"Cæsar, living forever,
beloved of Ptah and Isis".
AUTOCRATOR. The Greek [Greek: Autokratôr] "absolute ruler". This was a
title of the Roman emperors and is our "autocrat". The Egyptians placed the
word in either of the two cartouches of the emperors, and wrote it in many
different ways; for instance, [glyphs] (Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius),
[glyphs] (Caligula), [glyphs] (Nero), [glyphs] (Trajan), [glyphs]
(Caracalla), &c. ^{39}
AVARIS. A city on the Bubastic branch of the Nile in the Delta, near the
ancient Pelusium. Its Egyptian name was [glyphs] HA·T-ÛAR·T. It was the
last fortified stronghold of the Hyksos which was besieged and taken by
Aahmes I., a king of the XVIIth dynasty. ^{92}
BANNER-SHIELD. The oblong that contains the one established royal title and
which, in all inscriptions of importance, must precede the cartouches,
[glyphs]. It occurs twelve times on our obelisk. ^{56 57 58 59 60 62 63 65
66 67 68 70}
{103}BARBARUS. A prefect or governor of Egypt. According to Prof. Merriam
his full name is Publius Rubrius Barbarus. History is silent about him.
^{39 73 74 82}
BARBERINI OBELISK. Other designations for it are: Monte Pincio Obelisk,
Veranian Obelisk, and the Obelisk della Passeggiata. It was cut in Egypt by
order of Hadrian [A. D. 118-138] and erected in honor of Antinoüs, who
drowned himself in the Nile in order to avert the fulfillment of an evil
oracle from the emperor. Pope Urban VIII. (Barberini) found it broken in
three pieces, and it was placed in its present position on the Monte Pincio
in Rome by Pius VII. in 1822. It has two columns of hieroglyphs on each
face. ^{9}
BAST. The Egyptian lion-headed goddess of love, also called Pasht or Sekhet
(which see). ^{92}
B. C. An abbreviation for "Before (the birth of) Christ".
BEJIJ. Also called Ebjij. A city in the western half of the XXIst nome of
Upper Egypt, whose Egyptian name was [glyphs] HA-SEBEK, "_the home of the
god Sebek_", the Crocodilopolis of the Greeks and Romans. ^{5 11}
BEJIJ OBELISK. A prostrate and broken obelisk of Usertesen I. at Bejij in
the Fayoom. It resembles more a stelé than an obelisk, as it has two large
and two small faces and a rounded top, which is the usual form of a stelé.
^{11}
BELZONI, Giovanni Battista. One of the most successful Egyptian explorers
[died Dec. 3, 1823]. He was the first to penetrate the second large pyramid
of Gizeh. ^{13}
BENEVENTO. A city of Italy, north-east of Naples. Its Egyptian spelling on
the obelisks erected by the emperor Domitian is [glyphs] BENEMTHESTI. ^{8
10}
BENEVENTO OBELISKS. Two obelisks bearing the cartouche of the emperor
Domitian [A. D. 81-96]. One of {104}them, having only a single column of
hieroglyphs on each face, is erected in a public square, while the other is
imbedded in the wall of a house in Benevento. The names of Domitian, Titus,
and Lucilius Lupus appear in the inscriptions. ^{10}
BENI-HASSAN. The present name of the place where the sepulchral grottoes of
the XIIth dynasty were situated. These rock-tombs were in the XVIth nome of
Upper Egypt, the most famous one of them being that of [glyphs]
KHNUM-HOTEP. ^{89}
BERSHEH. The modern name of a place in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt, the
site of many rock-tombs. ^{15 89}
BOBOLI GARDENS OBELISK. A small obelisk at present in the Boboli Gardens at
Florence, Italy. It was probably erected in Heliopolis by Ramses II. and
removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius [A. D. 41-54]. How it got to
Florence is not known. ^{10}
BONOMI, Joseph. An English Egyptologist [died 1808]. ^{11}
BOOK OF THE DEAD. Also called the Egyptian Ritual. A collection of chapters
treating of the future state of the blessed in the realm of eternal life.
It is also in part a catechism with questions and answers. Innumerable
copies of it have been found written on papyrus and linen, some of them
displaying beautifully executed pictures and vignettes. The first complete
copy (of Turin, Italy) was published by Lepsius in 1842, the last by
Naville in 1886. ^{33 34}
BORGIAN OBELISK. A small obelisk in the Museum of Naples, Italy, bearing a
single column of hieroglyphs. It was perhaps erected by Domitian, and had
an inscription similar to that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It was
found at Præneste near Rome in 1791 and was formerly in the Borgian Museum
at Velletri. ^{10}
{105}BOUSSARD. A French engineer in the army of Napoleon I., who discovered
the Rosetta Stone at Fort St. Julien in 1799. ^{92}
BRUGSCH, Heinrich. The greatest living Egyptologist and disciple of
Lepsius. He was born in Berlin on Feb. 18, 1827, and is at present
Professor of Egyptology in the same city. ^{26}
BUBASTIS. Now Tel-Basta. The capital of the XVIIIth nome of Lower Egypt,
the [Hebrew: PIY-VESET], _Pi-Beseth_, of the Bible (Ezek. xxx: 17), and
called by the Egyptians [glyphs] PER-BAS·T, "_the home of the goddess
Bast_". The temple of this deity, the goddess of love, is now a mass of
ruins. ^{92}
BÛLÂK. The port of Cairo. Here is the famous "Musée Boulaq", the national
Egyptian Museum, founded by the French Egyptologist Mariette (died 1881).
^{38}
BUSIRIS. Now Abu-Sîr, situated about half-way down the Damietta branch of
the Nile. The capital of the IXth nome of Lower Egypt, called in Egyptian
[glyphs] PER-USAR·T, "_the house of Osiris_", and by the Copts [Coptic:
pousiri] [Pûsiri], whence the Greek Busiris. ^{92}
BYZANTIUM. An ancient Greek city on the Bosphorus, now occupied by the city
of Constantinople. It was founded about B. C. 667, and was for a long time
the capital of the Eastern Greek Empire. ^{8}
CAESAR. At first the surname of the Roman gens (or house) Julia, but after
the time of Augustus the title of the Roman emperors. The word was applied
indiscriminately to all the emperors, but stands for Augustus on our
obelisk-crab. ^{73 74 82}
CAESAR-ÂNKH-ZETA-PTAH-AS·T-MER. The family name of the emperor Augustus
(which see). ^{39}
CAESAREUM. A temple in Alexandria dedicated to the {106}Roman emperors,
where divine honors were paid them. ^{39}
CAIRO. The capital of Egypt, situated twelve miles above the place where
the Nile resolves itself into its seven branches. It was founded about A.
D. 973 on the site of the former town of Fostât ([Arabic: ALFSTAT]). The
stones of ancient Memphis helped to build up the city. The Arabic name of
Cairo is El-Kâhira ([Arabic: ALQAHRH] "_the victorious city_"). ^{1 5 11 36
38 90 91}
CAIRO OBELISK. This is said to have formed part of a gate-way in Cairo. It
has now disappeared, but may be identical with one of the Amyrtæus
Obelisks. ^{11}
CALIGULA, Caius Cæsar. The third Roman emperor (A. D. 37-41), whose name in
Egyptian is ^{8}
suten-kaut? heq-hequ-Autegreder-Ptah-As·t-mer
The king of Upper "The lord of lords, Autocrator,
and Lower Egypt, the beloved of Ptah and Isis",
sa Râ Qaîs-Kaîseres-Kermanîqis-ânkh-zeta
The Sun's offspring, "Caius Cæsar Germanicus, living forever".
CALIPH. A title of a high dignitary among the Mohammedans. The Arabic form
is [Arabic: KHLYFH] _Khalifa_, which means "the successor of the Prophet
(Mohammed)". ^{80}
CAMBYSES. A king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 527 B. C., overthrowing
and putting to death Psametik III. He was a ruthless destroyer of Egyptian
monuments and acted like a demoniac. His name is ^{1}
suten-kaut? Mesuth-Râ sa Râ Kembathet
The King of Upper "The son the Sun's "Cambyses".
and Lower Egypt, of Ra", offspring,
CAMPENSIS OBELISK. Also called the Monte Citorio {107}Obelisk in Rome. It
stood formerly on the Campus Martius, whence its name. Erected by Psametik
II. in Heliopolis, and removed by the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. to Rome,
it was found broken in five pieces in 1748, and was re-erected by Pius VI.
in 1792. Unlike the other obelisks it has two columns of hieroglyphs on
each face. ^{9} (^{25})
CARKHEMISH. A city on the Euphrates and the capital of the vast Hittite
empire, now called Jerablûs. It is also mentioned in the Bible (Isa. x:9;
Jer. xlvii:2; II Chron. xxxv:20). Many important battles were fought at
this place. On the Egyptian monuments it is called [glyphs] KARUKAMSHA.
^{36}
CARTOUCHE [pronounced kartoósh]. An oval ring or seal containing the
Pharaoh's name. The Egyptian figure of it is [glyphs] REN, which means "a
name". Every king had two such cartouches, the first being his royal or
divine name which he adopted on his accession to the throne, and the second
being the family name which he bore as prince. The first is generally
introduced by the phrase "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt_", and the
second by "_The son of Ra_". The cartouches may be written in vertical or
horizontal lines; thus [glyphs] or [glyphs] This is the usual form though
variants are not of infrequent occurrence. These cartouches would also
sometimes contain the names of gods, goddesses, queens, princes, and
princesses, when the phrases introducing them were changed accordingly.
[Also spelled _cartouch_.] ^{36 37 38 39 49 57 71}
CATANIA OBELISK. A small obelisk standing on a stone elephant and set up in
front of the Cathedral in {108}Catania, Sicily. It is only a Roman
imitation, having eight sides and four columns of hieroglyphs in all. ^{10}
CATARACTS OF THE NILE. There are a number of cataracts formed by the Nile,
where it passes over rocks and boulders, the largest and longest being the
First Cataract. This forms the southern boundary of Egypt, and lies between
Syene and Philæ. ^{24 86}
CHRONOLOGY, EGYPTIAN. The ancient Egyptian chronology is hopelessly
tangled. Some of the dates may be correct, especially those of the later
dynasties, but when we turn to the early history of Egypt we are confronted
by such a confusion of facts and dates, that makes the fixing of dates for
the earlier dynasties an impossibility. There is a difference of more than
3000 years between the dates assigned by various Chronologists to the reign
of the first king of Egypt, Menes; Böckh setting it down as B. C. 5702,
Unger as 5613, Mariette and Lenormant as 5004, Brugsch as 4455, Lauth as
4157, Lepsius as 3892, Bunsen as 3059, Poole as 2717, and Wilkinson as
2691. No scheme of chronology can be deduced from the monuments, for the
ancient Egyptians cared nothing about history, a fact that is proved by the
carelessness with which they recorded historical events. The big numbers
above result from the supposition that the various dynasties reigned in
succession, while some were undoubtedly contemporaneous. An important list
of kings together with their dates, written in the third century B. C. by
Manetho, an Egyptian priest, has come down to us. We herewith give his list
as systematized by Lepsius.
MYTHOLOGICAL PERIOD.
TWO DYNASTIES OF GODS. 13 870 YEARS.
ONE DYNASTY OF DEMI-GODS. 3 650 YEARS.
ONE DYNASTY OF PREHISTORIC KINGS OF THINIS. 350 YEARS.
{109}HISTORICAL PERIOD.
I. OLD EMPIRE. 1.-11. DYNASTIES. B. C. 3892-2380.
1ST DYNASTY OF THINIS, 3892 TO 3639.
_Kings_: Mena (Menes). Teta. Ateth (Athothis). Ata. Hesepti (Usaphaïs).
Merbapen (Miëbis). Semenptah (Semempses). Qebeh.
2D DYNASTY OF THINIS, 3639 TO 3338.
_Kings_: Bazaü (Boëthos). Kakaü (Kaiëkhos). Baënnuter (Binothris).
Uaznes. Senda (Sethenes). Perabsen. Neferkarâ (Nepherkheres).
Neferkaseker (Sesokhris). Hezef.
3D DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 3338 TO 3124.
_Kings_: Zazaî. Nebka. Zeser (Tosorthros). Teta. Sezes. Zeserteta
(Tosertasis). Ahtes (Akhes). Nebkarâ. Neferkarâ (Nekherophes).
4TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 3124 TO 2840.
_Kings_: Snefru (Soris). Khufu (Suphis or Kheops). Khâfrâ (Sophris or
Khephren). Menkaürâ (Menkheres, Mycerinus). Dedefrâ. Shepseskaf.
Sebekkarâ (Seberkheres).
5TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 2840 TO 2592.
_Kings_: Userkaf (Userkheres). Sahurâ (Sephres). Neferarikarâ
(Nepherkheres). Shepseskarâ (Sisires). Neferkhârâ (Kheres). Rânuser
(Rathures). Menkaüher (Menkheres). Dedkarâ (Tankheres). Unas (Onnos).
6TH DYNASTY OF ELEPHANTINE, 2744 TO 2546.
Contemporaneous with the fifth dynasty. _Kings_: Teta. Atî (Othoës). Pepî
(Phiops I.). Heremsaf. Pepî (Phiops II.). Netaqerti (Nitokris).
7TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 2592 TO 2522.
8TH DYNASTY OF MEMPHIS, 2522 TO 2380.
9TH DYNASTY OF HERACLEOPOLIS, 2674 TO 2565.
10TH DYNASTY OF HERACLEOPOLIS, 2565 TO 2380.
The kings of these four dynasties were more or less contemporaneous. The
exact position of their names in the lists cannot be given. _Kings_:
Neferka. Neferseh.... Ab. Neferkaürâ. Kharthî (Akhthoës). Neferkarâ.
Neferkarânebî. Neferkarâkhendu. Merenher. Seneferka. Kanrâ.
Neferkarâtererel. Neferkaher. Neferkarâpepîseneb. Neferkarâânnu.
Neferarkarâ.
11TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 2423 TO 2380.
Contemporaneous with the eighth and tenth dynasties. _Kings_: Antef I.
Menthuhotep I. Antef II. Antef III. Antef IV. Antef V. Sarâanâ. Antuf.
