to hold out the removal of particular prohibitions, or high duties, as
depending upon corresponding concessions by other States in our favour,
it does not follow that we should maintain our restrictions in cases
where the desired concessions on their part cannot be obtained. Our
restrictions would not be the less prejudicial to our capital and
industry because other Governments persisted in preserving impolitic
regulations.
* * * * *
That in thus declaring, as your petitioners do, their conviction of the
impolicy and injustice of the restrictive system, and in desiring every
practicable relaxation of it, they have in view only such parts of it as
are not connected, or are only subordinately so, with the public
revenue. As long as the necessity for the present amount of revenue
subsists, your petitioners cannot expect so important a branch of it as
the Customs to be given up, nor to be materially diminished, unless
some substitute, less objectionable, be suggested. But it is against
every restrictive regulation of trade not essential to the
revenue--against all duties merely protective from foreign
competition--and against the excess of such duties as are partly for the
purpose of revenue and partly for that of protection, that the prayer of
the present petition is respectfully submitted to the wisdom of
Parliament.
[Footnote 396: Quoted in Hirst, _Free Trade and the Manchester School_,
pp. 118-121.]
17. THE FOUNDATION OF THE ANTI-CORN-LAW LEAGUE [_History of the
Anti-Corn-Law League by Archibald Prentice, I, pp. 101-2, 1853_], 1839.
_Resolutions of meeting of delegates at Manchester, January 23, 1839._
Resolved--1. That this meeting of representatives from all the great
sections of our manufacturing and commercial population, solemnly
declare it to be their conviction that the prosperity of the great
staples upon which their capital and industry are employed, is in
imminent danger from the operation of the laws which interdict or
interfere with the exchange of their productions for the corn and other
produce of foreign nations, and thus check our trade, and artificially
enhance the price of food in this country; and believing that the facts
upon which this judgment is formed are little known, and of such
national importance as to call for their disclosure before the people's
representatives, they earnestly recommend that petitions be immediately
forwarded from all parts of the Kingdom, praying to be heard by counsel
and evidence at the bar of the House of Commons in the approaching
session of Parliament.
2. That in order to secure unity and efficiency of action this meeting
recommends that delegates be appointed by the several Anti-Corn-Law
Associations of the kingdom. Those manufacturing and commercial towns
not already possessing such societies are earnestly recommended to form
Anti-Corn-Law Associations; and in case they require information or
advice, they are invited to put themselves immediately in correspondence
with the Manchester Association, whose fundamental rule, prohibiting the
discussion of any party or political topics, is especially recommended
for the adoption of all similar bodies elsewhere.
3. That the agricultural proprietor, capitalist, and labourer are
benefited equally with the trader, by the creation and circulation of
the wealth of the country; and this meeting appeals to all those classes
to co-operate for the removal of a monopoly which, by restricting the
foreign commerce of the country, retards the increase of the population,
and restrains the growth of towns; thus depriving them of the manifold
resources to be derived from the augmenting numbers and wealth of the
country.
4. That this meeting cannot separate without expressing its deep
sympathy with the present privations of that great and valuable class of
their countrymen who earn their daily bread by the sweat of their brow;
many of whom are now suffering from hunger in the midst of boundless
fields of employment, rendered unproductive solely by those unjust laws
which prevent the exchange of the products of their industry for the
food of other countries. So long as a plentiful supply of the first
necessaries of life is denied by acts of the British legislation to the
great body of the nation, so long will the government and the country be
justly exposed to all the evils resulting from the discontent of the
people. With a view to avert so great a danger by an act of universal
justice, this meeting pledges itself to a united, energetic, and
persevering effort for the total and immediate repeal of all laws
affecting the free importation of grain.[397]
[Footnote 397: The Anti-Corn-Law League was created on the
recommendation of a delegate meeting, March 20 following.]
18. THE BANK CHARTER ACT [_Statutes 7 and 8 Victoria 32_], 1844.
An Act to regulate the Issue of Bank Notes, and for giving to the
Governor and Company of the Bank of England certain Privileges for a
limited Period.
