Leaving Malva and Indore, the quasi-independent country of Holkar, we
found ourselves once more on strictly British territory. We were going
to Jubblepore by railway.
This town is situated in the district of Saugor and Nerbudda; once
it belonged to the Mahrattis, but, in 1817, the English army took
possession of it. We stopped in the town only for a short time, being
anxious to see the celebrated Marble Rocks. As it would have been a pity
to lose a whole day, we hired a boat and started at 2 A.M., which gave
us the double advantage of avoiding the heat, and enjoying a splendid
bit of the river ten miles from the town.
The neighborhood of Jubblepore is charming; and besides, both a
geologist and a mineralogist would find here the richest field for
scientific researches. The geological formation of the rocks offers an
infinite variety of granites; and the long chains of mountains might
keep a hundred of Cuviers busy for life. The limestone caves of
Jubblepore are a true ossuary of antediluvian India; they are full of
skeletons of monstrous animals, now disappeared for ever.
At a considerable distance from the rest of the mountain ridges, and
perfectly separate, stand the Marble Rocks, a most wonderful natural
phenomenon, not very rare, though, in India. On the flattish banks of
the Nerbudda, overgrown with thick bushes, you suddenly perceive a long
row of strangely-shaped white cliffs.
They are there without any apparent reason, as if they were a wart on
the smooth cheek of mother nature. White and pure, they are heaped up
on each other as if after some plan, and look exactly like a huge
paperweight from the writing-table of a Titan. We saw them when we were
half-way from the town. They appeared and disappeared with the sudden
capricious turnings of the river; trembling in the early morning mist
like a distant, deceitful mirage of the desert. Then we lost sight of
them altogether. But just before sunrise they stood out once more before
our charmed eyes, floating above their reflected image in the water. As
if called forth by the wand of a sorcerer, they stood there on the green
bank of the Nerbudda, mirroring their virgin beauty on the calm surface
of the lazy stream, and promising us a cool and welcome shelter.... And
as to the preciousness of every moment of the cool hours before sunrise,
it can be appreciated only by those who have lived and traveled in this
fiery land.
Alas! in spite of all our precautions, and our unusually early start,
our enjoyment of this cool retreat was very short-lived. Our project was
to have prosaic tea amid these poetic surroundings; but as soon as we
landed, the sun leaped above the horizon, and began shooting his fiery
arrows at the boat, and at our unfortunate heads. Persecuting us from
one place to another, he banished us, at last, even from under a huge
rock hanging over the water. There was literally no place where we
could seek salvation. The snow-white marble beauties became golden red,
pouring fire-sparks into the river, heating the sand and blinding our
eyes.
No wonder that legend supposes in them something between the abode and
the incarnation of Kali, the fiercest of all the goddesses of the Hindu
pantheon.
For many Yugas this goddess has been engaged in a desperate contest
with her lawful husband Shiva, who, in his shape of Trikutishvara, a
three-headed lingam, has dishonestly claimed the rocks and the river for
his own--the very rocks and the very river over which Kali presides in
person. And this is why people hear dreadful moaning, coming from under
the ground, every time that the hand of an irresponsible coolie, working
by Government orders in Government quarries, breaks a stone from the
white bosom of the goddess. The unhappy stone-breaker hears the cry and
trembles, and his heart is torn between the expectations of a dreadful
punishment from the bloodthirsty goddess and the fear of his implacably
exacting inspector in case he disobeys his orders.
Kali is the owner of the Marble Rocks, but she is the patroness of the
ex-Thugs as well. Many a lonely traveler has shuddered on hearing this
name; many a bloodless sacrifice has been offered on the marble altar
of Kali. The country is full of horrible tales about the achievements
of the Thugs, accomplished in the honor of this goddess. These tales
are too recent and too fresh in the popular memory to become as yet
mere highly-colored legends. They are mostly true, and many of them are
proved by official documents of the law courts and inquest commissions.