Antufâ. Antef the Great. Anantef. Seneferkarâ. Userenrâ. Nebnemrâ.
Menthuhotep II. Menthuhotep III. Menthuhotep IV.
II. MIDDLE EMPIRE. 12.-17. DYNASTIES. B. C. 2380-1591.
12TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 2380 TO 2167.
_Kings_: Amenemhât I. (Ammenemes I). Usertesen I. (Sesortasis I.).
Amenemhât II. (Ammenemes II.). Usertesen II. (Sesortasis II.). Usertesen
III. (Sesortasis III.). Amenemhât III. (Ammenemes III.). Amenemhât IV.
(Ammenemes IV.). Sebekneferurâ (Sebeknophris).
13TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 2136 TO 1684.
14TH DYNASTY OF XOIS, 2167 TO 1684.
The kings of these two dynasties reigned contemporaneously. _Kings_:
Sebekhotep I. Sebekhotep II. Sebekhotep III. Sebekhotep IV. Neferhotep.
Sebekhotep V. Sebekhotep VI. Sebekhotep VII. Aï. Sebekhotep VIII.
15TH DYNASTY, THE HYKSOS, 2101-1842.
Contemporaneous with the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties. _Kings_:
Apehutiset. ...banân (Banon). Abehenkhepesh. Apepa (Apophis).
{110}16TH DYNASTY, THE HYKSOS, 1842 TO 1591.
Contemporaneous with the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties. _Kings_:
Apepa. Aqenenrâ.
17TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1684 TO 1591.
Contemporaneous with the sixteenth dynasty. _Kings_: Seqenenrâ I.
Seqenenrâ II. Seqenenrâ III. Kames. Aähhotep. Aähmessapaär.
III. NEW EMPIRE. 18.-30. DYNASTIES. B. C. 1591-340.
18TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1591 TO 1443.
_Kings_: Aähmes I. (Amosis). Aähmesnefertari (Nephris). Amenhotep I.
(Amenophis I.). Thothmes I. (Tûthmosis I.). Thothmes II. (Tûthmosis II.).
Mâkarâ (Mephre). Thothmes III., the Great (Tûthmosis III.). Amenhotep II.
(Amenophis II.). Thothmes IV. (Tûthmosis IV.). Amenhotep III. (Amenophis
III.). Amenhotep IV. Sâqanekhtkheperurâ. Tutânkhamen. Aî. Heremheb
(Horos).
19TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1443 TO 1269.
_Kings_: Ramses I. (Ramésses I.). Setî I. (Sethos I.). Ramses II., the
Great (Ramésses Miammûn). Merenptah I. (Menephthes). Amenmeses. Setî II.
(Sethos II.). Merenptah II. (Menephthes Siphthas). Setnekht
(Sethnekhthes).
20TH DYNASTY OF THEBES, 1269 TO 1091.
_Kings_: Ramses III. (Ramésses III.). Ramses IV. (Ramésses IV.). Ramses
V. (Ramésses V.). Ramses VI. (Ramésses VI.). Ramses VII. (Ramésses VII.).
Ramses VIII. (Ramésses VIII.). Ramses IX. (Ramésses IX.). Ramses X.
(Ramésses X.). Ramses XI. (Ramésses XI.). Ramses XII. (Ramésses XII.).
Ramses XIII. (Ramésses XIII.). (Ramésses XIV.)
21ST DYNASTY OF TANIS, 1091 TO 961.
_Kings_: Samenthu (Smendes). Pasebkhânu I. (Phusemes). Asehrâ (Osokhor).
Amenemapt (Amenophis). Pasebkhânu II. (Psinakhes). _Opposition-kings of
Thebes_: Herher. Païnezem I. Païnezem II. Païnezem III.
22D DYNASTY OF BUBASTIS, 961 TO 787.
_Kings_: Sheshenq I. (Sesonkhis I. or Shishak). Osarkon I. (Osorkhon I.).
Takelot I. (Takelothis I.). Osarkon II. (Osorkhon II.). Sheshenq II.
(Sesonkhis II.). Takelot II. (Takelothis II.). Sheshenq III. (Sesonkhis
III.). Pamaî. Sheshenq IV. (Sesonkhis IV.).
23D DYNASTY OF TANIS, 787 TO 729.
_Kings_: Pedusabast (Petsybastis). Osarkon III. (Osorkhon).
24TH DYNASTY OF SAIS, 729 TO 685.
_King_: Bakenrenf (Bokkhoris). _Opposition-kings of Ethiopia_: Piânkhî I.
Piânkhî II.
25TH DYNASTY OF ETHIOPIA, 716 TO 664.
Contemporaneous with the twenty-fourth and twenty-sixth dynasties.
_Kings_: Shabaka (Sebikhos). Shabataka (Sebitikhos). Taharqa (Teärkhos).
Amenrud.
26TH DYNASTY OF SAIS, 685 TO 525.
Partly contemporaneous with the twenty-fifth dynasty. _Kings_: Psametik
I. (Psametikhos I). Nekaü (Nekhao II.). Psametik II. (Psametikhos II.).
Uahabrâ or Apries (Uaphris). Aähmes II. (Amosis). Psametik III.
(Psametikhos III.).
27TH DYNASTY, THE PERSIANS, 525 TO 405.
Contemporaneous with the twenty-eighth dynasty. _Kings_: Kembathet or
Cambyses (Kambyses). Antarîush or Darius I. (Dareios Hystaspes).
Khshîarush or Xerxes I. (Xerxes the Great). Artakhshashs (Artaxerxes).
Anthrîsh or Darius II. (Dareios Xerxes).
28TH DYNASTY OF SAIS, 525 TO 399.
_Kings_: Amenrud or Amyrtæus (Amyrteos I.). Khabbash.
29TH DYNASTY OF MENDES, 399 TO 378.
_Kings_: Niafâurud (Nephorites I.). Hager (Akhoris). Psimut (Psamuthis).
{111}30TH DYNASTY OF SEBENNYTUS, 378 TO 340.
_Kings_: Nekhtherheb or Nectanebo I. (Nekhtharebes). Taher (Teos).
Nekhtnebef or Nectanebo II. (Nekhthanebos).
_Manetho's list ends with this dynasty, the names of the following dynasty
having been added by some other writer. All the names here given in
parentheses are from his list._
IV. EGYPT UNDER FOREIGN RULE, B. C. 340-A. D. 395.
31ST DYNASTY, THE PERSIANS, B. C. 340 TO 332.
_Kings_: (Okhos). (Arses). (Dareios). These names do not occur on the
Egyptian monuments.
32D DYNASTY, THE MACEDONIANS, B. C. 332 TO 305.
_Kings_: Aleksandres or Alexander the Great. Phîulîupûs or Philippus
Aridæus. Aleksandres or Alexander II.
33D DYNASTY, THE PTOLEMIES, B. C. 305 TO 30.
_Kings_: Ptolemy I. Soter I. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. Ptolemy III.
Euergetes I. Ptolemy IV. Philopator I. Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. Ptolemy VI.
Eupator. Ptolemy VII. Philometor. Ptolemy VIII. Philopator II. Ptolemy
IX. Euergetes II. Cleopatra III. Ptolemy X. Soter II. Ptolemy XI.
Alexander I. Berenice III. Ptolemy XII. Alexander II. Ptolemy XIII. Neos
Dionysios. Cleopatra VI. Ptolemy XVI. Cæsarion.
34TH DYNASTY, THE ROMANS, B. C. 30 TO A. D. 395.
_Emperors_: Augustus. Tiberius. Caligula. Claudius. Nero. Galba. Otho.
Vespasian. Titus. Domitian. Nerva. Trajan. Hadrian. Antoninus Pius.
Aurelius. Verus. Commodus. Severus. Caracalla. Geta. Decius. ..........
A. D. 251.
Egyptian history ends here as far as the monuments are concerned, for
Decius is the last Roman emperor mentioned by them. Prominent among the
succeeding emperors are Gallienus, Aurelian, Probus, Diocletian,
Constantine the Great, Constantius, and Theodosius the Great. The emperors
of the Eastern Roman Empire, called the Byzantines, rule over Egypt from A.
D. 395 to 638. The Mohammedans then conquer the country in 638, and have
remained in possession until now. One of the best of these rulers or
Khedives was the late Ishmael Pasha.
"CITY OF OBELISKS." A designation of Heliopolis. ^{1 91}
"CITY OF THE SEVEN HILLS." A designation of Rome which was originally built
on seven hills. ^{25}
"CITY OF THE SUN." The translation of the Greek word [Greek: Hêlioupolis]
[Hêliûpolis], which is An or Heliopolis. ^{36 51}
CLAUDIUS. The fourth Roman emperor (A. D. 41-54). His full name is Tiberius
Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus. In the Egyptian inscriptions he is called
^{8}
suten-kaut? Auteqreder-Kîsers sa Râ Qertus-Dabarsa
The king of Upper "Autocrator the Sun's "Claudius
and Lower Egypt, Cæsar", offspring, Tiberius".
CLEOPATRA II. The sister and wife of Ptolemy VII. Philometor, and
afterwards wife of her brother Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. She reigned with
them at intervals, {112}but all by herself from B. C. 130 to 127. Her name
and that of Ptolemy IX. on the Obelisk of Philæ were the first that were
read after the discovery of the Egyptian alphabet by François Champollion.
Her Egyptian name is ^{7}
sen·t·f him·t·f heq·t neb taui Qlûapedra·t
His sister, his wife, mistress, lord of the two countries, "Cleopatra".
CLEOPATRA VI. The famous and infamous queen after whom the New York Obelisk
is named, though incorrectly. She was born B. C. 69, married her brother
Ptolemy XIV. in 52, combined with Julius Cæsar in 49, and dethroned her
brother who was soon after that drowned. In 47 she married her second
brother Ptolemy XV. whom she poisoned in 44. She then made her own son by
Julius Cæsar, Ptolemy XVI. Cæsarion, co-regent with herself, but, falling
in love with Mark Antony, killed her son and placed her lover on the throne
in 37. At the very height of her power she was vanquished by Octavius, who
became afterwards the emperor Augustus, and died with Mark Antony in 30 B.
C. Her Egyptian name is ^{39 40}
heq·t neb taui Qlûpeter
The mistress, lord of the two countries, "Cleopatra".
"CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLE." The usual designation of the New York Obelisk. ^{8
10 41 42 81}
COLOSSUS. A Greek word [Greek: Kolossos], "a gigantic statue". ^{15}
COLOSSI OF THEBES. The two colossal statues of Amenophis III., one of them
being the Vocal Memnon. Besides them there are at Thebes several others,
notably of Ramses II. (Luxor and Karnak) and of Ramses III.
{113}(Medînet-Habu). Other colossal figures of Ramses II. are found at
Mitrahîneh [Memphis] and, wrought into the rock, at Abusimbel. ^{16 89}
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. The first Roman emperor of that name and the
introducer of Christianity into the whole empire. He was sole ruler of the
Eastern and Western Roman Empires from 323 to 337 A. D. ^{8 10 22}
CONSTANTINOPLE. The capital of the Turkish Empire, founded by Constantine
the Great 330 A. D. on the site of the ancient Byzantium. It is called in
Turkish Istambûl [Arabic: ASTANBWL]. ^{8}
CONSTANTIUS II. A son of Constantine the Great who was sole ruler of the
Roman Empire from 351 to 361 A. D. ^{8}
COPTIC LANGUAGE. The name given to the Egyptian language [Coptic being an
abbreviation for Egyptic] in use at the time of the Romans and spoken until
the seventeenth century of our era. There were three dialects, the Sahidic
(of Upper Egypt) and the Memphitic and Bashmuric (of Lower Egypt). The
language was almost exclusively used by the Christian Copts. The alphabet
is the Greek with some changes in the form of the letters and six additions
from the Hieroglyphic. This is the alphabet: ^{90}
Coptic: [Coptic letters]
Greek: [Greek: a b g d e z ê th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps ô]
_a b g d e z ê th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph kh ps ô_
and the syllabic sign [Coptic: ti] _ti_.
COPTOS. The capital of the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, {114}the modern Kuft
[Arabic: QFT]. Its Egyptian name was [glyphs] QEBTI·T. ^{88}
CORFE CASTLE OBELISK. This was one of the two obelisks in front of the
temple of Isis at Philæ and was erected by Cleopatra II. and Ptolemy IX. It
has one column of inscriptions on each face and the cartouches of these
sovereigns. Below is a very long Greek inscription which enabled
Champollion to read these cartouches. The obelisk was removed in 1815 by
Belzoni to England, and is at present in Corfe Castle, Isle of Purbeck,
Dorsetshire. ^{10}
CRAB. In reality the scorpion, which was the symbol of the goddess Selq, a
form of the goddess Isis. Its name in Egyptian is [glyphs] SERK or [glyphs]
SERQ. It must have been quite extensively worshiped in Dakkeh, Nubia, which
received from it the name [glyphs] PESERK·T, the ancient Pselcis. In
Ptolemaic times the crab or scorpion seems to have been identified with the
evil genius. ^{21 38 39 81}
CROCODILOPOLIS. The capital of the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper
Egypt, the HA-SEBEK of the Egyptians, now Bejij in the Fayoom (which see).
^{5 11 90}
CROWNS OF EGYPT. To correspond with the divisions of Egypt there were two
crowns; the one called HEZ "_the white one_" ([glyphs]), signifying Upper
Egypt, and the other DESHER "_the red one_" ([glyphs]), signifying Lower
Egypt. Whenever the king ruled over all Egypt these two crowns were joined
into one [glyphs], which was called [glyphs] SEKHEN·T in Hieroglyphic, but
in Demotic, with the prefixed article PE, PSKHENT, or the Greek word
[Greek: pschent] [pskhent]. This crown was worn by kings and gods. ^{31 60}
DAMASCUS. The capital of Syria. It is called in the Bible [Hebrew: DAMESEQ]
[Dammêseq], in Arabic [Arabic: DMSHQ] [Dimashku], {115}and in Egyptian
[glyphs] THEMESQU, and was the extreme limit of the conquest of Thothmes
III. in northern Palestine. ^{36}
DAMIETTA. A small town situated between the Damietta branch of the Nile and
Lake Menzaleh, and at present called Dumyât. It is perhaps the site of the
ancient Egyptian [glyphs] HA·T-NEBES·T. ^{92}
DASHÛR. A village near the site of the ancient Memphis and only a short
distance from a number of small and two large pyramids. ^{91}
DEB·T. The Egyptian name of Edfu. ^{87}
DEHUTI. The ibis-faced god whose name is written in Egyptian [glyphs]
DEHUTI. The usual way of writing this god's name is Thoth (which see).