Be it enacted that from and after the thirty-first day of August, one
thousand eight hundred and forty-four, the issue of Promissory Notes of
the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, payable on demand,
shall be separated and thenceforth kept wholly distinct from the general
Banking business of the said Governor and Company; and the business of
and relating to such issue shall be thenceforth conducted and carried
on by the said Governor and Company in a separate department, to be
called "The Issue Department of the Bank of England," subject to the
rules and regulations hereinafter contained; and it shall be lawful for
the Court of Directors of the said Governor and Company, if they shall
think fit, to appoint a committee or committees of directors for the
conduct and management of such Issue Department of the Bank of England,
and from time to time remove the members, and define, alter, and
regulate the constitution and powers of such committee, as they shall
think fit, subject to any bye-laws, rules or regulations which may be
made for that purpose: provided nevertheless, that the said Issue
Department shall always be kept separate and distinct from the Banking
Department of the said Governor and Company.
II. And be it enacted, that upon the thirty-first day of August, one
thousand eight hundred and forty-four, there shall be transferred,
appropriated, and set apart by the said Governor and Company to the
Issue Department of the Bank of England securities to the value of
fourteen million pounds, whereof the debt due by the public to the said
Governor and Company shall be and be deemed a part; and there shall also
at the same time be transferred, appropriated, and set apart by the said
Governor and Company to the said Issue Department so much of the gold
coin and gold and silver bullion then held by the Bank of England as
shall not be required by the Banking Department thereof; and thereupon
there shall be delivered out of the said Issue Department into the said
Banking Department of the Bank of England such an amount of Bank of
England notes as, together with the Bank of England notes then in
circulation, shall be equal to the aggregate amount of the securities,
coin and bullion so transferred to the said Issue Department of the Bank
of England; and the whole amount of Bank of England notes then in
circulation, including those delivered to the Banking Department of the
Bank of England as aforesaid, shall be deemed to be issued on the credit
of such securities, coin, and bullion so appropriated and set apart to
the said Issue Department; and from thenceforth it shall not be lawful
for the said Governor and Company to increase the amount of securities
for the time being in the said Issue Department, save as hereinafter is
mentioned, but it shall be lawful for the said Governor and Company to
diminish the amount of such securities, and again to increase the same
to any sum not exceeding in the whole the sum of fourteen million
pounds, and so from time to time as they shall see occasion; and from
and after such transfer and appropriation to the said Issue Department
as aforesaid it shall not be lawful for the said Governor and Company to
issue Bank of England notes, either into the Banking Department of the
Bank of England, or to any persons or person whatsoever, save in
exchange for other Bank of England notes, or for gold coin or for gold
or silver bullion received or purchased for the said Issue Department
under the provisions of this Act, or in exchange for securities acquired
and taken in the said Issue Department under the provisions herein
contained: provided always, that it shall be lawful for the said
Governor and Company in their Banking Department to issue all such Bank
of England notes as they shall at any time receive from the said Issue
Department or otherwise, in the same manner in all respects as such
issue would be lawful to any other person or persons.
IV. And be it enacted, that from and after the thirty-first day of
August, one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, all persons shall be
entitled to demand from the Issue Department of the Bank of England,
Bank of England notes in exchange for gold bullion, at the rate of three
pounds, seventeen shillings and ninepence per ounce of standard gold.
Provided always, that the said Governor and Company shall in all cases
be entitled to require such gold bullion to be melted and assayed by
persons approved by the said Governor and Company at the expense of the
parties tendering such gold bullion.
V. Provided always, and be it enacted, that if any banker who on the
sixth day of May one thousand eight hundred and forty-four was issuing
his own bank notes, shall cease to issue his own bank notes, it shall be
lawful for Her Majesty in Council at any time after the cessation of
such issue, upon the application of the said Governor and Company, to
authorize and empower the said Governor and Company to increase the
amount of securities in the said Issue Department beyond the total sum
or value of fourteen million pounds, and thereupon to issue additional
Bank of England notes to an amount not exceeding such increased amount
of securities specified in such Order in Council, and so from time to
time: provided always that such increased amount of securities specified
in such Order in Council shall in no case exceed the proportion of two
thirds the amount of bank notes which the banker so ceasing to issue may
have been authorized to issue under the provisions of this Act; and
every such order in Council shall be published in the next succeeding
_London Gazette_.
XII. And be it enacted, that if any banker in any part of the United
Kingdom who after the passing of this act shall be entitled to issue
bank notes shall become bankrupt, or shall cease to carry on the
business of a banker, or shall discontinue the issue of bank notes,
either by agreement with the Governor and Company of the Bank of England
or otherwise, it shall not be lawful for such Banker at any time
thereafter to issue any such notes.
