LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.
Series Title.
=Smithsonian institution.= _Bureau of ethnology._
Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the
| secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by
| J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1888
8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2
maps.
Author title.
=Powell= (John Wesley).
Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the
| secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by
| J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1888
8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2
maps.
[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._]
Title for subject entry.
Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the
| secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by
| J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1888
8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2
maps.
[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._]
SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY
TO THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1884-'85
BY
J.W. POWELL
DIRECTOR
[Illustration]
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1888
CONTENTS.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.
Page.
Letter of transmittal XXI
Introduction XXIII
Publication XXIV
Field work XXVI
Mound explorations XXVI
Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XXVI
Explorations in the Southwest XXVIII
Work of Mr. James Stevenson XXVIII
Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XXIX
Linguistic field work XXX
Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XXX
Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XXXI
Work of Mr. A. S. Gatschet XXXIII
Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XXXVI
Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin XXXVII
General field work XXXVIII
Work of Dr. Washington Matthews XXXVIII
Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XL
Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLI
Office work XLIII
Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XLV
Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XLV
Work of Col. Garrick Mallery XLV
Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLV
Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XLV
Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing XLVI
Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XLVII
Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XLVII
Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XLVIII
Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet XLVIII
Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes XLVIII
Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow L
Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce L
Accompanying papers LI
Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by LI
William H. Holmes
A study of the textile art in its relation to the LIV
development of form and ornament, by William H. Holmes
Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Cyrus Thomas LV
Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey LVI
The Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas LVI
Financial statement LVIII
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.
ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.
Page.
Introduction 13
Geography 13
Literature 14
People 15
The cemeteries 16
The graves 17
Human remains 20
Placing of relics 21
Objects of art 21
Stone 21
Pictured rocks 21
Columns 22
Images 23
Mealing stones 25
Stools 27
Celts etc. 29
Spearheads 34
Arrowpoints 34
Ornaments 34
Metal 35
Gold and copper 35
Bronze 49
Clay: Pottery 53
Preliminary 53
How found 55
Material 55
Manufacture 56
Color 57
Use 57
Forms of vessels 58
Decoration 62
Unpainted ware 66
Terra cotta group 67
Black incised group 80
Painted ware 84
Scarified group 87
Handled group 90
Tripod group 97
Maroon group 107
Red line group 109
White line group 111
Lost color group 113
Alligator group 130
Polychrome group 140
Unclassified 147
Miscellaneous objects 149
Spindle whorls 149
Needlecases 150
Figurines 151
Stools 154
Musical instruments 156
Rattles 156
Drums 157
Wind instruments 160
Life forms in vase painting 171
Résumé 186
A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM
AND ORNAMENT, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.
Introduction 195
Form in textile art 196
Relations of form to ornament 201
Color in textile art 201
Textile ornament 202
Development of a geometric system within the art 202
Introduction 202
Relief phenomena 203
Ordinary features 203
Reticulated work 210
Superconstructive features 211
Color phenomena 215
Ordinary features 215
Non-essential constructive features 226
Superconstructive features 228
Adventitious features 231
Geometricity imposed upon adopted elements of design 232
Extension of textile ornament to other forms of art 244
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.
Introduction 259
CHAP. I. The numerals in the Dresden Codex 261
II. Conclusions 339
III. The writing 345
Signification of the characters 347
Symbols of animals etc 348
Symbols of deities 358
Discussion as to phonetic features of the characters 365
OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.
Introduction 377
Traditions of the elders 381
Unŭ^n u¢áʞe. Tsíɔu wactáʞe itáde (Tradition of the Tsíɔu 381
wactáʞe gens)
Translation 388
Unŭ^n u¢áʞe. Qü¢ápasa^n itáde (Tradition of the Bald Eagle 390
subgens)
Translation 394
Concluding remarks 396
THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.
