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_ADVERTISEMENTS._
Mander Brothers,
Wolverhampton,
ARE
EXPERTS
IN
DIPPING AND
SPRAYING PAINTS.
_Industrial
Paints and
Varnishes_
BRUSHING
DIPPING
SPRAYING
FLOWING
TUMBLING
DRYING
We specialise in all Paints, Enamels,
Japans, Lacquers, Varnishes and
other materials for the protection
and decoration of Industrial Products
of all kinds.
Our clients comprise of the principal
Manufacturers in all Trades,
and the service we are rendering to
them is ready, willing and capable
of caring for your requirements.
Experimental and Research Laboratories
are maintained to assist the
solution of any problem, whilst
there is a wealth of practical
experience to draw upon when
you consult
PINCHIN, JOHNSON & Co., Ltd.
_Paint, Varnish, Color & Enamel Manufacturers_
Minerva House, Bevis Marks, London, E.C.
_TELEGRAMS
PINCHIN, ALD, LONDON._"
_TELEPHONE
AVENUE 910_ (_3 lines_)
ESTABLISHED 1834
PAINTING BY IMMERSION AND BY COMPRESSED AIR.
[Illustration: AUTOMATIC FINISHING OF PIANOS.
LOWERING THE LOADED CARRIER INTO THE VARNISH TANK.]
_Frontispiece._
Painting by Immersion
and by Compressed Air.
_A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK_
BY
ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS, F.I.B.D.,
Editor of "The Decorator" and the "The Decorator Series of Practical
Handbooks," Author of "Commercial Paints and Painting," "Paint and
Colour Mixing," "The Painters' Pocket Book," "House Painting and
Decorating," etc., etc. Member of the Paint and Varnish Society,
The International Society for Testing Materials, etc. Examiner in
Painters' and Decorators' Work to the City and Guilds of
London Institute.
_With 150 Illustrations._
London:
OFFICES OF "THE MANAGING ENGINEER,"
93 & 94, CHANCERY LANE, W.C.
E. & F. N. SPON, LTD.,
57, HAYMARKET, LONDON, S.W.
New York:
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN.
123, LIBERTY STREET
1915
PREFACE.
In many industries the application of paint for preservative or
ornamental purposes is imperative and the item of expenditure is an
important one.
There is abundant evidence to prove that the application of paint,
either by means of dipping, spraying or other mechanical means, effects
an enormous saving of time over the old method of using brushes, while
the coats of paint are more durable and thorough.
This saving of time not only lowers the cost of production to a very
considerable extent, but it permits of a large increase in the output.
The process of "flowing-on" enamels and varnishes described in the
following pages effects an even greater saving of time in those cases
where it is applicable. The extent of this saving can be judged by
the fact that a complete coat of enamel can be given to the body of
a four-seated touring car in the almost incredibly short time of two
minutes!
These processes are used to a very large extent in many industries,
particularly those connected with metal work and engineering. In the
United States of America and in many parts of the Continent they have
reached a high degree of perfection. In Great Britain the adoption of
the methods is rapidly increasing.
It is hoped that this book will be found of service to manufacturers
who desire to ascertain whether the processes can be economically
employed in their particular industry or to those who contemplate
putting in a plant for the purpose.
It should also be helpful to those who have not been very successful
with a trial plant or who desire to bring an existing plant fully
up-to-date in its equipment. And it should be said at once that the few
cases of failure which have come to the notice of the author have been
found on investigation to be due either to the use of paint unsuitable
for the purpose or the adoption of a plant which is unfitted for the
object aimed at. Three examples may be given. In one small castings
were dipped in black paint, but it was found that "tears," or runs of
paint which did not dry properly, often occurred. Here, clearly, the
paint was at fault. It was too thick for the purpose and did not dry
hard quickly enough. The remedy was obvious.
In another case iron casements were dipped horizontally in a shallow
paint tank and the time involved in lowering them to obtain a complete
immersion was considerable. In this case the shape and size of the tank
were not suitable. It should have been deep and narrow, so that the
casements could be dipped vertically. The idea that the paint would
"settle out" if a deep tank were used was shown to be erroneous.
In a third case spraying had been tried for coating metal casements,
when it was found that the saving effected in time was more than
counter-balanced by the waste of paint. Of course, spraying was not
suitable for a job of this kind, the surface to be covered being so
very narrow. Such work is done most successfully by dipping.
