Abassid dynasty used symbol of the Crescent, 141 _n._
Achaia, principality of, 40
Acropolitas, George (historian), 16;
at the Union ceremony at Lyons in 1274, 34
Agriculture: Turks have never taken kindly to, 58
Alans, Asiatic tribe, 43 _sqq._, 47, 61, 64
Alexander of Sinope, 317
Alexis, Emperor of Trebizond (1222), 9;
called himself Grand Comnenus and Emperor of the Faithful Romans,
387
Ali, chief of a Turkish band: shared in Othman’s raids on the empire, 61
Ali Pasha (grand vizier of Bajazed), 134, 136
Alphonse of Aragon, 129
Amadeo of Savoy, 91
Amer Bey, standard-bearer of Mahomet II., 289
Ameroukes, George (mathematician): at the court of Mahomet II., 393
Amogavares, Spanish mercenaries, 42
Amurath, son of Orchan. _See_ Murad
Anatolia-Hissar, 120, 126, 164 _n._, 213, 215
Anatolians: defeat of their attack in the siege, 337 _sqq._;
their discipline and daring, 338
Andronicus II., Emperor (1282–1328: son and successor of
Michael VIII.): hostility to Unionist party, 37;
question as to marriage of his son Michael, 37 _sq._;
Latin attempts against his empire, 38;
calls to his aid Roger de Flor and the Catalan Grand Company, 39;
their actions caused introduction of Turks into Europe, 49;
loss of Imperial territory through Othman’s attacks, 61;
Turks cross Dardanelles, 61 _sq._;
Andronicus’s son Michael co-emperor with his father, 65, 67;
quarrels between Andronicus II., and Andronicus his grandson,
67 _sq._;
Andronicus II. abdicates and ends his days as a monk, 68
Andronicus III. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1382–41; son of Michael IX.;
successor to Andronicus II.): quarrels with his grandfather and
causes him to abdicate, 67 _sq._;
constant warfare with Turks, 68;
the emperor seeks aid from the West, with little result, 69;
his death (1341), 70
Andronicus, son of John V.: regent during his father’s absence, 92;
his boyish compact with Sultan Murad’s son, and its punishment, 94;
retaliation on his father, 94 _sq._
Angora (1402), 112; details of the battle, 142 _sqq._;
result of Timour’s victory, 147
Anjou, Charles of (King of Sicily): designs restoration of Latin empire,
34;
his forces find other employment, 36
Apocaukus: his strife with John Cantacuzenus, 71 _sq._;
hired (1343) a Turkish fleet and army, 100
Arabs: their various attempts to capture New Rome, 230
Aragon, Frederic of, 38
Aragon, Peter of, 36;
his mercenary troops, 41
Archers, Turkish, 135;
their excellence, 167, 251
Aretinus, Leonard: enthusiasm for Greek, 405
Armenia, king of, 38
Arquebusers: Anatolian, 167;
German, 173
Arrows carrying flaming materials, used by Timour, 146
Arsenius, patriarch: excommunicated Michael VIII. for cruel treatment
of the boy John Lascaris, 26;
withstands the emperor’s threats, 27;
is deposed and exiled, 28;
his strong opposition to the Latins, 31;
religious relations with a Turkish sultan, 56 _sq._
Asia Minor: its old commerce with Constantinople, 23;
Tartar ravages in, 53
Asomaton, 164 _n._
Athanasius, patriarch (1450), 202
Athens, duchy of, seized by Catalans, 69
Aurispa, pupil of Chrysoloras, 406
Babylon, sultan of. _See_ Egypt
Bachaturean walls, 240
Bactatinian Tower, 240;
destroyed by Turks, 268
Bagdad, the last of its caliphs, 53
Bajazed, Sultan (1389–1403, son of Murad): obtained nickname
of _Ilderim_ or the Thunderbolt, 132;
successful attacks upon the empire, _ib._;
crushes Bulgarian kingdom, 134;
defeats Western armies at Nicopolis, 134 _sqq._;
for years kept Constantinople under terror of sieges, 137;
extent of his possessions, _ib._;
summons of Timour to Bajazed, 138 _sq._;
the sultan’s reply, 141;
Timour’s crushing defeat of Turks at Angora, Bajazed taken captive,
142 _sqq._;
his treatment by his captor, 144 _sq._;
territory taken from Turks by Timour, 145;
Bajazed’s death, 147
Baldwin, Emperor (Latin, 1204–05), 2 _sq._
Baldwin II., Emperor (Latin, 1237–61, successor of John of Brienne), 11;
gave his niece in marriage to sultan of Konia, 15;
put his son in pledge to Venetians for what he had borrowed, 16
Bâle, Council of (for Union, 1431): strife over its transference
to Bologna, 121
Balkan peninsula: the continuous mutual jealousies of the races
inhabiting it, 187;
a ‘Debateable Land,’ 187 _n._
Baloukli, Holy Well of, 18
Baltoglu, a Bulgarian renegade: in command of Turkish fleet at
the great siege, 233, 244;
treatment of defenders of Prinkipo, 253;
attempt to force the boom, 256;
attack on aid-bearing Genoese ships, description of the battle,
259 _sqq._;
Turks defeated, 265;
sultan degrades admiral, 267
Barlaam, Abbot (an Eastern controversialist), 69, 87;
taught Greek (at Avignon) at Petrarch’s request, 404
Bartolo, Nicolo (Venetian): his ‘Diary of the Siege of Constantinople,’
ix
Bashi-Bazouks, 223;
an undisciplined mob: what they were used for, 229;
their eagerness for the final struggle, 319;
they begin the general attack, and are defeated, 335;
their body made up of Moslems, Christians and foreigners, _ib._;
Mahomet’s object in making them the first to attack, 335 _sq._;
their weapons and manner of fighting, 336
‘Bastion’ of Mahomet II.: description of its construction, 292 _sq._;
its position, 293
Bektash, Hadji, dervish and saint: honoured by Janissaries, 223;
the dervish order of Bektashis, 223 _n._;
the order suppressed (1826), 227 _n._
Belgrade: captured by Turks: Serbians become vassals of Murad, 107
Bellini, Gentile (artist): at court of Mahomet II., 393
Benedict XI., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, 69
Berenger of Catalonia, leader of mercenaries: joins with Roger
de Flor, 45;
aids the Catalans, 46;
death, 48
Bessarion: Eastern representative at Council of Florence, 125 _sq._;
made Cardinal by Eugenius IV., 128;
his profound learning, 406
Bethune, John de: his expedition to help Baldwin II., 11
Biremes, description of, 234
Blachern, palace of, 19, 243, 290, 332
Blackbirds, Plain of. _See_ Cossovo-pol
Black Death, the, 76, 104;
description of the scourge in 1347, 189;
its rapid spread and devastation, 190
Blum, Robert. _See_ Roger de Flor
Boccaccio: promoted study of Greek, 404 _sq._;
learned Greek and lectured on its literature, 405
Bocchiardi, Paul, Antony, and Troilus, three Italian brothers:
provided, at their own cost, a contingent in defence of
Constantinople (1453), 249;
their prowess during the great assault, 339, 344;
their ultimate escape to Galata, 360
Bogomils, an heretical sect, 87 and _n._, 151
Bohemians (followers of John Huss), 121
Bolero, Emperor Michael’s hunting-ground, 17
Boniface IX., Pope: procures aid for the Greeks: the expedition
defeated (1396), 110
Boom, the, across Golden Horn, 221, 271, 287, 290
Boucicaut, Admiral of Venetian and Genoese combined fleets, 111, 137
Brancovich, George (of Serbia): supplies men and much money
to the combination against Murad II., 159;
refuses to break the treaty of Szegedin, 163;
relations with Mahomet II., 311
Brienne, Gautier de, duke of Athens, 69
Brousa: its surrender to Othman (1326), 64;
captured by Timour, 145;
Bajazed buried at, 147
Bulgaria: Baldwin’s expedition against (1204), 3, 7 _sq._, 25;
allied with Tartars in Thrace, 64;
procured aid alike from Turks and Tartars, 99;
fate of Eastern Bulgarians sealed at Maritza (1371) and of Western
at Cossovo-pol (1389), 108;
end of the kingdom (1393), 134
Burgundians at Nicopolis, 135
Burgundy, Louis of, 40
Byzantine art: its influence upon the West, 413
Caligaria: defence of its walls, 221
Caloyers (Greek monks): defenders in the great siege, 250, 259
Cannon, Urban’s monster gun, 231, 245;
account of other large guns, 231 _n._;
various names for cannon, 246;
size of stone balls thrown, _ib._;
probably not mounted on wheels, _ib._;
Urban’s great cannon destroyed, but afterwards recast and again
used, 245;
Turkish superiority in the use of cannon, 252;
siege of Constantinople an era in employment of large cannon, 252;
brass cannon, in use, 252 _n._;
destructive effect shown in the siege, 255;
Greek words used for ‘cannon,’ 292 _n._
Cantacuzenus, Andronicus: a defender in the great siege, 249
Caraja, leader of European Turks: killed at Varna, 168
Caraja Pasha: head of European division of Turks, 243;
position in final assault, 325;
suffers defeat, 359
Caristo, an old Venetian: a defender in the great siege, 249
Castriotes, George. _See_ Iskender
Catalan Grand Company. _See_ Roger de Flor
Catalusio, Catherine, wife of Constantine Dragases (died 1442),
203 _n._, 298 _n._