If England ever leaves India, the perfect suppression of Thugism will be
one of the good memories that will linger in the country long after
her departure. Under this name was practised in India during two long
centuries the craftiest and the worst kind of homicide. Only after 1840
was it discovered that its aim was simply robbery and brigandage.
The falsely interpreted symbolical meaning of Kali was nothing but a
pretext, otherwise there would not have been so many Mussulmans amongst
her devotees. When they were caught at last, and had to answer before
justice, most of these knights of the rumal--the handkerchief with which
the operation of strangling was performed--proved to be Mussulmans. The
most illustrious of their leaders were not Hindus, but followers of the
Prophet, the celebrated Ahmed, for instance. Out of thirty-seven Thugs
caught by the police there were twenty-two Mahometans. This proves
perfectly clearly that their religion, having nothing in common with the
Hindu gods, had nothing to do with their cruel profession; the reason
and cause was robbery.
It is true though that the final initiation rite was performed in some
deserted forest before an idol of Bhavani, or Kali, wearing a necklace
of human skulls. Before this final initiation the candidates had to
undergo a course of schooling, the most difficult part of which was
a certain trick of throwing the rumal on the neck of the unsuspecting
victim and strangling him, so that death might be instantaneous. In
the initiation the part of the goddess was made manifest in the use of
certain symbols, which are in common use amongst the Freemasons--for
instance, an unsheathed dagger, a human skull, and the corpse of
Hiram-Abiff, "son of the widow," brought back to life by the Grand
Master of the lodge. Kali was nothing but the pretext for an imposing
scenarium. Freemasonry and Thugism had many points of resemblance.
The members of both recognized each other by certain signs, both had a
pass-word and a jargon that no outsider could understand. The Freemason
lodges receive among their members both Christians and Atheists; the
Thugs used to receive the thieves and robbers of every nation without
any distinction; and it is reported that amongst them there were some
Portuguese and even Englishmen. The difference between the two is that
the Thugs certainly were a criminal organization, whereas the Freemasons
of our days do no harm, except to their own pockets.
Poor Shiva, wretched Bhavani! What a mean interpretation popular
ignorance has invented for these two poetical types, so deeply
philosophical and so full of knowledge of the laws of nature. Shiva, in
his primitive meaning is "Happy God"; then the all-destroying, as well
as the all-regenerating force of nature. The Hindu trinity is, amongst
other things, an allegorical representation of the three chief elements:
fire, earth and water. Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva all represent these
elements by turns, in their different phases; but Shiva is much more the
god of the fire than either Brahma or Vishnu: he burns and purifies; at
the same time creating out of the ashes new forms, full of fresh life.
Shiva-Sankarin is the destroyer or rather the scatterer; Shiva-Rakshaka
is the preserver, the regenerator. He is represented with flames on
his left palm, and with the wand of death and resurrection in his right
hand. His worshippers wear on their foreheads his sign traced with wet
ashes, the ashes being called vibhuti, or purified substance, and the
sign consisting of three horizontal parallel lines between the eyebrows.
The color of Shiva's skin is rosy-yellow, gradually changing into a
flaming red. His neck, head and arms are covered with snakes, emblems
of eternity and eternal regeneration. "As a serpent, abandoning his old
slough, reappears in new skin, so man after death reappears in a younger
and a purer body," say the Puranas.
In her turn, Shiva's wife Kali is the allegory of earth, fructified
by the flames of the sun. Her educated worshippers say they allow
themselves to believe their goddess is fond of human sacrifices, only on
the strength of the fact that earth is fond of organical decomposition,
which fertilizes her, and helps her to call forth new forces from the
ashes of the dead. The Shivaites, when burning their dead, put an idol
of Shiva at the head of the corpse; but when beginning to scatter the
ashes in the elements, they invoke Bhavani, in order that the goddess
may receive the purified remains, and develop in them germs of new life.
But what truth could bear the coarse touch of superstitious ignorance
without being disfigured!
The murdering Thugs laid their hands on this great philosophic emblem,
and, having understood that the goddess loves human sacrifice, but hates
useless blood-shed, they resolved to please her doubly: to kill, but
never to soil their hands by the blood of their victims. The result of
it was the knighthood of the rumal.