Introduction 409
Authorities quoted 410
Orthography 413
Geography of northeastern America 413
Distribution of the tribes 419
General observations 419
Baffin Land 421
The Sikosuilarmiut 421
The Akuliarmiut 421
The Qaumauangmiut 421
The Nugumiut 422
The Oqomiut 424
The Padlimiut and the Akudnirmiut 440
The Aggomiut 442
The Iglulirmiut 444
The Pilingmiut 444
The Sagdlirmiut 444
Western shore of Hudson Bay 444
The Aivillirmiut 445
The Kinipetu or Agutit 450
The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451
The Sinimiut 451
Boothia Felix and Back River 452
The Netchillirmiut 452
The Ugjulirmiut 458
The Ukusiksalirmiut 458
Smith Sound 459
The natives of Ellesmere Land 459
The North Greenlanders 460
Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of 460
the settlements
Trade and intercourse between the tribes 462
List of the Central Eskimo tribes 470
Hunting and fishing 471
Seal, walrus, and whale hunting 471
Deer, musk ox, and bear hunting 501
Hunting of small game 510
Fishing 513
Manufactures 516
Making leather and preparing skins 516
Sundry implements 523
Transportation by boats and sledges 527
The boat 527
The sledge and dogs 529
Habitations and dress 539
The house 539
Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing 554
Social and religious life 561
Domestic occupations and amusements 561
Visiting 574
Social customs in summer 576
Social order and laws 578
Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood) 583
Sedna and the fulmar 583
The tornait and the angakut 591
The flight to the moon 598
Kadlu the thunderer 600
Feasts, religious and secular 600
Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and 609
death
Tales and traditions 615
Ititaujang 615
The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 618
Kalopaling 20
The Uissuit 621
Kiviung 621
The origin of the narwhal 625
The visitor 627
The fugitive women 628
Qaudjaqdjuq 628
I. Story of the three brothers 628
II. Qaudjaqdjuq 630
Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633
The Tornit 634
The woman and the spirit of the singing house 636
The constellation Udleqdjun 636
The origin of the Adlet and of the Qadluait 637
The great flood 637
Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638
The bear story 638
Sundry tales 639
Tables relating to animals 641
The owl and the raven 641
Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of 641
other tribes
Science and the arts 643
Geography and navigation 643
Poetry and music 648
Merry-making among the Tornit 649
The lemming's song 650
Arlum pissinga (the killer's song) 650
I. Summer song 653
II. The returning hunter 653
III. Song of the Tornit 653
IV. Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling 653
V. Oxaitoq's song 654
VI. Utitiaq's song 654
VII. Song 654
VIII. Song 654
IX. Song of the Tornit 654
X. The fox and the woman 655
XI. The raven's song 655
XII. Song of a Padlimio 655
XIII. Ititaujang's song 655
XIV. Playing at ball 656
XV. Playing at ball 657
XVI.-XIX. Extracts 657, 658
Glossary 659
Appendix 667
INDEX.
Index 671
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
PLATE I. Map of Chiriqui 13
II. Map showing in detail the geographical divisions [1]
of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of
northeast America
1. Oqo and Akudnirn.
2. Frobisher Bay.
3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet.
4. Repulse Sound and Lyon Inlet.
5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land.
III. Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes [1]
of North America, showing the boundaries
IV. Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a 643
Saumingmio
V. Eskimo drawings 648
VI. Eskimo drawings 650
VII. Eskimo drawings 651
VIII. Eskimo carvings 652
IX. Eskimo carvings 653
X. Modern Eskimo implements 654
FIG. 1. Section of oval grave 17
2. Section of a quadrangular grave 18
3. Grave with pillars 18
4. Compound cist 19
5. Southwest face of the pictured stone 22
6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians 23
7. A god of the ancient Chiriquians 24
8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock 25
9. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with 26
animal heads
10. Puma shaped metate 27
11. Stool shaped object 28
12. Stool with columnar base 28
13. Stool with perforated base 29
14. Large partially polished celt 30
15. Celt of hexagonal section 31
16. Small wide bladed celt 31
17. Celt with heavy shaft 31
18. Celt or ax with constriction near the top 31
19. Flaked and partially polished celt 32
20. Well polished celt 32
21. Narrow pointed celt 32
22. Narrow pointed celt 32
23. Cylindrical celt with narrow point 33
24. Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints 34
25. Arrowpoints 34
26. Human figure formed of copper-gold alloy 41
27. Grotesque human figure in gold 42
28. Rudely shaped human figure in gold 42
29. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper 43
30. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold 43
31. Rudely executed image of a bird in gold 44
32. Image of a bird in gold 45
33. Puma shaped figure in gold 45
34. Puma shaped figure in base metal 45
35. Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal 46
36. Figure of a fish in gold 46
37. Large figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47
gold
38. Small figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47
gold
39. Figure of an alligator in gold 48
40. Animal figure in base metal plated with gold 48
41. Bronze bells plated or washed with gold 50
42. Bronze bell with human features 50
43. Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande 51
44. Ancient Mexican bell 51
45. Fundamental forms of vases—convex outlines 58
46. Fundamental forms of vases—angular outlines 59
47. Vases of complex outlines—exceptional forms 59
48. Vases of compound forms 59
49. Square lipped vessel 59
50. Variations in the forms of necks and rims 60
51. Arrangement of handles 60
52. Types of annular bases or feet 61
53. Forms of legs 61
54. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63
vase
55. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63
vase
56. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63
