TYPES OF SPRAYING APPARATUS.
We now come to a consideration of the different appliances by means
of which the actual spraying is effected, and in order to avoid any
suspicion of partiality the review of instruments, etc., in use will be
dealt with alphabetically.
THE AEROGRAPH.
[Illustration: Fig. 35--THE AEROGRAPH SPRAYING INSTRUMENT.]
First, therefore, comes the Aerograph Co.'s Spray Painter. This
instrument is of the concentric jet type, and was one of the first of
the kind made in Europe. It is capable of excellent work. In Fig. 35
is shown one form of the handpiece. A flexible tube for compressed
air connects with the nipple A. The finger lever F controls both the
air valve and a colour valve in the nozzle N, so that little or much
colour may be allowed to pass out into the current of escaping air.
The colour may be supplied under pressure, through a flexible tube from
a large paint pot, and pass through the tube P to the nozzle N, or in
smaller quantities from a cup C, which is attachable at B, and when so
attached cuts off the supply through the tube P. This cup is useful
when small quantities of colour are wanted with frequent changes. A
ball joint permits work to be done in either an upward or downward
direction.
[Illustration: Fig. 36.--FORM OF AEROGRAPH SUITABLE FOR SPRAYING
VERTICALLY OR AT AN ANGLE.]
[Illustration: Fig. 37.--THE AEROGRAPH ELECTRIC MOTOR OUTFIT.]
[Illustration: Fig. 38.--PAINTING A GASOMETER.]
In Fig. 36 is illustrated a pistol pattern of the Aerograph, which has
a large side cup which can be sprayed at any angle, being adjusted to
facilitate spraying in an upward, downward or horizontal position. Thus
work can be done by it on table, wall or ceiling. The cup referred to
contains the paint or other liquid to be sprayed, and a series of cups
may be provided for a quick change of colour, if desired, as will be
readily understood.
In cases where electric power is available, the electric motor outfit
shown in Fig. 37 will be found very serviceable. It may be described
as a "spray painter" outfit complete, and it includes a 1 h.p. motor
mounted on a trolley ready for use, which can be employed for many
different classes of work. In Fig. 38 it is shown being used for
spraying paint on a gas holder. It would appear that this outfit might
be employed for ship bottom painting, provided that the necessary
scaffolding or its equivalent were available.
[Illustration: Fig. 39.--SMALL AEROGRAPH FOR DELICATE WORK, LINING,
LETTERING, ETC.]
Going to the other extreme, a form of Aerograph, suitable for very
delicate work, is shown in Fig. 39. This may be used for photograph
retouching, pottery, and small decorative work generally--in fact, it
is suitable for any work requiring delicacy of work.
In another chapter the subject of artistic work done by means of
compressed air is considered at some length, and a number of specimens
of work executed by this process are given.
THE AERON.
The system of spraying is manufactured by the De Vilbiss Manufacturing
Co., Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A., and 71, Newman Street, London, W.
The method consists, briefly, in spraying stain, shellac, varnish, or
enamel, as the case may be, on the work by the means of compressed air,
under a pressure varying from 30 to 80 pounds per square inch.
The necessary outfit comprises the Aeron sprayer itself--which is made
in two styles and several sizes--the air compressor and receiver, an
air transformer set, for regulating the pressure and purifying the air
supply, a steel Fumexer, in which the work is done, and an exhaust fan
to disperse the vapours or fumes resulting from the atomising of the
finishing material. Besides these necessary appliances, turn-tables are
used where advisable to facilitate the handling of the work while the
"aeroning" is being done.
The two styles of Aerons are shown in the illustrations, each connected
with an air transformer set to which the air supply pipe is attached.
In one style of Aeron the finishing material is carried in a pint
or quart capacity cup forming a part of the Aeron itself. The other
machine takes its supply from a five-gallon container suspended above
the nozzle. The work is placed in the Fumexer on the turn-table, which
can be tilted at any convenient angle and revolved by hand, and is
coated on the top, sides, and front, with the drawers in place. Drawers
may also be finished inside by this process.