The degree of perfection to which the process of dipping has been
carried in America is indicated by the fact that it is largely employed
for piano cases and many other articles requiring a perfect varnish
finish. This process is fully described in these pages and has been
successfully carried on for some years. This fact demonstrates very
clearly the possibilities of painting and varnishing by immersion.
All the principal appliances used for spraying paint, lacquer, enamel,
varnish and similar liquids have been described at length, but no
attempt has been made to prove that any one appliance is superior
to another. The details of each apparatus are given, and for the
convenience of the reader, the manufacturer's name and address. It is
suggested that those who contemplate the adoption of paint dipping, or
spraying, should get into touch with all these firms, and carefully
investigate their respective merits before coming to a decision.
The services of an expert will usually be found desirable, for,
although in engineering works much of the necessary apparatus and
accessories may be made on the premises, the exact details, such as the
kind of paint and the exact design suitable for the particular purpose,
are largely matters to be decided upon in the light of experience.
ARTHUR S. JENNINGS.
365, Birkbeck Bank Chambers,
High Holborn, W.C.
August, 1915.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. PAGE
INTRODUCTION.
Increase in the Use of Painting by Dipping and Spraying--The
Remarkable Saving of Time Effected--The Durability Equal
to Brush Painting--Scope of the Subject--Whitewashing
Machines--Cost of Spraying Plant--Dipping Plant may be
very Simple--List of the Principal Products to which Paint
Spraying is Applied 1
CHAPTER II.
PAINTING BY IMMERSION.
An old Idea largely Developed in Recent Years--Simple Forms of
Paint Dipping--Painting Varnish Cans--Larger Plants--The
Tank--The Agitators--McLennan Patent--Paint Proof
Gear Box--Three Tank Plant for Different Colours--The
Rails and Hanging Apparatus--Hanging Articles after they
are Painted--Hoists--Simple Crabs and Lifting Gear--Pneumatic
Hoist--Electrical Hoist--Trolley Hoist--The
Number of Coats of Paint--Advantages of the Dipping
Process--Protecting Parts not to be Painted--Preparing
Woodwork before Painting--Filler for Iron--Stopping Holes in
Woodwork--Rubbing Down 7
CHAPTER III.
REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT TRADES.
Bedsteads--Collapsible Gates--Dipping Sewing Machine Parts--Iron
Rods--Iron Window Frames or Casements--Metal
Furniture--Motor Parts (Metal)--Automatic Finishing of
Pianos--The Standard Hydraulic Immersion System--Wheels--Some
Typical Plants--Carriage Department, Woolwich
Arsenal--James Gibbons--Harrison, McGregor & Co.--Phillips
& Son--The Ford Motor Company--Marshall, Sons &
Co., Ltd.--Hayward Bros. & Eckstein, Ltd.--The Crittall
Manufacturing Co.--Excluding Dust--Heating and Ventilation
of Drying Room--A Model Drying Room 33
CHAPTER IV.
PAINT FOR DIPPING.
The Requirements of a Good Dipping Paint--Specific Gravity of
Pigments--White Dipping Paint--Gloss Paint--W. G. Scott
on Dipping Paints--Proportion of Paste and Thinners--Asbestine
--China Clay--Whiting--Zinc Oxide--Inert
Materials--Primers for Metal--Primers for Hard and Soft
Woods--Second Coat Dipping Paints--White Paste Primer--White
Dip for Metals--White Dip for Hard Wood--White
Dip for Soft Wood--White Spirit--Quantity of Paint
Required for Dipping and Spraying--Spreading Capacity
of Paints 70
CHAPTER V.
PAINTING BY COMPRESSED AIR.
The Evolution of the Apparatus Employed--Early Attempts--The
Concentric Form of Spray--Its Advantages--The Flow of
Paint--Practice Necessary--Cost of Plant--Pressure and
Volume of Air Required 78
CHAPTER VI.
TYPES OF SPRAYING APPARATUS.
The Aerograph--Electric Motor Outfit--Painting a Gasometer--Small
Aerograph--The Aeron--Uniformity of Coats--Cup
Aeron--Air Transformer--The Airostyle--Construction--"Ultra"
type--Pistol "M"--The Eureka Spraying Machine--The
Crane Eureka--The Crane "Record"--The "Invincible"--Type
"E"--Artists' Type--The Midland
Sprayer--The "Paasche" Sprayer--Larger Size--Oil and
Water Separator--Automatic Electric Controller 81
CHAPTER VII.