^{56}
DEHUTI-MESES. The family name of Thothmes III. in its simplest form. ^{49
58 60 61}
DEHUTI-MESES-NEFER-KHEPERU. One of the variants of the family name of
Thothmes III., which means "_the child of Thoth, beautiful in his
transformations_". ^{58 60 61}
DELTA. The northern part of Egypt or Lower Egypt lying around the seven
branches of the Nile. This part of the country forms a vast triangle and,
because of its resemblance to their letter D [[Greek: D] Delta], was called
by the Greeks "the Delta". Its Egyptian name is [glyphs] PA TA MER·T,
"_the land of the inundation_". ^{84 90}
DEMOTIC. The third kind of Egyptian writing which was formerly also called
"_enchorial_" or indigenous. It was the simplest form in which the Egyptian
picture-characters were written, and was introduced in the reign of
Psametik I. [7th century B. C.]. Being read from right to left like the
Hieratic, it was employed for the same class of literary work as this. The
ease, however, {116}with which it could be written made it most suitable
for every-day use, and it supplanted the Hieratic almost completely. It was
itself superseded in the time of the Roman emperors by the Coptic (which
see). It was called in Hieroglyphics (on the Rosetta Stone) [glyphs] SEKHI
EN SHÂÎ "_writing of the books_".
The Demotic alphabet is here subjoined.
[Illustration]
DENDERAH. The capital of the VIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian
[glyphs] or [glyphs] AN·T, "_the city of pillars_", or [glyphs]
TA-EN-TA-RER·T, "_the city of {117}the province encompassed by a wall_" or
[glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], &c., TA-RER·T, the Greek
Tentyra. The goddess Hathor or Venus was worshiped here in one of the most
magnificent temples of Egypt. ^{88}
DENYS OF TELMAHRE. Or Dionysius Tell-Mahrâyâ. A native of Tell-Mahrê, a
village near the junction of the rivers Euphrates and Balîkh in Syria, not
far from Antioch. He was patriarch of the Jacobites (818-845 A. D.) and a
great Syriac writer. ^{19}
DÊR-EL-BAHERI. "_The northern monastery._" A place opposite Thebes on the
western bank of the Nile, famous for the magnificent temple of queen
Hatasu. Here were discovered in 1881 the mummies of many kings and queens,
and among them those of the great Pharaohs Thothmes III., Seti I., Ramses
II., and Ramses III. ^{88}
DIADEMS. Besides the crowns (cf. page 114) there are two diadems always
specially mentioned, which also refer to the Pharaoh's power and rule over
Upper and Lower Egypt, the diadems of the Vulture and the Uræus snake or
cobra, expressed thus: [glyphs] [pronunciation very uncertain!]. Some other
forms of royal head-gear or diadems were the helmet [glyphs] KHEPERESH, the
[glyphs] or the simple head-dress, and most of the crowns with which the
gods are represented. ^{56 57 70}
DOMITIAN. The eleventh Roman emperor (81-96 A. D.), whose name in Egyptian
is ^{5 7 8 9 10 22}
nuter Râ sa
neb taui Autugretur Kîsers neb khâu Tumtînes ent khu
The divine lord "Autocrator the Sun's offspring, "Domitianus, the
of the two countries, Cæsar". the lord of diadems, glorious" _or_,
_Augustus_.
DRAH-ABUL-NEGGAH. The modern name of a portion of the necropolis of ancient
Thebes on the western bank {118}of the Nile with many royal tombs of the
XIth, XVIIth, and beginning of the XVIIIth dynasties. ^{9 11 88}
DRAH-ABUL-NEGGAH OBELISKS. Two obelisks found at this place, near Thebes,
in 1878, each broken into several pieces. They belong, perhaps, to the XIth
dynasty, and would then be next to the Lepsius Obelisk the oldest in
existence. ^{9 11}
DÜMICHEN, Johannes. One of the triad of the greatest living Egyptologists
[the two others being Brugsch and Ebers]. He is at present Professor of
Egyptian in the University of Strassburg, Alsace. (The author's teacher.)
^{61 100}
DYNASTY. A set of kings belonging to one family. For a list of the
thirty-four Egyptian dynasties, see under: Chronology.
EDFU. Modern name of the Apollinopolis of the Greeks and Romans, or the
Egyptian [glyphs], DEB·T, "_the city of transfixion_" or [glyphs], HUD·T,
"_the city of the winged sun-disk_". It was the capital of the IId nome of
Upper Egypt, its local deity being Horus, who was identified by the Greeks
with Apollo, the sun-god; whence the city's name. ^{31 87}
EGYPT. The oldest empire of the world, comprising the north-east corner of
Africa and extending from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean Sea. Its
modern name is [Arabic: MSR] [Misr], and some of its Egyptian names are
[glyphs], QEM·T, [glyphs] or [glyphs], BEQ·T, [glyphs] or [glyphs], MER·T,
&c. It was the seat of the first civilization and in its golden age--in the
time of the XIXth dynasty--the mistress of the world. At present it has
lost all its prestige and is being ruined by Mohammedan misrule. For its
divisions, &c., see pages 84 to 92.
EGYPTIAN RITUAL. See under: Book of the Dead. ^{34}
{119}EILEITHYIAPOLIS. The Greek name of the Egyptian city [glyphs]
NEKHEB·T, "_the city of_ the goddess _Nekheb_", a deity whom the Greeks
identified with their Eileithyia (the goddess of childbirth) and the Romans
with their Lucina. It was the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt.
^{87}
ELECTRUM. The name given by the ancients to an alloy of gold (4 parts) and
silver (1 part). Some consider the so-called Egyptian gold-metal [glyphs],
USEM, to be identical with it. ^{59}
ELEPHANTINE. [Pronounced Elefanteenay.] The Greek name of the town and
island in the first nome of Upper Egypt, opposite Assuân. The Egyptian name
(which the Greeks only translated) is [glyphs] or [glyphs], ÂB or ÂB.T
[ÂBU·T], "_the ivory island or city_". The cataracts of Elephantine, called
[glyphs], QERTI, were regarded by the ancient Egyptians as the source of
the Nile. ^{4 24 29 86}
EL-KAB. The modern name of Nekhebt or Eileithyiapolis, which see. ^{87}
EL-KHARGEH. The present name of the oasis to the west of Thebes, called in
the inscriptions [glyphs], KENEMTI, "_the wine-land_". It formed at one
time a part of the VIIth nome of Upper Egypt. In it stood a large temple of
Amen-Râ. ^{89}
EL-LAHOON. A village close to the Fayoom, the site of the pyramid of
Amenemhât III. (according to Lepsius) or Usertesen II. (according to
Brugsch). The modern name is derived from the Egyptian [glyphs], RUHUN·T,
"_the mouth of the canal_." ^{90}
EL-THABÛT-BEN-MARRAT. A mythical person. ^{80}
EL-TINEH. The modern name of the ancient Thinis, the {120}Egyptian
[glyphs], THENI·T, the first capital of the VIIIth nome of Upper Egypt,
which was at one time a very important city and the home of the first two
Egyptian dynasties. ^{89}
ELYSIUM. The Greek [Greek: Êlusion] [êlûsion]. The abode of the blessed or
the "Elysian Fields", called in Egyptian AANURU or AAHLU (see page 97).
ERMENT. The present name of the ancient Hermonthis or the Egyptian [glyphs]
AN-MENTH, "_the city of the pillar of_ the god _Menthu_", the capital of an
independent district to the west of the IVth nome of Upper Egypt. ^{87}
ESMEADE OBELISK. An obelisk formerly in the Esmeade garden near the Porta
del Popolo in Rome and only a Roman imitation. ^{11}
ESNEH. The present name of the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt,
called in Egyptian [glyphs] ANηT or [glyphs] SENI·T. Its sacred animal
according to Strabo, a Greek geographer, was the fish Latus (cf. page 98),
and its chief deities were Khnum and Neith. The ancients named the city
Latopolis. ^{87}
"ETERNAL CITY." A classical expression for the city of Rome, which was said
to have been founded by the gods and to be under their constant protection.
^{5}
ETHIOPIA. See under Nubia.
FAYOOM. The modern name of the tract of land which lay formerly in the XXth
and XXIst nomes of Upper Egypt, south-west of the Pyramids. Its local deity
was the crocodile-faced god Sebek, whence its name among the ancients,
Crocodilopolis. In it is the famous Lake Moeris, as well as the Labyrinth
and the pyramids of El-Lahoon and Meydoom. In Arabic the name is written
[Arabic: ALFYWM] [el-fayûm]. ^{4 5 89}
{121}FLAMINIAN OBELISK. Also called the obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo,
in Rome. It was erected in Heliopolis by Seti I., and re-erected by the
emperor Augustus in the Circus Maximus in Rome. After it had fallen Pope
Sixtus V. removed the pieces of the obelisk and set them up in the present
position [in 1589]. The inscriptions are by Seti I. and Ramses II.; the
latter having appropriated the greater portion. From this obelisk the
priest Hermapion (4th century A. D.) made the first attempt to decipher the
Egyptian hieroglyphs. The result of his investigations appears extremely
ridiculous to us at the present day. ^{9}
FLORENCE OBELISKS. Two small obelisks with two columns of hieroglyphs on
each face. They are at present in the Egyptian Museum at Florence. ^{10}
GIZEH. The site of the monster-pyramids and the Sphinx. It is situated in
the former Ist nome of Lower Egypt, and was the necropolis of ancient
Memphis. ^{4 91}
GREECE. The first mention of the Greeks in history is in the inscriptions
of the temple of Karnak, in which an incursion by them into Egypt at the
time of Menephthah I. [XIXth dynasty] is described. The tribes mentioned
there are the Akaüsha (Achæans), the Tursha (Etruscans), the Luku
(Lycians), the Sharutana (Sardinians), and the Shakalusha (Sicilians). On
the Rosetta Stone the Greeks are called [glyphs] HAUINEBU.
HADES. The Lower World, the abode of the departed spirits. The Egyptian
Amenti, which see. ^{28 30}
HADRIAN. The fourteenth Roman emperor [117-138 A. D.]. On the Barberini
Obelisk occur the names of his wife [glyphs] SÂBINA·T, Sabina, and of his
{122}favorite page [glyphs] ÂNDÎNES, Antinoüs. The emperor's name in
Egyptian is ^{5 7 9 22}
nuter Autukerter Kîsers Râ sa Atrînes
neb taui Terînus neb khâu enti khu
The divine lord of "Autocrator Cæsar the Sun's offspring, "Hadrianus
the two countries, Trajanus", the lord of diadems, Augustus".
HAMMAMÂT. In the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, near Panopolis and on the road
leading from this city to Kossêr, on the Red Sea. The Greeks called it
[Greek: porphyritês oros] [porphurîtês óros] "_the porphyry-mountain_" on
account of the excellent stone that was quarried here. ^{16 23 88}
HARMACHIS. The Greek transcription of the Egyptian [glyphs] HOR-EM-KHUTI,
"_Horus in the two horizons_". This deity represents the sun at noon. Its
symbolic representation was the sphinx, and its principal sanctuary was
built between the paws of the Great Sphinx at Gizeh in front of the Pyramid
of Kheops. (^{30})
HATASU. Or HASHEPES. A famous queen of the XVIIIth dynasty, the sister of
Thothmes III. and at first co-regent with him. She despatched the first
fleet mentioned in history to Arabia and the Somali Coast, where she
obtained spices, perfumes, trees, &c. Her name in Egyptian (with masculine
titles!) is ^{6 9 11 19 23 35}
suten-kaut? Mâkarâ sa Râ Amen-khnum·t-hâ·t-shepesu
The king of Upper "Truth, the image the Sun's "Filled with Amen,
and Lower Egypt, of the Sun", offspring, chief of the nobles".
HATASU OBELISKS. The two largest obelisks in Egypt, erected by queen Hatasu
in Karnak. Only one of them is erect. One line of hieroglyphs extends down
on each {123}of their faces, while their pyramidia were originally capped
with "gold-metal". These obelisks were quarried at Assuân, removed,
polished, inscribed, and erected in the incredibly short space of seven
months, as their inscriptions record. ^{19 23}
HATHOR. An Egyptian goddess who was represented in many ways; viz., like
Isis with the disk of the sun between two horns, or with a cow's head with
the disk between the horns, or as a spotted cow with plumes and the sun's
disk, or as a hawk with a female face and surmounted by the horns and the
disk. The Greeks identified her with their Aphrodité and the Romans with
their Venus, the goddess of love. She was the special guardian of the
Egyptian queens. Her hieroglyphic name is [glyphs] or [glyphs] HA·T-HER,
"_the house of Horus_". ^{88}
HA·T-ÛAR·T. The Egyptian name of Avaris or Pelusium. ^{92}
HELIOPOLIS. The Greek name of the Egyptian [glyphs] AN, at present
Matarîyeh, near Cairo, the biblical [Hebrew: 'WON] [ôn]. It was the capital
of the XIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, and one of the most famous cities of
antiquity. It was sacred to the sun-gods Râ and Tum. ^{1 2 4 9 10 19 21 36
51 52 53 56 57 58 69 82 91}
HELIOPOLIS OBELISK. The only remaining and erect obelisk at Heliopolis. It
has one column of hieroglyphs on each face and was erected by Usertesen I.
of the XIIth dynasty. Its companion fell in 1160 A. D. and has completely
disappeared. Its apex was originally covered with a capping of gilded
bronze, which was still seen by the Arabic physician Abd-el-Latîf in the
thirteenth century A. D. ^{9}
HERMONTHIS. See under Erment. ^{87}
HERSCHEL, Sir John Fred. William. A famous English astronomer. Died May 11,
1871. ^{13}
{124}HIERATIC. A more cursive form of the Hieroglyphic script, with fewer
characters, and signs drawn only in outline. It was mostly used for state
documents, letters, and scientific and religious papyri. The form of the
characters varies according to the individual handwriting of the scribe.
