[Illustration: CHAPTER IV.]
_Of the Manners and Customs of Cats._
Let us see though, before we try our anecdotes, what is known of the Cat’s
peculiarities. I rather like this quaint description of the domestic
Pussy, which occurs in an old heraldic book, John Bossewell’s “_Workes of
Armorie_,” published in 1597:--
“The field is of the Saphire, on a chief Pearle, a Masion Cruieves. This
beaste is called a ‘Masion,’ for that he is enimie to Myse and Rattes. He
is slye and wittie, and seeth so sharpely that he overcommeth darkness of
the nighte by the shyninge lyghte of his eyne. In shape of body he is like
unto a Leoparde, and hathe a greate mouthe. He doth delighte that he
enjoyeth his libertie; and in his youth he is swifte, plyante, and merye.
He maketh a rufull noyse and a gastefulle when he profereth to fighte with
another. He is a cruell beaste when he is wilde, and falleth on his owne
feete from moste highe places: and never is hurt therewith. When he hathe
a fayre skinne, he is, as it were, proude thereof, and then he goethe
muche aboute to be seene.”
It is commonly supposed that a Cat’s scratch is venomous, because a
lacerated wound oftener festers than a smooth cut from a sharp knife.
It is erroneously said that Cats feel a cutaneous irritation at the
approach of rain, and offer sensible evidence of uneasiness: allusion may
be found to this in “Thomson’s Seasons.” Virgil has also made the subject
a theme for poetic allusion.
The Chinese look into their Cat’s eyes to know what o’clock it is; and the
playfulness of Cats is said to indicate the coming of a storm. I have
noticed this often myself, and have seen them rush about in a half wild
state just before windy weather. I think it is when the wind is _rising_
that they are most affected.
It is stated in a Japanese book that the tip of a Cat’s nose is always
cold, except on the day corresponding with our Midsummer-day. This is a
question I cannot say I have gone into deeply. I know, however, that Cats
always have a warm nose when they first awaken from sleep. All Cats are
fond of warmth. I knew one which used to open an oven door after the
kitchen fire was out, and creep into the oven. One day the servant shut
the door, not noticing the Cat was inside, and lighted the fire. For a
long while she could not make out whence came the sounds of its crying and
scratching, but fortunately made the discovery in time to save its life. A
Cat’s love of the sunshine is well known, and perhaps this story may not
be unfamiliar to the reader:--
One broiling hot summer’s day Charles James Fox and the Prince of Wales
were lounging up St. James’s street, and Fox laid the Prince a wager that
he would see more Cats than his Royal Highness during their promenade,
although the Prince might choose which side of the street he thought fit.
On reaching Piccadilly, it turned out that Fox had seen thirteen Cats and
the Prince none. The Prince asked for an explanation of this apparent
miracle.
“Your Royal Highness,” said Fox, “chose, of course, the shady side of the
way as most agreeable. I knew that the sunny side would be left for me,
and that Cats prefer the sunshine.”
Cats usually, but not always, fall on their feet, because of the facility
with which they balance themselves when springing from a height, which
power of balancing is in some degree produced by the flexibility of the
heel, the bones of which have no fewer than four joints. Cats alight
softly on their feet, because in the middle of the foot is a large ball or
pad in five parts, formed of an elastic substance, and at the base of each
toe is a similar pad. No mechanism better calculated to break the force of
a fall could be imagined.
A Cat, when falling with its head downwards, curls its body, so that the
back forms an arch, while the legs remain extended. This so changes the
position of the centre of gravity, that the body makes a half turn in the
air, and the feet become lowest.
In the inside of a Cat’s head there is a sort of partition wall projecting
from the sides, a good way inwards, towards the centre, so as to prevent
the brain from suffering from concussion.
There is a breed of tail-less white Cats in the Isle of Man, and also in
Devonshire. These are not the sort of animals with which, on shipboard,
the “stow-aways” are made acquainted.
A great many Cats in the Isle of Man are said to be deaf. Thus, “As deaf
as a Manx Cat.” There is an idea that white Cats with blue eyes are always
deaf, but a correspondent of _Notes and Queries_ says, “I am myself
possessed of a white Cat which, at the advanced age of upwards of
seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is
remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than Cats are usually given
credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog
than of a Cat. It is a half-bred Persian Cat, and its eyes are perfectly
blue, with round pupils, not elongated, as those of Cats usually are. It
occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has not at all
resulted in deafness.”
Do you know why Cats always wash themselves after a meal? A Cat caught a
sparrow, and was about to devour it, but the sparrow said,
“No gentleman eats till he has first washed his face.”