vase
57. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63
58. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63
59. Grotesque figure 64
60. Grotesque figure 64
61. Grotesque figure 64
62. Figure of a monkey 64
63. Figure of a monkey 64
64. Figure of a monkey 64
65. Animal forms exhibiting long proboscis 65
66. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65
67. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65
68. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66
69. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66
70. Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware 67
71. Vase of graceful form 68
72. Vase of graceful form 68
73. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 68
74. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 69
75. Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets 69
76. Vase with mantle covered with incised figures 70
77. Vase with frieze of grotesque heads 70
78. Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament 71
79. Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament 71
80. Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated 72
necks
81. Large vase with high handles 72
82. Top view of high handled vase 73
83. Handled vase 73
84. Handled vase 73
85. Handled vase 73
86. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74
grotesque figure
87. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74
grotesque figure
88. Vase of eccentric form 74
89. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75
90. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75
91. Vessel with large legs decorated with stellar 75
punctures
92. Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped 75
legs
93. Large vase of striking shape 76
94. Cup with legs imitating animal forms 76
95. Cup with legs imitating a grotesque animal form 77
96. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77
97. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77
98. Cup with frog shaped legs 77
99. Cup with legs imitating an animal and its young 77
100. Cups supported by grotesque heads 77
101. Large cup supported by two grotesque figures 78
102. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78
103. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78
104. Vase imitating an animal form 79
105. Vase imitating an animal form 79
106. Vase imitating an animal form 79
107. Fish shaped vessel 79
108. Top view of a fish shaped vessel 80
109. Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim 80
110. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81
111. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81
112. Black vase with conventional incised pattern 81
113. Small cup with conventional incised pattern 82
114. Small tripod cup with upright walls 82
115. Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal 82
heads
116. Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal 83
117. Pattern upon the back of the vase 83
118. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87
119. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87
120. Oblong basin with scarified design 88
121. Large scarified bowl with handles imitating animal 88
heads
122. Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised 89
ornament
123. Vase with stand and vertical incised bands 89
124. Vase with handles, legs, and vertical ribs 89
125. Tripod with owl-like heads at insertion of legs 90
126. Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms 90
127. Heavy red vase with four mouths 90
128. Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude 91
designs in red
129. Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with 92
soot
130. Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised 92
ornament
131. Vase with grotesque figures attached to the 93
handles
132. Vase with upright handles and winged lip 93
133. Top view of vase with winged lip 94
134. Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles 94
135. Vase with handles representing strange animals 95
136. Vase with handles representing grotesque figures 95
137. Vase with handles representing animal heads 96
138. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 96
forms in high relief
139. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 97
forms in high relief
140. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99
handles
141. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99
handles
142. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99
handles
143. Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish 100
144. Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet 100
145. Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms 101
and devices in red
146. High tripod vase with incised designs and rude 101
figures in red
147. Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament 102
148. Vase with lizard shaped legs 102
149. Vase with scroll ornament 103
150. Large vase with flaring rim and wide spreading 103
legs
151. Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure 104
of an alligator
152. Vase supported by grotesque human figures 105
153. Round bodied vase embellished with figures of 106
monsters
154. Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation 107
155. Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck 107
156. Small tripod cup with animal features in high 108
relief
157. Handsome vase supported by three grotesque figures 108
158. Vase decorated with figures of frogs and devices 110
in red
159. Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation 110
160. Two-handled vase with life form and linear 110
decoration
161. Small tripod vase with animal figures in white 111
162. Shapely vase with designs in white paint 112
163. Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament 115
164. Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices 115
165. Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices 116
166. Bottle with broad zone containing geometric 116
figures
167. Bottle with decoration of meandered lines 117
168. Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices 117
169. Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices 118
