Egregious Doctours and Maisters of the eximious and Archane

THE

ENGLISH

_SECRETARY_,

OR

_Methode_ of writing of

_Epistles_ and _Letters_:

WITH

A declaration of such _Tropes_, _Figures_,

and _Schemes_, as either vsually or for

ornament sake are therin required.

Also the parts and office of a

_Secretarie_,

Deuided into two bookes.

Now newly reuised and in many parts corrected

and amended:

By Angel Day.

_AT LONDON_

Printed by _P. S._ for _C. Burbie_ and are

to be sold at his shop, at the Royall

Exchange. 1599.

To the right Honorable, Edward

_de_ Vere, _Earle of_ Oxenford, _Vicount_ Bul-

becke, _Lord_ Standford _and of_ Badlesmere,

and Lord great Chamberlaine of

_England_.

It is now a fewe yeares passed (Right Honourable, & my very good Lord)

since emboldned by your faour, this booke rudely digested, and then

roughly deliuered, I did in the very nonage thereof recōmend vnto your

Patronage. And howbeit at that time, very little therin appeared worthy

so honourable acceptance: yet pleased it your L. the same should then

passe vnder your fauourable countenance.

To answer so great bountie therein shewed, I haue naught but my simple

acknowledgement: and in signification of the will I haue to do vnto

your Lordship any acceptable seruice, no other matter in shew, then

a fresh renouation of the selfe same title by an other presentment,

howbeit in far more orderly manner then formerly was deliuered.

Your Lordship may please of your owne ennobled condition to well

dooing, in pardoning the presumption of the former, to vouchsafe your

liking to this latter, wherein (notwithstanding the title all one)

yet shall you finde the worke both in order, habit and shape, to be

diuersly chaunged.

To excuse the defecte of the one, or enlarge my paines taken in

publishing the other, were on either part needlesse: seeing my desire

in both, hath principally sorted to one self meaning: If your L. find

ought herein answerable to your iudgmēt, it is inough: and the vsers

shall thereby (I hope) finde more cause to be satisfied. The wisest of

all ages, haue not at one instant collected their experience: _Plato_

in his first original was nothing so diuine: _Socrates_ in his cradle

had no taste of his after wisdome: _Hercules_ past many yeres ere he

grew famed by his labors, & onely vse and practize enableth vnto the

greatest perfection.

This being so, It will, I trust, seeme in me a matter the more

pardonable, to haue aduentured as I did the formost of this purposed

labor, regarding that by a reuew of the same it hath now receiued some

shape and proportion. Such as it is I humblie recommend as before, vnto

your honorable liking. And for my selfe do remaine, alwaies

_By your honorable L. to be commanded_,

Angel Day.

To the learned and courteous

_Readers in generall_.

Gentlemen, _When I do begin first to speake vnto you in this action,

me thinks, you doe espie in me the parts of an ill_ Scholler, _who in

all his dooinges, is forced to craue pardon, but hardly findeth the way

that may purchase vnto him selfe the benefite of such a pardon._

_In reformation, two notable instances are held the which as I conceiue

do craue allowance, though no prerogatiue in wel doing, and these are

for a man to finde his defect, and secondly to haue a will to amend it._

_I will assure you, though I be not gratious, I would be loath to seeme

gracelesse and this benefite I will haue to gaine your allowance, that

I will blush for mine errors, where I fault in abilitie, I will shew

you my will: And when in all I cannot cleare me from your censures, yet

shall your courteous forbearance be in me no waies misprised._

_I haue to foretime as now still trauelled with the gardener, who

first throweth vp his earth on a rude heape, the scattereth it, after

smootheth it, next squareth it, & lastly bringeth it into knots and

workmanship, before which you know, there are many weeds, loose

hearbes, grasses, sticks, and rubbish to be picked vp & thrown out:

And then and not before beginneth his worke to drawe towards the

perfection._

_As he so I, at the first threw vp this groundwork in a heape, and

onely did scatter it: after, and hether vnto I haue endeuored to

smooth and to square it, picking out thereof many thinges which lay to

too much disordered. It onely now wanteth to be labored on by a more

curious workmanship, but because it is my garden plat, & my prouision

is too small to perfect on a sodaine so spacious a ground worke, I

will temporize with those duties, which either by time may in me be

supported or by a greater hability in others may happilie hereafter be

performed._

_Now because it is in all omissions the greatest omission not to bee

thankefull for courtesies, I will acknowledge that as you haue hitherto

benignly delt with me in the suruey of these labours, so haue you bound

mee the more vnto you by your fauourable censures. And yet if after

this continued trauell vnto this present, you either in mine or in

the printers escapes find any thing blame worthy, couer it I pray you

as before you haue done with the vaile of your courtesie. The copies

before this, haue bene I confesse erroniously many wayes deliuered, and

this by the blottings and interlinings had in the former amendements

hath peraduenter also his escapes or mistakings: If any be, they are

fewe I hope, and therefore the more easie to be tollerated. Onely

correct where fault is, and the printer and I shalbe beholding vnto

you._

_Hauing thus performed for my selfe what vnto your worthines stoode

meete to be considered, giue mee now leaue I pray you, touching the

order and course in this |Methode| hereafter obserued, to say somthing

to them which therby are to take any benefit or profite. In which

case, the learner is circumspectly with himselfe to consider, the

seuerall rules in the particular chapters preceeding the orders of

those |Epistles|, in such sort as afterwards they are distinguished, &

therein see, what to the better ordering and principall direction, of

whatsoeuer hee shall take in hand to write, is there (for his better

instruction) enioyned. By diligent animaduersion wherof, he shall the

better vnderstand the seuerall natures and properties, that in the

parts of euery |Epistle|, are ordinarily to be required, besides the

vse of them in their seueral places, and what force they beare, being

so sorted out, according to their speciall purposes and directions._

_Next, for the better inducement and leading him into a plaine and

perfect platforme of this |Methode| following, & to the intent he may

as neere as may be, or as his capacitie (at leastwise) may any waies

reach vnto, knowe (skilfully, & not by rote) how or in what sort he

shall happen to doe either well or ill, I haue first (in a preamble

or intermixed discourse, either preceeding or interchangeably passing,

before or with the kindes of euery sorte of |Epistles|) declared the

properties and vse of those |Epistles|, vpon what parts and places,

they and euery of them doo consist, with what vehemencie or lesse

application they are to bee inforced or quallified, so that he who

seemeth to haue least knowledge at all (be it that he haue perseuerance

to conceiue or to distinguish the parts he seeth there laid out before

his eyes) may with great facilitie, attaine to whatsoeuer, herein

prescribed, or by the circumstance thereof intended to be in any sort

deliuered._

_To the greater ornament whereof, I haue applied a number of |Figures,

Schemes|, and |Tropes| in the margent of euery |Epistle|, euen with

the places where they are vsed. And at the end of this worke, haue set

them altogither, and therein explaned to the Learners view, and for his

readier vse, their particular natures and qualities, to the end that

they who (being vnlearned,& hauing a pretie conceit of inuention of

themselues) haue heretofore vnknowing done well, may see how with skill

and discretion hereafter to pursue the same, & the ignorant also hereof

whose reach hath not been so ample as others, may be thereby informed

what vnto well doing is most consonant and agreeing._

_Now, for the readier finding of those |Epistles|, as each of their

kindes are suted forth in sundrie |Examples|: Peruse but the head of

euery page and there you shall find what in the same page is contained,

|viz.| Where the |Epistles| be, you shall haue them noted in their

kindes, as Epistles |Hortatorie|, |Dehortatorie|, |Swasorie|, or

|Disswasorie|, &c. And likewise in the admixtions, you shall finde

|Places| or |Parts Hortatorie|, |Commendatorie|, |Petitorie|, &c. as

they fall out to be handled._

_This booke thus shewing these parts before remembred, I haue termed

as you see by the name of |The Secretorie|, being in the consideration

thereof nothing ignorant what great perfection is to be required in

such a one, by whose title the same is deliuered, neither supposing the

matter herein contained to appeare so sufficient, as perfectly thereby

to enable what in the same function is to bee required, but because

the orderly writing of Letters, being a principall part belonging to

a |Secretorie|, is by the |Method|: hereof deliuered to any Learners

capacitie whereout the Scholler or any other that is vnfurnished of the

knowledge thereof, may gather ayde and furtherance, I haue therefore

endeuored to tearme it by the name of |Secretarie|._

_These with my willing minde, and desire of well doing herein, I doo

present to the generall and friendly regarde of all, wishing that in

courtesie they repute of my trauels, as formost of all other things,

I therein respected their benefites. In affoording whereof, they

shall doo no more then belongeth to good mindes, and encourage me by

whatsoeuer other meanes hereafter, to gratifie their fauours._

The English

Secretorie.

Of an Epistle, the commodities and vse thereof.

Chap. 1.