XIV. Provided always, and be it enacted, That if it shall be made to
appear to the Commissioners of stamps and taxes that any two or more
banks have, by written contract or agreement (which contract or
agreement shall be produced to the said Commissioners), become united
within the twelve weeks next preceding such twenty-seventh day of April
as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the said Commissioners to ascertain
the average amount of the notes of each such bank in the manner
hereinbefore directed, and to certify the average amount of the notes of
the two or more banks so united as the amount which the united Bank
shall thereafter be authorized to issue, subject to the regulations of
this Act.
19. DEBATE ON THE CORN LAWS [_Parliamentary Debates, 3rd Series, Vol.
73, Cols. 68, 69-71, 849-850, 1345-1347_], 1846.
_Address in Answer to Her Majesty's Speech, January 22nd, 1846._
_House of Commons._
_Sir Robert Peel._
Sir, the immediate cause which led to the dissolution of the Government
in the early part of last December, was that great and mysterious
calamity which caused a lamentable failure in an article of food on
which great numbers of the people in this part of the United Kingdom,
and still larger numbers in the sister kingdom, depended mainly for
their subsistence. That was the immediate and proximate cause, which led
to the dissolution of the Government. But it would be unfair and
uncandid on my part, if I attached undue importance to that particular
cause. It certainly appeared to me to preclude further delay, and to
require immediate decision--decision not only upon the measures which it
was necessary at the time to adopt, but also as to the course to be
ultimately taken with regard to the laws which govern the importation of
grain. I will not assign to that cause too much weight. I will not
withhold the homage which is due to the progress of reason and to truth,
by denying that my opinions on the subject of protection have undergone
a change.
* * * * *
Sir, those who contend for the removal of impediments upon the import of
a great article of subsistence, such as corn, start with an immense
advantage in the argument. The natural presumption is in favour of free
and unrestricted importation. It may, indeed, be possible to combat that
presumption; it may be possible to meet its advocates in the field of
argument, by showing that there are other and greater advantages arising
out of the system of prohibition than out of the system of unrestricted
intercourse; but even those who so contend will, I think, admit that the
natural feelings of mankind are strongly in favour of the absence of all
restriction, and that the presumption is so strong, that we must combat
it by an avowal of some great public danger to be avoided, or some great
public benefit to be obtained by restriction on the importation of food.
We all admit that the argument in favour of high protection or
prohibition on the ground that it is for the benefit of a particular
class, is untenable. The most strenuous advocates for protection have
abandoned that argument; they rest, and wisely rest, the defence of
protective duties upon higher principles. They have alleged, as I have
myself alleged, that there were public reasons for retaining this
protection. Sir, circumstances made it absolutely necessary for me,
occupying the public station I do, and seeing the duty that must
unavoidably devolve on me--it became absolutely necessary for me
maturely to consider whether the grounds on which an alteration of the
Corn Laws can be resisted are tenable. The arguments in favour of
protection must be based either on the principle that protection to
domestic industry is in itself sound policy, and that, therefore,
agriculture, being a branch of domestic industry, is entitled to share
in that protection; or, that in a country like ours, encumbered with an
enormous load of debt, and subject to great taxation, it is necessary
that domestic industry should be protected from competition with
foreigners; or, again--the interests of the great body of the community,
the laborious classes, being committed in this question--that the rate
of wages varies with the price of provisions, that high prices imply
high wages, and that low wages are the concomitants of low prices.
Further, it may be said, that the land is entitled to protection on
account of some peculiar burdens which it bears. But that is a question
of justice rather than of policy; I have always felt and maintained that
the land is subject to peculiar burdens; but you have the power of
weakening the force of that argument by the removal of the burden, or
making compensation. The first three objections to the removal of
protection are objections founded on considerations of public policy.
The last is a question of justice, which may be determined by giving
some counterbalancing advantage. Now, I want not to deprive those who,
arguing _a priori_, without the benefit of experience, have come to the
conclusion that protection is objectionable in principle--I want not to
deprive them of any of the credit which is fairly their due. Reason,
unaided by experience, brought conviction to their minds. My opinions
have been modified by the experience of the last three years. I have had
the means and opportunity of comparing the results of periods of
abundance and low prices with periods of scarcity and high prices. I
have carefully watched the effects of the one system, and of the
other--first, of the policy we have been steadily pursuing for some
years, viz., the removal of protection from domestic industry; and next,
of the policy which the friends of protection recommend. I have also had
an opportunity of marking from day to day the effect upon great social
interests of freedom of trade and comparative abundance. I have not
failed to note the results of preceding years, and to contrast them with
the results of the last three years; and I am led to the conclusion that
the main grounds of public policy on which protection has been defended
are not tenable; at least, I cannot maintain them. I do not believe,
after the experience of the last three years, that the rate of wages
varies with the price of food. I do not believe that with high prices,
wages will necessarily rise in the same ratio. I do not believe that a
low price of food necessarily implies a low rate of wages. Neither can I
maintain that protection to domestic industry is necessarily good.