SUPPLY OF COMPRESSED AIR--PAINT SUPPLY--EXHAUST.
Type of Compressor--Air Main--Air Valves--Purifying Air--Small
Compressors--Water Cooling--Air Pump and Tank
Combined--General Arrangement of Accessories--The Supply
of Paint--The Exhaust Installation--Central Draught Fan--Location
of Work Cabinets--The Fumexer Spraying Cabinet--Accessories
--Turn-tables, Auto--Electric Air Heater 113
CHAPTER VIII.
STENCILS AND MASKS--THE REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT
TRADES IN SPRAYING.
Protecting parts not to be Sprayed--Masks for Gas Meters--The
Hart Patent Mask--Making Stencils--Stencil Paper--Four-ounce
Stencil Metal--Zinc Stencils--Requirements of Special
Trades--Piece Work--Bookbinding--Carriages--Cycle Parts--Electrical
Work--Fancy Baskets--Gas Meters--Gas Stoves
and Ranges--Picture Frames, Picture Mouldings, etc.--Celluloid
Varnish--Spraying Ships' Hulls--Slate Enamelling--Spraying
Colour Specimens--Tramcars 141
CHAPTER IX.
SOME TYPICAL PLANTS.
Plant for Twelve Operators--The Birmingham Small Arms Co.--Airostyle
Plant for Sixteen Operators--The Davis Gas Stove
Co., Ltd.--Fletcher, Russell & Co., Ltd.--Special Machines
--Gittings, Hills and Boothby, Ltd.--The Kingsbury Manufacturing
Co., Ltd.--J. Lucas, Ltd.--The Gas Light and Coke
Co., Ltd.--The Gas Meter Co., Ltd 158
CHAPTER X.
PAINTS, LACQUERS, VARNISHES, ETC., USED IN SPRAYING.
Temperature of Spraying Room--Fine Paint must be used--Firms
who Specialize on Dipping and Spraying Paints, etc.--Stoving
Enamels--Enamels--Hints on Stoving or Baking--Black
Japan Finishes--Steel Furniture Enamels--Imitation Wood
Effects--White Work--Bedsteads, etc.--Transparent Colour
Varnishes--Safe Baking Heats of Pigment Colours--Dipping
and Spraying Compared 177
CHAPTER XI.
SPRAYING VERSUS BRUSHING.
Comparison with Brush Painting--Bronzing with Celluloid
Medium--Objections Sometimes Urged Against Spraying---Mottled
Appearance of Paint and how Avoided--Spraying
Fillers and Primers--Spraying and Dipping Compared--The
Great Saving Effected 193
CHAPTER XII.
THE ARTISTIC APPLICATION OF PAINT SPRAYING.
Artistic Work--Lining on Motors and Carriages--Relief Work
--Scumbling and Colour Glazing--Glazing--Designs for Lamp
Shades--Reds--Blues--Yellows--Greens--Browns--Greys--Scumbling
and Graining--Brush Graining--Marble Grounds--Graining
Grounds 201
CHAPTER XIII.
THE "FLOWING-ON" SYSTEM.
The Latest Method of Finishing Automobiles--Remarkable Speed
of the Method--The Apparatus--Trough Tank used in the
Process--The Kind of Paint or Japan Used--The Floco Process
--Painting Motor Bodies--Description of Modern Enamelling
Ovens for Motor Bodies--Notes on the Construction of Stoves--The
Perkins' Stove--Typical Goodyear Stove--Dipping
Trough 216
CHAPTER XIV.
LIME AND WHITEWASH SPRAYERS.
Periodical Whitewashing in Workshops Compulsory--The Wells
Sprayer--Limewhiting by Machine with 8-foot Bamboo Pole--The
Brown Sprayer--The Merryweather Sprayer--The
Tumbling Barrel Process 243
CHAPTER XV.
A PORTABLE PAINT SPRAYER FOR RAILWAY AND OTHER WORK.
The Pennsylvania Railroad System--fainting Freight Cars--Description
of Apparatus--Plan and Elevation--Detail
Drawings 250
CHAPTER XVI.