A full coat can be applied to a vertical surface as well as to one in
a horizontal position. There are two reasons why. It is impossible to
put on a perfectly uniform coat with a brush, especially on a vertical
surface, and runs and sags are caused by the heavier portions of the
coat dropping down over the lighter coated spots. With the Aeron a
uniform coat of varnish is applied, and it is a fact that as the coat
is the same over the entire surface it will not run, even if it is
as heavy as a brush coat, which would show sags. The second reason
is that an Aeron coat sets somewhat quicker than a brush coat, owing
to a slight evaporation of the solvent caused by the action of the
compressed air. Again, since the coat is uniform it sets uniformly. For
the same reason the final drying is hastened to some degree.
In brushing flat horizontal surfaces where a heavy coat is applied it
is almost impossible to avoid fatty edges, and in brushing carved or
ornamental relief work the low spots are sure to collect more varnish
than the high places. Corners and edges in panel work are also causes
of difficulty in this respect. In using the Aeron the surface varnished
is covered uniformly and evenly, whether flat, panelled or carved, with
one sweep of the machine at an even speed. Consequently, heavy spots,
runs and fatty edges are entirely avoided.
In applying finishes with the Aeron a slight reduction of the material
with turpentine or other solvents is logical; with some materials,
necessary. Reducing is logical on account of the slight evaporation
of solvent previously mentioned. In other words, in order to have the
Aeron application of the same consistency after reaching the surface
as it is when brushed, a reduction of from 5 to 10 per cent. would be
required. This is not always desirable by any means, especially in the
case of the heavy gloss coat spoken of. Whenever a free-flowing coach
varnish is used, reducing is not necessary. Conditions in different
plants govern this matter to a great extent.
Rubbing varnishes are usually reduced slightly, as a full-bodied, heavy
coat is not required, also because a rubbing varnish does not flow as
readily as a coach varnish. On account of this evenness of the coat,
an Aeron coat of rubbing varnish is somewhat more easily and quickly
rubbed either by hand or by machine.
Undercoat varnishes are reduced to some extent for Aeron work for
similar reasons. They are also more easily sanded than when brushed.
Pigments, primers or first coaters are Aeroned to better advantage if
the pigment content is less than for brushing. It is also sometimes
desirable and expedient to use a more finely ground pigment.
Flat finishes are applied to great advantage, and, because of greater
uniformity of surface, more closely resemble a rubbed finish than when
brushed.
This spray offers perhaps greater advantages in the application of
shellacs than with other materials. It is a matter of common knowledge
that shellac is very difficult to brush, while, on the other hand, it
sprays easily. Instead of cutting the gum 4 or 5 pounds to the gallon
of alcohol, as for brushing, the material is used in the proportion
of 2½ to 3 pounds of gum to the gallon. The sprayed coat of shellac
is perfectly smooth and uniform, and requires practically no sanding
compared with the work necessary to sand a brushed coat.
The Aeron is simple and easy to operate, and a week's work is
sufficient to make an efficient and expert operator of the average man.
The work is clean, and, what is more, is healthful and sanitary, as all
vapours and fumes are removed from the finishing room by the exhaust
fan used with each outfit.
Cleaning the Aeron is accomplished by spraying a solvent through the
nozzle instead of the finishing material, and the whole machine may be
placed in a can of thinner overnight if desired. It is necessary to
clean the Aeron but once a day if it is used more or less continuously.
The whole operation of cleaning may be performed in a minute or two.
There is usually some loss in finishing material when the Aeron is
used, though this is hardly noticeable except on small work, when it
may amount to 15 or 20 per cent. In many cases there is no waste, in
others an actual saving--where coats are eliminated by the use of the
machine. On an average, however, there is some slight loss--largely
of the solvent used in reducing the material. In any event, however,
the waste is offset many times by the saving effected in time and
labour, without taking into consideration the saving in floor space,
the greater ease in handling the work, the better quality of the work
done, the advantage to the workmen, and, finally, the general all-round
convenience of the Aeron system.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
We will now give a description of the illustrations of the different
parts of the Aeron. Fig. 40 shows the attached cup straight barrel
Aeron, which can be fitted with either metal or glass cups. Metal cup
is the standard equipment.
