pleasure and commodity infinite|. And like as in this, so in all other
things, conducing to good and laudable exercises, the labour is still
diminished, by proposing the worthines, pleasure, honour, profit, and
so of euils commonlie, by mitigation of the fault.=
=_Climax_, or |Gradatio|, when each member in a sentence ariseth from
the other afore going, beginning with that which endeth the former,
as to say, |His industrie bred him vertue: his vertue, praise: his
praise, renowne: his renowne, glorie: and his glorie enuie|. Or thus:
|What hope haue we of good, if what men list, they may; and what they
may they do, and what they doe they dare, and what they dare they
prosecute, and what they prosecute, they are neuer ashamed of.|=
=_Antimetauole_ or _Commutatio_, when a sentence by charge is inuerted
to the contrarie, as thus, |We must eat to liue, and not liue to eat:
Not man for the Sabboth, but the Sabboth for man was ordained. They are
happy whose wisdome is answerable to their fortune, and whose fortune
answereth their wit.|=
=_Sinæciosis_, when one contrary is attributed to another, or when
two diuerse things are in one put together, as thus. |The prodigal
and couetous doe offende alike, for neither doe liue as they ought.
Pleasure it selfe is sometimes a labour, and labour also is often a
pleasure. To a couetous man is wanting as well that he hath, as that
hee hath not.|=
=_Etiologia_, a figure like vnto the other beforegoing, and much
resembling to _Orismus_, which defineth a matter by sorting the same
into a distinguishment: but this nowe telleth the cause or reason of
that which is before auerred, and is as a confirmation thereunto giuen
for the concluding of the same, you maie sée the examples as the figure
is quoted in my Epistles.=
=_Paralepsis_, or _Occupatio_, when in seeming to ouerpasse, omit, or
let slip a thing, we then chiefly speake thereof, as thus: |I will
not here rehearse vnto you how slippery and transitorie this life is,
howe much laden with cares, exposed to daungers, and attended with
miseries, for we knowe it and feele it: But I will come to speake of
the perdurable ioies of the other, &c.| Or thus, |for my part I haue no
pleasure to laie open other mens errors, it is inough vnto me, that by
themselues they are made apparant, and that the whole worlde may see
them. I omit to report vnto you these and such like ordinary matters,
which in comparison of that I will shew you are but trifles. I tell you
not, or I talke not now of times past. It is not the matter wherein I
am now occupied. His theft, his rapine, his spoile, and all his whole
disorderlie course of life in those daies perpetrated, I nowe omit, and
onely doe come to the times present. His counselling (I had almost said
concealing) of good when time was, if it bee well noted, was it that
procured our mischiefes, &c.|=
=_Procatalepsis_ or _Præoccupatio_, when we doe anticipate vnto our
selues that we know wil be obiected, as thus, |what do you obiect vnto
me the times passed, those seasons & ours are vtterly vnlike. But
peraduenture you will say that these things are for children fit to bee
considered, nay rather meetest of old men to be followed. You will
happely say vnto me herein, that I am too light of credit: but I can
tel you the proofe is extant, and fit to be beleeued.=
=_Metastasis_ or _Transitio_, when in briefe wordes we passe from one
thing to another, as thus, |You haue hearde by this what you ought to
consider, heare now I pray you what you are bounde to remember. These
things you will say are pleasant, but the rest yet vntold are far more
delightfull. This already shewed vnto you seemeth to be tolerable, that
which followes is no waies to be suffered. I haue now told you what was
done in priuate, I will next shewe you what was handled in publike:
these things he did at home, that which followeth was abroade in the
fielde: whilst hee was a young man, hee did this I told you, but the
vertues of his age were far more different. You haue vnderstood of
maners, I will now speake vnto you of learning: I will not trouble you
with many things further, only this one thing will I rehearse vnto you.
But of these enough, we will now go to the rest. I haue somthing beene
caried away with these motions, but we wil now go to the substance.
But why stay we so long in trifles? I wil go to the head of the
matter: what he promised I haue deliuered, what he performed you shall
vnderstande: I haue thus shewed you how much he was charged vnto me,
you shal now heare againe how gently he requited me.|=
=_Paramologia_, where we graunt one or moe thinges meete to be marked
or alleadged, and forthwith doe infer thereupon sufficient whereby to
ouerthrow it, as thus: |I deny not but I haue heretofore vsed you in
causes secret, in matters weighty and of counsell, that I haue found
you friendly, faithfull and ready: but what is all that to the purpose,
when in a thing so important, and matter neerly concerning me, as
whereon dependeth the safegard of my whole house and familie, I haue
founde you in both negligent and vntrustie|. Or otherwise thus: |Be it,
or suppose you haue omitted nothing in your owne person, of a friende
to be performed, that you were no partaker with him of those euill
counsels: that you abstained to accompany him in the execution of his
mischiefes, yet are you not therfore cleared. For it is not sufficient
for a man not to doe euill of himselfe, but that by to too much lenity
he become not occasion of an others mischiefe.|=