Cesarini, Cardinal Julian, 125;
papal legate at Constantinople, 159;
persuaded Ladislaus to violate the treaty of Szegedin, 162;
his pretexts in justification, 163;
at the battle of Varna, 166, 168
Charles VI. (France): refuses Manuel’s proposed vassalage, 111
Chateaumorand, lieutenant of Boucicaut, 112, 137
China: Timour’s intended invasion, 147
Clement IV., Pope, 31
Clement VI., Pope: his efforts to check Moslem progress: sends a fleet
against Turks, 81;
the expedition massacred, _ib._;
the pope’s relations with John Cantacuzenus, 82;
desired a Council to settle Union of the Churches, 83
Christ, Tower of, 270
Chrysoloras, Manuel: taught Greek at Florence, Pavia, Venice,
and Rome, 405 _sq._
Coco, James: scheme to capture Turkish vessels in Cassim Pasha Bay,
279, 283, 288
Colonies of Westerns domiciled in Constantinople, 77
Comans (or Tur-Comans): a band of, in service of Latins, 13
Commerce, the stream of, through the Bosporus, 23
Constantine XI., Emperor (sometimes called Constantine XII., Dragases:
1449–53: brother of John VII.): ruler in the Peloponnesus, 171;
defeated by Murad II.: compelled to pay tribute and surrender
territory to him, 172;
becomes last Christian emperor: crowned 1449, 201;
the Union question combined with desired aid from the West, 202;
preparations for its formal completion, 203;
the emperor’s relations with Mahomet II., 211 _sq._;
the fortress of Roumelia-Hissar, 213 _sqq._;
Mahomet declares war, 216;
preparations against siege, 219;
help from the pope, from Venice and the Genoese, 220;
Justiniani made Commander-in-chief, _ib._;
Turkish fleet in the Bosporus, 233;
Greeks break down bridges leading across the foss, and close
the city gates, 235;
gradual approach of Turkish army, 236;
emperor’s reply to Mahomet’s formal offer of peace, 236;
paucity of the imperial forces, 246 _sq._;
positions occupied by his troops, 248 _sqq._;
his cannon were few and of little value, 250;
equipment and arms of the forces, 251
Constantine XI.--The Siege: the city beleaguered (April 7, 1453), 254;
first bombardment, 255;
defeats of enemy’s attempts, 256;
a naval battle: defeat of Baltoglu, 257 _sqq._;
fruitless appeals for further aid, 268;
more destructive bombardment, 269;
transport of Turkish vessels overland, 269 _sqq._;
Constantine alleged to have sued for peace, 277;
the sultan’s reply, _ib._;
the statement is hardly probable, 278;
the emperor sends a vessel to search for the expected Venetian
fleet, 285;
his reply to proposal that he should leave the city, 286 _sq._;
pacifies quarrel of Venetians and Genoese, 288;
strange phenomena seen in city (May 22–26, 1453), 296 _sqq._;
great alarm of emperor and people, 298
Constantine XI.--Last days of Empire: comparison of conditions
of besieged and besiegers, 313;
difference of character in their final preparations, 314;
some food for hope for the Greeks, _ib._;
Ismail of Sinope brings suggestion of Greek surrender, on terms,
317;
emperor’s reply, 318;
religious preparations for the coming struggle: the last religious
procession in the city, 327;
Constantine’s ‘funeral oration of the Empire,’ 328;
spirit of the speech, 329;
his last view of the city, 332;
his attempt to rally defenders at the stockade, 347;
took the post of Justiniani after the latter’s departure, 348;
death of Constantine, 350;
variant accounts as to the manner of his death, 353 _sqq._;
his character, 355;
his burial-place unknown, 357
Constantinople--Latin Empire, 1204–61: the city never recovered
the blow inflicted by the Fourth Crusade, 1;
Baldwin, the first Latin emperor: the parcelling out of the empire
and division of the spoil, 2 _sq._;
dissensions, 3;
conflict with Bulgarians, _ib._;
disputes among leaders, 4;
opposition of Greek population: empire of Nicaea, 5 _sq._;
Baldwin’s death: succeeded by Henry (1205), 7;
Henry’s policy of conciliation, 8;
mysterious death of his successor, Peter of Courtenay, _ib._;
fate of Peter’s successor, Robert, 9;
in 1222 there were four persons claiming to be emperors, _ib._;
Robert’s successor, John de Brienne (1228): troubles of his reign,
10;
Baldwin II. succeeded (1237): his visit to the West to beg for help
in men and money, _ib._;
intense distress and want of food in the city, 11;
decay of the empire, 12;
sacred relics and other valuables sold to raise money, _ib._;
decay of the city, 13;
lawlessness of Crusaders, 13 _sq._;
events after Baldwin’s return: more degradation, 15 _sq._;
fruitless negotiations with Emperor Michael (of Nicaea), 16;
the capture of Constantinople (1261), 17 _sqq._;
ignominious flight of Baldwin, 19;
the Latin empire had done irreparable mischief and no compensatory
good, 20
Constantinople--Reconstructing the Empire: a city of desolation:
destruction and plunder of treasures of art and civilisation, 22;
its old commerce ruined, 23;
desolation in the city reproduced in the provinces, 24;
Michael VIII.’s difficulties: anarchy within his dominions
and hostility from without, 25;
hatred of Orthodox towards Roman Church, _ib._;
from Michael’s own usurpation, 26;
from attempts by Latins to recover the Empire, 29;
strife about Union of Churches, 31 _sqq._;
Union apparently effected (Lyons, 1274), but rejected
at Constantinople, 34;
further desperate papal efforts, 35;
death of Michael: his son, Andronicus II., succeeded (1282),
36 _sq._;
popes still favour re-establishment of Latin empire, 38;
various projects in that direction, 38 _sqq._;
Andronicus calls in the aid of the Catalan Grand Company, 40;
ill effects thereof, 41 _sqq._;
outrages upon subjects of the empire, 43 _sq._, 46;
emperor’s effort to buy them off, 47;
disastrous results from attempts to restore Latin empire,
49 _sqq._
Constantinople--Dynastic Struggles: attack of Sultan Othman on imperial
territory (1282), 61 _sqq._;
Turks called in as partisans in imperial dynastic struggles, 63;
Brousa captured by Othman, 64;
distressed condition of the empire in 1320, 65;
long and lasting evils of dynastic struggles, 66;
the quarrels between Andronicus II. and his grandson, 67;
thirteen years constant war against Turks, 68 _sqq._;
the bitter strife between John V. and John Cantacuzenus (1342–55),
70 _sqq._
Constantinople--Causes leading to Decay of Empire: the small remnant
of territory to which Constantine Dragases succeeded, 180;
the decay was not due to demoralisation of people, 180 _sq._;
they were superstitiously religious, but not given to frivolous
amusement, 181;
their indifference to matters political, 182;
no fervour or energy among Churchmen and nobles, 182 _sq._;
no commercial spirit existed, 183;
merits and faults were alike negative, 184;
enervation caused by relaxing climate of Constantinople, 184 _n._;
chief causes of decay: mischief arising out of Latin conquest, 185;
internal divisions and civil wars helped the Turks’ aims against
empire, 185 _sq._;
autocratic form of government, 186;
hostile races, and their mutual jealousies, 187;
dissensions between co-emperors, _ib._;
immiscible racial groups, 188;
the system of Turkish conquests: nomads replace agriculturists,
188 _sq._;
fearful havoc of the Black Death, (1347), 189 _sqq._;
densely populated and flourishing countries become a desolation,
191;
population of Constantinople in 1453, 192 _sqq._;
its commerce, 194;
relations of government and governed, _ib._;
no divine right of succession, 195;
co-emperors, _ib._;
law fairly administered, _ib._;
popular interest in religious questions, 196;
intellectual life: classical Greek modified by Christianity, 197;
Greek historians of the period, _ib._;
character of civilisation of the time, 197 _sq._;
intellectual life in provincial cities, 199;
few glimpses of domestic life, _ib._;
a period of disasters, struggles, alarms, and illusions, 200
Constantinople--Topography of the City: Galata of Pera
(Genoese colony), 237;
Stamboul (in 1453), _ib._;
position and shape of the city proper, _ib._;
the foss from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238;
description of the walls: Landward Walls, 238 _sqq._;
the Peribolos or enclosure, 238;
Outer Wall, 239;
gates, civil and military, _ib._;
valley of the Lycus, _ib._;
the Mesoteichion and the Myriandrion, 240;
Bachaturean walls, _ib._;
Inner Wall, 241;
the neglect of keeping the walls in good condition: money intended
for their repair had been misappropriated, 242;
the defenders at the great siege took up their position in