The Hieratic, like the Demotic, is always written from right to left. It
was the second kind of Egyptian writing, and its alphabet is as follows.
^{34}
[Illustration]
HIEROGLYPHIC. The name for the monumental language of ancient Egypt. The
words are composed of hieroglyphs or "sacred carvings", which were at first
quite simple but in the time of the Ptolemies became very complicated and
enigmatical. The alphabet is given above under: Hieratic. Besides the
simple letters there are also some two thousand syllabic signs and
ideographs. The characters were written either {125}horizontally from left
to right [thus in the hieroglyphic type of this book] or from right to left
[thus on pages 71, 75, and 76], or else vertically, with the characters
below each other, from left to right or from right to left. Hieroglyphic
was the writing of the priests.
HITTITES. The biblical name of an Asiatic people, the hereditary foes of
the Egyptians. They were called by them Kheta, which see. ^{36 37}
HOMER. The famous Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. ^{2 37}
HOR-HUD·T. The name of Horus as he was worshiped at Edfu. ^{31}
HOR-KHUTI, or HOR-EM-KHUTI. The sun-god at his appearance in the horizon in
the morning and at noon. From this word, which means "_Horus of the two
horizons_", the Greeks coined the word Harmachis. ^{29 30}
HOR-NUB. "_The golden Horus._" This title may also be translated "the
victorious Horus", referring in the first place to the victory of this god
over the devil, Set (cf. page 87), and then to the personal bravery of his
representative on earth, the king. ^{60 64 68}
HOR-RÂ. A form of the solar deity, a combination of Râ and Horus. ^{30}
HORUS. One of the greatest of the Egyptian deities, the son of Osiris and
Isis. He personified the Sun in his midday power, and his sacred bird was
the hawk. He was the divine representation of the Pharaoh himself. On the
monuments we find him pictured in many ways; viz., [glyphs], [glyphs],
[glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs],
[glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs],
[glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs], &c. ^{28 29 30 31 57 58 69 60 61 62
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 87}
"HOUSE OF THE SUN." An appellation of Heliopolis. ^{2}
{126}HUD·T. The Egyptian name of Edfu, which see. ^{87}
HYKSOS. Syrian invaders who conquered Egypt and founded the XVth and XVIth
dynasties. According to Manetho (cf. page 108) the word signifies
"shepherd-kings" and is probably the Egyptian [glyphs] HEQ, "_prince_"
[glyphs] SHASU, "_the Bedouins_", whence "Bedouin prince(s)". They
introduced the sole worship of the ass-headed deity Set or Sutekh (which
see). They were cruel masters and were finally driven out of the country by
Aahmes I. of the XVIIth dynasty (cf. page 102). ^{92}
IBN-EL-VARDI. An Arabic historian who died in the year 750 of the Hégira
[the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medîna], about 1350 A. D. The passage
from this author on page 80 is also given by the Arabic geographer Edrisi
(1153 A. D.). ^{79}
ILIAD. The famous Greek epic of Homer, recounting the story of the siege
and capture of Troy, in Asia Minor. ^{37}
INTAGLIO-RELIEVO. The usual mode of carving employed by the Egyptians,
where the figures were cut altogether into the stone, that is, all below
the surface of the stone. ^{18}
ISHMAËL or ISMAÏL. Ex-Khedive of Egypt, an able but extravagant ruler, who
did much for the prosperity of that downtrodden country. In his reign the
Suez Canal was completed. ^{40 82}
ISIS. The great Egyptian goddess in the triad: Osiris, Isis, and Horus. She
was the queen of heaven and the wife of Osiris, whose members she gathered
after Set, the devil, had slain him. Her name in Egyptian is [glyphs] AS·T,
and she is represented with a throne on the head; thus, [glyphs], [glyphs],
[glyphs]. ^{86}
JEBEL SELSELEH. "_The mountain of the chain._" The modern name of that part
of the country where the ancient {127}Silsilis was situated. An Arabic
legend states, that at one time a chain was stretched across the Nile at
this point to ward off the approach of the enemy's ships, whence the name.
^{86}
JOSEPH. The biblical patriarch. His name has not yet been discovered on the
monuments, though there is much in the Egyptian literature to remind us of
his story; viz., in the Ameni inscription, describing the years of famine,
and the "Tale of the Two Brothers", setting forth the great temptation and
the wicked accusation. ^{2}
KADESH. A town in Syria where Ramses II. defeated the Hittites. In Egyptian
[glyphs] QEDESH. ^{35}
KARNAK. A modern village on the east side of the Nile, marking the site of
ancient northern Thebes. ^{2 3 6 9 10 11 19}
KARNAK OBELISKS. There are still at Karnak six obelisks: two large ones of
Thothmes I., one of them being prostrate and broken; two of queen Hatasu
(which see); and two small ones, resembling stelé and bearing the name of
Thothmes III. ^{9 10 11 19}
KENEMTI. The Egyptian name of the oasis El-Khargeh, which see. ^{89}
KHARU. A Syrian tribe subdued by Seti I. ^{36}
KHEDIVE. The Persian word [Arabic: KHDYF] [khedîf] signifying "the
monarch". This is the title of the governor of Egypt. ^{40 44 82}
KHEFREN. The Greek form of the Egyptian KHÂFRÂ, a king of the fourth
dynasty, and the builder of the second Great Pyramid of Memphis (Gizeh).
His name in Egyptian is [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT? KH·F RÂ, "_The king of Upper
and Lower Egypt, His glory is Ra_". ^{91}
{128}KHENNU. The ancient name of Silsilis, in Egyptian [glyphs] [glyphs]
and at present Jebel Selseleh, which see. ^{86}
KHEOPS. The Greek form of KHUFU, which see. ^{91}
KHEPER. An Egyptian deity symbolizing the creative energy of the sun, which
is the source of all life. The deity is frequently represented as a man
with the scarab or beetle on his shoulders, instead of a head. His name in
Egyptian is [glyphs], which is derived from the verb [glyphs] KHEPER, "_to
create_". ^{28 29}
KHEPERA. The same as the above. In Egyptian [glyphs] KHEPERA. ^{63 64}
KHERP-KHEPER-RÂ-SOTEP-EN-RÂ. The royal name of the king Osarkon I. ^{38 72}
KHETA. An Asiatic people, the Hittites of the Bible, where they are called
[Hebrew: CHITIYM] [khittîm]. They are constantly mentioned in the Egyptian
inscriptions, especially in those that treat of the wars of Seti I. and
Ramses II. Their Egyptian name is [glyphs], KHETA. ^{36 37}
KHNUM. The spirit of Amen-Râ, represented as a ram-headed deity; thus,
[glyphs], [glyphs], [glyphs]. He was especially worshiped at Elephantine,
and his figure was painted a bright green. His Egyptian name is [glyphs]
Khnumu. ^{86 87}
KHNUM-RÂ. A form of the solar deity, a combination of Râ and Khnum. ^{29}
KHUFU. A king of the fourth dynasty, the builder of the Great Pyramid at
Gizeh, the Kheops of the Greeks. His name in Egyptian is written [glyphs]
SUTEN-KAUT? KHUFU, "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu_". ^{5}
{129}KIRCHER, Athanasius. A German scholar and mathematician, who
endeavored to solve the mysteries of the Egyptian language, but signally
failed in the attempt. He died in 1680. ^{79}
KÔM-OMBOO. "_The hill of Omboo._" The modern name of the Egyptian [glyphs]
NUBηT, "_the gold-city_", called Ombos by the ancients, a city in the
first nome of Upper Egypt. The crocodile-headed god Sebek was worshiped
here. ^{86}
KOSSÊR. "_Small castle._" A town in Egypt situated on the Red Sea, to which
a road led in ancient times from Coptos by way of Hammamât. The Greeks
called it Leukos-Limen, "_the white harbor_". ^{23 88}
KUFT. The modern name of Coptos, which see. ^{88}
LABYRINTH. The grand palace of Amenemhât III. in the Fayoom, described by
the Greek geographer Strabo. At one corner of it was the Pyramid of Howara,
which is built of brick. The name Labyrinth seems to be derived from the
Egyptian [glyphs] RUPU RUHUN, "_the temple at the mouth of the canal_" (see
under El-Lahoon). ^{90}
LATERAN OBELISK. The largest of all the erect obelisks, in front of the
church of St. Giovanni in Laterano, in Rome. It was ordered to be made by
Thothmes III., but was completed by Thothmes IV., who added the outer
vertical lines and erected the obelisk in front of the temple of Amen in
Thebes. It was removed to Alexandria by Constantine the Great, but was
taken to Rome by Constantius in 357. After its fall it was re-erected by
Sixtus V. in 1588. ^{9 20 23 25}
LEPSIUS, Richard K. The so-called "father of Egyptology", the teacher of
the great Egyptologists of the present day. His greatest work was the
_Denkmäler {130}aus Ægypten und Æthiopien_. He was born Dec. 23, 1810, and
died July 10, 1884. ^{4 5 36 37}
LEPSIUS OBELISK. A small obelisk discovered by Lepsius in a tomb at Gizeh
in 1843. It is the smallest obelisk known and at present in the Berlin
Museum. ^{4 10}
LIBYAN DESERT. The large tract of barren country to the west of Egypt,
containing seven oases (see under El-Khargeh). ^{59 90}
LISHT, PYRAMID OF. A small pyramid between those of Dashûr and Meydoom,
situated near the Fayoom. ^{91}
LONDON OBELISK. The present name of the Alexandrian Obelisk, which see.
^{25 39 40 59 72 73 81 91}
LOWER EGYPT. The northern part of Egypt, comprising the Delta. ^{16 31 51
65 90}
LUXOR. A village in the southern part of ancient Thebes on the east side of
the Nile. ^{2 4 9 10 88}
LUXOR OBELISKS. There are two obelisks of this name. One was brought to
Paris in the reign of Louis Philippe of France, and erected on the Place de
Concorde on Oct. 24, 1836. The cost of its removal was about $500 000. The
other is now standing in Luxor.--Both obelisks stood originally, side by
side, in front of the temple of Amenophis III. in Thebes, and are the most
artistic obelisks extant. They were erected by Ramses II. ^{8 9 10 23 41}
MÂ. An Egyptian deity, called the daughter of Râ. Her name signifies
"Truth", and she plays an important part in the theology of the ancient
Egyptians. She represents the truth and justice of the supreme god. Hence
the Pharaohs received her attributes and were called "truthful and just",
or, as the inscriptions express it [glyphs] MÂ MER, "_the beloved of Ma_".
Her name is written [glyphs] M [really MAÂ] or [glyphs] MA·T. ^{65 68 69}
{131}MÂÂD BOAT. The boat of Râ, in which he was thought to travel over the
expanse of heaven, changing to the Sekti boat as Tum in the latter part of
his journey. The word is written [glyphs] MÂÂD. ^{22}
MAHUTEAN OBELISK, or the Pantheon Obelisk. It was erected by Ramses II. in
Heliopolis. Clement XI. re-erected it in front of the Pantheon in Rome in
1711. A single column of hieroglyphs is inscribed on each of its faces.
^{10}
MÂKARÂ. The royal name of queen Hatasu, which see. ^{6 35}
MÂ-MEN-RÂ. The royal name of Seti I., which see. ^{87}
MAQDÂM-IBN-EL·`AMR-BEN-ABI-RE`ÂL. A mythical person. ^{80}
MARS. The Roman god of war, the Arês of the Greeks, and the Menthu (which
see) of the Egyptians. ^{61}
MAREOTIS. The large lake south of Alexandria, called by the ancient
Egyptians [glyphs] MERηT, "_the lake_". ^{91}
MATARÎYEH. The modern name of Heliopolis, a short distance from Cairo. ^{1
5 36 91}
MEDÎNET-HABU. The modern name of a part of the necropolis of ancient
Thebes, and the site of many ruins, especially those of the temples of
Thothmes II. and Ramses III. ^{88}
MEDITERRANEAN SEA. This was well known to the ancient Egyptians and
traversed by the fleets of many Pharaohs, who, at one time, even subjugated
the islands in it. Its name in Egyptian is [glyphs] ÛAZ-ÛR, "_the great
sea_". ^{90}
MEGIDDO. A town of the Kharu [Syrians] in Palestine, on the border of the
great plain of Esdraëlon, the scene of the battles between Thothmes III.
and the Syrians, and between Neco and the Jewish king Josiah. The {132}town
was also taken by Sheshonq I. in his war against Rehoboam, king of Judah.
Its name in Egyptian is [glyphs] MÂKETHA. ^{36}
MEMNONIUM. Or Rameseum. The incorrect name given by the Greeks to the
temple of Ramses II. in Shekh-abd-el-Qurnah, in the necropolis of ancient
Thebes. It is called by the Greek geographer Diodorus the "tomb of
Osymandyas". There is one colossal statue of Ramses II. still in its ruins.
^{16 88}
MEMPHIS. The Greek form of the Egyptian [glyphs] MEN-NEFER·T, "_the good
place of rest_", the biblical [Hebrew: MOF] [môf] or [Hebrew: NOF] [nôf].
It was the capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and its present site
is the village Mîtrahîneh. The whole district was a large necropolis with
the famous pyramids from Gizeh to Saccarah. It is the "white wall" of the
Greek historian Herodotus, or the Egyptian [glyphs] ANBU-HEZ·T, "_the white
wall_". Its chief deity was Ptah. ^{4 10 19 65 90 91}
MENDES. The capital of the XVIth nome of Lower Egypt. 92
MENES. According to tradition the first Egyptian king, the founder of the
Egyptian empire, and the builder of Memphis. In Egyptian his name is
written [glyphs] [glyphs] or [glyphs] (as on the necklace in the possession
of the New York Historical Society) SUTEN-KAUT? MENA, "_the King of Upper
and Lower Egypt, Menes_". ^{89}
MEN-KHEPER-RÂ. The royal name of Thothmes III. ^{36 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55
56 58 59 60}
MENTHU. The Egyptian god of war, identified by the Romans with their Mars.