The Cat, struck with this remark, set the sparrow down, and began to wash
his face with his paw, but the sparrow flew away. This vexed Pussy
extremely, and he said,
“As long as I live I will eat first and wash my face afterwards.”
Which all Cats do, even to this day.
A French writer says, the three animals that waste most time over their
toilet are cats, flies, and women.
The attitudes and motions of a Cat are very graceful, because she is
furnished with collar-bones. She can, therefore, carry food to her mouth
like a monkey, can clasp, can climb, and can strike sideways, and seat
herself at a height upon a very narrow space.
The lateral movements of the head in Cats are not so extensive as in the
owl, but are, nevertheless, considerable. A cat can look round pretty far
behind it without moving its body, which might be apt to startle its prey.
The spine of the Cat is very full and loose, in order that all its
movements in all possible directions and circumstances may be free and
unrestrained. For this purpose, too, all the joints which connect its
bones together are extremely loose and free. Thus, the Cat is enabled to
get through small apertures, to leap from great heights, and even to fall
in an unfavourable posture with little or no injury to itself. Its ears
are not so moveable as those of some other animals, but are more so than
in very many animals. The shape of the external ear, or rather
cartilaginous portion, is admirably adapted to intercept sounds. The
natural posture is forward and outward, so as to catch sounds proceeding
from the front and sides. The upper half, however, is moveable, and by
means of a thin layer of muscular fibres, it is made to curve backwards
and receive sounds from the rear. Although a Cat cannot lick its face and
head, it nevertheless cleans these parts thoroughly; in fact, as we often
observe, a Cat licks its right paw for a long time, and then brushes down
the corresponding side of the head and face; and when this is
accomplished, it does the same with the other paw and corresponding side.
“‘A May kitten makes a dirty Cat,’ is a piece of Huntingdonshire
folk-lore,” says Mr. Cuthbert Bede, “quoted to me in order to deter me
from keeping a kitten that had been born in May.”
Dr. Turton says, “The Cat has a more voluminous and expressive vocabulary
than any other brute; the short twitter of complacency and affection, the
purr of tranquility and pleasure, the mew of distress, the growl of anger,
and the horrible wailing of pain.” For myself, I seldom hear a
catawauling without thinking of that droll picture in _Punch_ of the old
lady sitting up in bed and pricking up her ears to the music of a mewing
Cat.
“Oh, ah! yes, it’s the waits,” says she, with a delighted chuckle; “I love
to listen to ’em. It may be fancy, but somehow they don’t seem to play so
sweetly as they did when I was a girl. Perhaps it is that I am getting
old, and don’t hear quite so well as I used to do.”
Few, even amongst Pussy’s most ardent admirers, who possess the faculty of
hearing, and have heard the music of Cats, would desire the continuance of
their “sweet voices”; yet a concert was exhibited at Paris, wherein Cats
were the performers. They were placed in rows, and a monkey beat time to
them, as the Cats mewed; and the historian of the facts relates that the
diversity of the tones which they emitted produced a very ludicrous
effect. This exhibition was announced to the Parisian public by the title
of “Concert Miaulant.”
This would seem to prove that Cats may be taught tricks, which is not
generally believed, but is nevertheless the case.
In Pool’s _Twists and Turns about the Streets of London_, mention is
made of “a poor half-naked boy, strumming a violin, while another urchin
with a whip makes two half-starved Cats go through numerous feats of
agility.”
De Roget says, that in animals that graze and keep their heads for a long
time in a dependent position, the danger from an excessive impetus in the
blood flowing towards the head is much greater than in other animals; and
we find that an extraordinary provision is made to obviate this danger.
The arteries which supply the brain on their entrance into the basis of
the skull suddenly divide into a great number of minute branches, forming
a complicated network of vessels, an arrangement which, on the well known
principle of hydraulics, must greatly check the velocity of the blood
conducted through them. That such is the real purpose of this structure,
which has been called the _rete mirabile_, is evident from the branches
afterwards uniting into larger trunks when they have entered the brain,
through the substance of which they are then distributed exactly as in
other animals, where no such previous subdivision takes place. The rete
mirabile is much developed in the sheep, but scarcely perceptible in the
Cat.