=Forasmuch as we haue herein endeuoured to lay downe a platforme or

method for writing of Epistles. It shall not be amisse, that following

the order of all other writers, wee first define vnto you what an

Epistle is. An Epistle therefore, is that which vsually we in our

vulgar, doe tearms a Letter, and for the respectes thereof is called

the messenger, or familiar speach of the absent, for that therein

is discouered whatsoeuer the minde wisheth in such cases to haue

deliuered. The diuersities of Epistles are manifold, as wherof ensueth

a platforme to euerie motion, being in truth so infinite as are yᵉ

imaginations of each ones fantasie, seeing the declaration of euerie

letter, is no more then what the minde willeth in all occasions to

be perfourmed, and according to such instigations wherewith at that

instant men are fed when they write, taketh his formall substance,

whether it be to require, counsel, exhort, command, informie, commend,

entreat, aduertise, gratulate, or whatsoeuer other purpose therein

pretended, as cause and matter maie fall out to be required. The

antiquity is as ancient as the benefite that therof ensueth is great,

whereof onlie those that are sufficientlie enabled with the qualitie,

can giue the greatest testimonie. Needelesse were it for me to commend

the vse, when aswell by the authorities of a number the best learned,

who to aduance the efficacie thereof, haue in sundrie languages

prescribed rules and methods for the same, as of others besides, whose

most excellent writings of Epistles are at this present extant, it is

most plentifully aduanced. And although pregnant wit ensuing by nature

was the foremost cause that first bred the inuention of Letters, and

that euery one naturally can speake, or in some sort or other set down

their meaning: yet Art preuailing in the cause, and by cunning skill

marshalling euery thing in his due order, place and proportion, how

much more the same is then beautified, adorned, and as it were in a new

shape transmuted by such kind of knowledge, the difference that dailie

appeareth may yeeld proofe sufficient.=

What is chiefelie to be respected in framing

of an Epistle. _Chap. 2._

=Forasmuch as by the necessarie vse of Letters before laid downe,

a commendable maner of writing and framing the same hath bene

already remembred: It shall not bee amisse, that in this Chapter

we now endeuour to answere the purpose therein pretended. For the

manifestation whereof, I haue thought good to drawe vnto your

consideration certaine principall points, which thereunto are

speciallie to be required: first, |Aptnes of words| and |sentences|,

respecting that they be neate and choiselie picked, and orderly

handled: next, |Breuity of speach|, according in matter and

circumstance fitlie to be framed: lastly, |Comlines in deliuerance|,

concerning the person and cause, whereupon the direction is grounded.=

=The first, being |Aptnesse of wordes and sentences|, consisteth in

choice and good tearmes, in skilful and proper application of them

according to their true meanings, in wel sorting and fitting them, to

their seuerall purposes. |Choise| and good tearmes, are in words vsual,

and plain for the matter in deliuerie, not improper nor new coined,

nor too olde, as hauing not of long time before bene vsed. |Skilfull

application| is, when in their setting down they haue either their true

& proper signification for deliuery, or else by a more delicate or

pleasant inuenton may be caried conceitedly. |Well sorting & fitting

them|, resteth in the matter in handling, that therein be a concordance

with their applications, whereof may ensue a due construction, and no

disorderlie mistaking.=

=The next, being |Breuity of speach|, is not as some vndiscreetlie

haue imagined, that which consisteth in fewnes of lines, & shortnes

of roome in shew of a side of paper, but breuitie of matter, wherein

scope sufficient remaining for the necessary demonstration and

deliuerie of any needfull occasion, men are barred from friuolous

circumstances, and inioined therin to abhorre all maner of tediousnes:

For which cause some haue beene of opinion, that continuance of matter

ought not to be vsed in an |Epistle|, for that it thereby looseth the

shew of an |Epistle|, and taketh vpon it the habit of an Oration: Yet

of such sort are in this method sundry Epistles, the titles wherof

are, |Hortatorie|, |Dehortatorie|, |Laudatorie|, |Vituperatorie|,

|Suasorie|, |Petitorie|, |Monitorie|, |Accusatorie|, |Excusatorie|,

|Consolatorie|, |Inuectiue| and such like, whose speciall vses do of

necessitie admit such scope as in euerie ordinarie Epistle is not

found, and though they beare in them many |Oratorie| parts, yet lose

they not at all for that, neither name nor habit of an |Epistle|. The

tolleration and ordinarie vse of which, both examples of many learned,

and common custome hath warranted. And therfore, when to be briefe

it is herein inioyned, it is alwayes thereby to be intended, that a

man with onelie necessarie speeches may bee permitted to deliuer his

meaning, neither is it without the limits of breuitie, when aptlie and

at full the same shall be in this sort reported.=

=And for the better declaration, howe farre the conceit hereof may be

induced only in writing of Letters, I will first limit what may be

accounted necessarie therein, and afterwards endeuour to lay downe,

howe contrarie thereunto, men (aswell in the vse, as in neglecting

thereof) haue heretofore erred. Necessarie speeches, I do account

whatsoeuer is set downe, for the plaine and open deliuerie of euerie

occasion, to the intent the minde of the writer, and what he pursueth

may aptly and in good and ready sort be conceiued. The repugnancie

hereof is when either with too much curtalling our arguments, in

conceit to auoyde tediousnes, or with too manie or ouer often

repetitions, neuer thinking to haue spokē sufficiently, either to

induce remembrance, or put forward our meaning, we abbreuiate or

amplifie our Epistles. And when some others also, of a conceit more

curious than necessarie, striuing to excell in varietie of sentences,

and copie of words, coyned all of one sute, thinke therfore in paining

themselues to write more than needeth, to be counted more eloquent.

These falling out to bee imperfections, as each of them are in truth to

bee blamed, so where the defect remaineth, are they (for well writing)

with studie to be amended.=

=The third and last nowe being |Comelinesse in deliuerance touching the

person and cause|, séemeth to bee tied vnto two seuerall respects: that

is, to the reputation of the partie to whome wee write, his condition,

age, honour, and disposition, and to the fitnes of the matter whereof

we take vpon vs to write: for as it is most decent that in the matter

we make choice of, we giue vnto euerie cause his proper and orderly

effect: so is it euery way as conuenient to afford a like _Decorum_ of

those to whome our letters are directed.=

=The reputation of each partie, is measured according to his dignitie

or worthinesse, whereby hee beareth reckoning and place before vs.

The condition, by the age or maner of liuing, wherein resteth either

grauitie or youthfulnesse. The humour by the disposition, as whether

desirous to be reuerenced, fawned on, or with plaine termes vsed. By

this reason, the methode or stile of our letters falleth out diuerslie

to be considered: in one sort we frame them to olde men, in an other

sort to young men, one way to sad and graue persons, another to light

and yong fellowes: one platforme to Courtiers, another to Philosophers.

To great and notable personages, with a dutie speciall, appropriate

to their calling: To our betters, alwayes with submission: To our

inferiours, benignly and fauourably: To our friends, louinglie: To our

enemies sharplie and nippinglie. Thus farre as touching the person, and

now for the cause.=

=In this point it séemeth that the matter of euerie writing should

still be measureed according to the writers apparance, credit or

worthines, that the validity thereof should be answerable to the one

or the others greatnes, or goodnesse: that the intendment be sound,

lawfull, and to no euill purposes: that it containe not base, filthie,

or scurrile matter, vnbeséeming a direction so worthie. Then that

euerie thing to bee written of should bee deliuered according to his

proper qualitie: Termes more officious than beséeming, are vnfitting:

not sufficientlie to consider of each reputation, were ouer homelie. A

matter of grauitie is to bee deliuered with waight: a matter of sorrowe

should be reported with griefe: a matter of pastime, to be discoursed

with pleasure: a matter of folly, intermingled with laughter. Now

contrariwise, to a person sorrowfull to write of iests, to talke

learnedly to a clowne, to salute an olde man with childish fantasies:

in cases of waight, to aduance trifles: were altogither as improper as

peeuish, and more absurd than fitteth to be tollerated in anie skilfull

vsage.=

[Sidenote: Words improper and impugning the sense.]