_Adjourned Debate. February 13, 1846._
_House of Commons._
SIR DOUGLAS HOWARD said:[398]
I have often imagined--and it was for this that I moved for, and
obtained the order of this House for, the extensive returns which are
now preparing, namely, the various colonial tariffs and commercial
relations at present subsisting between all the Colonies of the Empire
and the mother country, and between the Colonies themselves--that it
might really be possible to treat Colonies like counties of the country,
not only in direct trade with the United Kingdom, but in commercial
intercourse with each other, by free trade among ourselves, under a
reasonable moderate degree of protection from without, and so resolve
the United Kingdom, and all her Colonies and possessions, into a
commercial union such as might defy all rivalry, and defeat all
combinations. Then might colonization proceed on a gigantic scale--then
might British capital animate British labour, on British soil, for
British objects, throughout the extended dominions of the British
Empire. Such an union is the United States of America--a confederation
of sovereign States, leagued together for commercial and political
purposes, with the most perfect free trade within, and a stringent
protection from without; and signally, surely, has that commercial
league succeeded and flourished. Such an union, too, is the German
Customs League; and it has succeeded to an extent that really is, in so
short a time, miraculous. But free trade--the extinction of the
protective principle--the repeal of the differential duties--would at
once convert all our Colonies, in a commercial sense, into as many
independent States. The colonial consumer of British productions would
then be released from his part of the compact--that of dealing, in
preference, with the British producer; and the British consumer of such
articles as the Colonies produce, absolved from his; each party would be
free to buy in the cheapest, and sell in the dearest market. I defy any
hon. member opposite to say that this would not be a virtual dissolution
of the colonial system.
_Adjourned Debate. February 20, 1846._
MR. B. DISRAELI:[399]
I have now nearly concluded the observations which I shall address to
the House. I have omitted a great deal which I wished to urge upon the
House; and I sincerely wish that what I have said had been urged with
more ability; but I have endeavoured not to make a mere Corn Law speech;
I have only taken corn as an illustration; but I don't like my friends
here to enter upon that Corn Law debate which I suppose is impending,
under a mistaken notion of the position in which they stand. I never did
rest my defence of the Corn Laws on the burdens to which the land is
subject. I believe that there are burdens, heavy burdens, on the land;
but the land has great honours, and he who has great honours must have
great burdens. But I wish them to bear in mind that their cause must be
sustained by great principles. I venture feebly and slightly to indicate
those principles, principles of high policy, on which their system ought
to be sustained. First, without reference to England, looking at all
countries, I say that it is the first duty of the Minister, and the
first interest of the State, to maintain a balance between the two great
branches of national industry; that is a principle which has been
recognised by all great Ministers for the last two hundred years; and
the reasons upon which it rests are so obvious, that it can hardly be
necessary to mention them. Why we should maintain that balance between
the two great branches of national industry, involves political
considerations--social considerations, affecting the happiness,
prosperity, and morality of the people, as well as the stability of the
State. But I go further; I say that in England we are bound to do
more--I repeat what I have repeated before, that in this country there
are special reasons why we should not only maintain the balance between
the two branches of our national industry, but why we should give a
preponderance--I do not say a predominance, which was the word ascribed
by the hon. member for Manchester to the noble lord the member for
London, but which he never used--why we should give a preponderance, for
that is the proper and constitutional word, to the agricultural branch;
and the reason is, because in England we have a territorial
Constitution. We have thrown upon the land the revenues of the Church,
the administration of justice, and the estate of the poor; and this has
been done, not to gratify the pride, or pamper the luxury of the
proprietors of the land, but because, in a territorial Constitution,
you, and those whom you have succeeded, have found the only security for
self-government--the only barrier against that centralising system which
has taken root in other countries. I have always maintained these
opinions; my constituents are not landlords; they are not aristocrats;