One day we visited a very aged ex-Thug. In his young days he was
transported to the Andaman Islands, but, owing to his sincere
repentance, and to some services he had rendered to the Government,
he was afterwards pardoned. Having returned to his native village, he
settled down to earn his living by weaving ropes, a profession probably
suggested to him by some sweet reminiscences of the achievements of his
youth. He initiated us first into the mysteries of theoretic Thugism,
and then extended his hospitality by a ready offer to show us the
practical side of it, if we agreed to pay for a sheep. He said he would
gladly show us how easy it was to send a living being ad patres in less
than three seconds; the whole secret consisting in some skillful and
swift movements of the righthand finger joints.
We refused to buy the sheep for this old brigand, but we gave him
some money. To show his gratitude he offered to demonstrate all the
preliminary sensation of the rumal on any English or American neck that
was willing. Of course, he said he would omit the final twist. But still
none of us were willing; and the gratitude of the repentant criminal
found issue in great volubility.
The owl is sacred to Bhavani Kali, and as soon as a band of Thugs,
awaiting their victims, had been signalled by the conventional hooting,
each of the travelers, let them be twenty and more, had a Thug behind
his shoulders. One second more, and the rumal was on the neck of the
victim, the well-trained iron fingers of the Thug tightly holding the
ends of the sacred handkerchief; another second, the joints of the
fingers performed their artistic twist, pressing the larynx, and the
victim fell down lifeless. Not a sound, not a shriek! The Thugs worked,
as swiftly as lightning. The strangled man was immediately carried to a
grave prepared in some thick forest, usually under the bed of some brook
or rivulet in their periodical state of drought. Every vestige of the
victim disappeared. Who cared to know about him, except his own family
and his very intimate friends? The inquests were especially difficult,
if not impossible, thirty years ago [1879], when there were no regular
railway communications, and no regular Government system. Besides, the
country is full of tigers, whose sad fate it is to be responsible for
every one else's sins as well as for their own. Whoever it was who
happened to disappear, be it Hindu or Mussulman, the answer was
invariably the same: tigers!
The Thugs possessed a wonderfully good organization. Trained accomplices
used to tramp all over India, stopping at the bazaars, those true clubs
of Eastern nations, gathering information, scaring their listeners to
death with tales of the Thugs, and then advising them to join this or
that travelling party, who of course were Thugs playing the part of rich
merchants or pilgrims. Having ensnared these wretches, they sent word
to the Thugs, and got paid for the commission in proportion to the total
profit.
During many long years these invisible bands, scattered all over the
country, and working in parties of from ten to sixty men, enjoyed
perfect freedom, but at last they were caught. The inquiries unveiled
horrid and repulsive secrets: rich bankers, officiating Brahmans, Rajas
on the brink of poverty, and a few English officials, all had to be
brought before justice.
This deed of the East India Company truly deserves the popular gratitude
which it receives.----
On our way back from the Marble Rocks we saw Muddun-Mahal, another
mysterious curio; it is a house built--no one knows by whom, or with
what purpose--on a huge boulder. This stone is probably some kind of
relative to the cromlechs of the Celtic Druids. It shakes at the least
touch, together with the house and the people who feel curious to see
inside it. Of course we had this curiosity, and our noses remained safe
only thanks to the Babu, Narayan and the Takur, who took as great care
of us as if they had been nurses, and we their babies.
Natives of India are truly a wonderful people. However unsteady the
thing may be, they are sure to walk on it, and sit on it, with the
greatest comfort. They think nothing of sitting whole hours on the top
of a post--maybe a little thicker than an ordinary telegraph post. They
also feel perfectly safe with their toes twisted round a thin branch
and their bodies resting on nothing, as if they were crows perched on a
telegraph wire.
"Salam, sahib!" said I once to an ancient, naked Hindu of a low caste,
seated in the above described fashion. "Are you comfortable, uncle? And
are you not afraid of falling down?"
"Why should I fall?" seriously answered the "uncle," expectorating a
red fountain--an unavoidable result of betel-chewing. "I do not breathe,
mam-sahib!"