He is usually represented with the head of a hawk surmounted by the disk of
the sun and two feathers ([glyphs]). He was only a form {133}of Amen-Râ,
and was worshiped in the district round about Thebes. His name in Egyptian
is [glyphs] MENTHU. ^{87}
MENZALEH LAKE. A large and shallow tract of water in the north-east corner
of Egypt, extending from Damietta to the Suez Canal. ^{92}
MER-AB. A son of Khufu of the fourth dynasty. The architect and builder of
the Great Pyramid. ^{5}
MERÌ·T. The Egyptian name of the Mareotis Lake. ^{91}
MER-TUM·T. The Egyptian name of the modern Meydoom, which see. ^{90}
MESOPOTAMIA. "_The land between the rivers_ (_Euphrates and Tigris_)." The
eastern part of ancient Syria [Assyria], called in the Bible Padan-aram or
Aram-nahara-yim (Gen. xxiv:10), which means "_Aram of the two rivers_",
whence the Egyptian designation [glyphs] NAHAR. The country was frequently
invaded and subjugated by the Egyptian kings, notably by Thothmes III.,
Amenôphis II., and Seti I. ^{36}
MESPHRES. Pliny's name for Thothmes III. It is in reality, however, the
name of his great sister, queen Hatasu, which see. ^{36}
MEYDOOM. Or Meydoon [Mêdûn]. The modern name of the Egyptian [glyphs]
MER-TUM·T, "_the favorite city of_ the god _Tum_", situated in the XXIst
nome of Upper Egypt, and famous for its quaintly terraced pyramid, ascribed
by Dümichen to king Snefru of the fourth dynasty. ^{90}
MÎTRAHÎNEH. The present site of ancient Memphis. ^{91}
MIZRAYIM. The Hebrew name of Egypt, really "the two Egypts". The Arabic is
[Arabic: MSR] [misr]. ^{84}
MNEVIS-BULL. The sacred bull of Heliopolis, the incarnation of Râ. (^{98})
{134}MOERIS LAKE. The so-called lake, or rather reservoir, in the Fayoom,
constructed by Amenemhât III. to receive the excess of the waters of the
inundation, and keep the water for the times of drought. ^{90}
MONOLITH. A monument made of _one_ stone only. ^{7 18}
MONTE CAVALLO OBELISK. This is at present in front of the Quirinal in Rome,
and is the companion of the St^a. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. As it is
uninscribed, it is impossible to tell by whom or when it was erected.
Perhaps the emperor Claudius [41-54 A. D.] had it removed to Rome. It was
re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. ^{9}
MONTE CITORIO OBELISK, or the Campensis Obelisk, which see. ^{22 25}
MONTE PINCIO OBELISK, or the Barberini Obelisk, which see. ^{22}
MOSES. The Jewish law-giver, who studied at the university in Heliopolis,
was brought up at the court of the Pharaohs, and afterwards led the
Israelites out of Egypt. He lived in the time of Ramses II., and departed
with his people under Menephthah I. His name has not yet been found on the
Egyptian monuments or in the papyri. ^{2}
MUMMIES. The bodies of the Egyptian dead which were preserved in a mixture
of salt, bitumen, cedar oil, &c. The bodies were prepared for embalming by
the _parakhistæ_ or _tarakheutæ_, who disemboweled them, wound linen
bandages around them, placed with them chapters from the Book of the Dead
(which see), and then deposited them in a sarcophagus of stone or wood,
according to the means of the deceased. The purpose of this embalming was
that the soul, on its return to the earth, would again find its body and
reanimate it. Everything was, therefore, done by the ancient {135}Egyptians
to protect their mummies against decomposition and robbers, some of the
Pharaohs even building the monster-pyramids for their reception. ^{8 33 34}
MYCERINUS. The Greek form of the Egyptian MEN-KAU-RÂ, a king of the fourth
dynasty and the builder of the third Great Pyramid. His sarcophagus and a
part of his mummy are in the British Museum. His name is written [glyphs]
SUTEN-KAUT? MEN-KAU-RÂ, "_The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, The Sun,
mighty in his works_". ^{91}
NAHASB OBELISK. A small and prostrate obelisk about 70 miles south-east of
Suez, in the Sinaitic Peninsula. It was discovered by a German traveler in
1817, but nothing further is known of it. The place where it is standing is
also called Wâdi Nasb. ^{11}
NAPLES OBELISK. It is also called the Borgian Obelisk, having been for a
time in the Borgian Museum at Velletri, and was discovered at Prænesté,
Italy, in 1791, broken in four pieces. The inscription on it coincides with
that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It is now in the Museo Nazionale at
Naples. ^{10}
NECROPOLIS. A Greek word meaning "_the city of the dead_", our "cemetery".
In Egypt the necropolis was generally a collection of rock-hewn tombs, but
always situated to the west of a city toward the setting sun, this being
the first station on the road to the Lower World. It is expressed in
Egyptian by the sign [glyphs] AA. ^{2 4 5}
NECTANEBO I. The Greek name of a king of the XXXth dynasty, who forced the
Persian king Artaxerxes II. to relinquish his hold on Egypt and reigned for
eighteen years. His Egyptian name is ^{9}
suten-kaut? Senezem-ab-sotep-en-Amen-Râ sa Râ {136}
The king of Upper "Benevolent, chosen the Sun's
and Lower Egypt, of Amen-Râ", offspring,
Amen-mer-nekht-Her-heb·t
"Beloved of Amen, Nekht-Her-Heb."
NEGATIVE CONFESSION. A passage in the 125th chapter of the Book of the
Dead, where the deceased gives an account of his life and begs to be
admitted into paradise. To that end he states that he has not committed the
forty-two great sins. (^{98})
NEITH. The Egyptian goddess of the lower heavens, the sister of Isis and
Nephthys. She is generally represented holding a bow and arrows in her
hand. The Greeks identified her with their Athêné (Minerva). In Egyptian
her name is [glyphs] NET. ^{92}
NEKHEB. The goddess of Eileithyia and identified by the ancients with their
Lucina, the goddess of childbirth. Little is known of her. The Egyptian
form of her name is [glyphs] NEKHEB·T. ^{87}
NEKHEB·T. The Egyptian name of Eileithyiapolis, which see. ^{87}
NERO. The fifth Roman emperor [54-68 A. D.]. His full name is Nero Claudius
Cæsar Drusus Germanicus. On the Egyptian monuments he is called ^{11}
hez-desher heq-hequ-sotep-en-Ptah-mer-As·t sa Râ Autugreder
neb taui neb khâu Narani
The possessor of "The prince of the Sun's
the red and white princes, chosen offspring, "Autocrator
crowns, lord of the of Ptah, beloved lord of Nero."
two countries, of Isis", diadems.
NEW YORK OBELISK. It is usually, but incorrectly, called "Cleopatra's
Needle". ^{20 23 25 49 72 73 81 91}
{137}NILE. The ancient Egyptians venerated it as a special deity, giving
him the epithet [glyphs] S·ÂNKH, "_he who produces life_". He was generally
represented thus [glyphs], and his name was [glyphs] HÂP. ^{2 4 16 27 84 86
88 90 92}
NILOMETER. This was erected by the Pharaohs on the island of Elephantine,
to enable them to measure the height of the inundation. It was restored in
1870 by the Khedive Ishmaël. Another Nilometer is at present on the island
of Rhôda at Cairo. The Egyptian sign of the Nilometer is [glyphs] DED,
which means "_stability_". ^{86}
NINEVEH. The capital of the Assyrian empire. It was taken by several
Pharaohs in their Asiatic campaigns, especially by Thothmes III., Amenôphis
II., and Seti I. ^{36}
NOME. The Greek word for "province". There were 22 nomes in Upper and 20
nomes in Lower Egypt. The Egyptian word is [glyphs] HESP, "_the province_".
^{84 90}
NUBIA. It is also called Ethiopia, and was incorporated into the Egyptian
empire at the time of the XVIIIth dynasty. Its capital was Napata, now
Jebel Barkal, which even became the capital of the whole empire during the
XXVIth dynasty. The Egyptian name of Nubia is [glyphs] Kush, the biblical
[Hebrew: KWSH] [kûsh]. ^{86}
NUBηT. The Egyptian name of Ombos, at present Kôm-Omboo (which see). ^{86}
OASIS. There were seven oases in the Libyan desert, to the west of Egypt.
The Egyptian word is [glyphs] UT, "_the oasis_". ^{89}
OMBOS. The modern Kôm-Omboo, which see. ^{29 86}
ORONTES. The principal river of Syria, called in Egyptian [glyphs] ARUNUTH.
^{36}
{138}OSARKON I. A king of the XXIId dynasty, whose name in Egyptian is ^{38
71 72}
suten-kaut? Kherp-kheper-Râ-sotep-en-Râ sa Râ Amen-mer-Ûsarken
The king of Upper "Made governor by the Sun's "Beloved of Amen,
and Lower Egypt, Ra, chosen of Ra", offspring, Osarkon."
OSIRIS. One of the oldest of the Egyptian gods and the judge of the dead in
the Lower World. His worship was universal throughout Egypt at all times.
His Egyptian name is [glyphs] USAR. The great Osiris-myth is this. Osiris
was, at one time, a king, and reigned over Egypt. Going on travels he left
Isis, his sister and wife, to conduct the government. The devil, Set, then
revolted against him, killed him, cut his body into fourteen pieces, and
scattered them over the country. Isis collected them, erecting a temple
where a piece of his body was found, and called on her son Horus to avenge
his father. Horus met Set in combat at Edfu. In this encounter Set was
"transfixed". The inscriptions in the temple of Edfu give a glowing
description of this battle. Osiris is generally represented with his whole
body shrouded in a covering and his head surmounted by the atef-crown;
thus, [glyphs]. He has a peculiar beard curving outward at the end. He was
considered to be the author of all animal and vegetable life, and the god
of agriculture. All those that died were called by his name, "the Osirian",
that is, "amenable to Osiris in his judgment-hall". ^{61 87 88 92}
PALESTINE. Many Pharaohs, especially Thothmes III., subjugated this country
in their Asiatic conquests. The names of most of its cities and provinces
occur on the Egyptian monuments. One of its Egyptian names is [glyphs]
KANÂNA, "_Canaan_". ^{36}
{139}PAMPHILIAN OBELISK, or the Obelisk of the PIAZZA NAVONA in Rome. This
is a pseudo-Egyptian obelisk, cut by the Romans in the quarry of Syene. It
was erected by the emperor Domitian, and re-erected by Innocent X.
(Pamphili) in 1651 in its present position. There is a single column of
poorly executed hieroglyphs on each face of it. ^{9}
PANOPOLIS. The Greek name of the capital of the IXth nome of Upper Egypt,
called in Egyptian [glyphs] PER-KHEM·T, "_the city of the temple of (the
god) Khem_". It was the seat of the worship of Khem, whom the Greeks
identified with their Pan. ^{89}
PANTHEON OBELISK. The same as the Mahutean Obelisk, which see.
PAPYRUS. The Egyptian paper, made of thin slices of the papyrus plant,
called in Egyptian [glyphs] THUFI. On it were written works on almost all
subjects. The finest papyri are at present in the British Museum and the
Museum of Bulak. ^{34}
PASHT. The Greek name of the Egyptian goddess Sekhet, which see. ^{92}
PELUSIUM. The classical name of a city near the site of the ancient
Egyptian Avaris, which see. ^{92}
PENTAÛR. The Egyptian Homer, who described the exploits of Ramses II. in
his war with the Hittites. His name is written [glyphs] PEN-TA-ÛR. ^{37}
PER-BA-NEB-DED·T. The Egyptian name of Mendes, which see. ^{92}
PER-BAS·T. The Egyptian name of Bubastis, which see. ^{92}
PER-KHEM·T. The Egyptian name of Panopolis, which see. ^{89}
PER-USAR·T. The Egyptian name of Busiris, which see. ^{92}
{140}PHARAOH. The Hebrew form of the Egyptian [glyphs] PER-Â, "_the great
house_", or more correctly, as the Hieratic generally has it, [glyphs]
PER-Â, "_he of the great double house_". This was the official title of the
Egyptian kings. ^{1 2 5 6 7 16 19 20 22 25 29 37 38 46 48 53 57 58 60 61 63
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 79 84 87 89}
"PHARAOH OF THE OPPRESSION." All Egyptologists are agreed that this was
Ramses II. ^{37 63}
"PHARAOH'S NEEDLE." The Arabic rendering for "obelisk". ^{79}
PHILAE. An island in the Nile near the Nubian boundary, belonging to the
first nome of Upper Egypt. ^{4 7 9 10 22 84 86}
PHILAE OBELISK. A fragment of an obelisk which was erected, together with
its companion, the Corfe Castle Obelisk (which see), in front of the temple
of Isis by Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. and his sister Cleopatra II. It has
one column of hieroglyphs on each face, and is at Philæ. ^{9}
PIÂNKHÎ. An Ethiopian king, of the XXIVth dynasty, who conquered Egypt at
the close of the XXIId dynasty, when it was divided into thirteen petty
kingdoms. His name in Egyptian is ^{21}
suten-kaut? Men-kheper-Râ sa Râ P-ânkhî
The king of Upper "The stable and the Sun's "He who
and Lower Egypt, creative Sun", offspring, lives."
PIAZZA DELLA MINERVA OBELISK. A small obelisk in Rome. It has only a single
column of hieroglyphs on each face, and was probably erected by Psametik
II. in Saïs. It was removed by the Romans and re-erected by Pope Alexander
VII. in 1667, who had it placed on a marble elephant. ^{10}
{141}PIAZZA DEL POPOLO OBELISK. Another name of the Flaminian Obelisk,
which see.
PIAZZA NAVONA OBELISK. Another name for the Pamphilian Obelisk, which see.
^{22}
PLINY, surnamed "the Elder". A famous Roman naturalist and author (23-79 A.
D.). ^{36}
"POMPEY'S PILLAR." The only important monument of antiquity at present in
Alexandria. It is a shaft of granite from the quarry of Syene rising, with
the pedestal, to the height of 104 ft., and erected by the Roman prefect
Pompeius in honor of the emperor Diocletian. ^{91}
PONTIUS. The architect who transported the two obelisks of Heliopolis to
Alexandria in 12 B. C. He may have possibly also removed the Flaminian and
Campensis Obelisks (which see) to Rome for the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C.