they are not great capitalists; they are the children of industry and
toil; and they believe, first, that their material interests are
involved in a system which favours native industry, by insuring at the
same time real competition; but they believe also that their social and
political interests are involved in a system by which their rights and
liberties have been guaranteed; and I agree with them--I have these
old-fashioned notions. I know that we have been told, and by one who on
this subject should be the highest authority, that we shall derive from
this great struggle, not merely the repeal of the Corn Laws, but the
transfer of power from one class to another--to one distinguished for
its intelligence and wealth, the manufacturers of England. My conscience
assures me that I have not been slow in doing justice to the
intelligence of that class; certain I am, that I am not one of those who
envy them their wide and deserved prosperity; but I must confess my deep
mortification, that in an age of political regeneration, when all social
evils are ascribed to the operation of class interests, it should be
suggested that we are to be rescued from the alleged power of one class
only to sink under the avowed dominion of another. I, for one, if this
is to be the end of all our struggles--if this is to be the great result
of this enlightened age--I, for one, protest against the ignominious
catastrophe. I believe that the monarchy of England, its sovereignty
mitigated by the acknowledged authority of the estates of the realm, has
its root in the hearts of the people, and is capable of securing the
happiness of the nation and the power of the State. But, Sir, if this be
a worn-out dream; if, indeed, there is to be a change, I, for one,
anxious as I am to maintain the present polity of this country, ready to
make as many sacrifices as any man for that object--if there is to be
this great change, I, for one, hope that the foundations of it may be
deep, the scheme comprehensive, and that instead of falling under such a
thraldom, under the thraldom of Capital--under the thraldom of those
who, while they boast of their intelligence, are more proud of their
wealth--if we must find a new force to maintain the ancient throne and
immemorial monarchy of England, I, for one, hope that we may find that
novel power in the invigorating energies of an educated and enfranchised
people.
[Footnote 398: _Ibid._ cols. 849-50.]
[Footnote 399: _Ibid._, cols. 1345-1347.]
INDEX
Acts of Parliament (_see_ Statutes)
Administration, central (_see_ Chancery, Commissions, Councils,
Crown, Exchequer, House of Commons, Parliament, Statutes);
local (_see_ Boroughs, County Courts, Hundreds, Justices,
Parishes, Sheriffs)
Agrarian changes, in Middle Ages, 53, 54, 83, 85-87;
in Tudor and Stuart periods, 227, 228, 234-277;
in 18th and 19th centuries, 523, 524, 525-542, 552
Agriculture, advantages of large scale, 530, 531;
capitalist, 228;
depression of, in 16th century, 407-412;
effect of Corn Laws on, 692-698 (_see also_ Corn Laws);
encouragement of, by Tudor and Stuart monarchy, 229, 260-277, 428-430;
improvements in, effected in 18th century, 523, 526, 530, 531, 532-536;
manorial, 3-9, 16, 17, 53-110, 227-277;
do., developments in, 53, 54, 83, 85-87;
provision for harvest labour, 78, 173, 328, 329, 347, 648;
reaction of commerce and industry on, 582, 697;
state of, in 18th and 19th centuries, 523-542 (_see also_ Arable,
Commons, Common Fields, Depopulation, Enclosures, Land, Manor,
Pasture, Smallholders)
Agriculture, Board of, surveys of, 524, 532-536
Agricultural houses and buildings, decay and restoration of, 267, 268,
272, 275, 276, 324, 392, 536, 567
Agricultural labourers, 7, 8, 62-64, 78, 164, 165, 170, 171-174,176-178,
324, 353, 355, 408;
apprenticeship of, 324, 325, 330, 388;
combinations of, 55, 105-110, 552, 553, 638-640;
condition of, in 19th century, 695, 696;
hiring of, 164-168, 170-174, 176-178;
housing of, 567;
regulation of conditions of service of, 171-178, 325-333, 352, 360, 361;
regulation of hours of, 327;
regulation of wages of, 173, 177, 328, 329, 342, 343, 346, 347, 351,
353, 360, 361, 405, 546, 547, 552-554;
restrictions of, as to apprenticeship to crafts, 174, 361
Alehouses, taverns, 378, 473, 536;
increase of, in 18th century, 489;
meeting of journeymen associations in, 624;
patent for licensing of, 442;
payment of wages in, prohibited, 599
Aliens, burgesses of English towns, 27, 28_n_;
jealousy of, 153, 186, 199, 200
Alien craftsmen, imported into Ireland, 471;
in London, 195-197, 199
Alien merchants, 127, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 192-195, 197-199, 420;
admitted to a London company, 309;
arrest of goods of, 189, 190;
customs granted by, 208-216;
freedom of trade granted to, 127, 152, 209, 212;
of Almain, 194;
of Flanders, 193, 194;
of France, 192, 193;
of Italy, 43, 127, 199, 420-424
Almshouses, 483
Anti-Corn-Law League, foundation of, 701.