Being an animal which hunts both by day and night, the structure of its
visual organs is adjusted for both. The retina, or expansion of the optic
nerve, is most sensitive to the stimulus of light; hence, a well-marked
ciliary muscle contracts the pupil to a mere vertical fissure during the
day, while in the dark, the pupil dilates enormously, and lets in as much
light as possible. But even this would be insufficient, for Cats have to
look for their prey in holes, cellars, and other places where little or no
light can penetrate. Hence, the Cat is furnished with a bright metal-like,
lustrous, membrane, called the _Tapetum_, which lines part of the hollow
globe of the eye, and sheds considerable light on the image of an object
thrown on the retina. This membrane is, we are told, common to all
vertebrated animals, but is especially beautiful and lustrous in nocturnal
animals. The herbivora, such as the ox and sheep, have the _tapetum_ of
the finest enamelled green colour, provided probably to suit the nature of
their food, which is green. The subject, however, of the various colours
of the _tapetum_ in different animals is not yet understood. The
sensibility of the retina in Cats is so great that neither the
contractions of the pupil nor the closing of the eye-lids would alone
afford them sufficient protection from the action of the light. Hence,
in common with most animals, the Cat is furnished with a nictitating
membrane, which is, in fact, a third eyelid, sliding over the transparent
cornea beneath the common eyelids. This membrane is not altogether opaque,
but translucent, allowing light to fall on the retina, and acting, as it
were, like a shade. The nictitating membrane is often seen in the Cat when
she slowly opens her eyes from a calm and prolonged sleep: it is well
developed in the eagle, and enables him to gaze steadfastly on the sun’s
unclouded disk.
The illumination of a Cat’s eye in the dark arises from the external light
collected on the eye and reflected from it. Although apparently dark, a
room is penetrated by imperceptible rays of external light from lamps or
other luminiferous bodies. When these rays reach the observer direct, he
sees the lamps or luminiferous bodies themselves, but when he is out of
their direct sight, the brightness of their illumination only becomes
apparent, through the rays being collected and reflected by some
appropriate substance.
The cornea of the eye of the Cat, and of many other animals, has a great
power of concentrating the rays and reflecting them through the pupil.
Professor Bohn, at Leipsic, made experiments proving that when the
external light is wholly excluded, none can be seen in the Cat’s eye. For
the same reason, the animal, by a change of posture or other means,
intercepting the rays, immediately deprives the observer of all light
otherwise existing in, or permeating, the room. In this action, when the
iris of the eye is completely open, the degree of brilliancy is the
greatest; but when the iris is partly contracted, which it always is when
the external light, or the light in the room, is increased, then the
illumination is more obscure. The internal motions of the animals have
also great influence over this luminous appearance, by the contraction and
relaxation of the iris dependent upon them. When the animal is alarmed, or
first disturbed, it naturally dilates the pupil, and the eye glares; when
it is appeased or composed, the pupil contracts, and the light in the eye
is no longer seen.
A German savant says, that at the end of each hair of a Cat’s whiskers is
a sort of bulb of nervous substance, which converts it into a most
sensitive feeler. The whiskers are of the greatest use to her when hunting
in the dark. The nervous bulbs at the ends of a lion’s whiskers are as
large as a small pea.
But an English writer differs from him; thus:--
“Every one must have observed what are usually called the “whiskers” on a
Cat’s upper lip. The use of these, in a state of nature, is very
important. They are organs of touch; they are attached to a bed of close
glands under the skin; and each of these long and stiff hairs is connected
with the nerves of the lip. The slightest contact of these whiskers with
any surrounding object is thus felt most distinctly by the animal,
although the hairs are of themselves insensible. They stand out on each
side in the lion, as well as in the common Cat; so that, from point to
point, they are equal in width to the animal’s body. If we imagine,
therefore, a lion stealing through a covert of wood in an imperfect light,
we shall at once see the use of these long hairs. They indicate to him,
through the nicest feeling, any obstacle which may present itself to the
passage of the body: they prevent the rustle of boughs and leaves, which
would give warning to his prey if he were to attempt to pass through too
dense a bush, and this, in conjunction with the soft cushions of his feet,
and the fur upon which he treads (the retractable claws never coming in
contact with the ground), enable him to move towards his victim with a
stillness even greater than that of the snake, who creeps along the
grass, and is not perceived till he is coiled round his prey.”