Attached cup Aerons can be furnished with four sizes of nozzles:
F--.047" dia., E--.070" dia., D--.081" dia., and C--.094" dia. These
nozzles are selected according to the nature of the work that is to be
done.
Fig. 41 shows an attached cup angle barrel Aeron, a type of advantage
in spraying work lying in a horizontal position.
In some classes of work, where the liquid to be sprayed is apt to
settle, an agitator is required, such as is shown in Fig. 42.
In Fig. 43 is shown an attached cup Aeron with type V double nozzle
spray head. This type is especially adapted for the finishing of large
surfaces, such as automobile bodies, case furniture, etc.
The V spray head shown separately in the above illustration is
interchangeable with the single nozzle spray head, and can be attached
to any standard Aeron.
Type G Aeron is illustrated in Fig. 44. The nozzle is ·027 inch in
diameter This Aeron can also be furnished with other sizes of nozzles
to special order.
[Illustration: Fig. 40.]
[Illustration: Fig. 41.]
[Illustration: Fig. 42.]
[Illustration: Fig. 43.]
[Illustration: Fig. 44.]
[Illustration: Fig. 45.]
[Illustration: Fig. 46.]
[Illustration: Fig. 47.]
In Fig. 45 are shown various attachments used with this form of
sprayer. At the top left-hand corner is a cup holder and screws, and on
the right, metal or glass cups. Beneath are cleaning pail and length of
pressure tubing with connections.
Fig. 46 shows the construction of the Aeron, the parts being
disassembled for ease of cleaning.
We now come to the type of Aerons which take their supply of material
from a five-gallon tank placed above the level of the nozzle, the fluid
flowing down by gravity. This arrangement offers all the advantages of
the pressure feed tank type with none of its disadvantages. It is shown
in Figs. 47 and 48.
The next type is termed the M Aeron with V-A spray head and is
illustrated in Fig. 47.
There is the same advantage in the use of this Aeron as with the
former type in that the supply of material is taken from a container
placed overhead, the fluid flowing down by gravity. The slightest pull
upon the trigger releases the material instantly--the varying of the
pressure adjusts the flow automatically. As with the type L there is
but one adjustment.
This type Aeron is built for large work. It produces a "wide spray,"
similar to the V spray head, which covers large surfaces with
remarkable rapidity.
The nozzle can be turned so that a full, fan-like spray is projected
horizontally, vertically, or in any intermediate position.
A container with agitator and hose for types L and M Aerons is shown in
Fig. 50.
It is drawn from one sheet of steel and is heavily tinned to prevent
rust.
The standard and block and tackle (Fig. 49) are furnished for holding
the container above the level of the Aeron. The block and tackle,
which is of the safety, self-locking type, is recommended where it is
possible to obtain a ceiling fastening. The standard (Fig. 51) can be
used if the block and tackle is impracticable.
The air transformer set (Fig. 52) is for the purpose of regulating
and purifying the compressed air, and is a necessity with each Aeron
installed. The air duster (D) is a valuable addition to the equipment
for removing loose dust or dirt from the work before finishing.
The auto-filter (S) is for removing dust, grit, and oil from the
compressed air. The auto-regulator and gauge (R) makes possible
the regulating of the air pressure between 5 and 80 pounds, simply
by turning a thumb-screw. The auto-condenser (C) is for separating
moisture from the compressed air.
Full details of the air compressor and other special appliances used in
connection with the Aeron will be found elsewhere.
[Illustration: Fig. 48.]
[Illustration: Fig. 49.]
[Illustration: Fig. 50.]
[Illustration: Fig. 51.]
[Illustration: Fig. 52.]
THE AIROSTYLE.