"What do you mean? A man cannot do without breathing!" exclaimed I, a
good deal astonished by this wonderful bit of information.
"Oh yes, he can. I do not breathe just now, and so I am perfectly safe.
But soon I shall have to fill up my breast again with fresh air, and
then I will hold on to the post, otherwise I should fall."
After this astounding physiological information, we parted. He would not
talk any more, evidently fearing to endanger his comfort. At that
time, we did not receive any more explanations on the subject, but this
incident was enough to disturb the scientific equanimity of our minds.
Till then, we were so naive as to fancy that only sturgeons and similar
aquatic acrobats were clever enough to learn how to fill up their
insides with air in order to become lighter, and to rise to the surface
of the water. What is possible to a sturgeon is impossible to man,
speculated we in our ignorance. So we agreed to look upon the revelation
of the above described "uncle" in the light of a brag, having no other
aim but to chaff the "white sahibs." In those days, we were still
inexperienced, and inclined to resent this kind of information,
as coming very near to mockery. But, later on, we learned that his
description of the process necessary to keep up this birdlike posture
was perfectly accurate. In Jubblepore we saw much greater wonders.
Strolling along the river bank, we reached the so-called Fakirs' Avenue;
and the Takur invited us to visit the courtyard of the pagoda. This is a
sacred place, and neither Europeans nor Mussulmans are admitted inside.
But Gulab-Sing said something to the chief Brahman, and we entered
without hindrance.
The yard was full of devotees, and of ascetics. But our attention
was especially attracted by three ancient, perfectly naked fakirs. As
wrinkled as baked mushrooms, as thin as skeletons, crowned with twisted
masses of white hair, they sat or rather stood in the most impossible
postures, as we thought. One of them, literally leaning only on the
palm of his right hand, was poised with his head downwards and his legs
upwards; his body was as motionless as if he were the dry branch of a
tree. Just a little above the ground his head rose in the most unnatural
position, and his eyes were fixed on the glaring sun. I cannot guarantee
the truthfulness of some talkative inhabitants of the town, who had
joined our party, and who assured us that this fakir daily spends
in this posture all the hours between noon and the sunset. But I can
guarantee that not a muscle of his body moved during the hour and twenty
minutes we spent amongst the fakirs. Another fakir stood on a "sacred
stone of Shiva," a small stone about five inches in diameter. One of
his legs was curled up under him, and the whole of his body was bent
backwards into an arc; his eyes also were fixed on the sun. The palms of
his hands were pressed together as if in prayer. He seemed glued to his
stone. We were at a loss to imagine by what means this man came to be
master of such equilibration.
The third of these wonderful people sat crossing his legs under him; but
how he could sit was more than we could understand, because the thing on
which he sat was a stone lingam, not higher than an ordinary street post
and little wider than the "stone of Shiva," that is to say, hardly more
than five or seven inches in diameter. His arms were crossed behind his
back, and his nails had grown into the flesh of his shoulders.
"This one never changes his position," said one of our companions. "At
least, he has not changed for the last seven years."
His usual food, or rather drink, is milk, which is brought to him once
in every forty-eight hours and poured into his throat with the aid of a
bamboo. Every ascetic has willing servants, who are also future fakirs,
whose duty it is to attend on them; and so the disciples of this living
mummy take him off his pedestal, wash him in the tank, and put him back
like an inanimate object, because he can no longer stretch his limbs.
"And what if I were to push one of these fakirs?" asked I. "I daresay
the least touch would upset them."
"Try!" laughingly advised the Takur. "In this state of religious trance
it is easier to break a man to pieces than to remove him from his
place."
To touch an ascetic in the state of trance is a sacrilege in the eyes of
the Hindus; but evidently the Takur was well aware that, under certain
circumstances, there may be exceptions to every Brahmanical rule. He
had another aside with the chief Brahman, who followed us, darker than a
thundercloud; the consultation did not last long, and after it was
over Gulab-Sing declared to us that none of us was allowed to touch the
fakirs, but that he personally had obtained this permission, and so was
going to show us something still more astonishing.