the Peribolos, 243;
local disposition of the enemy’s forces, 243 _sq._;
positions of the imperial forces, 248 _sqq._
Constantinople--Events of the Siege: the Queen City cut off from the
outside world, 254;
damage done by enemy’s cannonades, 255;
construction of a stockade, _ib._;
attempted capture and attack on boom repelled, 256;
Baltoglu’s attack on aid-bearing vessels: description of the fight,
257 _sqq._;
attack defeated: number of casualties, 267;
attack on the landward walls: destructive bombardment, 268;
a stockade formed, 269;
the transport of Turkish ships overland, 269 _sqq._;
Greek scheme to destroy these vessels, 279 _sq._;
the attempt made, 281;
failure, 282;
constant attacks on the landward walls; operations of the great
cannon, 283;
provisions running short, 285;
naval skirmishes, _ib._;
vessel sent out to find Venetian fleet, _ib._;
proposal that emperor should leave the city, 286;
attacks on boom, 287, 290;
jealousy between Venetians and Genoese, 288;
attempts to capture city by assault defeated, 289 _sq._;
attempts to undermine walls, 281, 294 _sq._;
a ‘bastion’ erected by Turks, 292 _sq._;
destroyed by Greeks, 294;
failure to find Venetian fleet, 295;
supernatural omens, 296 _sq._;
dissensions in city: among Greeks, arising out of the Union, 303;
between Greeks and Italians: mainly from religious animosity, 301;
between Venetians and Genoese: charge of treachery against
the latter, 303;
Greeks charged with lukewarmness and defections, 305;
breaches made in the walls by Turks, 308;
Justiniani’s stockade, 309;
failure of Serbia and Hungary to send aid, 311;
Hunyadi said to have been in communication with sultan, 312
Constantinople--The last days of Empire; Ismail of Sinope brings
from sultan suggestion to surrender, on terms: rejected,
317 _sq._;
final preparations by the Greeks, 326;
last religious procession in the city, 327;
speech of the emperor, 328;
last Christian service in St. Sophia, 330;
the gates closed, 331;
the general assault (May 29, 1453), 334;
first attacks defeated, 335 _sqq._;
the assault by Janissaries, 340;
the Kerkoporta incident, 341;
how the Turks got inside the Outer Wall, 342 _sqq._;
Justiniani wounded, 345;
the consequences, 346 _sqq._;
final charge and success of Janissaries, 348;
stockade captured, 349;
death of Constantine, 350;
capture of Constantinople, _ib._;
Mahomet enters the city, 351;
the capture due to two accidents, the neglected postern and the
wound of Justiniani, _ib._;
tardy arrival of aid, 352
Constantinople--In the hands of the Turks: the final struggles,
358 _sqq._;
panic throughout the city, 351;
general slaughter during half a day, 362;
flight of Christians to ships, 363;
atrocities by looters, 364;
gross treatment of refugees in St. Sophia, 366;
and of the church, 367;
wanton destruction of books, _ib._;
number of persons captured or killed, 368;
fate of fugitives, 369;
St. Sophia made a mosque, 373;
fate of defenders after capture, 373 _sqq._;
the city brought to desolation, 377;
love of Easterns for it, 378;
picturesque beauty of its situation, 379;
sultan’s endeavours to repeople it, 380 _sqq._;
Christian worship tolerated: Gennadius appointed patriarch,
382 _sq._
Constantinople--Effects of the Capture: an epoch-marking event, 414;
alarm created in Europe, 415;
degradation of the Queen City, 416;
disastrous results upon Christian subjects: they became _rayahs_
or cattle, 417;
causes of their impoverishment and demoralisation, 418 _sq._;
degradation of Church, 420;
injury to religion and learning, _ib._;
destruction of benefits conferred by the Church, 421;
inducements offered to abandon Christianity, 422;
degraded position of women, 422 _n._;
Christians became demoralised and lost self-respect, 423;
impossibility of obtaining justice, 424;
slight effect of the conquest on mass of Turkish population, 425;
dawn of a better day, 426 _sqq._
Constantinople, Synod of (1450), on Union: deposed patriarch Gregory
(a favourer of Union), 202
Contarini, James (Venetian): a defender in the great siege, 250
Cossovo-pol (or Plain of Blackbirds), the first battle of (1389):
utter defeat by Turks of Serbians and their allies, 108;
sealed the fate of Northern Serbians and Western Bulgarians, _ib._;
battle of 1448: defeat of Christians, 174;
the losses on both sides, 175
Countouz, son of Murad: raised rebellion against his father, 106;
his punishment, _ib._
Courtenay, Catherine of: a marriage proposed between her and a
Palaeologus, 37;
she married Charles of Valois, 38
Crescent, the: use of the symbol is ancient: its probable origin,
140 _n._
Cretan ships in imperial fleet (1453), 250;
their crews were the last Christians to quit their posts after
the capture of the city, 363
Crimea: Turks driven out by Tartars (1300), 64
Critobulus: his ‘Life of Mahomet II.,’ x
Crusade, the Fourth, 1;
the Crusaders’ share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), 3;
mischief wrought by, in and around the city, 13;
their lawlessness, 14
Dalmata, John: with Constantine in final assault, 350
Dan, prince (of the Wallachs): does homage to Murad II., 156
Dandolo, doge of Venice (1192), 1, 4 _sq._ 39, 49
Dante: helped to Western appreciation of Greek literature, 404
Danube, the: the highway between the Black and the North Seas, 23
David, emperor (Trebizond): defeated by Mahomet II., 388
Demetrius, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201
Demetrius, brother of John VII.: refused to sign Act of Union, 127
Derrybeys: meaning of the term, 222
Dervish sects: character of their religion, 171 _n._
Diedo, Alexis (Aloysius), naval officer: in the great siege,
220 _sq._;
admiral of the fleet, 250;
defence of boom against Turks, 291;
escaped, with his galleys and some Venetian refugees, 369
Dnieper, the: the commerce of, 23
Documents relating to siege of Constantinople unknown to Gibbon,
xiii _sq._
Dolma Bagtche, palace of, 233
Double Columns (Diplokionion), the, 233, 291
Double Procession, the: discussions on, at Florence, 125 _sq._
Drakul, prince of Wallachia, 164, 170
Dromon: meaning of the word as applied to ships, 235
Ducas, John, Emperor (of Nicaea, 1258–60: a boy;
successor of Theodore Lascaris II.), 16
Egypt, sultan of (known to Crusaders as sultan of Babylon), 60
Elephants employed in battle by Timour, 143
Elias Pasha, abettor of Mustafa, 115 _n._, 154
Elizabeth, mother of young king Ladislaus: her successful resistance
of Murad II. in Hungary, 157
Emperor: the title assumed by rulers of Trebizond and Nicaea, 5
England: destructiveness of Black Death in (1348), 190 _n._, 191
Epirus, 5, 7;
the despot of, 8 _sq._
Erasmus: promoted study of Greek, 410
Ertogrul (or Orthogrul), father of Othman or Osman, the founder
of Ottoman dynasty, 60
Eugenius IV,. Pope, great struggle for Union of the Churches,
120 _sqq._;
summons Western princes to help the empire, 129;
preaches a new Crusade (1428 and 1442), 157, 159;
said to have approved violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163;
encouraged study of Greek, 406
Eugenius, Tower of, 221
Europe, Eastern: its gigantic struggle in fifteenth century
against hordes of Asia, Turks and Tartars, 132
Eyoub, standard-bearer of the Prophet, 230
Ferrara, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1437), 123;
outbreak of plague, 125;
Council transferred to Florence, 125
Firelocks or fusils (throwing leaden balls): used by the Turks
in siege, 269, 325
Flatanelas, an imperial naval commander, 258;
gallant conduct in battle with Baltoglu, 263 _sq._
Florence, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1439):
the chief representatives on both sides, 125;
the subjects of discussion, 125 _sq._;
Union signed, 127;
analysis of opinions represented in the Council, _ib._
Foscari, doge of Venice (1451), 203
Foss, the, from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238;
still in good condition, 239;
its dams, 240;
attack on, from the ‘bastion,’ 293 _sq._
Francisco of Toledo, Don: with Constantine in final assault, 350
Franco, standard-bearer at Varna, 167 _sq._
Frederic, Emperor: his excommunication (1245), 15 _sq._
Frederic, King of Sicily (1313), 40 _sq._
Frenchmen among fighting men of the Latins, 19 _n._
Fustae (vessels), description of, 234
Galata, a village near Varna, 165
Galata of Pera (the Genoese colony), 237, 243;
its surrender to Mahomet II., 370 _sqq._
Galata, Tower of (formerly called Tower of Christ), 221, 281, 371