Next comes the Airostyle and Lithos, Ltd., with their "Airostyle" type
Record, also a concentric jet-type, an illustration of which is given
in Fig. 55 and a section of which we give also in Fig. 54. This type
is largely used for small, medium or large work, and is considered to
be extremely sensitive and very fast in operation. It has a gunmetal
casting for the main body, and all wearing parts are of steel, tempered
or case hardened.
It is supplied either with or without pressure fed accessories,
although the makers are strong advocates of pressure feeds for most
work, and with which they have met considerable success.
In addition to the Record Pistol this firm makes other types, and
in order must be mentioned the type "Ultra" for use where frequent
changes of colour may be necessary, and where no continuous colour feed
is required. This type is specially adapted for stencilling in oil
colours, and is illustrated in Fig. 56.
Another type about to be introduced is shown in Fig. 53, for small and
medium work, simplicity of construction and ease of adjustment being
specially claimed for this type. This type is called the Airostyle
Pistol "M."
Yet other type of Airostyle may be mentioned for smaller work, namely,
the "Stencil and Universal Lustre and Photo," which is illustrated in
Fig. 53.
These types are mainly employed for decorative work, and give a very
wide selection, but save that they are employed in process work and for
textile goods, they do not enter into the scope of this book.
[Illustration: Fig. 53.--AIROSTYLE TYPE PHOTO.]
As the pistol type is used for all general painting and japanning, the
adjustment of this may be advantageously explained in greater detail,
and referring to Fig. 54 the instructions are as follows:--
[Illustration: Fig. 54.--SECTION SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF THE AIROSTYLE.]
[Illustration: Fig. 55.--AIROSTYLE TYPE "RECORD" WITH UNION FOR
CONTINUOUS SUPPLY. A.--SMALL PRESSURE BOWL. B.--SMALL SIMPLE BOWL.]
If a wide spray is required the nozzle 8 is unscrewed to a small
extent and then locked by means of a small ring 8a, but if a narrow
spray is wished for, the nozzle 8 is screwed on farther and locked in
position. On all-round work one position serves, that is, a position
in which the recessed point of the nozzle coincides with the end of
the tip 9, which just allows the needle 5 to project through it. If it
should happen that a leakage of colour occurs through 9 when spraying
is suspended, this may be obviated by giving an increased tension
to spring 15 which may be obtained by screwing in the spring box 16
slightly. It may happen that some foreign matter becomes lodged in
9, in which case the pistol from the colour tube must be first
disconnected, the nose 4 removed and the parts brushed or swilled
with turps or spirit. This having been effected, the nose 4 will be
replaced, care being taken that the washer 3 beds down on its seating
in the body of the pistol.
[Illustration: Fig. 56.--AIROSTYLE TYPE "ULTRA."]
It is well to provide for any possible contingencies which may arise,
and it may, therefore, be remarked that if any leakage of air occurs
through the air valve 19, it will probably be caused by some grit to be
found on the face of air valve washer 20, and to remove this the handle
can be taken off by unscrewing the milled nut 25 and the valve body
23 in order to get to the air valve. The replacement of the parts is
simple.
The adjustment of the pistol for working is made as follows:--First
release the screw 14 on cross head 13, and while the instrument is
connected up with the air supply, slightly withdraw the trigger 12,
allowing a small amount of air to pass through the nozzle. While
maintaining the trigger in this position, move the cross head along the
needle until it just bears against the cam 10, and in this position
clamp the same by screwing home the clamping screw 14.
[Illustration: Fig. 57.--THE AIROSTYLE PISTOL "M."]
Another important point is to see that the lubrication of the
compressor is carefully watched; the sight feed lubricator on top holds
sufficient lubricant for 10 working days and is capable of adjustment
by means of a needle valve. It can, therefore, be easily set. The main
bearings are ring oiling and only need occasional attention. The fan
bearings are ball bearings and only need attention once in six months.
THE EUREKA SPRAYING MACHINE.
[Illustration: Fig. 58.--THE CRANE "EUREKA."]