[Sidenote: Errors commō to the learned, as well as to the vnlearned.]

=And because I haue taken vpon me some distinguishments of writing,

wherein I speciallie stand vpon choise and meete termes and spéeches,

with proper applications: I thinke it not amisse to set down vnto you

some shew of the contrarie inurements, wherby you may with the greater

discretion conceiue the error thereof, the which I haue sometimes

noted in other mens writings; And first, of vnséemly applications:

as for example: one that sometimes intended not a litle of his owne

inuention, tooke vpon him to write a loue letter to a woman of verie

meane reckoning, in which, after he had drawne (God |Cupid| by the

name of the blinded boy) by those parts of fauor that neuer were in

her, and shewed himselfe much passionat for the loue he ought to her,

he concludeth the meatter in this sort. |Thus crauing your lawfull

beneuolence, in not mee reiecting, your answere comfortable and not

intollerable, &c.| The woman not accustomed to such hote intertainment,

and rather bluntlie before time pursued, then daintilie intreated,

beganne here vpon (forsooth) to waxe coy, and to intende great matter

of her self, and vaunting her fauour at a higher rate then he belike

séemed afterwarde willing to become a purchaser of, remained as she

was, and himselfe at his more profitable studies. The conclusion of his

letter was verie improper, insomuch as requiring liking by the name of

|Beneuolence|, hee both misprised his owne demand, and séemed to induce

a word more sounding to a charitable reliefe, or curteous contribution

of money, then to anie such purpose as he meant it. Besides, |your

answere comfortable, and not intollerable|. If these had passed in

a iest, it had béene more conuenient, but vsed |bona fide|, it was

too bad, especiallie respecting the partie what she was, from whome

one would haue supposed that such a one as himself, could neuer haue

receiued (but by too much tolleration) any discontentment at all. This

errour we see is not onelie common to the vnlearned, for as well this

one, who in his profession (as I was informed by him that shewed me the

letter) was well reputed of, but also some of the forwarder sort, onlie

by affectation of words, which they haue vsed, haue béene misliked,

and yet learned ynough. Among which a Doctor of Physicke long since,

intending to be verie eloquent in words, and such as euery Carter

should not conceiue of, began an Epistle to a booke by him published in

this sort: wherein secondly appeareth this errour of old improper or

new coyned termes, and this was the forme.=

[Sidenote: A ridiculous maner of writing.]

[Sidenote: Vrbanitie and exasperate vnproperlie placed.]

Egregious Doctours and Maisters of the eximious and Archane Science of

Physicke, of your Vrbanitie exasperate not your selues agaynst mee, for

making of this little volume of Physicke. Considering that my pretence

is for an vtilitie and a Common-wealth. And this not onelie, but also I

doe it for no detriment, but for a preferment of your laudable Science,

that euerie man should esteeme, repute, and regarde the excellent

facultie. And also you to bee extolled and highlie preferred, that

hath and dooth studie, practise and labour this saide Archane Science,

to the which none inartious persons, can nor shall attaine to the

knowledge: yet notwithstanding fooles and insipient persons, yea and

manie the which doth think themselues wise (the which in this facultie

be fooles indeed) will enterprise to smatter, &c. =Was there euer seene

from a learned man a more preposterous & confused kind of writing,

farced with so many and such odde coyned tearmes in so little vttering?

But surely, the man did it of a great conceite, for as appeareth by

the course of all his Epistle following, his wittes were so pestered

with an angrie mislike of the bad demeanor of some vnlearned vsers of

his science (as he thought with himselfe) that euerie botcher should

not be able to vent him, but hee should bee a man of some reach at

least that should finde him. Neuerthelesse howe wise so euer stood

his imaginations: this one thing doe I knowe, that diuerse to whome

I haue shewed the booke haue verie heartilie laughed in perusing the

parts of his writing. For these |egregious|, |eximious|, |vrbanitie|,

and |exasperate|, although the wordes be in some sort tollerable,

yet because anie of them are amongst vs verie rarelie vsed, and in

this writing two of them especially very vnproperly placed, the maner

thereof soundeth (in mine opinion) nothing pleasant. Insomuch as

|exasperate| is properly to set him in a farther rage, that is alreadie

furiously bent in a thing, and besides, by the action of another man

then himselfe who as it were of a resolute will and meaning, would goe

about to procure it, so that it maie be well saide, |hee did exasperate

his furies the more, by inducing such a speach, or such an acte:| but

it cannot bee so properlie deliuered to saie, |exasperate not your

selfe for such a thing|, especiallie when I am not therewith so much as

in anie mislike alreadie, which no man canne at anie time bee, without

he first knowe an occasion: your |Vrbanitie| likewise being deriued

of the Latine worde |Vrbanus|, which is ciuile, courteous, gentle,

modest, or well ruled, as men commonlie are in Cities and places of

good gouernement, whereof that worde taketh his originall, the worde

is not common amongst vs, nor so apt to the sense as if hee had saide,

|your curtesie, your modestie|, and so it might run thus, |Let not your

curtesies be agreeued against me|, or, |Let it not be offensiue to your

modesty, that for the benefite of a great manie, I haue published this

volume of Physicke|. The grounde was verie good, for his intendment

was, that the cause belonged to a common wealth, wherein if anie

particular commoditie seemed to be lessened, wise men and such as were

more studious of their Countries good, then of their owne peculiar

gaine, ought not to be offended. Then saith he: |And this not only, but

also I doe it for no detriment, &c.| What confused deliuerance is this?