Galley: its meaning in fifteenth century, 235
Gates of Constantinople: Adrianople, 236, 239 _sq._, 243 _sq._, 343;
Caligaria (now called Egri Capou or Crooked Gate), 249, 332;
Chariseus, 293 _n._;
Civil Gates, 243;
Cresu (probably Chariseus or Adrianople Gate), 246 _n._;
Golden, 19 _n._, 73, 114, 130 _n._, 133;
Hedjoum Capou (‘Gate of the Assault’), 240, 310;
Horaia, 250, 360, 363;
Kerkoporta (Porta Xylokerkou): the results of its postern gate
being neglected, 342 _sqq._, 351;
Military Gates, 239 _sq._, 243, 245;
Pegè (or Gate of the Springs): now Silivria Gate), 18, 19 _n._, 239;
Psamatia, 322;
Rhegium (now called Mevlevihana Capou), 245;
St. Eugenius, 322;
St. Kyriakè, 240;
St. Romanus (formerly known as the Pempton), 114, 236 _n._, 283,
290, 350;
St. Theodosia, 250 _n._;
Top Capou (Cannon Gate), 236, 239 _sq._, 243, 356;
Triton, 239;
Xyloporta (Woodgate), 114, 243
Genghis Khan, a Mongol: his followers mainly Turks, 52, 54;
married a Christian, 54
Gennadius. _See_ Scholarius, George
Genoese, in occupation of Galata, 17;
made alliance with Emperor Michael, _ib._;
defeat of Catalans, 46;
colony at Galata, 77;
rivalry with Venetians: a battle between them in the Bosporus,
_ib._;
joined with Turks against Constantinople, 78;
bought off with a concession of territory by Cantacuzenus, 78;
their defeat (1379) of Venetians, 95;
colonists desire to acknowledge Timour as suzerain, 146, 148;
the size of their ships, 154 _n._;
their hatred of Venetians, 157 _n._;
preparations against the great siege, 220;
joined with Venetians in defence of Constantinople (1453),
247 _sq._;
ships bringing aid to the city attacked by Turks, 259;
Turks defeated, 265;
Genoese accused of giving aid to Mahomet II., 270;
their relations with him, 287;
quarrels, during siege, with Venetians, 288;
discussion of charge of treachery brought against them, 303;
Mahomet ordered them to prevent help being sent clandestinely to the
city, 320;
escape of some galleys, with refugees from the captured city, 370
Germanus, patriarch, succeeded Arsenius, 28
Giant’s Mountain, the, 164
Gibbon: his ‘Decline and Fall’ needs rectification by new sources
of information, v _sq._;
the sources he used were vitiated by prejudices, vii;
bias caused by his own principles, _ib._;
criticism of his statement that the Greeks’ spirit of religion was
productive only of animosity and discord, 306
Godfrey de Bouillon, 97 _n._
Godfrey, imperial Grand Huntsman, 98
Grant, John (a German): a defender in the great siege, 249;
his skilful countermining of the Turks, 292
Greek Empire: influence of Hellenism upon, 399;
deep love of the people for the old Greek language and literature,
400;
this formed a strong bond of union, _ib._;
dark periods of literature, 401;
disappearance of books after 1204, _ib._;
in Constantinople there was always a considerable number of scholars
and students, 402;
these helped to preserve Greek language and literature, _ib._;
departure of Greek scholars to the West began with the Latin
conquest, 403;
their dispersion introduced to Western Europe new ideals, 413.
_See also_ Renaissance
Greek fire: the use of, 263
Greeks: their condition in Constantinople after 1204, 3, 5, 13
Gregory, patriarch, a favourer of Union: deposed (1450), 202;
restored, 205
Gregory IX., Pope, 11
Gregory X., Pope: negotiations with Michael VIII. for Union, 32;
the reconciliation of 1274, 34
Gregory XI., Pope: efforts against Moslem progress, 92;
and for Union, 93
Grione, Zacharia, naval officer: a defender in the great siege, 266;
helped in Coco’s scheme, 281
Gul Jami (Mosque of the Rose): formerly church of St. Theodosia, 360
Guy de Lusignan, 90
Hagia Sophia, 204 _sq._, 297 _sq._;
shunned by Greeks after the Union, 301;
the last Christian service in, 330;
crowded with refugees after the capture, 365;
these taken captive or slain by Turks, 366;
gross treatment of the church and its contents, 366 _sq._;
wanton destruction of books, 367
Halil Pasha, a Turkish leader friendly to the Greeks, 158;
grand vizier of Mahomet II., 209, 212;
chief officer under the sultan, 244;
endeavoured to induce the sultan to abandon siege, 318;
his final command, 325
Halil, son of Orchan, 102
Hamoud, Admiral, successor of Baltoglu, 322, 325;
failure of his fleet’s operations, 359;
destroyed Greek ships at Galata, 370
Harmanli, battle of: Serbians and Bulgarians defeated by Turks (1371),
105
Hassan, a gigantic Janissary, 348
Helepoles: Greek name for cannon, 293
Henry, Emperor (Latin, 1205–16: brother and successor of Baldwin),
7 _sqq._
Henry III. (England), 11
Henry IV. (England): refused aid to Manuel, 112
Heraclia, Bishop: his rejection of Union, 127 _sq._
Hexamilion, rampart of, 172
Hieron: question of its situation, 164 _n._
Hilarion, a valiant monk, 63
Histodokè (in a trireme): its use, 234
Holy Apostles, church of the: presented by Mahomet to patriarch
Gennadius, 384
Holy Cross, Tower of, 371
Holy Gates, the (in a Greek church), 36
Honorius III., Pope, 9
Houlagou, grandson of Genghis Khan: his ravages in Asia Minor, 53;
married Prester John’s granddaughter, 55;
men of various religions in his army, 55
Hungary: king of (1318), 40;
a great host of Tartars there, 64;
in communication with Mahomet II., 311 _n._, 312
Hunyadi, John Corvinus, waywode of Transylvania: in chief command
of combined forces against Murad II., 159;
his previous successful operations against Turks, _ib._;
his victory at Slivnitza (1443), 160;
the treaty of Szegedin: not signed by Hunyadi, 161;
he reluctantly consents to its violation, 163;
battle of Varna, 164 _sqq._;
complete defeat of Christians, 170;
again defeated, at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 _sq._;
Hunyadi’s loss of reputation, 175;
made a truce with Mahomet II., 213;
nicknamed ‘Black John’ by Turks, 228;
the price he demanded for aid to the emperor in the great siege,
268 _n._;
no aid came from him, _ib._;
in communication with Mahomet II., 312;
his agents said to have instructed Turks in use of great bombard,
_ib._
Ibrahim Bey: his revolt against Mahomet II., 211 _sq._
Iconostasis, the (in a Greek church), 36 _n._
Impalement of captives: practised by Turks, 253
Innocent III., Pope, 1, 6;
foretold the evil effects of the capture of Constantinople by
Crusaders, 20, 30, 49
Innocent V., Pope: sent preaching friars to Constantinople, 35
Innocent VI., Pope: relations, about Union, with John V., 90
Iradè (Turkish edict) issued by Mahomet II., 315
Isa, son of Bajazed, 143 _sq._, 149
Isaac, Emperor, 4
Isaac Pasha, vizier of Mahomet II., 209;
head of Turkish Asiatic troops, 243, 325
Isidore, metropolitan of Russia, 125;
made Cardinal by Eugenius IV., 128;
legate of Nicholas V. at Constantinople, 203, 220;
took part in defence at the great siege, 250;
his fate after the capture, 374
Isidore, patriarch, 75
Iskender Bey (_i.e._ Alexander Bey = George Castriotes; also known
as Scanderbeg), an Albanian leader, 158;
in possession of Albania and Macedonia, 161;
prevented from joining Ladislaus against Murad II., 163;
Iskender’s origin, 172;
his capture of Croya, 172 _sq._;
in the battle of Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 _sq._;
twice repels Murad’s attempts to recapture Croya, 202;
siege of Sventigrad: losses of Turks, _ib._
Islam: growth of its influence, 102;
its character as a religion, 209 _n._
Islands, Greek: surrender of, to Mahomet, 381
Ismail of Sinope: endeavours to persuade Greeks to surrender on terms,
317
Ismidt, Gulf of: Turks build a fortress on (1395), 110
Italians; the number who took part in defence of Constantinople (1453),
247;
their chivalrous conduct, 248
Jacoub: strangled by his brother, Bajazed, 133
Jagarus: supposed repairer of walls of the city: embezzled the money,
242
Janissaries, 103;
fought at battle of Nicopolis, 135;
at Angora (1402), 144;
at battle of Varna, 167;
at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174;
the body founded by Sultan Orchan, 103, 223;
origin and source of their supply, 224;
strictness of their training and discipline, 225;
_esprit de corps_, 226;
developed into an _imperium in imperio_, 227;
resemblance between them and the Knights Templars, _ib._;
Janissaries completely devoted to the sultan, _ib._;
success of sultans largely due to the New Troops, 228;
their prowess turned the disaster of Varna into a great victory,
_ib._;
their position in the grand assault, 323;
their attack, 340;