Black Cats especially are said to be highly charged with electricity,
which, when the animal is irritated, is easily visible in the dark. Here
are directions I have for producing the effect:--Lay one hand upon the
Cat’s throat, and slightly press its shoulder bones. If the other hand be
drawn gently along its back, electric shocks will be felt in the hand upon
the Cat’s throat. If the tips of the ears be touched after the back has
been rubbed, shocks of electricity may also be felt, or they may be
obtained from the foot. Lay the animal upon your knees, and apply the
right hand to the back, the left fore paw resting on the palm of your left
hand, apply the thumb to the upper side of the paw, so as to extend the
claws, and by this means bring your fore finger in contact with one of the
bones of the leg, where it joins the paw; when from the knob or end of
this bone, the finger slightly pressing on it, you may feel distinctly
successive shocks similar to those obtained from the ears. The Reverend
Mr. Wood expresses an opinion, that on account of the superabundance of
electricity which is developed in the Cat, the animal is found very
useful to paralysed persons, who instinctively encourage its approach, and
from the touch derive some benefit. Those who suffer from rheumatism often
find the presence of a Cat alleviate their sufferings. The same gentleman,
writing of a favourite Cat, says, that if a hair of her mistress’s head
were laid upon the animal’s back it would writhe as though in agony, and
rolling on the floor, would strive to free herself from the object of her
fears. The pointing of a finger at her side, at a distance of half a foot,
would cause her fur to bristle up and throw her into a violent tremour.
It is difficult to account for the fondness of Cats for fish, as nature
seems to have given them an appetite, which, with their great antipathy to
water, they can rarely gratify unassisted. Many instances have, however,
been recorded of Cats catching fish. A Mr. Moody, of Sesmond, near
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, had a Cat in 1829 which had been in his possession
for some years, and caught fish with great assiduity, and frequently
brought them home alive. Besides minnows and eels, she occasionally
carried home pilchards, one of which, about six inches long, was once
found in her possession; she also contrived to teach a neighbour’s Cat to
fish, and the two were sometimes seen together watching by a river side
for their prey. At other times they were seen at opposite sides of the
river, not far from each other, on the look out for game.
A writer in the _Plymouth Journal_, June 1828, says:--“There is now at the
battery, on the Devil’s Point, a Cat which is an expert catcher of the
finny tribe, being in the constant habit of diving into the sea and
bringing up the fish alive in her mouth, and depositing them in the guard
room for the use of the sailors. She is now seven years old, and has long
been a useful caterer. It is supposed that her pursuit of the water-rats
first taught her to venture into the water, to which it is well known Puss
has a natural aversion. She is now as fond of the water as a Newfoundland
dog, and takes her regular peregrinations along the rocks at its edge,
looking out for her game ready to dive for it at a moment’s notice.”
Talking of the Cat’s fondness for fish, I should, however, mention, that
if a plate of meat and a plate of fish, either raw or cooked, be placed
before the generality of Cats, they will be found almost always to choose
the meat.
It is usually supposed that a tortoiseshell Tom is an impossibility. The
animal is certainly rare, as is also a Queen Anne’s farthing; but it is
not such a rarity as we are led to believe. On the contrary, specimens
are frequently offered for sale at the Zoological Gardens.
It is another great mistake to think that Cats have fleas: the insect
infesting a half-grown Cat does not leap like a flea.
The she Cat goes with young from fifty-five to fifty-eight days, and
generally has four or five kittens at a litter. When born, they are blind
and deaf, like puppies. They get their sight in about nine days, and are
about eighteen months before reaching full growth.
Those who wish their Cats to catch mice, I should advise not to neglect
the Cat’s food. A starved Cat makes a very bad mouser; being too eager and
hungry for the work, it tries to pounce upon its prey before the proper
time comes. A good mouser does not eat the mouse. I have a black Cat,
which is very fat, but a wonderful huntsman, and surprisingly nimble at
the chase. He is also as proud of his achievements as a human sportsman,
and brings me every head of game he catches. Sometimes, if I have been out
when he has caught his mouse, he has gone all over the house in search of
me, and at last has taken his seat by the fireside, or out in the garden,
and nursed the trophy of his prowess until I returned, mewing piteously
if anyone attempted to take it away; but once having laid it at my feet,
and had his head scratched in return, his interest in the matter seemed to
cease, and he went away without again attempting to touch it. It was clear
that he had made me a present of the game; and, as we sometimes think,
when we make anyone a present of something to eat, it would be more
delicate for us to go away immediately, lest it might be supposed we
desired to be asked to stop and partake of it, Tom thus departed, no doubt
with a similar idea.
“No experiment,” says an intelligent writer, “can be more beautiful than
that of setting a kitten for the first time before a looking-glass. The
animal appears surprised and pleased with the reflection, and makes
several attempts to touch its new acquaintance; and at length, finding its
efforts fruitless, it looks behind the glass, and appears highly
astonished at the absence of the figure. It again views itself, and tries
to touch the image with its foot, suddenly looking at intervals behind the
glass. It then becomes more accurate in its observations, and begins, as
it were, to make experiments by stretching out its paw in different
directions; and when it finds that these motions are answered in every
respect by the figure in the glass, it seems at length to be convinced of
the real nature of the image.”