METAL SPRAYING.
Description of the Process--The Immense Field for it--The
Metal Spraying "Pistol"--Detail Drawings of Pistol--Sectional
Drawing--Diagrammatic Representation of Melting
and Spraying Jets in Action--Spraying Alloys--Cost of the
Process 255
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
FRONTISPIECE Automatic Finishing of Pianos
Fig. 1. Section through Paint Tank 8
" 2. Stirrers and Blinds for Paint Dipping Tank 10
" 3. Longitudinal Vertical Section 10
" 4. Tank for Painting Steel Sheets 12
" 5. Paint-Proof Bearings and Gear Box 13
" 6. Shafting and Driving Gear Designed for Implements 14
" 7. Triple-tank plant 15
" 8. Joist and Wheels supporting Hanger 16
" 9. Hook for Hanging 17
" 10 to 14. Hoists and Crabs 18
" 15. Typical Hoist for Painting by Immersion 19
" 16. Morris Standard Electric Trolley Hoist 23
" 17. Electric Hoist Suitable for Heavy Goods 27
" 18. Sprayed Show Card 30
" 19. Dipping and Stoving Bedsteads 31
" 20. Immersing Mangle Frames 35
" 21. Iron Hanger 38
" 22. Carrier filled with Six Complete Pianos 39
" 23. Introductory Carrier for Piano Frame 43
" 24. Lowering Piano Cases into the Varnish Tank 47
" 25. Piano Cases nearly Immersed 49
" 26. Piano Cases wholly Immersed 51
" 27. Piano Cases about to be Dipped 53
" 28. Coach Body ready to be Dipped 55
" 29. Paint Dipping Room at Woolwich 55
" 30. Store Room, Woolwich 61
" 31. Dipping Casements at the Crittall Manufacturing Co. 61
" 32. Hook for Suspending Boxes 64
" 33. Dipping Casements at Braintree 65
" 34. Design for Show Card done by Spraying 69
" 35. The Aerograph Spraying Instrument 81
" 36. Another form of Aerograph 82
" 37. Aerograph Electric Motor Outfit 83
" 38. Painting a Gasometer 83
" 39. Aerograph for Delicate Work 85
" 40. The Aeron Sprayer 89
" 41. " " (angle barrel) 89
" 42. " " with agitator 89
" 43. " " with double nozzle head 89
" 44. The G Aeron Sprayer, with double nozzle head 89
" 45. The G Aeron Sprayer, with attachments 91
" 46. The G Aeron Sprayer, with parts disassembled 91
" 47. The G Aeron Sprayer 91
" 48. The M Aeron Sprayer 95
" 49. The M Aeron Sprayer, with Types L & M 95
" 50. Block and Tackle 95
" 51. Standard Tackle 95
" 52. Air Transformer Set 95
" 53. Air Transformer 95
" 54. Section showing Construction of Airostyle 98
" 55. Airostyle Type "Record" with union for continuous supply 99
" 56. Airostyle Type "Ultra" 101
" 57. " Pistol "M" 102
" 58. The Crane "Eureka" 103
" 59. " " "Record" 104
" 60. The "Invincible" Sprayer 105
" 61. " " with adjustable cup 105
" 65. The Midland Sprayer 108
" 66. The "Paasche" Sprayer 109
" 67. Larger "Paasche" Sprayer 110
" 68. General form of "Paasche" Sprayer 111
" 69. "Paasche" Oil and Water Separator 111
" 70. "Paasche" Automatic Electric Controller 111
" 71. Airostyle Air Compressor 115
" 72. DeVilbiss Air Compressors 115
" 73. " " " 115
" 74. " " " 115
" 75. Aerograph Air Pumps and Tank Combined 118
" 76. Aerograph Type of Air Pumps for Larger Installations 119
" 77. Airostyle Plant General Arrangement 121
" 78. "Paasche" Motor Dryer Fan 124
" 79. Airostyle Central Draught Steel Plate Fan 125
" 80. DeVilbiss Auto Cool Electric Exhaust Fan closed and
opened for cleaning 125
" 81. Sketch of Spraying Cabinets 127
" 82. Aerograph Spraying Cabinets 128
" 83. "DeVilbiss Fumexer" or Spraying Cabinet 131
" 84. " " " " 131
" 85. " " " " 131
" 86. " " " " 131
" 87. Aerograph Turntable 134
" 88. Two forms of Fumexer 135
" 89. The Fumexer in use 135
" 90. A Paasche Turntable 135
" 91. Auto Electric Air Heater 139
" 92. Masks for Gas Meter 142
" 93. The Hart Patent Mask 143
" 94. Bin for Spraying Light Articles 148
" 95. Aerostyle Plant for sixteen operators 155
" 96. Airostyle Plant showing Ventilator 155
" 97. Side Elevation of Plant for 12 operators 158