170. Vase with rosette-like panels 118
170_a_. Ornament from preceding vase 118
171. Vase with rosette-like panels 119
172. Vase with rosette-like panels 119
173. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120
174. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120
175. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120
176. Vase decorated with conventional figures of 120
alligators
177. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121
of life forms
178. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121
of life forms
179. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 121
179_a_. Design from preceding vase 122
180. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 122
181. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 123
182. Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal 124
growths
183. Vase of unusual shape 124
184. Vase of unusual shape 124
185. Vase of unusual shape 124
186. Double vessel with high arched handle 125
187. Double vessel with arched handle 125
188. Vase embellished with life forms in color and in 126
relief
189. Vase modeled to represent a peccary 127
190. Under surface of peccary vase 127
191. Small vessel with human figures in high relief 127
192. Tripod cup with figures of the alligator 128
193. Large shallow tripod vase with geometric 129
decoration
194. Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and 130
alligator design
195. Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures 132
of the alligator
196. Vase with decorated zone containing four arched 133
panels
197. Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted 133
animal devices
198. Vases of varied form and decoration 134
199. Alligator vase with conventional markings 135
200. Alligator vase with figures of the alligator 135
painted on the sides
201. Vase with serpent ornamentation 136
202. Vase representing a puma with alligator figures 137
painted on sides
203. Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and 137
in color
204. Vase with funnel shaped mouth 138
205. Top view of vase in Fig. 204 139
206. End view of vase in Fig. 204 139
207. Large vase with decorations in red and black 140
208. Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, 141
viewed from above
209. Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in 142
black, red, and purple
210. Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from 143
above
211. Vase of unusual shape, with decoration in black, 144
red, and purple
212. Ornament occupying the interior surface of the 144
basin of vase in Fig. 211
213. Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations 145
214. Vase with extraordinary decorative designs 146
215. Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from 147
above
216. Vase of unique form and decoration 148
217. Painted design of vase in Fig. 216 148
218. Spindle whorl with annular nodes 149
219. Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures 149
220. Spindle whorl with perforations and incised 149
ornament
221. Needlecase 150
222. Needlecase 150
223. Needlecase with painted geometric ornament 151
224. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151
225. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151
226. Statuette 152
227. Statuette 152
228. Statuette 152
229. Statuette 152
230. Stool of plain terra cotta 154
231. Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures 155
232. Stool of plain terra cotta 155
233. Rattle 157
234. Section of rattle 157
235. Rattle with grotesque figures 157
236. Drum of gray unpainted clay 158
237. Drum with painted ornament 159
238. Painted design of drum in Fig. 237 159
239. Double whistle 161
240. Section of double whistle 161
241. Tubular instrument with two finger holes 162
242. Section of whistle 162
243. Small animal shaped whistle 162
244. Small animal shaped whistle 162
245. Top shaped whistle 163
246. Section, top, and bottom views of whistle 164
247. Drum shaped whistle 165
248. Vase shaped whistle 165
249. Crab shaped whistle 166
250. Alligator shaped whistle 166
251. Cat shaped whistle 167
252. Whistle with four ocelot-like heads 168
253. Bird shaped whistle 169
254. Bird shaped whistle 169
255. Bird shaped whistle 170
256. Whistle in grotesque life form 170
257. Conventional figure of the alligator 173
258. Conventional figure of the alligator 173
259. Conventional figure of the alligator 174
260. Conventional figure of the alligator 174
261. Conventional figure of the alligator 174
262. Two-headed form of the alligator 175
263. Figure of the alligator much simplified 175
264. The alligator much modified by ceramic influences 176
265. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176
266. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176
267. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176
268. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177
269. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177
270. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177
271. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178
272. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178
273. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178
274. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 179
275. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 179
276. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 180
277. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 180
278. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 181
279. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
280. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
281. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
282. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
283. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 183
284. Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable 185
devices
285. Series of devices 185
286. Mat or tray with esthetic attributes of form 197
287. Tray having decided esthetic attributes of form 198
288. Pyriform water vessel 198
289. Basket with esthetic characters of form 199
290. Basket of eccentric form 200
291. Character of surface in the simplest form of 204