^{39 73 74 82}
PORTA DEL POPOLO OBELISK. Another name of the Esmeade Obelisk, which see.
^{11}
PRIOLI OBELISK. A small obelisk in the gardens of the Sultan in
Constantinople. Nothing is known of it, as its inscriptions have never been
published. ^{9}
PSAMETIK II. A king of the XXVIth dynasty, the son of Psametik I. He
conquered Ethiopia and reigned for six years. His son Hophra is mentioned
in the Bible. His name in Egyptian is ^{7 9 10 22}
suten-kaut? Nefer-ab-Râ sa Râ Psemthek
The king of Upper "the kind-hearted the Sun's "Psametik."
and Lower Egypt, Sun", offspring,
PSEUDO-EGYPTIAN, that is, having the appearance of being Egyptian, but not
so in reality. A number of the extant obelisks belong in this category.
^{4}
{142}PTHAH [pronounced tá]. The chief deity of Lower Egypt, an emanation of
Râ. He is generally represented as a deformed child holding two serpents
and stepping on two crocodiles. In Upper Egypt he was worshipped under the
form of an upright mummy ([glyphs]). His name in Egyptian is [glyphs] PTAH.
^{65 69 90}
PTAH-SOKAR-OSIRIS. A form of Ptah, peculiar to Memphis, and represented as
a deformed child. His Egyptian name is [glyphs] PTAH-SEKER-USAR. ^{29}
PTAH-TATHUNEN. A title of Ptah of Memphis. The Egyptian form of the word is
[glyphs] PTAH-TATHUNEN, meaning perhaps "_Ptah of the stable earth_". ^{65}
PTOLEMIES. The descendants of Ptolemy Sôtêr, a general of Alexander the
Great, and forming the XXXIIId dynasty of Egyptian kings. Each of them
married his sister. Their reign extended from 305 to 30 B. C., and was
characterized by infamy, tyranny, murder, and poisoning. ^{9 21 22}
PTOLEMY IX. EUERGETES II. A weak king of the XXXIIId dynasty, married to
and reigning for a time with his sister Cleopatra II. and his niece
Cleopatra III. His name in Egyptian is ^{7 10}
suten-kaut? Nuter-per-ââ-en-Ptah-sotep-en-âr-maâ-Amen-Râ-sekhem-ânkh
The king of "The Epiphanes, the heir of Ptah, the chosen of Amen-Ra,
Upper and dispenser of justice, conqueror, living",
Lower Egypt,
sa Râ Ptûlmîs-ânkh-zeta-Ptah-mer
the Sun's "Ptolemy, living forever, beloved of Ptah."
offspring,
PUNT. The Egyptian name of the southern part of Arabia, which see.
{143}PYLON. The large mass of masonry of an Egyptian temple, resembling two
truncated pyramids with the gate between them. A picture of one is given on
page 20. Its hieroglyph is perhaps [glyphs]. ^{20 24}
PYRAMIDION. The apex of an obelisk which resembles a miniature pyramid. It
was sometimes inscribed with pictures and hieroglyphs, and covered with a
capping of gold-metal or electrum (which see). ^{18 19 21 22 26 47 50 51 52
53 54 55}
PYRAMIDS. The enormous masses of stone built by various kings, especially
those of the fourth dynasty, and serving as their tombs. There are quite a
number of them in and near ancient Memphis, the largest being that of
Khufu, called the Great Pyramid, which is 480 ft. high. The usual Egyptian
word for "pyramid" is [glyphs] ABMER. ^{12 27 91}
QEBTI·T. The Egyptian name of Coptos, which see. ^{88}
QEM·T. The common Egyptian designation of Egypt, which see. ^{61 66 70 84}
QURNAH. A modern village marking the site of a part of the necropolis of
ancient Thebes, situated on the west shore of the Nile. Here are the ruins
of the grand temple begun by Seti I., and completed by Ramses II. ^{88}
RÂ. The Sun, the Supreme Being, and the organizer of the world according to
Egyptian mythology. He was worshipped in the entire country, but especially
in Heliopolis. He is always represented with the face of a hawk. With the
fifth dynasty the Pharaohs began to call themselves the incarnation of Râ,
or [glyphs] SA RÂ, "_the son of the Sun_", which title they retained until
the time of the Roman emperors. The Egyptian name of the sun is [glyphs]
RÂ. ^{21 22 27 30 31 36 37 38 39 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 82 91}
{144}RÂ-HOR-KHUTI. A name of the sun-god, written in Egyptian [glyphs] or
[glyphs] RÂ-HOR-KHUTI, "_the Sun, the hawk of the two horizons_". ^{28 29
30 46 47 49 55 58 59 60}
RAMSES II. One of the greatest monarchs the world ever saw, the son of Seti
I., and a king of the XIXth dynasty. He conquered most of the then known
world, built magnificent temples, erected obelisks, and perpetuated his
name on almost every Egyptian monument. His Egyptian name is ^{7 8 9 10 16
36 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 88 91}
suten-kaut? User-Mâ-Râ-sotep-en-Râ sa Râ Amen-mer-Râ-meses-su
The king of "Strong in truth, the Sun's "Beloved of Amen, the
Upper and the Sun, chosen offspring, Sun, begetting himself."
Lower Egypt, of the Sun",
RAMSES III. A famous king of the XXth dynasty, who conquered the Hittites,
Syrians, and the tribes of Palestine. His name in Egyptian is ^{112 131}
suten-kaut? User-mâ-Râ-Amen-mer sa Râ Râ-meses-heq-An
The king of Upper "Strong in truth, the the Sun's, "The Sun's child,
and Lower Egypt, Sun, beloved of Amen", offspring, prince of
Heliopolis."
RÂQEDηT. The Egyptian name of Alexandria (which see), called Rhakôtis by
the ancients. ^{91}
REDESIEH. A modern village in what was formerly the first nome of Upper
Egypt. ^{68}
RED SEA. This was called in Egyptian [glyphs] MUQED·T. ^{86 88}
RHAKOTIS. The Greek name of the town on whose site Alexander the Great
built Alexandria (which see). ^{91}
RISING SUN. The god Râ. ^{22}
ROME. The capital of the ancient world. Its Egyptian name occurs on the
Barberini Obelisk as [glyphs] HARM·T. ^{5 7 9 20 22 23 25}
{145}ROSETTA. A modern town at the mouth of the Bolbitinic arm of the Nile.
It was the ancient Bolbitiné. ^{91}
ROSETTA STONE. Without a doubt this is the most important monument of
antiquity that has come down to us. It is a stelé of black basalt, bearing
an inscription in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek. It contains a decree of
the priests in honor of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, which was issued on March 27,
195 B. C. This stone, discovered in 1799, furnished the key for deciphering
the hieroglyphs, and is now preserved in the British Museum. ^{92}
ROTENNU. A Syrian people who were repeatedly defeated and subjugated by
kings of the XVIIIth and later dynasties. They were subdivided into the
Upper and Lower Rotennu, and their Egyptian name was [glyphs] RETHENNU.
^{36}
SACCARAH. A modern village near the site of ancient Memphis with a number
of famous pyramids. The name is undoubtedly derived from that of the god
Ptah-_Sokar_-Osiris. ^{91}
SA-EL-HAJAR. The modern name of Saïs. ^{92}
SAÏS. The capital of the fifth nome of Lower Egypt, the Egyptian [glyphs]
SA·T, and the Coptic [Coptic: sai] [saï]. Nothing now remains but a mass of
débris. ^{4 10 92}
SAÎU·T. The Egyptian name of Sioot, which see. ^{89}
SALLUSTIAN OBELISK. An obelisk in Rome standing opposite the church of
Santa Trinita dei Monti. It is a poor Roman copy of the Piazza del Popolo
Obelisk, and has three columns of hieroglyphs on it, together with the
cartouches of Seti I. and Ramses II. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789.
^{9}
SÂN. The modern name of Tanis, which see. ^{11}
{146}SÂN OBELISKS. As many as thirteen fragments of perhaps four obelisks
are still at Tanis (Sân). These obelisks appear to have been erected by
Ramses II. ^{11}
SARBUT-EL-KHEDEM OBELISK. An erect obelisk in the Sinaitic Peninsula, on
the way from Suez to Mount Sinai. The hieroglyphs on it are partially
obliterated. ^{9}
SA·T. The Egyptian name of Saïs, which see. ^{92}
SEBEK. The crocodile-headed deity and a form of Râ. He was specially
worshiped in the Fayoom, and his Egyptian name was [glyphs] SEBEK. ^{90}
SEBEK-RÂ. A combination of the gods Sebek and Râ, the local deity of Ombos.
^{29}
SEKHET. A lion-headed goddess and the wife of Ptah. As a destroying deity
her name is [glyphs] SEKHET, but as a goddess of love it was [glyphs] BAST,
or, as the Greeks called her, Pasht. She was usually identified with Diana.
(^{92 98 103})
SEKTET BOAT. The boat of the evening-sun Tum, in which he was thought to
pass over the heavens. In Egyptian the word is written [glyphs] SEKTET.
^{22}
SENI·T. The Egyptian name of Esneh, which see. ^{87}
SET or SUTEKH. The national god of the Hyksos or the Shepherd kings of
Asia, whose worship was forced on the Egyptians. He was the personification
of evil, and was represented as an ass-headed deity with the usual divine
insignia. He was the sworn enemy of Horus, whose father (Osiris) he had
slain, and is identified with the devil. His picture, [glyphs], was
afterwards completely erased by the Egyptians from their monuments. His
Egyptian name is [glyphs] SET or [glyphs] SUTEKH. ^{87}
{147}SETI I. A famous king of the XIXth dynasty and the father of Ramses
II. He was an intense worshipper of Set, the devil, and forced his
adoration on the people. His many wars carried him into Arabia Felix,
Palestine, the Hittite territory, and beyond the Orontes and Euphrates. Out
of him and his two successors the ancients fabricated the name Sesostris.
His Egyptian name is ^{6 9 86 87 88}
suten-kaut? Mâ-men-Râ sa Râ Setî-mer-en-Ptah
The king of Upper "Truth, the the Sun's "Seti, the beloved
and Lower Egypt, stable Sun", offspring, of Ptah."
SETTING SUN. The god Tum, which see. ^{22}
SHEPHERD KINGS. See under Hyksos. ^{92}
SILSILIS. The Egyptian Khennu, which see. ^{86}
SINAITIC PENINSULA. That part of western Asia lying between Syria and
Egypt, and playing an important part in the forty years' sojourn there of
the Israelites under Moses. ^{1 4 9 11}
SION HOUSE OBELISK. Perhaps the same as the Alnwick Castle Obelisk, which
see.--Sion House is the country-seat of the Duke of Northumberland. ^{10}
SIOOT. The modern name of the capital of the XIIIth nome of Upper Egypt,
called in Egyptian [glyphs] SAÌU·T. Its local deity was the jackal-headed
god Anubis. ^{89}
SOUGHTON HALL OBELISK. An obelisk mentioned by Bonomi, which may be
identical with one of those at present in England. ^{11}
SPHINX. There are three kinds of sphinxes: Androsphinxes, having the head
of a man; Criosphinxes, having that of a ram; and Hieracosphinxes, having
that of a {148}hawk. A few are also found with the form of a woman. "The
Sphinx" is the monster figure in front of the Pyramid of Khufu, but older
than it. It was cut out of a solid mountain, and had between its paws a
temple of Harmachis, to whom it was dedicated. The sphinx represents the
incarnation of the divine wisdom of the Pharaoh ^{32 46 47 49 50 51 52 53
54 55}
STELE. A slab rounded off on top and covered with inscriptions. It was made
either of wood or of stone. The word comes from the Greek [Greek: stêlê]
[stêlê]. The Egyptian word for it is [glyphs] UTU. ^{5 31 37 48}
ST. EPHRAIM SYRUS. A Christian writer of the Syrian church, who died 373 A.
D. ^{19}
ST^{A.} MARIA MAGGIORE OBELISK. The companion of the Monte Cavallo Obelisk,
at present in front of the basilica (church) of Santa Maria Maggiore in
Rome. It has no inscriptions, and was removed to Rome by the emperor
Claudius. Sixtus V. re-erected it on its present site in 1587. ^{9}
STUART, Villiers. A traveler and author. ^{2}
"SUBLIME PORTE." The name of the place where the Sultan administers
justice, and, with us, a designation for the Sultan himself. The Turkish
term for it is [Arabic: BAB `ALY] [bâbi 'âlî], "_the high gate_". ^{53}
SUEZ CANAL. The first attempt to construct it was made by Seti I., of the
XIXth dynasty. It then only connected the Nile with the Red Sea, and was
finished by Ramses II. Traces of it still remain. The present Canal was
planned and completed by Lesseps in 1869. ^{40}
SUN·T. The Egyptian name of Syêné. ^{86}
SYÊNÉ. The Greek name of the modern Assuân, which was in the first nome of
Upper Egypt, and called [glyphs] {149}SUN·T by the Egyptians. The famous
quarries, from which most of the obelisks were taken, were located here.