" 98. End Elevation of Plant for 12 operators 159
" 99. Plan of Figs. 84 and 85 160
" 100. Airostyle Plant installed for The Davis Gas Stove Co.,
Ltd. 161
" 101. Compressor, etc., for Airostyle Plant 165
" 102. Airostyle Plant installed for Gas Fire and Radiator
Work 165
" 103. View from one end of Messrs. Lucas, Ltd., Airostyle
Plants 169
" 104 & 105. Airostyle Plant at Messrs J. Lucas, Ltd. 173
" 106. " " View of Racks and Fan 175
" 107. " " Two Bays of one Unit 181
" 108. Airostyle Plant installed for The Gas Light and Coke
Co., Ltd. 181
" 109. Airostyle Plant installed for The Gas Light and Coke
Co., Ltd. 185
" 110. Operator at Work 193
" 111. Airostyle Plant showing Ventilator 199
" 112. Elevation of Spraying Plant 199
" 113. Elevation of Spraying Plant 200
" 114. Plans of Figs. 112 and 113 200
" 115. Designs for Lamp Shades 203
" 116. Show Card done by Spraying 209
" 117. Another Example 209
" 118. Shaded Effects 213
" 119. Fruit Dish decorated by Spraying 217
" 120. Table Cover 219
" 121. Trough Tank 222
" 122. Floco System of Painting Motor Bodies 224
" 123 & 124. Show Card done by Spraying 225 & 229
" 125. Design for Show Card 233
" 126. The Perkins' Stove 236
" 127. Typical Goodyear Stove 237
" 128. Dipping Trough 238
" 129. Show or Menu Card 239
" 130. Example of Metal Decoration 241
" 131 & 132. Whitewash Sprayer 244
" 133 & 134. Limewashing with Bamboo Pole 245
" 135. The Brown Extension Sprayer 246
" 136. The Merryweather Limewhite Sprayer 247
" 137. A Tumbling Barrel 248
" 138. Another Form 248
" 139. Paint Sprayer for Freight Cars 252
" 140. Elevation of above 253
" 141. Details of above 254
" 142. The Metal Spraying "Pistol" 256
" 143. The Metal Sprayer 257
" 144. Sectional Drawing of Metal Sprayer 258
" 145. Diagrammatric Representation of Melting and
Spraying Jets in Action 259
" 146. Sprayed Decorative Work 261
" 147. Shaded Work by the Aerograph 263
" 148. Show Card, Sprayed 265
" 149. Sprayed Frieze 267
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Until recent years, it appears to have been generally supposed that
paint used for either the protection or ornamentation of various
surfaces must necessarily be applied by means of painters' brushes
made of hog's bristles. But it has been clearly demonstrated during
the past few years that the application of the paint may be made by
means of either total immersion of the article to be painted in a tank
or by spraying the paint on to the surface with the aid of compressed
air. The rapid increase in the use of both processes is principally
due to the immense saving of time which is effected, and this may be
approximately estimated at from five to nine-tenths. In other words,
one man can do the work of from five to ten men, or even more. To put
it another way, if a piece of work costs 20s. for labour in painting
by the old process, it may be safely assumed that it can be done by
dipping or spraying at a cost of from two to four shillings.
The question will at once suggest itself: "Is paint applied by dipping
and spraying as durable as that applied by the brush?" As the paint
in the greater part of work of this character is used solely for
protective purposes, the question is clearly one of considerable
importance. The answer to the question is that when properly prepared
paint is used, both methods give an equal, or even better result from
the point of view of durability than that which would be obtained if
a painter's brush was employed, while, in the case of painting by
immersion or by spraying, the paint finds its way into places which a
brush could not reach, such as open joints of a waggon, the intricate
parts of certain agricultural machinery, the inside of small metal
boxes, etc.