weaving
292. Surface produced by impacting 204
293. Surface produced by use of wide fillets 204
294. Basket with ribbed surface 205
295. Bottle showing obliquely ribbed surface 205
296. Tray showing radial ribs 205
297. Combination giving herring bone effect 206
298. Combination giving triangular figures 206
299. Peruvian work basket 206
300. Basket of Seminole workmanship 207
301. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207
302. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207
303. Surface effect produced by impacting in twined 208
combination
304. Surface effect produced by impacting the web 208
strands in twined combination
305. Surface effect produced by crossing the web series 208
in open twined work
306. Tray with open mesh, twined combination 208
307. Conical basket, twined combination 209
308. Example of primitive reticulated weaving 210
309. Simple form of reticulation 211
310. Reticulated pattern in cotton cloth 211
311. Peruvian embroidery 212
312. Basket with pendent ornaments 213
313. Basket with pendent ornaments 213
314. Tasseled Peruvian mantle 214
315. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216
different colors
316. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216
different colors
317. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216
different colors
318. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 217
different colors
319. Base of coiled basket 218
320. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 218
321. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 219
322. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220
323. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220
324. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 221
325. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 223
326. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 224
327. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 225
328. Tray with geometric ornament 225
329. Tray with geometric ornament 226
330. Ornament produced by wrapping the strands 227
331. Ornament produced by fixing strands to the surface 227
of the fabric
332. Basket with feather ornamentation 227
333. Basket with feather ornamentation 227
334. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228
and woof
335. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228
and woof
336. Example of grass embroidery 230
337. Example of feather embroidery 231
338. Figures from the Penn wampum belt 233
339. Figures from a California Indian basket 234
340. California Indian basket 234
341. Figures from a Peruvian basket 235
342. Figure from a piece of Peruvian gobelins 236
343. Figures from a Peruvian vase 237
344. Figure from a circular basket 238
345. Figure of a bird from a Zuñi shield 239
346. Figure of a bird woven in a tray 240
347. Figure of a bird woven in a basket 241
348. Figures embroidered on a cotton net by the ancient 242
Peruvians
349. Figures of birds embroidered by the ancient 243
Peruvians
350. Conventional design painted upon cotton cloth 243
351. Herring bone and checker patterns produced in 246
weaving
352. Herring bone and checker patterns engraved in clay 246
353. Earthen vase with textile ornament 247
354. Example of textile ornament painted upon pottery 248
355. Textile pattern transferred to pottery through 248
costume
356. Ceremonial adz with carved ornament of textile 250
character
357. Figures upon a tapa stamp 251
358. Design in stucco exhibiting textile characters 251
359. Line of day and numeral symbols from Plates 36c 272
and 37c, Dresden Codex
360. Line of day and numeral characters from Plates 276
33-39, Dresden Codex
361. Unusual symbol for Akbal from Plate 8 of the 284
Dresden Codex
362. Copy of Plate 50, Dresden Codex 297
363. Copy of Plate 51, Dresden Codex 306
364. Copy of Plate 52, Dresden Codex 307
365. Copy of Plate 53, Dresden Codex 308
366. Copy of Plate 54, Dresden Codex 309
367. Copy of Plate 55, Dresden Codex 310
368. Copy of Plate 56, Dresden Codex 311
369. Copy of Plate 57, Dresden Codex 312
370. Copy of Plate 58, Dresden Codex 313
371. Specimens of ornamental loops from page 72, 337
Dresden Codex
372. Numeral character from the lower division of Plate 343
XV, Manuscript Troano
373. Turtle from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 17 348
374. Jar from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 27 349
375. Worm and plant from Manuscript Troano, Plate XXIX 351
376. Figure of a woman from the Dresden Codex 351
377. Copy of middle and lower divisions of Plate XIX, 352
Manuscript Troano
378. Copy of lower division of Plate 65, Dresden Codex 353
379. The moo or ara from Plate 16, Dresden Codex 355
380. The god Ekchuah, after the Troano and Cortesian 358
Codices
381. The long nosed god (Kukulcan) or god with the 359
snake-like tongue
382. Copy of head from the Borgian Codex 360
(Quetzalcoatl?)
383. The supposed god of death from the Dresden Codex 361
384. The supposed god of death from the Troano Codex 361
385. The god with the banded face from the Troano Codex 362
386. The god with the old man's face 363
387. The god with face crossed by lines 364
388. Wooden idol in vessel with basket cover 371
389. Symbolic chart of the Osage 378
390. Harpoon from Alaska 472
391. Modern or sealing harpoon 472
392. Old style naulang or harpoon head 473
393. Modern naulang or harpoon head 473
394. Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding 474
coiled up harpoon lines
395. Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut 475
396. Siatko found at Exeter Sound 475
397. Eskimo in the act of striking a seal 476
398. Tutareang or buckle 477
399. Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole 478
400. Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds 479
401. Wooden case for plugs 480
402. Another form of plug 480
403. Qanging, for fastening thong to jaw of seal 480
404. Qanging in form of a seal 480
405. Qanging in form of a button 481
406. Qanging serving for both toggle and handle 481
407. Qidjarung or whirl for harpoon line 481
408. Simple form of whirl 481
409. Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal 483