He approached the fakir on the little stone, and, carefully holding him
by his protruding ribs, he lifted him and put him on the ground. The
ascetic remained as statuesque as before. Then Gulab-Sing took the stone
in his hands and showed it to us, asking us, however, not to touch it
for fear of offending the crowd. The stone was round, flattish, with
rather an uneven surface. When laid on the ground it shook at the least
touch.
"Now, you see that this pedestal is far from being steady. And also you
have seen that, under the weight of the fakir, it is as immovable as if
it were planted in the ground."
When the fakir was put back on the stone, he and it at once resumed
their appearance, as of one single body, solidly joined to the ground,
and not a line of the fakir's body had changed. By all appearance, his
bending body and his head thrown backward sought to bring him down; but
for this fakir there was evidently no such thing as the law of gravity.
What I have described is a fact, but I do not take upon myself to
explain it. At the gates of the pagoda we found our shoes, which we had
been told to take off before going in. We put them on again, and left
this "holy of holies" of the secular mysteries, with our minds still
more perplexed than before. In the Fakirs' Avenue we found Narayan,
Mulji and the Babu, who were waiting for us. The chief Brahman would
not hear of their entering the pagoda. All the three had long before
released themselves from the iron claws of caste; they openly ate
and drank with us, and for this offence they were regarded as
excommunicated, and despised by their compatriots much more than the
Europeans themselves. Their presence in the pagoda would have polluted
it for ever, whereas the pollution brought by us was only temporary; it
would evaporate in the smoke of cow-dung--the usual Brahmanical incense
of purification--like a drop of muddy water in the rays of the sun.
India is the country for originalities and everything unexpected and
unconventional. From the point of view of an ordinary European observer
every feature of Indian life is contrary to what could be expected.
Shaking the head from one shoulder to another means no in every other
country, but in India it means an emphatic yes. If you ask a Hindu
how his wife is, even if you are well acquainted with her, or how many
children he has, or whether he has any sisters, he will feel offended in
nine cases out of ten. So long as the host does not point to the door,
having previously sprinkled the guest with rose-water, the latter would
not think of leaving. He would stay the whole day without tasting any
food, and lose his time, rather than offend his host by an unauthorized
departure. Everything contradicts our Western ideas. The Hindus are
strange and original, but their religion is still more original. It has
its dark points, of course. The rites of some sects are truly repulsive;
the officiating Brahmans are far from being without reproach. But these
are only superficialities. In spite of them the Hindu religion possesses
something so deeply and mysteriously irresistible that it attracts and
subdues even unimaginative Englishmen.
The following incident is a curious instance of this fascination:
N.C. Paul, G.B.M.C., wrote a small, but very interesting and very
scientific pamphlet. He was only a regimental surgeon in Benares,
but his name was well known amongst his compatriots as a very learned
specialist in physiology. The pamphlet was called A Treatise on the
Yoga Philosophy, and produced a sensation amongst the representatives
of medicine in India, and a lively polemic between the Anglo-Indian and
native journalists. Dr. Paul spent thirty-five years in studying the
extraordinary facts of Yogism, the existence of which was, for him,
beyond all doubt. He not only described them, but explained some of
the most extraordinary phenomena, for instance, levitation, the seeming
evidence to the contrary of some laws of nature, notwithstanding. With
perfect sincerity, and evident regret, Dr. Paul says he could never
learn anything from the Raj-Yogis. His experience was almost wholly
limited to the facts that fakirs and Hatha-Yogis would consent to give
him. It was his great friendship with Captain Seymour chiefly which
helped him to penetrate some mysteries, which, till then, were supposed
to be impenetrable.
The history of this English gentleman is truly incredible, and produced,
about twenty-five years ago, an unprecedented scandal in the records of
the British army in India. Captain Seymour, a wealthy and well-educated
officer, accepted the Brahmanical creed and became a Yogi. Of course he
was proclaimed mad, and, having been caught, was sent back to England.