Both methods are successfully employed in practically every branch
of the engineering, metal and many other trades. Heavy steel sheets
may be dipped provided that adequate plant is employed for lowering
and raising them into the tank, or they may be sprayed without much
difficulty. Children's toys (to take the other extreme), costing
less than a penny each, may also be economically painted by dipping.
Speaking generally, anything large or small which can be handled or
moved by lifting machinery or on a turn table, can be painted by either
one process or the other. For example, a hundred or so of very small
iron castings, or wrought iron ware, may be placed in a wire basket and
dipped together in a few seconds, or the body of a motor car, or parts
of a bicycle, can be painted by spraying in a fraction of the time it
would take to do the work by means of brushes.
Thus far the processes are not much used in house painting, excepting
for the first or priming coat, before the work is fixed in position,
but certain types of the simpler form of spraying machines are employed
with great advantage in applying lime white or whitewash to rough
walls of factories, etc. In this case, a far better job is produced
in one-tenth of the time. The whitewash, when sprayed on, enters and
covers the open joints and inequalities of surface in a complete
manner, which would be impossible were a brush used.
On the next page is a list of some of the principal purposes for which
these methods are at present used, and these are being constantly added
to. It is not too much to say that in any industry in which paints
are used, one or other of the methods, or both in conjunction, may be
employed with very great advantage in a saving of time.
An erroneous idea prevails in some quarters that to install a paint
dipping or a paint spraying plant will involve a considerable
expenditure. As a matter of fact, if the work is of a simple character,
and the articles to be dealt with small, an expenditure of something
like £25 will be sufficient for the purpose. For example, a small tank,
with a draining board attached, would cost less than the sum mentioned,
even when the overhanging plant was included. As such work is usually
done in engineering shops, the lifting apparatus and the rails, can
easily be made on the premises. In some cases the lifting plant even
might be dispensed with, and the articles, such as paint cans, could be
dipped by hand. A spraying plant need not be expensive, and £25 to £40
will cover the expense of spraying apparatus, compressor for air spray,
exhaust and everything else. This, however, refers to a small plant.
More extensive installations would, of course, cost very much more,
but whatever they may cost, it may be accepted as a fact that, within
reasonable limits, the outlay will be fully returned in two or three
years' working at most.
In the following pages an attempt has been made to cover the whole
subject of painting by mechanical means. Many plants are described and
illustrated, and some lengthy explanation is given of the requirements
of different trades or goods. In many cases these have really nothing
to do with the painting proper, but success depends upon the system
adopted for handling and conveying.
Take, for example, celluloid buttons, which are usually sprayed. They
are placed in wire trays made specially for the purpose, the bottom
side uppermost. These are first sprayed all over with a spirit paint,
and when sufficiently dry to handle, say, in a quarter of an hour, they
are all turned over and the top sides are sprayed. The wire trays and a
handy cabinet to contain them are the important details in this case.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS TO WHICH PAINT
SPRAYING AND PAINT DIPPING ARE APPLIED.
Acetylene Machines.
Adding Machines.
Addressing Machines.
Advertising Novelties.
Advertising Signs.
Aeroplane Work.
"Agate" Hollow Ware.
Agricultural Implements.
Air Compressors.
Aluminium Goods.
Antiques, Bric-a-brac.
Architectural Brass Works.
Architectural Iron Works.
Art Glasses and Mirrors.
Artificial Flowers.
Artificial Jewellery.
Artificial Marble.
Artificial Limbs.
Artistic Statuaries.
Automatic Vending Machines.
Automobile Lamps.
Automobile Licences and Number Plates.
Automobile Parts.
Automobile Parts and Motor Bodies.
Automobile Supplies
Automobile Tyres.
Automobile Tops and Canopies.
Axes.
Baby Carriages.
Badges.
Banners and Flags.
Bar Fixtures.
Barber Equipment.
Barrels.
Barrows.
Basket and Rattan Ware.
Bath Room Sundries.
Baths.
Bed Springs.
Bedsteads (Iron).
Bedsteads (Sheet Metal).
Beer Pumps.
Bells.
Bicycles.
Billiard Tables.
Bird Cages.
Blocks and Falls.
Blowers.
Boats.
Bobbins and Spools.
Boiler Work.
Book Cases.
Boxes, Cigar.