How much more orderlie thus, which soundeth also more to his meaning.

|And this also respected, in that I doe it not for anie detriment vnto

you, but for a preferment of your laudable science|. Then his comming

in with |arcane science, inartious fooles and insipient persons|, had

it not beene lesse improper, if hee had saide |profounde science,

and vnskilfull or vnlearned|, for |inartious|, and to haue contented

himselfe with his |fooles|, without adding to the same |insipient

persons|. Lastlie he proceedeth: |And many the which dooth thinke

themselues wise (the which in this facultie are fooles indeede) will

enterprise, &c.| Here is |the which| and |the which|, a phrase neuer

with vs accustomed, nor with anie good writer in his time (which was

not manie yeares since) the sence whereof might in this sort more

plainelie bee deliuered. |And many who in their owne opinion doe seeme

verie wise (but therein are in truth verie fooles) will enterprise,

&c.| But of this ynough, for that I thinke it nowe high time to proceed

to the rest, these two exemples being sufficient to admonish the

learner, of the congruitie of his speaches and sentences, with good

phrases that bee most agreeing to the meaning, and not improperlie, to

be deliuered, whereby he shall auoid the like errour, and absurditie

in conueiance hereby expressed, and already so much reprehended.=

Of the habite and parts of an Epistle. _Cap. 3._

[Sidenote: Character of an Epistle generall.]

[Sidenote: Epistles distinguished into generall and speciall.]

[Sidenote: Letters general are familar.]

[Sidenote: Letters special.]

[Sidenote: Difference of stile.]

=Seeing an Epistle hath chieflie his definition herof, in that it

is tearmed the familiar and mutuall talke of one absent friende to

another: it seemeth the Character thereof, shoulde according thereunto

bee simple, plaine, and of the lowest and meanest stile, vtterlie

deuoid of anie shadow of hie and loftie speaches: yet neuerthelesse,

for so much as in the argument of a great manie of them (whose

seuerall distinctions hereafter shall appeare) is required (as I said

before) a more high and loftie deliuerance, partaking manie waies

with that kinde accustomed in Orations, and is therefore accordinglie

to be necessarilie furnished with the pointes thereunto incident: we

will for the present, sort all kinde of Epistles onelie into these

two maner of differences, the one part whereof shall be said to be

general, and the other speciall. Under this title of generall shall bee

comprehended all such, as either for fashions sake, custome, dutie,

curtesie, or other familiaritie do ordinarilie passe from one part to

another, rather of a pleasant conceit, or some other more district or

seuere motion, then of anie extraordinarie cause, forme, or substance

in either of them contained. Such are those as whome either long

acquaintance, or ancient familiaritie, haue caused enterchangeablie to

haue performed: or fatherly reuerence, and seruile dutie haue bound, by

graue authoritie ouer children, kindred or seruants, accustomablie to

be continued. These, for the common and ordinarie matter in euerie of

them vsed, being vtterly exempt from anie waight or grauitie at all,

are rightlie tearmed by the name of familiar letters. They nowe that

be speciall are such, the matter of whome (as I said before) doe admit

both higher stile, and more orderlie deliuerance, according to the

waight of the argument, in anie of them to bee handled: and for this

cause are tearmed speciall, as bearing in them a resolute purpose and

intendment seriouslie to discourse vpon, to answere, mittigate or auoid

any certain matter or causes, importing the present affairs whereupon

the direction is framed. Of them also are certaine diuisions, learnedly

by skilfull Authours, that heretofore haue beene distinguished, the

titles whereof I doe omit, in another place then this more opportune to

be hereafter remembred. These as they are from the others manie waies

estranged in their seuerall argumentes: so vnto the conueiance and

expressing of their causes appertaineth both other order, and diuers

partes in them (then in the residue) more fullie to be considered. In

whose composition, that there maie be a platforme gathered of a more

certaine proceeding, we wil as others haue thought meet, distinguish

their seuerall parts as they fall out to be borrowed in an oration.=

[Sidenote: Inuention.]

[Sidenote: Disposition.]

[Sidenote: Eloquution.]

[Sidenote: Helps to Inuention and Eloquution.]