the incident at the Kerkoporta, 341;
their final charge, 348;
stockade captured, 349;
complete success, 350;
young Greek nobles placed in the corps after the capture, 381
John V. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1341–91; son of Andronicus III.):
on account of John’s youth, Cantacuzenus was associated with his
mother (Anne of Savoy) as regent, 70;
in 1342 John Cantacuzenus was proclaimed joint emperor, _ib._;
the strife which followed: civil war, 71;
John’s marriage to Helen, daughter of Cantacuzenus, 73;
a remarkable coronation service: of the two emperors, their wives,
and the dowager empress, _ib._;
vicious character of John, 74;
persistent animosity of the partisans of both emperors, 75;
alliance and aid of Turks called in, against Serbians, 75 _sq._;
John’s quarrels with his father-in-law, 78;
treatment of Matthew Cantacuzenus, 79;
causes abdication of his co-emperor, 80;
John’s speedy disposal of Matthew, 87;
his dislike of religious controversies, _ib._;
alliance with Sultan Murad, 88;
political basis of his views about Union, 39;
appeal to the pope, 90;
unsatisfactory results, 90 _sq._;
visit to Rome: little help gained, 92;
relations with Murad, 94;
cruel treatment of his son Andronicus, and the son’s retaliation,
_ib._;
his son Manuel co-emperor, 94 _sq._;
further domestic troubles, 95;
death of John V. (1391), 96;
his practical vassalage to the Turks, 96, 101;
formally recognised (1373) Sultan Murad as his suzerain, 104
John Cantacuzenus, joint emperor with John V. (1342–55); held the
dignity of Grand Domestic, 70;
associated with Anne of Savoy as regent, _ib._;
proclaimed joint emperor, _ib._;
the civil war and decadence of the empire which followed, 70 _sqq._;
married his daughter Theodora to Sultan Orchan, and his daughter
Helen to John V., 72;
financial difficulties, 74;
calls in Turkish aid against the Serbians, 76;
a medley of incidents between the partisans of the two emperors,
76 _sqq._;
nomination of Matthew Cantacuzenus as co-emperor with his father,
78 _sq._;
Cantacuzenus retires to the monastery of Mount Athos (1355), 80;
his death (1380), _ib._;
his character, 84 _sqq._;
his History, 85;
his mother a Bogomil, 87
John VII. (sometimes called John V.: Palaeologus), Emperor (1425–48:
nephew of Manuel II.): co-emperor with his uncle, 110;
his appeals for aid from West, 115;
conditions on which help was promised: Union and acknowledgment
of papal supremacy, 116;
position of empire in regard to the Turks in 1425, 119;
the great attempt at Reunion, 120 _sqq._;
the Council on Union: Bâle (1431), 121;
Ferrara (1438): John with imperial representatives present, 124;
Florence (1439), 125;
Union signed, 127;
hotly opposed in Constantinople, 127 _sqq._;
events of John’s last years, 129;
his death: summary of his reign, 130;
terms of peace (1423) with Murad, 155;
John does homage to the sultan, 156
John, grandson of John V.: made co-emperor with his grandfather and
his uncle Manuel, 95
John, Emperor (Trebizond), 387
John of Brienne, Emperor (Latin, 1228–37: successor of Robert), 10
John, King (England), 10
John the Bastard, despot of Epirus, 35
John XXI., Pope: sent nuncios to Constantinople (1276), 35
John XXII., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, 69
John of Austria, Don: victory over Turks at Lepanto (1571), 416
John, patriarch, 75
John, Father (head of Dominicans, 1439), 125
Joseph, patriarch: succeeded Germanus, and formally absolved
Michael VIII., 28 _sq._;
obliged to resign office, 31;
his restoration, 37
Justiniani: a commercial company in Chios, 133 _n._
Justiniani, John: a Genoese soldier of great reputation, 220;
commander-in-chief of imperial forces at the great siege, _ib._;
his preparations: closes the harbour by a boom, 221;
disposition of the few troops under his command, 249;
erects a stockade to defend the walls where the attack was fiercest,
255, 283;
defeats Turks in their first assault, 256;
shares in scheme for attack on Turkish vessels, 279;
is alleged to have advised the emperor to leave the city, 286;
led the defence against attack at Turks’ ‘bastion,’ 294;
Justiniani’s loyalty, bravery, and continuous labours in the siege,
303, 309;
description of his stockade, 309;
high esteem in which he was held, 310;
influence of his energy and courage upon his troops, _ib._;
he led the defenders against Bashi-Bazouks, 336;
and against Janissaries, 341, 345;
Justiniani mortally wounded: retires within the walls, 345;
his death, 346;
his departure creates a panic among the forces, 346 _sq._, 352;
partisan charges against him, 347, 352
Kahriè Mosque, 413 _n._
Knights of Rhodes, 93, 146, 151
Knights Templars, 53 _sq._, 227
Konia, sultan of, 387
Ladislaus, King of Poland (1428), 129, 157;
crowned King of Poland and Hungary (1440), 158;
at the battle of Slivnitza, 160;
the treaty made after the battle: immediately violated by Ladislaus,
161;
he was killed in the battle of Varna, 169
Languages, various, in the Greek empire, 187
Lascaris, Theodore, emperor of Nicaea (1204–22): struggle with Baldwin
and Henry (Baldwin’s successor), 6;
Lascaris’s success: extent of his territory, 7
Lascaris, Theodore II., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1254–58; son and successor
of John Vataces): his prosperous reign, 15;
increase of territory, 16
Lazarus, Kral of Serbia (son of Stephen): effort against Turks, 107;
utterly defeated by them at Cossovo-pol (1389), 108;
fate of Lazarus, _ib._;
in battle of Angora, 143;
does homage to Murad II., 156
Leontius of Salonica: first Professor of Greek in any Western country,
405
Loredano, Admiral (Venetian), 285, 296
Louis, King of Hungary, 91, 93
Louis of Blois, Count, 4 _sq._
Lycus, valley of the, 239, 283
Lydia, sultan of, 100
Lyons, Council of (1245), 15;
the apparent reconciliation of East and West in 1274, 34
Lysippus, the bronze horses of, 22
Macedonia, kingdom of: included in empire of Theodore Lascaris II.,
16
Mahmoud, head of Turkish Asiatic troops, 243
Mahomet, the Prophet; his promise to captors of New Rome, 230
Mahomet I., Sultan (1413–20, son of Suliman): the first of the name
in Ottoman dynasty, 113;
proclaimed himself Grand Sultan of the Ottomans, 151;
conciliatory relations with Manuel II., _ib._;
breach caused by Manuel’s treatment of Mustafa, 152;
death of Mahomet, _ib._
Mahomet II., Sultan (1451, son of Murad II.): his aim from boyhood,
to capture Constantinople, 207;
two sides of his character: student and bloodthirsty tyrant,
207 _sqq._;
his accession, 209;
puts to death his infant brother, 210;
his great military skill: relations with his troops, _ib._;
secret preparations for the siege, 211;
Constantine and other rulers send him conciliating embassies, 211;
makes a truce with Hunyadi, 213;
active preparations: Roumelia-Hissar, _ib._;
reply to emperor’s remonstrances, 214;
the fortress completed: Mahomet declares war, 216;
capture of ships, 217;
the sultan’s address to the pachas, _ib._;
he devastates country round the city, 218;
composition and numbers of his army, 222 _sqq._;
Urban’s great bombard, 231;
details of Mahomet’s fleet, 232 _sqq._;
army arrives before the walls, 235;
he makes formal offer of peace: the reply, 236;
disposition of his forces, 243 _sqq._;
number and disposition of his cannon, 244 _sq._;
size of the guns and of the balls they threw, 245 _sq._;
their great influence on the siege, 252;
capture of fortresses outside the city, 253
Mahomet II.--The Siege: city invested, 254;
first bombardments and their effects, 255;
attacks that failed, 256 _sq._;
attempt to capture aid-bearing ships: a failure, 257 _sqq._;
sultan a spectator of the fight, 266;
Baltoglu degraded, 267;
attempt to gain possession of Golden Horn: transports vessels
overland, 269;
his reasons for this, 270 _sqq._;
concealment of his design, _ib._;
its success, 276;
alleged request for peace by Constantine, and sultan’s reply, 277;
failure of Greek attack on Turkish fleet, 277 _sqq._;
attacks on city walls, 283;
and on the boom, 287, 290;
Mahomet’s relations with Genoese, 287 _sq._, 291, 304;
his secret and rapid construction of a wooden turret or ‘bastion,’
292 _sqq._;
lack of success of his attempts at undermining, 295;
the work done in first six weeks of siege, 298;
preparations for a general assault, 307;
effect of cannonading on the walls, 308;
Justiniani’s stockade, 309;
relations of the sultan with Hunyadi, 312