Seymour escaped, and returned to India in the dress of a Sannyasi. He
was caught again, and shut up in some lunatic asylum in London. Three
days after, in spite of the bolts and the watchmen, he disappeared from
the establishment. Later on his acquaintances saw him in Benares, and
the governor-general received a letter from him from the Himalayas. In
this letter he declared that he never was mad, in spite of his being put
into a hospital; he advised the governor-general not to interfere
with what was strictly his own private concern, and announced his firm
resolve never to return to civilized society. "I am a Yogi," wrote he,
"and I hope to obtain before I die what is the aim of my life--to become
a Raj-Yogi." After this letter he was left alone, and no European
ever saw him except Dr. Paul, who, as it is reported, was in constant
correspondence with him, and even went twice to see him in the Himalayas
under the pretext of botanic excursions.
I was told that the pamphlet of Dr. Paul was ordered to be burned "as
being offensive to the science of physiology and pathology." At the
time I visited India copies of it were very great rarities. Out of a few
copies still extant, one is to be found in the library of the Maharaja
of Benares, and another was given to me by the Takur.
This evening we dined at the refreshment rooms of the railway station.
Our arrival caused an evident sensation. Our party occupied the whole
end of a table, at which were dining many first-class passengers, who
all stared at us with undisguised astonishment. Europeans on an equal
footing with Hindus! Hindus who condescended to dine with Europeans!
These two were rare and wonderful sights indeed. The subdued whispers
grew into loud exclamations. Two officers who happened to know the Takur
took him aside, and, having shaken hands with him, began a very animated
conversation, as if discussing some matter of business; but, as we
learned afterwards, they simply wanted to gratify their curiosity about
us.
Here we learned, for the first time, that we were under police
supervision, the police being represented by an individual clad in a
suit of white clothes, and possessing a very fresh complexion, and a
pair of long moustaches. He was an agent of the secret police, and had
followed us from Bombay. On learning this flattering piece of news,
the colonel burst into a loud laugh; which only made us still more
suspicious in the eyes of all these Anglo-Indians, enjoying a quiet and
dignified meal. As to me, I was very disagreeably impressed by this bit
of news, I must confess, and wished this unpleasant dinner was over.
The train for Allahabad was to leave at eight P.M., and we were to
spend the night in the railway carriage. We had ten reserved seats in a
first-class carriage, and had made sure that no strange passengers would
enter it, but, nevertheless, there were many reasons which made me think
I could not sleep this night. So I obtained a provision of candles
for my reading lamp, and making myself comfortable on my couch, began
reading the pamphlet of Dr. Paul, which interested me greatly.
Amongst many other interesting things, Dr. Paul explains very fully and
learnedly the mystery of the periodical suspension of breathing, and
some other seemingly impossible phenomena, practised by the Yogis.
Here is his theory in brief. The Yogis have discovered the reason of the
wondrous capacity of the chameleon to assume the appearance of plumpness
or of leanness. This animal looks enormous when his lungs are filled
with air, but in his normal condition he is quite insignificant. Many
other reptiles as well acquire the possibility of swimming across large
rivers quite easily by the same process. And the air that remains in
their lungs, after the blood has been fully oxygenated, makes them
extraordinarily lively on dry land and in the water. The capacity of
storing up an extraordinary provision of air is a characteristic feature
of all the animals that are subjected to hibernation.
The Hindu Yogis studied this capacity, and perfected and developed it in
themselves.
The means by which they acquire it--known under the name of Bhastrika
Kumbhala--consist of the following: The Yogi isolates himself in an
underground cave, where the atmosphere is more uniform and more damp
than on the surface of the earth: this causes the appetite to grow less.
Man's appetite is proportionate to the quantity of carbonic acid he
exhales in a certain period of time. The Yogis never use salt, and live
entirely on milk, which they take only during the night. They move very
slowly in order not to breathe too often. Movement increases the
exhaled carbonic acid, and so the Yoga practice prescribes avoidance
of movement. The quantity of exhaled carbonic acid is also increased by
loud and lively talking: so the Yogis are taught to talk slowly and
in subdued tones, and are even advised to take the vows of silence.