The biblical name is [Hebrew: SWEINEIH] [s'vênêh, cf. Ezekiel xxix:10,
xxx:6], which is the same as the Coptic [Coptic: souan] [sûan], and the
Arabic [Arabic: ASWAN] [aswân]. ^{5 13 16 23 24 35 82 86}
SYENITE. The reddish amphibole-granite of Syêné, which was taken for all
the Egyptian obelisks. ^{23}
SYRIA. A large tract of country in western Asia, bordering on Egypt. It was
inhabited by many different tribes, with whom the Pharaohs of the XVIIIth
and XIXth dynasties carried on extensive wars. ^{36}
TA-EN-TA-RER·T. The Egyptian name of Denderah, which see. ^{88}
TANIS. The Greek name of the Egyptian [glyphs] ZÂN·T the capital of the
XIVth nome of Lower Egypt, now Sân. It was the main seat of the Hyksos, who
embellished it in every possible way. ^{4 11 45 92}
TATHUNEN. See under Ptah-tathunen. ^{65}
TEL-BASTA. The modern name of Bubastis, which see. ^{92}
TEL-EL-AMARNA. The present site of a city founded by the heretic king
Amenôphis IV. in honor of the sun-disk Aten, in the XVth nome of Upper
Egypt. It was totally destroyed after his death. ^{29 89}
THEBES. The largest and most famous city of the ancient world, the capital
of the fourth nome of Upper Egypt and of the whole empire. Its usual
Egyptian name was [glyphs] US·T, or [glyphs] NU·T AMEN, which was sometimes
shortened into [glyphs] NU·T ·T, "_the great city_", or [glyphs] NU·T,
"_the City_" simply, the biblical [Hebrew: N'] [nô]. Its site is now
occupied by several villages, such as Karnak, {150}Luxor, &c. The local
deity was Amen. ^{2 3 4 9 10 11 16 28 29 48 50 53 55 56 57 59 60 87 88 89}
THENI·T. The Egyptian name of Thinis. ^{89}
THINIS or THIS. The capital of the eighth nome of Upper Egypt, the reputed
home of the first king of Egypt, Menes. Its Egyptian name is [glyphs]
THENI·T, at present El-Tineh, which see. ^{89}
THOTH [pronounced tót]. The Egyptian god of writing, learning, and
medicine. He was thought to introduce the soul of the deceased into the
Lower World and to read off its sins before the judgment-seat of Osiris. He
was afterwards identified with the moon. His sacred animal was the
cynocephalus-ape ([glyphs] or [glyphs]), and he himself is represented with
the head of the ibis, [glyphs]. His name in Egyptian is [glyphs] or
[glyphs] DEHUTI. ^{49 56 57}
THOTHMES I. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and the son of Aahmes
I. He was a mighty warrior, and his conquests were very extensive. His name
in Egyptian is ^{5 9 10}
suten-kaut? Râ-â-kheper-ka sa Râ Râ-Dehuti-khâ-ma-meses
The king of Upper "The great Sun, the Sun's "Glorious like the Sun,
and Lower Egypt, producing works", offspring, child of Thoth."
THOTHMES II. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and a son of Thothmes
I. He was a weak monarch and altogether under the influence of his great
sister Hatasu. His name in Egyptian is ^{6}
suten-kaut? Â-kheper-en-Râ sa Râ Dehuti-mes-nefer-khâu
The king of Upper "Formed by the the Sun's "The child of Thoth,
and Lower Egypt, great Sun", offspring, beautiful in his
appearances."
THOTHMES III. [tótmees]. The greatest king of the {151}XVIIIth dynasty, a
son of Thothmes I. His empire extended over all the then known world. The
New York Obelisk was erected by him. His name in Egyptian is ^{6 7 9 10 19
31 35 36 37 38 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 82}
suten-kaut? Men-kheper-Râ sa Râ Dehuti-meses-nefer-kheperu
The king of Upper "The stable and the Sun's "The child of Thoth,
and Lower Egypt, creative Sun", offspring, of beautiful form."
THOTHMES IV. [tótmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the successor of
Amenôphis II. He reigned for nine years only, and his Egyptian name is ^{6
9 19}
suten-kaut? Men-kheperu-Râ sa Râ Dehuti-meses-khâ-khâu
The king of Upper "The Sun, stable the Sun's "The child of Thoth,
and Lower Egypt, in his forms", offspring, glorious in his
diadems."
TROJA. The name which the Greeks gave to the town near Memphis, the
[glyphs] RU-ÂU·T (with the feminine article TA-RU-ÂU·T) of the Egyptians.
Here was situated the quarry of Memphis. The similarity of the words gave
rise to the name "Troja" (Troy), which must not, however, be confounded
with the famous Greek city of the same name in Asia Minor. ^{91}
TUM. The Egyptian god of the setting sun. He was especially worshiped in
Heliopolis. In painted inscriptions his color is generally red, like that
of Râ, sometimes, however, also green. His name in Egyptian is [glyphs]
TUM. ^{22 27 28 29 46 51 53 56 57 58 67}
TURA. The quarry of Memphis from which the "white stone" was taken. The
Greeks called it Troja, which see. ^{91}
"TWO COUNTRIES." A designation of Egypt, which was divided into two parts,
Upper and Lower Egypt. It {152}may, however, also signify "heaven and
earth" or "the universe". It is in Egyptian [glyphs] TAUI, "_the two
countries_". (^{39 39}) ^{47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
69 70}
UPPER EGYPT. The southern part of Egypt from the Fayoom to Assuân. ^{2 3 31
84 89}
UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT. The two divisions of Egypt, which were at certain
periods of Egyptian history separate kingdoms. Some of the Egyptian
designations are [glyphs] HEZ-DESHER, "_the land of the white and red
crowns_" (cf. page 31), [glyphs] QEBEHUI, "_the land of the two sources_
(of the Nile)" (cf. page 119), [glyphs] RES-MEH, "_the south and north
land_", [glyphs] QEMÂ-MEH, "_the south and north land_", [glyphs] ?-ÛZ,
"_the land of the lotus and the papyrus_", &c. The usual title of the king
was [glyphs] SUTEN-KAUT?, "_the king of Upper and Lower Egypt_". ^{30 48 52
53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 84}
URAEUS SNAKE. The _Cobra haje_ of Egypt, the most deadly reptile in that
country, whose figure was worn as the head-dress of kings and queens. It
typifies Pharaoh's power over the life and death of his subjects, and its
Egyptian name is [glyphs] ÂR·T. The Greeks called it "basilisk", from
which they took their word for "king", [Greek: basileus] [basileus]. ^{56
57}
USER-MÂ-RÂ-SOTEP-EN-RÂ. The royal name of Ramses II., which see ^{37 62 63
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71}
USERTESEN I. The second king of the XIIth dynasty, the son of Amenémhâ I.,
and the conqueror of the Ethiopians. His name in Egyptian is ^{5 9 11 36
91}
suten-kaut? Râ-kheper-ka sa Râ Usertesen
The king of Upper "The Sun, producing the Sun's "Usertesen."
and Lower Egypt, works", offspring,
{153}US SCEPTRE. The symbol of power carried in the hands of kings and
gods, written [glyphs] US, or else [glyphs] US, which is the "_cucufa_",
also called the Zâm-sceptre. ^{46 87}
US·T. The Egyptian name of Thebes, which see. ^{48 50 53 55 56 59 87}
VATICAN OBELISK. An obelisk without an inscription on the Piazza di San
Pietro, in front of the Vatican, in Rome. Originally erected in Heliopolis,
it was transported to Rome by the emperor Caligula (about 40 A.D.). It was
the only one of all the obelisks not overthrown and broken during the times
of anarchy, pillage, and destruction in that city. Sixtus V. had it removed
and erected in its present position in 1586. ^{9}
VICTORY STELÉ. A stelé which was found in Karnak. It contains a martial
hymn of Thothmes III. ^{31 48}
VILLA MATTEI OBELISK. A small obelisk in the Villa Mattei or the Villa
Celimontana in Rome, presented by a certain Cyriacus Matthæius to the Roman
Senate. It was either erected by him in his gardens in 1582, or else by
Sixtus V. in 1590. The lower portion of it is modern, but the upper half
bears the cartouches of Ramses II. and Psametik II. ^{10}
"VOCAL MEMNON." One of the colossal statues of Amenôphis III. west of
Thebes in the desert. It was thrown down by an earthquake about 27 B. C.,
and cracked. On re-erection it was found to emit a musical sound at
sunrise. This gave rise to the Greek legend of Memnon and Aurora (the
dawn). Since its restoration the sound is no longer heard. The Arabs call
the two colossal statues Shamy and Damy. (^{96 112})
VULTURE DIADEM. A diadem of Pharaoh, in Egyptian [glyphs] NEB MUT or NEB
SHETA (doubtful!). The figure of the vulture was generally worn as the
head-dress of {154}the queens. It is the symbol of protection, and
represents Pharaoh and his queen as the protectors and nourishers of their
people. ^{56 57 66 70}
WANSTEAD OBELISK. A fragment of an obelisk which existed at the time of
Zoëga in Wanstead, a suburb of London. It was brought to England from
Alexandria in 1712. Its present location is unknown. ^{11}
WILKINSON, Sir John Gardner. An English Egyptologist (born in 1797, died in
1875). His famous work is _The Manners and Customs of the Ancient
Egyptians_. ^{14}
YA`MER-BEN-SHADDÂD. A mythical person. ^{80}
ZÂN·T. The Egyptian name of Tanis, which see. ^{92}
ZOËGA, George. A Danish archæologist interested in Egyptological subjects
(born in 1755, died in 1809 in Rome). ^{11}
[Illustration: Pharaoh in his royal robes offering libation to the gods.]
{155}A GLOSSARY
OF HIEROGLYPHS OCCURRING IN THIS BOOK, TOGETHER WITH THEIR PRONUNCIATION
AND DETERMINATIVE VALUE.
We divide the Egyptian hieroglyphs, after the manner of Lepsius, into
twenty-five classes. In the following list the hieroglyphs are given
together with what they were _probably_ meant to represent. The more
important pronunciations are added, which, however, can not be used
indiscriminately, but are fixed by _complements_, that is, _letters_ of
the alphabet _indicating_ the pronunciation and either prefixed or else
suffixed to the hieroglyph. The pronunciation of the later, or Ptolemaic,
times is marked *. _Determinatives_ are _silent_ hieroglyphs,
determining, in words of the same pronunciation, into what category of
objects or ideas these words belong.
_Pron._ stands for pronunciation. * stands for _pronunciation of later
times_. _Det._ stands for _determinative_. The _numerals_ refer to the
pages of the book where the hieroglyph occurs.
I. FIGURES OF MEN.
[glyphs] "man with arms hanging down."
_Det._ of person, youth. 62
[glyphs] "man with arms raised."
_Pron._ qa, hââ.
_Det._ of height, joy, carrying, lifting. 61
[glyphs] "old man leaning on a staff."
_Pron._ aau, ten.
_Det._ of old age, weakness. 27
[glyphs] "man striking."
_Pron._ nekht.
_Det._ of violent action. 60
[glyphs] "man with crosier and whip."
_Pron._ *heq. 106 136 136 136 136
[glyphs] "child sucking its finger."
_Pron._ s, *n, *nen *shera, *khen, *â, *kh.,
_Det._ of child, youth, renewal. 27 27 48
[glyphs] "prisoner tied with ropes."
_Det._ of enemy, crime. 126
[glyphs] "man sitting."
_Pron._ a (as first person singular masculine personal pronoun).
_Det._ of man, person. 94 94 94 121
[glyphs] "man with finger in his mouth."
_Pron._ am.
_Det._ of speaking, eating, thinking. 137
[glyphs] "bearded man sitting."
_Pron._ a (as first person singular masculine personal pronoun). 31 48
_Det._ of man, king, god, goddess. 27 27 27 27 27 65 92 105 128 128 138 139
142 143 144 144 144 144 146 146 150 151
{156}[glyphs] "king with Zâm-sceptre."
_Det._ of king, god. 87 120
[glyphs] "king with whip."
_Pron._ a (as first person singular masculine personal pronoun).
_Det._ of king, god. 31 48
[glyphs] "king without the whip."
_Pron._ same as preceding.
_Det._ of king, god. 140 140
[glyphs] "king with white crown of Upper Egypt."
_Pron._ a (as first person singular masculine personal pronoun).
_Det._ of king, god. 66 69 70
[glyphs] "king with the double crown of Egypt and the Zâm-sceptre."
_Pron._ same as preceding.
_Det._ of king, god. 133
[glyphs] "man sitting on a throne with the whip in his hands."
_Pron._ shepes 62 122, as.
_Det._ of high personage, ancestor, god. 56
II. FIGURES OF WOMEN.
[glyphs] "woman sitting."
_Pron._ a (as first person singular feminine personal pronoun).
_Det._ of woman, goddess. 121 126 136
[glyphs] "woman with a tiara and having the bud of a lotus in her lap."
_Det._ of queen, goddess, woman. 112 112
III. FIGURES OF DEITIES.
[glyphs] "deity with the Atef-crown and the Zâm-sceptre."
_Det._ of the god Osiris. 138
[glyphs] "mummy holding the Zâm-sceptre."
_Pron._ Ptah. 69 142
_Det._ of the god Ptah.
[glyphs] "mummy sitting with Zâm-sceptre."
_Pron._ Ptah. 106 (hieroglyph reading from right to left) 136
_Det._ of the god Ptah. 142
[glyphs] "deity sitting with the Ten-crown and the whip."
_Pron._ ten.
_Det._ of the god Ptah. 65 142
[glyphs] "deity with the fourfold plume of the god Shu and the
Zâm-sceptre."
_Det._ of the sun-god Shu. 136 136 (where by a mistake of the scribe it
stands for [glyphs], Amen).
[glyphs] "deity sitting with the Zâm-sceptre and the double plume."
_Pron._ Amen. 37 62 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 94
142 144
_Det._ of the god Amen. 87 95 95 149
{157}[glyphs] "deity with the symbol of truth."
_Det._ of the god Amen. 95
[glyphs] "deity with the Khepesh-sword."
_Det._ of the god Amen. 95
[glyphs] "deity sitting on a throne and holding the Us-sceptre."
_Det._ of the god Amen. 95
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the Us-sceptre and the symbol of truth,
surmounted by the disk of the sun."
_Det._ of the gods Râ or Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the Zâm-sceptre and the white crown."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity surmounted by the disk of the sun and holding
two curious wands."
_Det._ of the gods Râ or Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the Zâm-sceptre."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the Zâm-sceptre, surmounted by the
snake-encircled disk of the sun."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity."
_Det._ of the gods Horus or Râ. 60 62 67 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the snake-encircled disk of the sun."
_Pron._ Râ. 96 144
_Det._ of the gods Horus or Râ. 31
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the double crown of Egypt."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk-headed deity with the symbol of life, surmounted by the disk
of the sun."
_Pron._ Râ. 58 60 62 63 64 66 67 68 70 Hieroglyph written from right to
left. 37 62 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 94 136 142
144
_Det._ of the gods Râ or Horus. 31 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the disk of the sun."
_Pron._ Râ.
_Det._ of the gods Râ or Horus. 27 125
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity with the Zâm-sceptre, surmounted by the
snake-encircled disk of the sun and the double plume."