Mahomet II.--The last days of the Siege: the sultan orders his forces
to observe three days of praise to God and one day of fasting, 315;
he hesitates to attack, _ib._;
alarmed at the strange phenomena of May 22–26, 316;
employs Ismail of Sinope to offer terms of surrender to Greeks, 317;
proposal rejected, 318;
sultan calls council, and decides upon attack, 319;
personally makes final arrangements, 320;
proclaims three days of plunder, _ib._;
speech to the pashas, 323;
disposition of the leaders of divisions, 325;
the general assault, 335;
begun by Bashi-Bazouks: their defeat, 335;
the sultan puts himself at the head of his reserves: the attack
by Janissaries, 340;
their success, 348;
stockade captured, 349;
death of Constantine: Mahomet enters the city, 351
Mahomet II.--After the Capture: his rage at the escape of many
refugees, 370;
treatment of surrendered Galata, 371 _sq._;
triumphal entry into Constantinople, 372;
in St. Sophia: makes it a mosque, 373;
his treatment of eminent captives, 373 _sqq._;
makes the city a desolation, 377;
attempts to repeople it, 380;
tries to get Greeks to settle in it, 381;
placed young Greek nobles in the corps of Janissaries, _ib._;
treatment of surrendered Greek islanders, _ib._;
tolerates Christian worship, 382;
his intercourse with new patriarch, George Scholarius (Gennadius),
383;
later attempts at repeopling, 384;
brings back fugitives, 385;
subjugates empire of Trebizond, 386
Mahomet II.--His Character: he conquered two empires and seven
kingdoms, 388;
his wars were wholly for conquest _ib._;
he improved Turkish fleet, 389;
reformed the administration, _ib._;
legitimised the slaughter of younger brothers by Ottoman sultans,
390;
was reckless of human life: examples of his cruelty, 390 _sq._;
yet he was kind to prisoners of war, 392;
he knew six languages, _ib._;
his studies, _ib._;
drew learned men to his court, 393;
his religious opinions: he was not a religious fanatic, 394 _sqq._;
the good and the evil in him, 396 _sqq._
Maine, Sir Henry, 186
Mango Khan, 54
Manuel II. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1391–1425: son of John V.):
had been given by his father as hostage to Murad, 104;
associated with his father in the government, 106;
had with him, to render military service to the sultan, their
suzerain, _ib._;
father and son compelled Philadelphia to surrender to Murad, 107;
Manuel escapes, as hostage, from Bajazed, and is proclaimed
at Constantinople as sole emperor, 109;
the empire attacked on every side by Turks, _ib._;
Manuel’s arrangement with the pretender, his nephew John, 110;
Hungarian cooperation with the emperor: their crushing defeat
at Nicopolis (1396), _ib._;
help from Venice and the Genoese: small results, 111;
Manuel’s resultless visit to France and England, 111 _sq._;
Bajazed’s three attempts to capture Constantinople, 112;
Manuel gave his granddaughter in marriage to Suliman, Bajazed’s
successor, _ib._;
friendly relations with Sultan Mahomet I., 113, 151 _sq._;
war with Murad II., _ib._;
his unsuccessful siege of the city (1422), 114, 154;
death of Manuel, 115, 155
Manuscripts and books: huge drafts by Italian scholars upon the stores
of, in Constantinople, 406;
numbers destroyed for the sake of their costly bindings, 411;
treatment of those in Constantinople in 1453 and after, 411 _sq._
Martin IV., Pope: threatens to depose Michael VIII., 36
Matthew Cantacuzenus (son of John), 73 _n._, 75;
associated with his father in government, 79;
chosen as his father’s successor, _ib._;
John V.’s treatment of him after his father’s retirement, 87
Maundeville, Sir J., 54, 55 _n._, 56 _n._, 65 _n._, 191
Medici, Cosimo de’, 407
Mersaite, a Mahdi: at siege of Constantinople (1422), 114
Mesoteichion, 236, 240, 349
Michael VIII., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1260–61: succeeded John Ducas;
was Emperor of the East 1261–82): negotiations of Baldwin with
him, 16;
Michael’s efforts to subdue the Latin Empire, 17;
alliance with Genoese, _ib._;
details of his capture of Constantinople, 18 _sqq._;
his entry into the city: end of Latin empire, 19;
difficulties in his new position, 25;
he was really a usurper: his cruel treatment of the _de jure_ heir,
John, son of Theodore Lascaris, 26;
his excommunication therefor, 27;
efforts to obtain absolution, 27 _sqq._;
troubles caused by Latin attempts to recover the empire, 29;
threatening encroachment of Turks, _ib._;
to gain aid from West he seeks reconciliation with Roman Church, 30;
details of strife about Union of the Churches, 30 _sqq._;
Michael’s endeavours in favour, 33;
double failure: with popes and with his own people, 36;
his death, _ib._
Michael IX. (Palaeologus), co-emperor with his father, Andronicus II.
(died 1320), 37;
married sister of king of Armenia, 38;
expedition against Catalans, 45 _sq._
Military colonies in conquered territories, Turkish system of, 189
Miners, Serbian, employed as sappers by Turks, 291
Minotto, Venetian bailey, 249;
his fate after the siege, 373
Missions, Christian: their great value in Turkey, 424 _n._
Montferrat, Boniface, Marquis of, 1;
struggle with Emperor Baldwin, 4 _sq._;
killed in battle, 8
Moscow: destroyed by Tartars (1239), 53
Mousa, son of Bajazed, 113;
captured at Angora, 143 _sq._;
quarrels with his brother, Suliman, 149;
forms an army of Turks and Wallachs, _ib._;
attacks Manuel: his devastations, 150;
ultimate defeat: put to death by his brother, Mahomet I., 157
Murad (or Amurath) I., Sultan (1359–89, son and successor of Orchan):
fanatical persecutor, 103;
organisation of Janissaries, _ib._;
endeavours to carry out in Europe his father’s policy in Asia Minor,
_ib._;
contests with other Turks, and with Hungarians, Serbians, and
Bulgarians, 103 _sq._;
John V. formally recognised him as his suzerain, 104;
defeat of Serbians &c. at Harmanli, 105;
treatment of his rebel son, Countouz, 106;
obliges John V. to pay him annual tribute and render military
service, _ib._;
Murad’s captures of towns and strongholds, 107;
the crushing defeat of Serbians &c. at Cossovo-pol, 107 _sq._;
assassination of Murad, 108
Murad II., Sultan (1420–51: son of Mahomet I.): relations with
Manuel II., 152;
question of the pretender Mustafa, 152 _sq._;
rebellion in behalf of Murad’s young brother, Mustafa, 154;
siege of Constantinople (1422): why it was raised, _ib._;
terms of peace (1423), 155;
triumphal progress of Murad, 156 _sqq._;
sovereigns do homage to him, 156;
attacks Hungary and Serbia, 157;
fails in siege of Belgrade, 158;
refuses to attack Constantinople during John’s absence at Florence,
_ib._;
combined Western movement against Murad, 158 _sq._;
Turkish defeats by Hunyadi: Slivnitza, 160;
Murad sues for peace, 161;
treaty with King Ladislaus: its terms, _ib._;
soon violated, by Christians, _ib._;
Murad abdicates in favour of his young son, Mahomet, 162;
resumes his duties to repel army of Ladislaus, 164;
helped by Genoese to cross Bosporus, _ib._;
battle of Varna, 165 _sqq._;
crushing defeat of Christians, 170;
Murad ravages Morea, 171;
attacks the Albanians: is defeated by Iskender Bey, 172;
Hunyadi again attacks Murad, but is defeated at Cossovo-pol (1448),
174;
death of Murad (1451), 178;
character, _ib._
Mustafa, son of Bajazed, 143
Mustafa, brother of Murad II.: his revolt and punishment, 114,
115 _n._, 152, 154
Myriandrion, 240, 249, 339
Neophytus, a monk: embezzler of public moneys, 242
Nicaea: its rulers assumed title of emperor, 58;
captured by Orchan, 98;
its present condition, 101
Nicholas IV., Pope: promotes project of marriage of Catherine
of Courtenay to the son of Andronicus II., 37
Nicholas V., Pope: calls upon Constantine to complete the decreed
Union, 202;
reconciliation of the Churches apparently effected (1452),
203 _sq._;
the pope sends 200 men to help emperor, 220;
he was the first ‘humanist’ pope, and founder of Vatican library,
407
Nicopolis: combined Western armies defeated at (1396), 110, 134;
details of the battle, 135
Notaras, Lucas; made Grand Duke, 155;
a defender in the great siege, 250;
directed the countermining in siege 292;
his treatment by Mahomet, 374
Orchan, Sultan (son and successor of Othman): married a daughter
of Cantacuzenus, 72;
sent an army to assist his father-in-law against partisans
of John V., _ib._;
and another to help Matthew Cantacuzenus against Serbians, 73 _n._;
John V. endeavoured to gain his aid, 78;
capture of Nicaea, 97;