=In such kind therefore of Epistles, rightly and with good skil to be

handled, the learner shal vnderstand, that there are three things, by

meanes whereof, for the needfull expressing and orderlie deliuerie of

anie matter whatsoeuer, he must of necessitie be furnished. |Inuention|

first, wherein plentifullie is searched and considered, what kind of

matter, how much varietie of sentences, what sorts of figures, how

many similitudes, what approbations, diminutions, insinuations and

circumstances are presentlie needefull, or furthering to the matter in

handling. Then, |Disposition|, whereby is orderlie, cunninglie, and

perfectlie laid downe and disposed, euerie matter and cause in his due

order, proportion and place. Thirdlie, |Eloquution|, whose efficacie in

speaches, neate, pure and elegant, is in the other Chapter vnder aptnes

of words sufficientlie alreadie described. The first and the last of

these three, as they are greatlie put forwarde by nature, which in some

being farre more curious of imitation and studie of the best, then in

other some, whose will and conceit alike, doe (by a verie instinct)

affect and couet far more baser purposes: so besides the furtherance

continuallie atchieued by often vse of reading, shall herein be

greatlie holpen, in that for the selfe same purpose, and to the intent

the learner maie as well in his natiue tongue, know the right vse

of figures and Tropes heretofore neuer by him vnderstoode, as also

discerne and vse them, out of others and in his own writings. I haue

at the latter end of this booke, gathered together all such Figures,

Schemes and Tropes hereunto needefull and conuenient, and there haue by

sundrie familiar examples expressed their vses and seuerall effects.

In diligent conceit and aduerting whereof, the vse vnto the practiser

shall in short time bee founde greatlie auaileable, by the benefit

thereby attained.=

[Sidenote: Stile of Epistles.]

[Sidenote: Sublime.]

[Sidenote: Humile.]

[Sidenote: Mediocre.]

=Now in as much as |Eloquution| is annexed vnto the stile, which

euermore is also tied to the argument and substance of euerie Epistle:

it is to be regarded what stile maie generallie bee deemed meetest for

the common habit, wherein each of them maie ordinarilie be published.

In the recording whereof, we do find thrée sorts, especiallie in all

kinds of writing and speaking, to haue bene generallie commended.

_Sublime_, the highest and stateliest maner, and loftiest deliuerance

of anie thing that maie bee, expressing the heroicall and mightie

actions of Kinges, Princes, and other honourable personages, the stile

whereof is said to be tragicall swelling in choice, and those the most

haughtiest tearmes, commended, described, amplified and preferred also

by Orators, which manie excellent Figures and places of Rhetorique.

_Humile_, the lowest comicall, and most simple of all others, the

matter whereof is the meanest subiect of anie argument that maie be,

entermedling in common causes, aduertisements and mutuall affectes

of euerie one, the stile whereof sweepeth euen the very grounde it

selfe, and is fittest appropriate to our familiar Letters, for that

in such familiar causes and maners, the same is solely frequented, in

which neuertheless is _Sua faceties et elegantia quædam_ his certaine

kind of elegancie, pleasant and neat conueiance, not altogether to be

sequestred from that kinde of deliuerance. _Mediocre_, a meane betwixt

high and lowe, vehement and slender, too much and too little, as we

saie, in which are expressed histories, Declamations, Comentaries, and

other intermingled actions, not of anie in particular, but of all in

generall, this stile of all others maie be adapted vnto these speciall

kinds of Epistles.=

[Sidenote: Skilfull vse of writing.]

[Sidenote: Parts of an Epistle.]

[Sidenote: Exordium.]

[Sidenote: Narratio & Propositio.]

[Sidenote: Confirmatiō.]

[Sidenote: Confutatiō.]

[Sidenote: Peroratiō.]

=Thus then it followeth, that whether we write familiarlie, or

waightilie, we must endeuour as neere as maie bee that each be

perfourmed skilfullie, for that to neither of them maie want learning,

without the knowledge whereof, what ornament can there be at all of

this expected elegancie. The particularities whereof included in these

two titles |Inuention| and |Eloquution|, both Nature and Skill do

put forward as we daily see by a double instruction. This therfore

sufficing for those twain, let vs see what parts are supplied in an

Epistle, succéeding in the other also, and ayding to |Disposition|.

The first place is |Exordium|, a beginning or introduction to the

matter to be written of, which is not always after one sort or fashion,

but in diuerse maners: as sometimes by preamble, wherein either for our

selues, or the cause we write of, or in respect of him, for or to whom

we write, wee studie to win fauor or allowance of the matter, sometimes

by insinuation, wherin couertly, either in respect that the matter

requireth long debatement or that mislike may bee alreadie grounded

in him to whom we direct our letters, we seeke by cunning reasons to

shewe that the case so requiring is tollerable: or in the other, that

rather equity then selfe opinion must and ought chieflie to be weighed.

Sometimes by a similitude, wherein by manifesting the like of that we

take in hand to haue bene commenced, tollerated, or equally censured,

wee intend the same, or lesse force in our selues, at their hands

to bee borne withall or accepted, and diuerse other wayes besides,

as in the Epistles following shall be tendred. Then |Narratio|, or

|Propositio|, each seruing to one effect, wherein is declared or

proponed, in the one by plaine tearmes, in the other by inference,

or comparison, the verie substance of the matter whatsoeuer to be

handled. Then |Confirmatio|, wherein are amplified or suggested many

reasons, for the aggrauating or proof of any matter in question. After

|Confutatio|, whereby is diminished, disproued or auoided, whatsoeuer

to bee supposed, obiected or aggrauated. Lastlie, |Peroratio|, in which

after a briefe recapitulation of that which hath beene vrged, the

occasions thereof are immediatelie concluded. These are not altogither

at all times vsed, but some or the most of them as occasion serueth,

either admitted or reiected: besides which, others also are sometimes

remembred. The vse whereof as in sundrie Epistles they may be deemed

necessarie, shall in their seuerall examples hereafter perused, appeare

more euidentlie and largely.=

Of certaine contents generally incident to all maner

of Epistles. _Chap. 4._

[Sidenote: Maner of salutations.]

[Sidenote: Epithets.]