410. Seal hook of bear's claw 483
411. Modern form of seal hook 483
412. Eskimo approaching seal 484
413. Frame of kayak or hunting boat 486
414. Kayak with covering of skin 487
415. Model of a Repulse Bay kayak 487
416. Sirmijaung or scraper for kayak 488
417. Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus 488
418. Tikagung or support for the hand 488
419. Qatirn or ivory head of harpoon 489
420. Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the 489
harpoon
421. Tokang or harpoon head in sheath 489
422. Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in 490
Cumberland Sound
423. Ancient tokang or harpoon head 491
424. Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line 492
425. Qatilik or spear 492
426. Avautang or sealskin float 492
427. Different styles of poviutang or pipe for 493
inflating the float
428. Agdliaq or spear for small seals 494
429. Agdliaq points 494
430. Spearheads 495
431. Large spear head 495
432. Anguvigang or lance 496
433. Nuirn or bird spear 496
434. Nuqsang or throwing board 496
435. Sealing at the edge of the ice 498
436. Model of sakurpāng or whaling harpoon 500
437. Niutang with floats 500
438. Wooden bow from Iglulik 502
439. Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound 502
440. Bows of reindeer antlers 503
441. Bow of antlers with central part cut off straight 503
442. Arrows with bone heads 504
443. Arrows with metal heads 504
444. Arrow head 505
445. Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and 505
parallel to shank
446. Various forms of arrowhead 506
447. Socket of spear handle from Alaska 506
448. Slate arrowhead 506
449. Flint arrowheads from old graves 507
450. Various styles of quiver 507
451. Quiver handles 508
452. Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl 511
453. Kakivang or salmon spear 512
454. Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon 513
455. Quqartaun for stringing salmon 514
456. Salmon hook 515
457. Salmon hook 515
458. Bait used in fishing with hooks 516
459. Butcher's knife with bone handle 516
460. Pana or knife for dissecting game 517
461. Form of ulo now in use 518
462. Old ulo handle from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait 518
463. Fragment of an ulo blade made of slate 518
464. Ulo handle from recent grave 518
465. Modern tesirqun or scraper 519
466. Old style tesirqun or scraper 519
467. Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins 520
468. Old stone scrapers found in graves 521
469. Stretcher for lines 522
470. Ivory needle 523
471. Ivory needlecase from Cumberland Sound 523
472. Common pattern of needlecase 523
473. Tikiq or thimble 524
474. Instrument for straightening bone 525
475. Drill for working in ivory and bone 525
476. Driftwood used in kindling fire 526
477. Eskimo graver's tool 526
478. Framework of Eskimo boat 527
479. Kiglo or post 527
480. Umiaq or skin boat 528
481. Umiaq or skin boat 528
482. Qamuting or sledge 529
483. Sledge shoe 530
484. Form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge 531
485. Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to 531
sledge
486. Uqsirn for fastening traces to pitu 532
487. Ano or dog harness 532
488. Sadniriaq or clasp 532
489. Tube for drinking 535
490. Various styles of snow knife 539
491. Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes 540
492. Snow house of Davis Strait, sections 541
493. Section and interior of snow house 543
494. Ukusik or soapstone kettle 545
495. Plan of double snow house 546
496. Plan of Iglulik house 547
497. Plan of Hudson Bay house 547
498. Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house 548
499. Plan of large qarmang or stone house 549
500. Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland 549
Sound
501. Plan of groups of stone houses in Pangnirtung 530
502. Plan of qarmang or house made of whale ribs 550
503. Storehouse in Ukiadliving 551
504. Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland 551
Sound
505. Plan and section of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay 553
506. Plan and section of double winter tent, Cumberland 553
Sound
507. Qaturang or boot ornament 554
508. Woman's jacket 555
509. Ivory beads for women's jackets 555
510. Girdle buckles 556
511. Infant's clothing 557
512. Child's clothing 557
513. Ivory combs 559
514. Buckles 560
515. Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair 561
516. Manner of tattooing legs and hands 561
517. Forks 563
518. Ladle of musk ox horn 563
519. Skull used in the game ajegaung 565
520. Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in 565
the game ajegaung
521. Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in 566
the game ajegaung
522. Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game 567
similar to dice
523. Game of nuglutang 568
524. The sāketān or roulette 569
525. Ajarorpoq or cat's cradle 569
526. Ball 570
527. Dolls in dress of the Oqomiut 571
528. Dolls in dress of the Akunirmiut 571
529. Modern snow goggles of wood 576
530. Old form of snow goggles of ivory 576
531. Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house 600
among eastern tribes
532. Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house 601
533. Kilaut or drum 602
534. Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing 603
houses
535. Qailertétang or masked figure 606
536. Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound 613
537. Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies 631
538. The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq 631
539. The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq 632
540. Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq 632
541. Qaudjuqdjuaq killing his enemies 633
542. Tumiujang or lamp of the Tornit 634
543. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, 644
a Nugumio
544. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by 645
Sunapignang, an Oqomio
545. Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio 646
546. Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a 647
Padlimio
Footnote 1:
In pocket at end of volume.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY,
_Washington, D. C., October 23, 1885_.