_Det._ of the god Menthu. 132
[glyphs] "hawk-faced deity sitting on a throne with the Zâm-sceptre,
surmounted by the disk of the sun."
_Pron._ Râ.
_Det._ of the gods Râ or Horus. 31 125
[glyphs] "ass-headed deity with the crosier."
_Pron._ Set. 146 147
_Det._ of the god Set, whom we identify with the devil.
[glyphs] "jackal-headed deity with the symbol of life."
_Pron._ Anpu.
_Det._ of the god Anubis, cf. 99
{158}[glyphs] "ibis-headed deity."
_Pron._ Dehuti.
_Det._ of the god Thoth. 150
[glyphs] "ram-headed deity."
_Pron._ khnum.
_Det._ of the god Khnum. 87 128 128
[glyphs] "ram-headed deity with the Zâm-sceptre."
_Det._ of the god Khnum. 128
[glyphs] "ram-headed deity sitting."
_Det._ of the god Khnum. 128
[glyphs] "deity carrying an offering of flowers, surmounted by the papyrus
plant."
_Det._ of the god Hâp (the Nile). 137
[glyphs] "female deity standing and holding a papyrus reed, surmounted by a
throne."
_Det._ of the goddess Isis. 126
[glyphs] "female deity with the symbol of life, surmounted by a throne."
_Pron._ As·t. 106 136
_Det._ of the goddess Isis. 126
[glyphs] "female deity with a papyrus reed, surmounted by a pair of horns
and a throne."
_Det._ of the goddess Isis. 126
[glyphs] "female deity surmounted by the symbol of truth."
_Pron._ maâ. 144
_Det._ of the goddess Mâ.
[glyphs] "female deity with the symbol of life, surmounted by the symbol of
truth."
_Pron._ maâ. 37 62 62 64 64 65 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 70 70 87 96
122 130 130 144 147 Hieroglyph written from right to left. 71 71
_Det._ of the goddess Mâ.
[glyphs] "lion-headed female deity with the snake-encircled disk of the
sun."
_Det._ of the goddess Sekhet or Bast. 92 146
IV. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
[glyphs] "face."
_Pron._ her. 70 123
_Det._ of face, front.
[glyphs] "left eye."
_Pron._ ar. 53 54 55 56 58 58 65 67 67 70 92 105 138 142 142 mer, *îri, *î,
*men.
_Det._ of vision. 31 48
[glyphs] "eye with eye-brows."
_Pron._ an, nâ, ân.
_Det._ of vision. 31 122
[glyphs] "left eye with eye-brows and a hoe(?) below."
_Pron._ beq, 118 uza.
_Det._ of eye, sun, moon.
[glyphs] "mouth."
_Pron._ Letter r. 5 27 31 31 31 38 39 39 39 39 48 49 49 51 51 51 53 55 56
56 60 60 60 60 63 64 64 64 65 65 65 69 69 72 86 86 88 88 90 90 91 91 94 97
97 97 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 106 106 {159}107 111 111 111 111 111
112 112 114 114 114 115 116 116 116 117 117 117 117 117 119 119 122 122 122
123 124 128 129 129 131 131 133 136 137 138 139 142 143 144 145 151 152 152
[glyphs] "two arms."
_Pron._ qa, 122 135 135 135 150 152 ka, *q, *k.
[glyphs] "two arms."
_Pron._ nen, 48 58 67 *n.
_Det._ of negation, defense, secrecy.
[glyphs] "two arms holding an oar."
_Pron._ khen. 86 128
_Det._ of rowing.
[glyphs] "arm holding a whip."
_Pron._ khu. 117 122
[glyphs] "arm."
_Pron._ Letter â, 56 57 70 91 92 95 99 116 116 121 122 124 130 132 137 138
144 149 152 152 ded. 60 60 70 70
[glyphs] "arm with lash."
_Pron._ nekht, 48 48 50 53 55 56 58 59 60 60 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 70
136 *n.
_Det._ of any violent action. 31 64 66 70
[glyphs] "open hand."
_Pron._ Letter d. 27 31 31 31 39 62 70 87 91 94 102 102 102 102 106 111 111
112 115 116 118 122 124 127 131 136 150
[glyphs] "legs walking."
_Pron._ îu, *i or u 86
_Det._ of progressive motion. 48 64 144
[glyphs] "leg."
_Pron._ uâr, 92 102 ped, red, men.
_Det._ of foot, motion, measure.
[glyphs] "leg standing on earth."
_Pron._ ger. 62 67
[glyphs] "knee."
_Pron._ Letter q. 39 39 39 39 60 61 61 70 86 86 94 94 97 102 102 102 106
106 111 111 112 112 112 114 115 116 118 119 124 144 Roman additions for
symmetry (?) 122 122 (reading from right to left).
[glyphs] "foot."
_Pron._ Letter b. 21 21 24 27 27 58 58 69 86 87 87 88 88 88 97 103 106 114
115 116 118 118 119 119 121 124 136 146
[glyphs] "piece of flesh."
_Pron._ f, auf.
_Det._ of flesh, part of the body. 56 56 56
V. FIGURES OF ANIMALS.
[glyphs] "bull."
_Pron._ qa, 48 48 48 50 53 55 56 58 59 62 63 65 66 67 68 68 70 ka, *q, *k.
_Det._ of bull, quadruped. 100
[glyphs] "ram."
_Pron._ ba, 92 ser, *b, *s. 117
_Det._ of ram, the god Khnum. 104
[glyphs] "cynocephalus-ape."
_Pron._ dehuti, 150 ân, sa, *â, *zed, *ze.
_Det._ of monkey, the god Thoth.
[glyphs] "cynocephalus-ape."
_Pron._ dehuti. 49 150
_Det._ of monkey, the god Thoth.
[glyphs] "lion couching."
_Pron._ Letter l or r, both being interchangeable, 39 94 94 102 102 106 106
112 112 116 117 117 117 117 124 136 {160}142 144 âr, ar, shenâ.
[glyphs] "lion with a human face."
_Pron._ neb. 46 98
[glyphs] "jackal on a tomb."
_Pron._ seshta.
_Det._ of the god Anubis. 99
[glyphs] "hare or rabbit."
_Pron._ un. 24 27 62 86 100 101 148
[glyphs] "elephant."
_Pron._ âb. 119
[glyphs] "ass."
_Pron._ set. 146 146
_Det._ of the god Set, wickedness, tempest.
VI. PARTS OF ANIMALS.
[glyphs] "head and leg of a ram."
_Pron._ shef. 65
[glyphs] "lion's head and paw."
_Pron._ hâ. 95 122
[glyphs] "two horns."
_Pron._ ap, 99 *up.
[glyphs] "horn."
_Pron._ âb, in the dual âbui. 48 48
_Det._ of horn, opposition, attack.
[glyphs] "tusk of an elephant."
_Pron._ hu, 31 87 118 beh, *h.
_Det._ of eating, speaking.
[glyphs] "hind part and tail of an animal."
_Pron._ peh. 60
_Det._ of position behind, power, succession.
[glyphs] "leg of an animal."
_Pron._ khepesh, 60 âm, *â.
[glyphs] "piece of flesh with a bone."
_Pron._ ââ, 142 aâ.
VII. FIGURES OF BIRDS.
[glyphs] "eagle."
_Pron._ Letter a. 27 39 61 87 89 92 94 94 94 97 100 102 102 102 102 106 106
106 107 107 107 111 112 112 116 117 121 122 122 124 136 136 138 138 139 144
145 147
[glyphs] "eagle with a bunch of feathers on the breast."
_Pron._ ti, 88 114 neh, *n.
[glyphs] "sparrow-hawk."
_Pron._ her, 30 30 122 136 144 bak (name of the bird), 30 *nuter, *p.
_Det._ of hawk, the god Horus. 31 125
[glyphs] "hawk with the royal whip."
_Pron._ same as preceding.
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk surmounted by the snake-encircled disk of the sun."
_Pron._ Hor-Râ or Râ-Hor. 30 30 49 49 55 55 58 60 144
_Det._ of the gods Râ or Horus. 125
{161}[glyphs] "hawk with the double crown of Egypt."
_Pron._ her. 30 31 56 56 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 67 68 68 70
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk standing on the symbol of gold (nub)."
_Pron._ her-nub. 60 64 68
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] same as preceding.
_Pron._ her-nub.
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk on a scaffold."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk on a scaffold preceded by the sign hen."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk on a scaffold preceded by the sign thes."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "hawk with the royal whip on a scaffold with the symbols of Upper
and Lower Egypt beneath."
_Det._ of the god Horus. 125
[glyphs] "vulture."
_Pron._ mut, 56 66 70 97 117 153 mert, ner, m, *qed.
[glyphs] "owl."
_Pron._ Letter m. 27 27 31 31 48 48 50 53 55 56 56 56 56 58 58 58 59 59 60
70 87 95 97 106 107 116 118 124 132 141
[glyphs] "owl with an arm written across it."
_Pron._ mâ. 66 131 144
[glyphs] "outline of an owl."
_Pron._ mer, 143 m.
[glyphs] "ibis on a scaffold."
_Pron._ dehuti. 36 49 49 56 58 60 61 150 150 151 151
_Det._ of the god Thoth.
[glyphs] same as preceding.
_Pron._ dehuti. 49
_Det._ of the god Thoth.
[glyphs] "ibis on a scaffold with the letters t and i beneath."
_Pron._ dehuti. 150
[glyphs] "heron."
_Pron._ khu, 63 64 97 *kh.
[glyphs] "a species of fowl."
_Pron._ zef. 69
[glyphs] "goose."
_Pron._ sa, 31 36 37 38 48 48 50 53 55 56 58 59 61 62 62 64 64 65 65 66 66
67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 72 89 92 94 95 96 96 96 97 99 106 106 107 107 111
122 136 136 138 140 141 142 143 144 144 145 147 147 150 150 151 151 152
men, hep, *s, *r, 117 117 (hieroglyph reading from right to left) *u.
_Det._ of bird, flying.
[glyphs] "goose flying."
_Pron._ pa, 84 *p.
_Det._ of bird, flying.
[glyphs] "swallow."
_Pron._ ûr. 58 58 90 131 139
[glyphs] "chicken."
{162}_Pron._ Letter u. 24 27 27 27 48 60 60 64 65 68 89 99 106 115 115 116
117 124 128 128 128 133 147 148 150
[glyphs] "chicken with an arm across it."
_Pron._ uâ. 66 70
VIII. PARTS OF BIRDS.
[glyphs] "right wing of a bird."
_Pron._ meh.
_Det._ of wing, rising, flying. 31
[glyphs] "feather, plume."
_Pron._ maâ, 99 130 shu, qeb, *m, *sh.
[glyphs] "egg."
_Pron._ sa, 39 63 66 68 70 102 117 122 *s.
_Det._ of egg, progeny, goddess, queen. 39 39 102 112 112 112 112 121 126
130 136 146 146 152
IX. FIGURES OF REPTILES.
[glyphs] "crocodile."
_Pron._ sebek, 103 seq, ad, *n.
_Det._ of crocodile, insolence, plundering, hiding.
[glyphs] "crocodile on a tomb."
_Pron._ sebek, anp.
_Det._ of the god Sebek. 146
[glyphs] "tail of a crocodile."
_Pron._ qem. 61 66 70 84 118
[glyphs] "cobra."
_Pron._ ârâ, 152 neb, *k, *r.
_Det._ of goddess, queen. 136 146
[glyphs] "cobra."
_Pron._ ârâ or mehent. 56 66 70 117
[glyphs] "snake."
_Pron._ ru, 97 *r, 102 *f.
_Det._ of snake, reptile.
[glyphs] "water-snake."
_Pron._ Letter z. 39 47 48 50 52 54 57 58 60 61 69 92 102 106 116 124 142
149
[glyphs] "Egyptian horned snake."
_Pron._ Letter f. 27 27 31 31 48 49 51 53 55 55 56 56 56 57 58 58 58 58 58
59 60 60 60 60 62 64 65 65 65 66 67 67 67 69 69 69 70 70 70 97 97 99 112
112 113 116 124 127 128 139
X. FIGURES OF FISHES.
XI. FIGURES OF INSECTS.
[glyphs] "bee."
_Pron._ âf, men, sekhet, kheb, kat or qet. Its pronunciation when combined
with the reed (suten) is unknown. We choose to transcribe [glyphs] by
suten-kaut, which means _the king of Upper and Lower Egypt_. {163}36 37 38
52 53 54 56 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 67 68 68 70 72 84 94 95 96 96 96 97 99 106
106 107 107 111 122 127 128 132 135 136 138 140 141 142 144 144 147 150 150
151 151 152 152
[glyphs] "beetle."
_Pron._ kheper, 36 38 47 48 49 49 50 50 52 53 54 55 56 58 58 59 60 60 61 63
64 72 82 96 96 97 100 128 128 128 138 140 150 150 151 151 151 152 khep, *ta
117 117 in dual *taui, 39 39 112 112 *t.
[glyphs] "scorpion."
_Pron._ serq. 81 114 114 114
_Det._ of scorpion, wickedness.
XII. FIGURES OF TREES AND PLANTS.
[glyphs] "outline of a tree."
_Pron._ am, *m.
_Det._ of tree, shrub, plant. 118
[glyphs] "reed."
_Pron._ renp, 64 68 rep, ter, *qed.
_Det._ of year, season, germination, renewal.
[glyphs] "reed on the letter r."
_Pron._ renp, 48 ter.
[glyphs] "reed on land."
_Pron._ renp, rep, ter, mera. 90 115
_Det._ of year, season, renewal.
[glyphs] "point of a reed."
_Pron._ sput, 48 sbud.
[glyphs] "tuft of grass."
_Pron._ nekheb, 87 119 136 n, 65 65 142 142 *n.
[glyphs] "reed."
_Pron._ su, 37 60 62 63 64 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 69 70 70 71
71 126 144 146 suten 56 56 66 70 and in connection with a bee, 36 37 38 52
53 54 56 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 67 68 68 70 72 84 94 95 96 96 96 97 99 106
106 107 107 111 122 127 128 132 135 136 138 140 141 142 144 144 147 150 150
151 151 152 152 *s.