=In writing of Epistles, four especiall contents are alwaies

continuallie incident. The manner of Salutation, an order of taking

leaue or farewell, the Subscription, and the outwarde direction.

Salutations of auncient time were woont to bee fixed, _Quasi omen

faustum_, a signe or inuiting to good hap, in the front or vpper part

of the letter: so did the auncient |Romanes|, and in like manner after

their examples doo at this daie some other nations. But seldome or

neuer (especiallie of the learned and most curious writers) is the

same in our English directions, at any time accustomed. Onelie this,

where letters are directed from one or more of the Councell to an

inferiour Magistrate or person, or from some noble man to such, whom

hee intertaineth not in any estate of societie or equall familiaritie,

the maner of commendations (which with vs is retained for an order

of Salutation or gréeting) runneth lightlie in the beginning of the

Letter, and customablie is deliuered in this forme. |After our heartie

commendations vnto your L.| if it bee from a number of the Counsell

to a Noble man, or otherwise in the singular number vnto an inferiour

person, as thus. |After my heartie commendations vnto you|. But

otherwise writing seriouslie to anie man, the greeting if it be to one

far our better is turned, to an acknowledgment of some kind of dutie,

or reuerent account, and that most commonly at the end of the Letter,

which likewise in equalitie falleth out in such place to be mentioned.

And being in familiarities is to no place tied, but beginning, middle,

or ending of the Letter, all is one, as séemeth most consonant to the

vaine & disposition of the partie, and these also at all times not

deliuered in the selfe worde of gréeting or commendations, but by

diuerse |Epithets|, and fine conueiances, as falleth out to the matter

of the Epistle, and the conditions of the partie to be handled. This

being at the end of the Letter, there shall immediatelie follow the

order of farewell, which ioyning so hard thereupon as it doeth, wee

will put them both in one example of wordes and |Epithets|, togither

with the subscriptions, for the easier instruction of the learner, and

his better remembrance, referring the notes of euerie of them to their

places, where afterwards they are vsed in their seuerall Letters.=

Diuerse orders of greetings, farewels and sub-

scriptions. _Cap. 5_.

[Sidenote: Greetings of humilitie or acknowledgment of dutie.]

[Sidenote: Greetings familiar.]

=Acknowledging my selfe deepelie bounde vnto your L. for manie sundrie

fauours: I doe remaine in all humble reuerrence. Finding my selfe manie

wayes beholding vnto your exceeding courtesies, I ende. Remembring

howe much I am indebted vnto your L. for your sundrie benefites: I

conferre the regard thereof to my present imaginations, and doe beseech

thereof at your honourable handes an euerlasting continuance. All

humble loyaltie and seruice protested vnto your honorable calling, I

rest nowe and perpetuallie your L. &c. Fearing in speeches, neuer with

sufficiencie to manifest the conceit I haue of your most honourable

fauours: I solace my selfe with the remembrance, and humblie leaue your

L. to your woonted perseuerance. Praying the Almightie to haue your

L. euermore in his gratious protection, I humblie take my leaue. Your

worship in this, besides manie other occasions hauing perpetuallie

bound mee, how can I but rest such, as you haue expected and shall

euer find me. Eftsoones recording my bounden seruice vnto your worship

and my good Ladie, I remaine as euer before. Not forgetting howe manie

wayes I am charged, in dutifull remembrance towards you, I rest as

I haue protested. More grieued at my mishap and disabilitie, then

wanting either will or liking to doe seruice vnto you: I affix my selfe

euermore vpon the acceptance of your woonted cuʳtesie, and humblie

there withall do take my leaue: Commending the safetie and good estate

of your worship to the Almighties protection, I rest in all dutifull

regard to the same. Rather desirous to shewe my selfe thankful, then

otherwise able in like sort to giue you any requital, I continue, &c.

Binding my self by all possible indeuors, neuer to be fréed from the

charge of so excéeding benefites, I wish I might as I would, be vnto

you in verie deed, &c. Wishing vnto you and yours, as much happinesse,

as my selfe am clogged with carefulnesse, I surcease. Desiring vnto you

no worse successe in these and all other your laudable endeuors, then

my selfe haue eftsoones craued in performance of my chiefest trauels,

I recommend you to the tuition of the Almightie. Not forgetting our

accustomed gréetings and interchangeable welwishings, my hastie Letter

taketh ende. Weighing howe much you are alreadie busied, and not

willing to keepe you further occupied, I ende my long and tedious

discourse, beeing in nothing exempted from woonted salutations, and

accustomed kind of greetings. Thinke not though my haste be such, but

that I remember (notwithstanding all this breuitie) how greatlie I

stand charged both to you and yours, to whome, and all the rest to you

knowne I eftsoones commend me. Reioycing not a little at the health of

you and all other our friends, I hartily bid you fare well. Reiocing

my self on your wel-wishing, and the hope I haue to be returned in

safetie I commend my hap to fortune, and our gouernement to the

Almightie. Rendring vnto you as manie thankes, as I conceiued comfort

of your good intreatings, I leaue to detaine you. Omitting what else

to bee amplified in these or anie other occasions I expect your happie

returne, and in hope thereof doe bid you farewell. Knowing howe well I

loue you, the lesse ceremonies I néede to vse in greeting you, onlie

you shall remember to your parents in most hartie maner to commend mee.