conciliatory treatment of Christians, 98;
varied successes and disasters, 98 _sq._;
capture of Ismidt (Nicomedia), 99;
relations with John V., 101 _sq._;
Orchan’s death (1359): summary of what he had effected, 102;
he was the maker of the Turkish nation, _ib._
Orchan, son (or grandson) of Suliman: his maintenance at
Constantinople, 150, 211 _sq._, 213;
a defender in the great siege, 250;
his fate after the capture, 377
Orthogrul. _See_ Ertogrul
Othman (or Osman), founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60;
attacks upon Greek empire, 61;
obtained a fleet, _ib._;
took title of Sultan (1299), _ib._;
defeated imperial troops, _ib._;
divided territory acquired with other chiefs, _ib._;
attempted to capture Rhodes, 63; siege and capture of Brousa, 64;
his death (1327), _ib._;
his work, 97
Ottoman Turks, 54;
made a separate nationality by Orchan, 102;
contests with other Turks, 103;
spread in Europe, 104, 107
Ottoman coins, the first, 98
Overland transport of Mahomet II.’s ships, 269, 272;
similar feats performed before, 272 and _n._;
the plan and execution kept secret, _ib._;
attention diverted from it, 273 _sq._;
precautions against opposition, 274;
the number of vessels, 275;
method of transport, _ib._;
distance traversed, 276;
size of the vessels, 276 _n._;
discussion of question of the route adopted, 443 _sqq._
Oxford: Grocyn and Linacre taught Greek at (_temp._ Henry VII.), 410;
the opponents to this novelty called themselves ‘Trojans,’ _ib._
Pammacaristos, monastery, 152
Parandaria, description of, 235
Parateichion, the, 239
Pera (modern name Stavrodromion), 273
Peribolos, 114, 238
Peter of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1217–19: successor of Henry),
8 _sq._
Petrarch: promoted study of Greek, 404
Petroboles: Greek name for cannon, 293
Philadelphia: surrendered to Turks (1379), 107
Philelphus: wide range of his scholarship, 407 _sq._
Philip Augustus, King (France), 11
Philotheus, patriarch, 78
Photius, patriarch (877–85): disappearance of two thirds of works
enumerated in ‘Myriobiblion,’ 401
Phrantzes: Mahomet II.’s treatment of him and his family, 374
Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius: statement that Eugenius IV. justified
violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163 _n._;
on the number of Turks at Cossovo-pol in 1448, 174 _n._;
his depreciation of Turkish valour, 176;
on the very large number of manuscripts at Constantinople (1453),
412 _n._
Plague, the, 125, 189
Plato: study of, in Constantinople, 196
Plethon, George Gemistos, 196;
a favourer of Union, 204;
his body brought for burial from Morea to Florence, 407
Podestà, the, of Galata, 271, 304;
his account of surrender of Galata, 371
Poland: attacked by Tartars, 53
Pomaks (Bulgarians who have accepted Islam), 58 _n._
Porphyrogenitus, palace, 73, 243, 290
Prester (or Presbyter) John, 55
Prinkipo, island of, 77;
treatment of its defenders by Baltoglu, 253
Printing with moveable types: Greek scholars scorned printed Greek
books, 408
Purgatory and intermediate state of souls: the question treated
at Council of Florence, 126
Pusculus: his account of the siege of Constantinople, in Latin verse,
xii
Ramazan, observance of, 315
Rangebè, Greek general: encounter with standard-bearer of Mahomet II.,
289
Red Horse-tail surmounted by Golden Crescent (Timour’s standard), 143
Relics in Constantinople: sold by Latins to raise money, 12, 14
Religion: the influence of, on Greeks and Moslems respectively,
447 _sqq._
Renaissance, the: its rise and effects, 129;
benefits it derived from dispersal of Greek scholars from
Constantinople, 403;
learned Easterns taught Greek in Italy, 404 _sq._;
enthusiasm in Italy for the study, 405;
increase in reproduction of manuscripts, 408;
scholars’ objection to printed Greek books, _ib._;
increased number of fugitive scholars after 1453, _ib._;
the Renaissance movement carried to unjustifiable extremes, 409;
zeal for Greek died out in Italy, but spread in Germany, 410
Robert of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1219–28: successor of Peter),
9, 14
Rocafert, 47 _sq._
Roger de Flor (otherwise Robert Blum): his varied life, 42;
to avoid personal troubles in West, he took service under
Andronicus II., _ib._;
his 8,000 followers: known as the Catalan Grand Company, 42 _sq._;
made Grand Duke by the emperor, 43;
as terrible to Christians as to Moslems, _ib._;
examples of their methods and outrages, 43 _sq._;
he desired to carve out a kingdom for himself, 44;
treatment of the emperor, 45;
suspected ill intentions towards Greeks, _ib._;
assassinated by a leader of the Alans, 46;
Catalans’ revenge and the retaliation, _ib._;
further outrages by Catalans, 46 _sq._;
at open war with Greeks, _ib._;
emperor’s vain endeavours to buy them off, 47;
dissensions in the Company, 48;
its end, 49
Romanus Gate: discussion of view that it was the chief place of final
assault on the city, 429 _sqq._
‘Roum,’ Turkish form of ‘Rome,’ 53 _n._
Roumelia-Hissar, 164 _n._;
object of the fortress, 213 _sqq._;
description, 216
Russia: Tartars long firmly established in, 53, 64
Sacred Mouth, The (entrance to Black Sea), 164
St. Demetrius, Tower of (‘Megademetrius’), 250;
its position, 260 _n._
St. Louis of France, 11 _sq._, 16, 31 _sq._
St. Mark (Venice), treasures of: many came from Constantinople, 123
St. Sophia. _See_ Hagia Sophia
St. Theodore, Hill of, 273
St. Theodosia, church of: a congregation there, mostly women,
the first victims after capture of city, 361
Salonica, kingdom of, 4 _sq._, 8;
city captured by Murad II., 156 _sq._
Saracens, 23, 53 _sqq._, 69, 90 _sqq._
Saraja Pasha, 325
Savoy, Anne of, wife of Andronicus III., 70;
her efforts towards union of the Churches, 89
Scanderbeg. _See_ Iskender
Schildberger, a Belgian present at battles of Nicopolis and Angora,
145 _n._
Scholarius, George, 126 _sq._;
became a monk (Gennadius) at monastery of Pantocrator, 204;
continued a strong opponent of Union, _ib._;
after the capture he was made a slave, 382;
brought back to Constantinople and made patriarch, 383;
friendly intercourse with Mahomet, _ib._
Sea-fight of April 20, 1453: where it took place, 436 _sqq._
Seljukian Turks, 2, 6;
their sultan called himself ‘Sultan of Roum,’ 53
Selymbria (modern Silivria): captured (1260) by Strategopulus, 17
Seraglio Point, 238, 244, 359
Serbians, 25;
procured aid alike from Turks and Tartars, 99;
their complete subjection to Turks, 107 _sq._
Shishman, king of Bulgaria, 134
Sicilian Vespers (1282), 36, 41
Sigismund, Emperor, 121
Sigismund, King (Hungary): defeated by Murad II., 157;
co-operates with Manuel against Bajazed: battle of Nicopolis,
110, 134
Silivria. _See_ Selymbria
Slaves: captured Christians sold as, 78
Slivnitza, battle of (1443): Turks completely defeated by Hunyadi, 161
Smyrna: captured by Timour, 146
Sobieski, John: relief of Vienna, 416
‘Soldiers’: meaning of the term in the Crusades, 11 _n._
Sphendone of the Hippodrome, the, 260
Stamboul: derivation of name, 237 _n._
Stephen, kral of Serbia: his advance against the empire, 72;
took title of Emperor of Serbia and Romania, 101
Stockade, Justiniani’s, 255
Strategopulus, Emperor Michael’s general, 17;
his capture of Constantinople, 18 _sq._
Studium, fortress of, 253
Sublime Porte, The (or ‘The Lofty Gate’): meaning of the term, 58
Subutai, Tartar leader in Russia, 53
Suliman, Sultan (Bajazed’s successor, 1402–09): married Manuel’s
granddaughter, 112;
escape from Angora, 145;
struggle with his brothers, 149;
killed by Janissaries, _ib._
Suliman, son of Orchan, 101;
defeat of Tartars in Asia Minor, _ib._;
capture of Angora, 102
Supernatural omens: discussion of the strange phenomena
at Constantinople (May 22–26, 1453), 296 _sqq._;
the growth of a myth, 298;
opinion of Turks about them, 316;
conflicting accounts, 316 _n._
Supremacy, papal: not publicly discussed at Council of Florence, 126
Sventigrad, siege of, 202
Szegedin, treaty of (1444), 161;
results of its speedy violation, 161 _sqq._
Tana, the great caravan route from, 23
Tarentum, Philip of, son-in-law of Charles of Valois, 39;
failure of his designs against Constantinople, 40
Tartars, the, 31, 36, (the form ‘Tatars’ is incorrect) 52 and _n._,
53 _sq._, (a great number in Thrace in 1324) 64, 73 _n._, 99 _sq._;
in Bajazed’s army at Angora, 144;
their name derived by Crusaders from _Tartarus_, 53;
later Greek authors use it as distinction from Ottoman Turks,
144 _n._