Physical labor is propitious to the increase of carbonic acid, and
mental to its decrease; accordingly the Yogi spends his life in
contemplation and deep meditation. Padmasana and Siddhasana are the two
methods by which a person is taught to breathe as little as possible.
Suka-Devi, a well-known miracle-monger of the second century B.C. says:
"Place the left foot upon the right thigh, and the right foot upon the
left thigh; straighten the neck and back; make the palms of the hands
rest upon the knees; shut the mouth; and expire forcibly through both
nostrils. Next, inspire and expire quickly until you are fatigued. Then
inspire through the right nostril, fill the abdomen with the inspired
air, suspend the breath, and fix the sight on the tip of the nose. Then
expire through the left nostril, and next, inspiring through the left
nostril, suspend the breath..." and so on.
"When a Yogi, by practice, is enabled to maintain himself in one of the
above-mentioned postures for the period of three hours, and to live upon
a quantity of food proportional to the reduced condition of circulation
and respiration, without inconvenience, he proceeds to the practice
of Pranayama," writes Dr. Paul. "It is the fourth stage or division of
Yoga."
The Pranayama consists of three parts. The first excites the secretion
of sweat, the second is attended by convulsive movements of the
features, the third gives to the Yogi a feeling of extraordinary
lightness in his body.
After this, the Yogi practises Pratyahara, a kind of voluntary trance,
which is recognizable by the full suspension of all the senses. After
this stage the Yogis study the process of Dharana; this not only stops
the activity of physical senses, but also causes the mental capacities
to be plunged into a deep torpor. This stage brings abundant suffering;
it requires a good deal of firmness and resolution on the part of a
Yogi, but it leads him to Dhayana, a state of perfect, indescribable
bliss. According to their own description, in this state they swim in
the ocean of eternal light, in Akasha, or Ananta Jyoti, which they
call the "Soul of the Universe." Reaching the stage of Dhyana, the Yogi
becomes a seer. The Dhyana of the Yogis is the same thing as Turiya
Avastha of the Vedantins, in the number of whom are the Raj-Yogis.
"Samadhi is the last stage of self-trance," says Dr. Paul. "In this
state the Yogis, like the bat, the hedge-hog, the marmot, the hamster
and the dormouse, acquire the power of supporting the abstraction of
atmospheric air, and the privation of food and drink. Of Samadhi
or human hibernation there have been three cases within the last
twenty-five years. The first case occurred in Calcutta, the second in
Jesselmere, and the third in the Punjab. I was an eyewitness of the
first case. The Jesselmere, the Punjab, and the Calcutta Yogis assumed
a death-like condition by swallowing the tongue. How the Punjabi fakir
(witnessed by Dr. McGregor), by suspending his breath, lived forty days
without food and drink, is a question which has puzzled a great many
learned men of Europe.... It is on the principle of Laghima and Garima
(a diminution of one's specific gravity by swallowing large draughts
of air) that the Brahman of Madras maintained himself in an aerial
posture..."
However, all these are physical phenomena produced by Hatha-Yogis. Each
of them ought to be investigated by physical science, but they are much
less interesting than the phenomena of the region of psychology. But Dr.
Paul has next to nothing to say on this subject. During the thirty-five
years of his Indian career, he met only three Raj-Yogis; but in spite
of the friendliness they showed to the English doctor, none of them
consented to initiate him into the mysteries of nature, a knowledge of
which is ascribed to them. One of them simply denied that he had any
power at all; the other did not deny, and even showed Dr. Paul some very
wonderful things, but refused to give any explanations whatever; the
third said he would explain a few things on the condition that Dr. Paul
must pledge himself never to repeat anything he learned from him. In
acquiring this kind of information, Dr. Paul had only one aim--to give
these secrets publicity, and to enlighten the public ignorance, and so
he declined the honor.