Salute I praie you your friendes in my name, and thinke in my best and

serious wishes I neuer forget you. My father willed me in his behalfe

to salute you, and all the rest of your acquaintance here do most

hartilie greete you. Forget not in what sort I haue heretofore receiued

you, and thinke in the selfe same maner I do still intertaine you. My

gréetings to our friend R. let not bee vnremembred, and deeme that in

all my vowes I haue (vnto you all) most heartilie wished. I had almost

let slip my commendations vnto your brother, which for anie thing I

would not had bene forgotten, vpon whom, as of greatest choic, I will

make my reposing.=

=The liking I haue to N. maketh mee here to remember him whose good

demeanour as your own, I haue in chiefest reckoning. My gréetings and

paper haue all one ende togither, onelie our friendship indissoluble

can neuer be forgotten.=

=Thinke how exceedinglie I haue alwaies well wished vnto you, and

accordinglie thereunto measure the rest of mine affections towards

you. Haste compelleth mee to ende sooner than I would, wherin

notwithstanding I can neuer omit sufficientlie to gréete you, eftsoones

recognizing as behooueth, your especall good liking towards me, &c.=

=Innummerable of these and such like might be imagined both in

greetings and farewels, the course whereof beeing furnished with such

varietie as it is, I haue left the residue vnto the conceit of the

learner, accounting the plentie herein set down, for anie studious

follower to be alreadie sufficient.=

[Sidenote: Subscriptions.]

=And now to the Subscriptions, the diuersities whereof are (as best

they may be allotted in sence) to either of these to bee placed,

forwarned alwaies vnto the vnskilfull herein, that writing to anie

person of account, by howe much the more excellent hee is in calling

from him in whose behalfe the Letter is framed, by so much the lower,

shall the subscription thereunto belonging, in any wise be placed.=

=And if the state of honour of him to whome the Letter shall be

directed doe require so much, the verie lowest margent of paper shall

do no more but beare it, so be it the space bee seemelie for the name,

and the roome fairre inough to comprehend it, which Subscriptions in

all sortes to be handled shall passe in this or the like order or

substance.=

[Sidenote: Maner and varietie of subscriptions.]

=Your L. most deuoted and loyallie affected. Your Honours most assured

in whatsoeuer seruices. Your L. in whatsoeuer to be commanded. The most

affectionate vnto your L. of all others. Hee that hath vowed to liue

and die in your Honourable seruice. Your L. most faithfull and obedient

Sonne. Your La. louing and obedient Daughter. Who but by your L. is

onelie to be commaunded. Whose heart is your Honours, and his life by

your L. to be disposed. He that liueth not but for your worship, and

to doe you seruice. Whose regard stretcheth vnto your Worship more

then vnto anie others. He that vnto your worship hath vowed to become

most assured. Whome none haue euer bound so much, as the deserts of

your L. Your L. in all humblenes. Your Honours euer to be commaunded.

At your worships command. Your La. most bounden and affectionate. At

your honourable direction. Alwaies attendant vpon your L. pleasure.

Your worships in all good account. Yours euer louing and most assured.

To none so much as your selfe. Hee that in all accounts tendereth your

welfare. Whome by your onelie curtesie you haue conuinced. The same

which I accept from you, and not otherwise. Such as I am, or as you

wish to finde me. He that in his liking is onlie yours. Whome you

haue euer knowne, but neuer prooued. Whose liking onelie accounteth of

your worthinesse. Such as you haue euer founde me, and not otherwise.

Yours in what soeuer to bee imploied. More chary of your welfare, then

carefull of himselfe. Yours as you like to haue me. Yours faithfull

and euer assured. Yours or not his owne. He who found you, but neuer

knew you. He that once fauoured you, but sithence hath vowed neuer to

regarde you. Whose liking by your ingratitude hath beene quenched. In

whose account you once were, but now abandoned. Who once wished to

loue, but could neuer hate thee. Whom thy deserts haue made an enemie.

Whom hereby you may win, (if you list) for euer to become a friend.

To each one louing, but to the most charie. Whose heart shall faile

in any thing, sooner then in conceit towardes thee. Hée, whose in

loialtie thou didst protest to be. Who liueth not but to pursue thee.

Who euer looked on, but neuer loued thee. The same as you left me.

Such as you saw when you departed from me. The same and none other,

which I haue euer seemed to be. Whose worde hath bounde him, and faith

shall assure him. Yours most affectionate. Yours deuoted till death.

Yours while life swaieth within me. Yours as far forth as anie others.

&c. with manie other applications, whose |Epithets| are infinite, and

rather vpon the cause suggested then otherwise, to bee euermore added,

altered, or conceiued. These and the others may only suffice for the

present purpose, referring what else to be expected, to the regarde of

a more curious or delicate inuention.=

[Sidenote: Acknowledgemēt of duty in the Exordium.]

=And herein I thought good to aduertise the learner, that sometimes

it falleth out, that this acknowledgement of dutie, mentioned in the

beginning of the greetings and farewels, is in diuers Letters expressed

in the foremost part, and the |Exordium| thereupon framed: (for that

the same in truth is one of the parts thereunto belonging effected in

the person or condition of him to whom we write) which to doe, if in

his writing also the same maie be deemed necessarie, he maie then vse

some other order of farewell or taking leaue, either by imitation of

others, or if hee thinke meete, what herein else prescribed, consonant

and agreeing to the state and reputation of the same partie to whome

hee writeth. Now then shall followe the directions, which on the

outside of euerie Letter (the same being made vp and sealed) are

alwaies fired, and commonlie are termed by the name of Superscriptions.=

Of Superscriptions and Directions. _Cap. 6._

[Sidenote: Superscriptions and directions of the Romanes.]