Teleboles, Greek name for cannon, 293
Tetaldi, a Florentine soldier: his ‘Informacion,’ xii;
a defender in the siege, 311
Teucri: Turks called so by some Latin writers, 394 _n._, 410
Theodore, Greek despot of Epirus, 8;
proclaimed emperor at Salonica (1222), 9
Theodosian walls (Constantinople), 238, 240
Theophilus Palaeologus, 350
Therapia, fortress of, 253
Thessalonica, kingdom of, 40
Thomas, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201
Time, Eastern mode of reckoning, 351 _n._
Timour, ruler of Tartars on Volga, 63
Timour (or Tamerlane: Timour the Lame), 55;
his summons to Bajazed, 112;
his origin and character, 139;
enormous host of followers, _ib._;
his career of conquest and barbarism, 139 _sq._;
in Egypt, 140;
kept from Jerusalem by a plague of locusts, _ib._;
carnage attending his captures, 141;
requests aid from West to crush the Turkish sultan (Bajazed), _ib._;
battle of Angora (1402): Bajazed defeated and taken prisoner,
143 _sq._;
Timour’s progress in conquest, 145;
horrible cruelties, 147;
his death, _ib._;
results of battle of Angora, 147
Trajan, Gate of (Slivnitza), 160
Trebizond: its rulers assumed title of emperor, 5;
the empire put an end to (1461) by Mahomet II., 387;
summary of its history, _ib._
Trevisano, Gabriel: leading Venetian commander at the great siege,
220 _sq._;
helped in Coco’s scheme, 281;
with his men, is transferred to the defence of the walls at Aivan
Serai, 289;
defeats an attack by Zagan, 359;
a prisoner in hands of Turks, 369
Triremes, description of, 234
Turkish mercenaries among defenders in the great siege, 250
Turks, the--Before 1326: Turkish auxiliaries in Greek army, and in
Rocafert’s Catalan band 47 _sq._;
their invasion of Europe, 53;
origin and characteristics of the first hordes, 54 _sqq._;
how they became Mahometans, 56;
relations with Greek Christians in 1267, _ib._;
permanent characteristics of Turkish race, 57 _sq._;
domestic life, 59;
a constant stream of immigrants from Central Asia westward, _ib._;
their conquests were followed by settlement, but their nomadic
character has remained, 60;
their early chiefs, _ib._;
first attacks upon Greek empire, 61;
entry into Europe (1306–07), 62;
progress in Asia Minor, _ib._;
other Turkish invaders attack Russia, Poland, and Hungary, 63;
capture of Brousa (1326), 64;
their advance and successes under Orchan and his immediate
successors, 98 _sqq._, 103 _sqq._, 107 _sqq._
Turks, the--After Timour: speedy recovery of their influence and
territory after Timour’s death, 114, 155;
their marvellous success over armies of Central Europe, 130;
their prowess and methods in battle, 135;
in 1402 they had possession of all outside the walls of
Constantinople, 137;
deterioration of their armies under Bajazed, 147;
enter Bosnia (1415), 151;
their increased numbers in Europe, 155;
system of establishing military colonies in conquered territories,
189
Turks, the--At the Siege: details of their forces, 222 _sqq._;
marvellous discipline and mobility of troops, 229;
their methods of fighting, 230;
Europeans among them, 231;
constitution of Mahomet II.’s fleet, 232 _sq._;
number and size of its vessels, 233 _n._;
disposition of besiegers’ army, 243;
duties of the fleet, 244;
the batteries of cannon, 244 _sq._;
arms and equipment of the men, 251;
their skill in use of cannon, 252;
a naval battle, 257 _sqq._;
tactics and manner of fighting 262, 269;
Turks murder captives, 283;
failure of attempts at undermining walls, 291, 295;
results of six weeks of siege, 298;
ardour for final assault, 321;
their fusiliers, 325;
failure of first attacks, 335 _sq._;
the great assault by Janissaries, 340 _sqq._;
Turks enter the city through a neglected postern, 342;
final charge, 348;
the city captured, 350;
failure of fleet’s operations, 359
Turks, the--After the Capture: Turks’ treatment of the people, 361;
a morning’s massacre, 362;
plunder organised: atrocities of looters, 364 _sqq._;
innumerable books destroyed or sold, in mockery, for pence or even
farthings, 367;
not a few Christian renegades among the Turks, 368;
their military reputation enormously increased by the capture, 415;
extension of their power by sea and land, 416;
their piracy and slave trade, _ib._;
utter degradation of Constantinople, 417;
treatment of Christians as mere chattels, _ib._;
impoverishment due to Turks’ contempt for industry and commerce,
418;
injury they did to religion and learning, 420;
Turks’ treatment of women and marriage, 422 _n._;
Turkish misrule, 424;
the conquest had little effect on mass of Turkish population, 425;
their religious intolerance only virulent at intervals, _ib._;
only in the art of war have Turks benefited by their neighbours’
example, 426;
present conditions of Christian nations in the vicinity
of Turkey, 427
Uglisha, son of Kral Stephen, 105
Union of Orthodox and Roman Churches: details of the strife over,
31 _sqq._;
the question revived by Andronicus III., 69 _sq._;
Cantacuzenus, 75, 81 _sq._;
Anne of Savoy and John V., 89, 91;
Western misconceptions about Orthodox Church, 116;
statement of position of Easterns, 166 _sqq._;
Cæsaro-papism, 117;
the position of the popes and the Westerns, 118 _sq._;
the great effort at Reunion (1429): details of its progress,
120 _sqq._;
decree signed at Council of Florence (1439), 127;
disillusionment of Greeks, _ib._;
variations in copies of Decree of Union, 128 and _n._;
its formal completion demanded by Nicholas V. as condition of aid
given to Constantine XI., 202;
the Reconciliation service in Hagia Sophia (Dec. 1452), 203 _sq._;
dissensions that followed, 204, 300;
the reconciliation was a sham, 205
Unleavened bread (in the Mass): violent controversy about, at Council
of Florence, 126
Urban, Hungarian cannon-founder: made a monster bombard or gun for the
great siege, 231;
its conveyance to the city walls, 232;
Urban killed by mishap which destroyed his great gun, 245
Urban IV., Pope: proclaimed (1262) a Crusade against Michael VIII. and
against his allies the Genoese, 31;
diverted the expedition to Palestine, against Tartars, _ib._
Urban V., Pope: Crusade against Saracens (1366), 91;
efforts for Union, 91 _sq._
‘Valley of the Springs,’ the (now Cassim Pasha), 272
Valois, Charles of; object of his marriage with Catherine of
Courtenay, 38;
treaty with Venetians for conquest of Constantinople, _ib._;
the design abandoned, 39
Varna, battle of, 165 _sqq._
Vataces, John Ducas (1222–54), successor of Theodore Lascaris at
Nicaea: his successful rule, 9, 14;
restricted boundaries of the Latin territory, _ib._;
in alliance with Bulgarians, attacks Constantinople, 13;
gets possession of Salonica, _ib._
Veccus, patriarch, 33, 37
Vefa Meidan: the pretended burial-place of Constantine at, 355 _n._
Venetians: their share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), 2;
save Constantinople from attack of Vataces, 13;
commerce of the city in their hands, 14;
relations with Michael VIII., 32;
treaty of alliance against Constantinople (1306) with Charles of
Valois, 39;
later made a truce with Andronicus II., 40;
rivalry with Genoese in the Greek empire, 76;
a battle between them in the Bosporus, 77;
Venetian and Genoese fleets co-operate against Bajazed, 111;
the nations again at war with each other, 112;
Venetians made peace with Murad II., 157;
preparations against the great siege, 220;
their nobles took part in the defence, 221;
Venetians and Genoese associated in it, 247 _sq._;
Venetians quarrel during siege with Genoese, 288;
both peoples alike were looked upon by Greeks as interlopers in
Constantinople, 301;
escape of some Venetians from the captured city, 369
Volunteers (Θεληματάριοι), Greek settlers in country behind
Constantinople, 18
Wallachs, 149;
treachery at Cossovo-pol, 174
Walls of Constantinople, 238–42
Weapons and implements of warfare: various names for, 251, 269
Western attempts against Turks: reasons for failure, 175;
lack of knowledge of numbers of Turkish fighting men, 176;
low estimate of the Turks as soldiers, _ib._;
the lack of concerted action among Western powers, 177
Woolwich Artillery Museum: a great Turkish cannon there, 232 _n._
Ximenes, Fernand: head of a body of mercenaries in connection with
Roger de Flor, 43, 48
Zacharia, A. J., Podestà of Galata: his account of the surrender of the
town, 371
Zagan Pasha, 243, 271, 291 _sqq._, 319, 325, 359
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