[Illustration: Fig. 59.--THE CRANE "RECORD."]
An inspection of Figs. 58 and 59 will show that this machine is of
entirely different construction to those already described. The
advantages claimed are the simplicity in construction, the absence of
complicated parts which might get out of order, and the fact that the
machines cannot clog in use. The operation is as follows: The feed
pipe from air tank should be connected up with a high-pressure hose
to the sprayer and a fluid nozzle is then adjusted so that the tip of
the nozzle is in alignment with the centre of the air nozzle. This
adjustment varies according to the thickness of material. When using
thin liquids the fluid nozzle should be slightly below the centre of
the air nozzle. When ready for spraying the valve is pressed, and
this releases the air, which blows through the air nozzle, across
the top of fluid nozzle and draws up the material from the inside,
spraying the fluid on to the work. The shape of the spray is that of
a fan. The air pressure required varies from 20 to 50 lbs. according
to the viscosity of the material being dealt with. As a rule the best
results are obtained when the machine is held from 4 to 6 in. away
from the work. The Fredk. Crane Chemical Co., Armoury Close, Bordesley
Green, Birmingham, are the agents for these machines, and it is also
manufactured in the United States. The remarks given under the head of
"Exhaust," "Air Compressor," etc., will apply to this machine also.
It may be observed that the cup holding the metal can be very quickly
changed, so that a variety of colours may be sprayed one after the
other with very little trouble. The price of the machine (which may be
provided with an agitator if required) is low.
"THE INVINCIBLE."
These sprayers are designed on an excellent "universal movement"
principle and are particularly well constructed throughout. They
further claim distinction on the score that every section is an
independent unit of standardized pattern, and as spare parts are always
available, replacements and renewals can be made instantly with the
minimum of trouble and cost.
They are made in several types to suit varying classes of work,
ranging from the fine lining and shading of small objects required
by artists, etc., to commercial painting on the scale practised by
motor car manufacturers and other large users; and important points in
their favour are the special facilities provided for quick cleaning
after use, their completely enclosed mechanism, which prevents the
penetration of any dirt, colour or liquid to working parts, and the
adjustment of the needle so that no pressure or damage can occur at any
time to the colour tip, even if trigger is allowed to snap forward.
Automatic control is also provided for work requiring a given volume
of colour, it being only necessary to turn a regulator to ensure a
constant flow of any desired density.
The "Invincible" Pistol Sprayer type "E" is illustrated in section
(Fig. 60). The body is gun metal with working parts of finest steel,
highly polished where necessary to ensure smooth working and minimum of
wear. The instruments have a handsomely nickelled finish.
WORKING.--When connector (4) is attached to colour cup or extension
cock for paint pot and connector (18) affixed to air-line, the air
brush is ready to commence work.
DUSTING.--No separate or special dusting attachment is necessary with
the "Invincible" apparatus, as a slight pull on trigger (20) carries
back steel sleeve (7), depressing steel ball (15) and bringing the air
valve (19) into "open" position. This allows a stream of air to pass
forward through air channel (21) to nozzle (1) and the projection of
this upon surface to be treated removes all dust.
[Illustration: Fig. 60.--INVINCIBLE SPRAYER TYPE "E" IN SECTION.]
SPRAYING.--A continuation of the trigger pull carries back the spring
buffer (8) and opens the control barrel (11) of the needle valve (3)
allowing colour to flow through colour tip (2), at the end of which
it meets the vacuum created by the air stream, and is then (atomized)
broken up into thousands of minute particles which coalesce upon
meeting their object, and form a perfectly level, smooth and even
surface.
CONTROL.--The trigger control is very sensitive, giving a spraying
range from a fine line to the fullest flush of the instrument's
capacity. For automatic control it is only necessary to adjust
regulator (No. 14).
[Illustration: Fig. 61.]
CLEANING.--By unscrewing union nut (5) the complete fore-part may be
removed for cleaning without interfering with any other part of the
mechanism, therefore the operation of cleaning is always quick and
thorough, even when sticky, heavy liquids have been used.