However, the gifts of the true Raj-Yogis are much more interesting, and
a great deal more important for the world, than the phenomena of the
lay Hatha-Yogis. These gifts are purely psychic: to the knowledge of
the Hatha-Yogis the Raj-Yogis add the whole scale of mental phenomena.
Sacred books ascribe to them the following gifts: foreseeing future
events; understanding of all languages; the healing of all diseases; the
art of reading other people's thoughts; witnessing at will everything
that happens thousands of miles from them; understanding the language
of animals and birds; Prakamya, or the power of keeping up youthful
appearance during incredible periods of time; the power of abandoning
their own bodies and entering other people's frames; Vashitva, or the
gift to kill, and to tame wild animals with their eyes; and, lastly, the
mesmeric power to subjugate any one, and to force any one to obey the
unexpressed orders of the Raj-Yogi.
Dr. Paul has witnessed the few phenomena of Hatha-Yoga already
described; there are many others about which he has heard, and which
he neither believes nor disbelieves. But he guarantees that a Yogi can
suspend his breath for forty-three minutes and twelve seconds.
Nevertheless, European scientific authorities maintain that no one can
suspend the breath for more than two minutes. O science! Is it possible
then that thy name is also vanitas vanitatum, like the other things of
this world?
We are forced to suppose that, in Europe, nothing is known about the
means which enabled the philosophers of India, from times immemorial,
gradually to transform their human frames.
Here are a few deep words of Professor Boutleroff, a Russian scientist
whom I, in common with all Russians, greatly respect: "....All this
belongs to knowledge; the increase of the mass of knowledge will
only enrich and not abolish science. This must be accomplished on the
strength of serious observation, of study, of experience, and under the
guidance of positive scientific methods, by which people are taught to
acknowledge every other phenomenon of nature. We do not call you blindly
to accept hypotheses, after the example of bygone years, but to seek
after knowledge; we do not invite you to give up science, but to enlarge
her regions..."
This was said about spiritualist phenomena. As to the rest of our
learned physiologists, this is, approximately, what they have the
right to say: "We know well certain phenomena of nature which we have
personally studied and investigated, under certain conditions, which
we call normal or abnormal, and we guarantee the accuracy of our
conclusions."
However, it would be very well if they added:
"But having no pretensions to assure the world that we are acquainted
with all the forces of nature, known and unknown, we do not claim the
right to hold back other people from bold investigations in regions
which we have not reached as yet, owing to our great cautiousness and
also to our moral timidity. Not being able to maintain that the human
organism is utterly incapable of developing certain transcendental
powers, which are rare, and observable only under certain conditions,
unknown to science, we by no means wish to keep other explorers within
the limits of our own scientific discoveries."
By pronouncing this noble, and, at the same time, modest speech, our
physiologists would doubtless gain the undying gratitude of posterity.
After this speech there would be no fear of mockery, no danger of
losing one's reputation for veracity and sound reason; and the learned
colleagues of these broad-minded physiologists would investigate every
phenomenon of nature seriously and openly. The phenomena of spiritualism
would then transmigrate from the region of materialized
"mothers-in-law" and half-witted fortune-telling to the regions of the
psycho-physiological sciences. The celebrated "spirits" would probably
evaporate, but in their stead the living spirit, which "belongeth not to
this world," would become better known and better realized by humanity,
because humanity will comprehend the harmony of the whole only after
learning how closely the visible world is bound to the world invisible.
After this speech, Haeckel at the head of the evolutionists, and Alfred
Russel Wallace at the head of the spiritualists, would be relieved from
many anxieties, and would shake hands in brotherhood.
Seriously speaking, what is there to prevent humanity from acknowledging
two active forces within itself; one purely animal, the other purely
divine?
It does not behove even the greatest amongst scientists to try to
"bind the sweet influences of the Pleiades," even if they have chosen
"Arcturus with his sons" for their guides. Did it never occur to them
to apply to their own intellectual pride the questions the "voice out of
the whirlwind" once asked of long-suffering Job: "where were they when
were laid the foundations of the earth? and have the gates of death been
opened unto them?" If so, only then have they the right to maintain that
here and not there is the abode of eternal light.