Bowling Alleys.
Boxes, Mail.
Brass Bedsteads.
Brass Goods.
Broom Heads and Handles.
Brushes.
Buckles and Snaps.
Builders' Hardware.
Burial Caskets.
Buttons (metal).
Cabinet Hardware.
Cabinets.
Cameras.
Candies and Confectionery.
Canners, Vegetables and Fruit.
Canoes.
Cans.
Cars.
Carpets.
Carpet Sweepers.
Carriages.
Carriage Hardware.
Casements (metal).
Cartridges.
Cash Registers.
Cash Carriers.
Celluloid Sheets.
Chairs (metal).
Children's Carriages.
China and Crockery.
Church and Lodge Goods.
Church and School Furniture.
Churns.
Clocks.
Colour Specimens.
Constructional Ironwork.
Corset Steels.
Coffins and Caskets.
Couches.
Cream Separators.
Curtain Poles.
Cutlery.
Cycles.
Cycle parts.
Desks (metal).
Display Fixtures.
Dolls.
Doors.
Drills.
Dynamos.
Edge Tools.
Electric Fixtures.
Electrical Apparatus.
Electrical Supplies.
Electro Platers.
Enamelled Metal Goods.
Enamelled Ware.
Engines.
Etching (metal).
Factory Fittings.
Fancy Baskets.
Fans.
Fenders.
Filing Cabinets.
Firearms.
Fire Extinguishers.
Fishing Rods.
Fixtures, Display.
Foundries.
Fountains, Soda.
Furniture (metal).
Garden Implements.
Gas Apparatus.
Gas Cookers.
Gas Engines.
Gas Fires.
Gas Fixtures.
Gas Meters.
Gas and Gasolene Stoves
Golf Clubs.
Grates and Mantels.
Gramophones.
Grille Work.
Hats, Straw.
Hair Pins.
Hames.
Handles.
Harness Trim.
Harrows.
Hardware.
Hollow Ware.
Hooks and Eyes.
Horns.
Incandescent Lamps.
Japanned Goods.
Jewellery.
Kegs and Pails.
Kitchen Cabinets.
Kitchen Utensils.
Knitting Machines.
Lacing Studs.
Lamps and Lanterns.
Lasts.
Lawn Mowers.
Lead Pencils.
Leather Work.
Letter Files.
Locks.
Lockers (metal).
Looms.
Locomotives.
Machinery.
Malleable Castings.
Mathematical Instruments.
Meat Safes.
Metal Spinners.
Model Makers.
Motors.
Motor Cycles.
Musical Instruments.
Novelties.
Office Furniture.
Optical Instruments.
Ornamental Ironwork.
Pattern Makers.
Pen Holders.
Phonographs.
Physical Supplies.
Piano Plates.
Pianos and Organs.
Picture Frames.
Pins.
Plated Ware.
Ploughs.
Plumbers' Supplies.
Porcelain Goods.
Projectiles.
Pulleys (metal).
Pumps.
Radiators (auto).
Railway Carriages.
Rakes.
Refrigerators.
Regalia.
Rubber Goods.
Rules and Levels.
Saddlery Hardware.
Safes.
Safe Deposit Vaults.
Sashes (metal).
Scales.
Screens (metal).
Sewing Machines.
Shoe Buttons.
Show Cases.
Side Cars.
Signs, Enamelled.
Silverware.
Sleds and Sleighs.
Soda Fountains.
Sporting Goods.
Steel Stampings.
Stoves (gas).
Slate, Enamelled.
Statuary.
Steam Gauges.
Steel Castings.
Street Railway Companies.
Surgical Supplies.
Switchboards.
Tables.
Tanks.
Telephones.
Telephone Supplies.
Textile Machinery.
Tinwares.
Thermometers.
Tools.
Toys.
Trunk Hardware.
Typewriters.
Vacuum Cleaners.
Vending Machines.
Veneers.
Ventilators.
Wagons.
Wall Papers.
Washing Machines.
Watering Cans.
Weighing Machines.
Wheels.
Willow Ware.
Wire Cloth.
Wire Mattresses.
Wire Work.
Wringers.
In addition to the above, paint is applied by spraying for many
artistic purposes, such as for show cards, photographic work,
lithography, church decoration, etc. These are referred to in another
chapter.
[Illustration]