The movement for the above sprayer applies to all "Invincible"
sprayers. Type "A" for artists, miniature tinting, black and white
process work, etc. Type "B" for Christmas and show card work, etc. Type
"C" for ceramic work, posters and so on.
A cheaper series is also made which, whilst lacking some of the
refinements of the standard models, are reliable, and soundly made
instruments.
The patentees and manufacturers of "Invincible" Air Brushes are the Air
Brush Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Pneumatic Works, 13, Arlington Street,
Rosebery Avenue, London, E.C., who also provide all accessories for
complete spraying installation, such as air-compressors, air-receivers,
air valves, reducing valves, condensers and clarifiers, pressure
paint pots and paint pot stands, exhaust benches, fans, turn-tables,
automatic cut-outs, motors, etc., of which complete details will be
sent upon request.
THE MIDLAND SPRAYER.
[Illustration: Fig. 65.--THE MIDLAND SPRAYER.]
From what has already been said, it will be obvious that the most
important part of a spraying plant is the correct construction of the
actual sprayer or spraying pistol. The Midland Fan Co., Ltd., of 46,
Aston Road, Birmingham, have placed on the market a sprayer which
is shown in Fig. 65, and this, we learn, has given a great deal of
satisfaction. Its principal claim to superiority is the simplicity of
construction, for one reason because the sprayer may be used by those
who have but little knowledge of mechanics. The construction permits of
easy cleaning, which is of vital importance, and for this purpose the
needle can be removed by a turn of the fingers and replaced with equal
ease. The illustration shows the larger pistol, and it may be mentioned
that smaller sizes are made for finer work.
THE PAASCHE AIR BRUSH.
[Illustration: Fig. 66.--THE "PAASCHE" SPRAYER.]
This spraying machine is manufactured by the Paasche Air Brush Co.,
9, South Clinton Street, Chicago, in various sizes, for spraying by
compression air liquids of all kinds. The above illustration shows what
is known as the "Three in One" quick action model "S" brush, and is
recommended for use with heavy material. Instead of the paint pot being
at the top an underslung jar with aluminium cover as shown on the lower
part of Fig. 67 may be used. This figure shows the same air brush or
sprayer with one gallon container; in either case the spraying of the
colour or material is quickly done. The flow of the liquid is entirely
independent of the air circulation. An agitator is provided to keep
the material well stirred, and should be used with all liquids which
have a tendency to settle, such as bronzes, enamels, paints, etc. The
coupling or taper stem of the flexible metal tube or bottles are easily
detachable, and one material after the other can be used without
stopping. If the underslung jar or the gravity pot be used no agitator
is necessary.
This instrument is made in much larger sizes. The general form of
apparatus is shown in Fig. 68, the special finishing hood with exhaust
fan being in this case employed, while a paint container is suspended
on an adjustable stand. In this case a chair is shown being painted.
[Illustration: Fig. 67.--LARGER SIZE "PAASCHE."]
A somewhat novel apparatus for separating oil and water is that shown
in Fig. 69. This is constructed to obviate the trouble which is
sometimes caused by the oil and water in the air main mixing. It is
connected at the end of the air main as close to the air regulator
or air outlet to the brush as convenient. Oil gets into the air main
through the piston of the compressor, and will in time saturate the
walls of the air pipes. The condensation of water which is due to
changes of temperature makes the iron pipes sweat, and a considerable
amount of water is accumulated in this manner. The simple appliance
shown in the illustration will remove this.
Fig. 70 shows the Paasche Automatic electric controller which is used
for automatic starting and stopping motor driven compressor outfits
where from 1/8th to 1 horse-power motors are used.
[Illustration: Fig. 68.--GENERAL FORM OF "PAASCHE" SPRAYER.]
[Illustration: Fig. 69.--"PAASCHE" OIL AND WATER SEPARATOR.]
[Illustration: Fig. 70.--"PAASCHE" AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC CONTROLLER.]