SIR: I have the honor to submit my Sixth Annual Report as Director of
the Bureau of Ethnology.
The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of
the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on
anthropologic subjects, mainly prepared by my assistants to illustrate
the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.
I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise
counsel relating to the work under my charge.
I am, with respect, your obedient servant,
[Illustration: Signature]
Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD,
_Secretary Smithsonian Institution_.
SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
BY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR.
INTRODUCTION.
The prosecution of research among the North American Indians, as
directed by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year
1884-'85.
No change has been made in the general plan upon which the work has been
prosecuted as set forth in former reports. Certain lines of
investigation have been decided upon, which are confided to persons
trained in their pursuit, and the results of these labors are presented
from time to time in the publications of the Bureau provided for by law.
A brief statement of the work upon which each of the special students
was actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below; this,
however, does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services
rendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended
in this, as in former years, in order to prosecute temporarily work
regarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been
occasioned in the completion of several treatises and monograph's,
already partly in type, which otherwise would have been published.
Invitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and
students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with
the Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestions or
of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and, if
published either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins,
as the liberality of Congress may in future allow, will always receive
proper credit.
The items now reported upon are presented in three principal divisions.
The first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work
prosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which
largely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of
field work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the
literature of the subjects and by correspondence.
PUBLICATION.
The only publication actually issued during the year was entitled
Proof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American
Indians, by James Constantine Pilling. The volume, a quarto of 1,175
pages, consists of an author catalogue of books, manuscripts, magazine
and newspaper articles, publications of learned societies, and other
documents relating in any way to the Indian languages of North America.
Only one hundred copies were printed, which were distributed to
collaborators.
This work was commenced by Mr. Pilling in 1879 and has been prosecuted
with diligence and skill, notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his
other duties. It began as an author card catalogue, designed merely for
office use. In time it became apparent that such a systematic catalogue
of the literature of Indian languages, if printed and distributed, would
be of important service to all the numerous workers on the general
subject, besides those directly connected with the Bureau, to whom alone
it was accessible in manuscript form. By this course the accumulated
results of several years' labor would be immediately available for the
use of students generally, and the distribution of proof-sheets would in
turn increase interest in the work, elicit comment and criticism, and
secure additional contributions, through all of which the final volume
contemplated would become more satisfactory and complete, both in form
and substance. The thorough conscientiousness and punctilious care shown
in the present catalogue, and especially the comprehensive bibliographic
spirit in which the work has been conceived, prove the peculiar fitness
of the author for the undertaking. He has set before him and has kept
steadily in view the following aims:
First, to discover every document in existence relating to the subject,
either printed or in manuscript.
Secondly, to record a description of every document found, so accurate
and full that each book or article mentioned is clearly identified and
all its contents relating to Indian languages set forth, with citation
of the chapters and pages within the work where the linguistic material
may be found.
Thirdly, to name, when possible, one or more libraries where each work
catalogued may be found.
Fourthly, to arrange and combine the whole so that the student using it
may in the shortest time learn whether any work contains the special
matter which he desires to consult, and, if so, precisely where he may
find it. In the case of rare books or papers special attention has been
paid to obtain full information, and in the case of some of the rarest
books fac-similes of the title pages are given. The value of a work so
broadly conceived and so carefully executed is very great. The
literature of this subject has become so voluminous, so disconnected, so
scattered in time and place, that progress in the classification of
Indian languages and the determination of their affinities has been
greatly retarded, awaiting the orderly arrangement of accumulated
information. This requisite, with the important addition of the
correction of current errors, is met by the catalogue. It has been found
indispensable to the Bureau and has already been gratefully acknowledged
as invaluable by all students of American tribes to whom copies have
been distributed.
Since the printing and distribution of the proof-sheets, and markedly as
a result thereof, the card catalogue has continued to grow; and,
although not complete and, from the nature of the subject, not expected
to become absolutely exhaustive, the recent additions to it indicate how
thoroughly the work was originally done. It may be possible, therefore,
before long to substitute for the Proof-Sheets the Bibliography itself
in standard form.
FIELD WORK.
Under this heading are comprised—
First, the systematic operations of the division of mound exploration
carried on east of the Rocky Mountains.
Secondly, researches in and collections from the ancient ruins of the
Southwest and comparative study of the present inhabitants of that
region and the objects found among them.
Thirdly, linguistic work or expeditions among the several Indian tribes
at their homes, with the main purpose of acquiring knowledge of their
spoken languages.
Fourthly, general studies, or those embracing various branches of
inquiry, conducted among the existing Indian tribes.
MOUND EXPLORATIONS.
WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.
The work of exploring the mounds and other ancient monuments of that
portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, commenced in
1882, was carried on during the fiscal year, under the charge of Prof.
Cyrus Thomas.
The regular assistants during the first half of the year were Messrs.
P.W. Norris, James D. Middleton, and John P. Rogan. For the latter half
they were Messrs. Middleton, Rogan, and John W. Emmert, the last named
having been engaged to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr.
Norris.
Mr. Norris was engaged during the fall of 1884 in exploring the
extensive group of works in the vicinity of Charleston, Kanawha Valley,
W. Va. He continued at work there until December, when he was compelled
by cold weather and illness to desist. To the great regret of all his
associates in the work, his illness terminated in death on the 14th of
January, 1885. By his death the division has lost a faithful and
enthusiastic worker.
During the summer and fall of 1884 and until the approach of extremely
cold weather, Mr. Middleton was engaged in exploring the works of Knox
County, Ohio. Throughout the winter and following spring his field of
operations was eastern Arkansas. In the latter field he was assisted by
Mr. L. H. Thing, who was employed for three months as temporary
assistant.
During the summer and until the beginning of winter, Mr. Rogan was
engaged (in conjunction with Rev. J. P. Maclean, who was employed as a
temporary assistant) in exploring the ancient monuments of Butler County
and the adjacent regions of southern Ohio. On the approach of the cold
season he went south, his field of operations for the remainder of the
year being northern Georgia and the southern counties of East Tennessee.
Mr. Emmert, who had been employed on January 1, 1885, to make some
special explorations in East Tennessee, was made permanent assistant
immediately after the death of Mr. Norris. His work in that section
proving successful he continued it until the close of the fiscal year.
Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged during November in examining the ancient
quarries of Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in making a collection to illustrate
the various stages in the aboriginal manufacture of flint implements.
His collection is, perhaps, the most complete in this particular line of
any so far made in this country. In the winter he was employed about two
months in special investigations of some ancient works in Pontotoc and
Union Counties, Miss., a locality supposed to have been visited by De
Soto during his unfortunate expedition. In some of the mounds of this
section, which was formerly the home of the Chikasa, he found some
articles of European manufacture, among them a small silver plate
bearing the royal arms of Castile and Leon in an old heraldic form.
Although the number of specimens obtained does not exceed that of the
collection of the preceding year, the general result shows a decided
advance in the accuracy of the work done. The measurements and plats
have been made with more care and exactness, the descriptions are more
complete, and the details more fully set forth. As an illustration one
case is presented. A large mound was opened which was found to contain
over ninety skeletons, irregularly placed and at different depths. At
the outset a plat of the mound was made; each skeleton was located on it
as discovered, and notes were taken of the depth, position, articles
found with it, etc. Thus the exact position of each skeleton in the
mound is recorded, as well as that of any article accompanying it. The
collections made are more varied in character than those of any previous
year, including several new types of pottery, some unusually fine stone
implements, and from several mounds articles showing contact with
Europeans. The pottery obtained by Messrs. Middleton and Thing in
Arkansas is of more than ordinary interest, containing a number of
specimens of the rarer forms, also several colored specimens.
The same care has been taken as heretofore in labeling and numbering the
specimens, so that each can be traced by the record to the exact place
where it was found. The illustrations showing the construction,
character, and form of the various works explored exceed in number,
accuracy, and importance those of any previous year.
EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST.
WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON.
Mr. James Stevenson was placed in charge of a party, with instructions
to proceed to Arizona and New Mexico to make researches and collections
among the Pueblo Indians and the ancient ruins in that region.
Mr. Stevenson's party was divided into three sections. The section in
charge of Mr. F. T. Bickford visited the remarkable series of ruins in
Chaco cañon, in northwestern New Mexico; Cañon de Chelly and its branch
cañons; the cliff dwellings in Walnut cañon, in Arizona, and a group of
interesting cave dwellings, different in structure from any heretofore
found, near Flagstaff, in the same Territory. All these were carefully
examined. Full and extensive notes, as well as sketches and photographic
illustrations, were made of these ruins.
Another section, in charge of Mr. C. A. Garlick, was stationed at the
pueblo of Acoma, in New Mexico. The work at this village resulted in a
collection of about thirty-five hundred specimens, consisting of pottery
and a variety of utensils of other material, such as stone, bone, wood,
and woven fabrics, illustrating the arts of the people of Acoma. The
collections from this pueblo, though not embracing a great variety of
objects, will illustrate nearly all the phases of the arts and
industrial pursuits of these Indians.