Anti-Slavery Society, 593
Apprentices, 113, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143, 147, 231, 282, 283, 295, 296,
300, 305, 307, 324-326, 330-334, 341, 344, 345, 348, 353, 356, 361,
437, 444, 455, 499, 500;
disciplinary rules touching, 113, 147, 345;
in factories, 571, 572;
fees exacted from, 284-286;
limitation of numbers of, in textile industry, 322;
oaths exacted from by masters, 285, 286;
pauper, 381, 505;
proportion of, to journeymen, regulations as to, 332, 550, 551, 573, 574;
runaway, 148;
unindentured, 353
Apprenticeship, 138, 174, 314, 479, 499, 500, 588, 589;
custom of London as to, 330;
debates in House of Commons on, 577-588;
effect of compulsory, on marriage, 322, 323_n_, 344;
enactment as to age of ending, 323, 344;
enforcement of statute as to, 386;
evasion of, by a company, 310;
fees on entering and leaving, 280;
half-pay, 590;
indentures of, 113, 147, 295;
municipal regulation of, 295, 305-307;
of agricultural labourers, 325, 330, 388;
to crafts, restricted, 174, 361;
of pauper children, 381, 388, 504, 652;
to woollen industry, 499, 500
Approvers, criminal, 39
Arable land, conversion of, to pasture, 55, 260-277, 392, 407, 408, 409;
enclosure of (_see_ Enclosure);
on a 14th century manor, 56
Artificers, Statute of (_see_ Statutes)
Assarts, 89
Assizes, 88, 89, 93, 97;
grand, 95;
of bread and ale, 37, 80, 117, 118, 133, 152, 155, 156, 388;
of cloth, 152, 154, 155, 319;
suspension of, 319, 320;
of _mort d'ancestor_, 94;
of novel disseisin, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97_n_;
of weights and measures, 152, 154, 377, 388;
of wine, 152
Ball, John, and the Peasants' Revolt, 109
Bankers and Banking, 398, 420
Bankrupts, 474
Banks, 506;
country, 681
Bank of England, 667;
foundation of, 668, 676;
suspension of cash payments by, 681
Bee-keeping, 7
Beer, patent for export of, 442
Beggars, 166, 174, 175, 176, 324, 388, 483;
licensing of, 363, 364, 366
(_see also_ Poor, Vagrants)
Berlin Decrees, effect of, on commerce, 690, 692
Black Death, the, 54, 55, 65_n_, 102, 103, 104, 105, 164
Blackwell Hall, the London cloth market, 440, 460, 492-495
Bondage land (_see_ Villeinage)
Bondmen (_see_ Villeins)
Bordiers, 16, 17;
in boroughs, 12, 13
Boroughs and towns, 10-25, 279-312;
in Domesday Book, 4;
affiliation of, 112, 124;
assessment of wages by, 315;
bakehouses in, 13;
bondmen received in, 121, 125;
charters to (_see_ Charters);
charters to, confiscated 257;
courts in, 12, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 129, 131, 132;
crimes in, fines and forfeitures for, 14, 15;
customs in, 10-14;
bequest of burgages, 117;
cannemol, 133;
gyeresyeve, 120;
scotale, 120;
decay of, alleged, 180, 425;
election of officers in, 118, 120, 121, 257;
exclusiveness of, 118;
farmers of, 131;
farms of, 10-14, 37, 119, 123, 292;
fines, gersums, in, 12;
gildhalls in, 4, 10, 129, 137, 141, 142, 144;
hansing-silver exacted in, 128;
hosting in, 160;
hosting of aliens in, 197-199, 209, 212, 213;
housecarles in, 14;
hue and cry in, 160;
Jewries in, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50;
the king's, tallage assessed on, 35;
king's demesne in, 13;
lords of, 32;
lords of, disputes with and complaints against, 123, 128, 131;
mayors and bailiffs of, 32, 48, 118, 121, 122, 130, 132, 136-145, 147,
157, 160, 165, 166, 172-175, 181, 189, 192, 195, 200-202, 206, 214, 216,
231, 282-284, 294-297, 299, 303, 309, 327-329, 332, 333, 340, 366, 367,
370-372;
origin of, 111;
reeves of, 10, 32, 155;
rents in, 10, 13, 14, 15;
rents in, enhancement of, 521;
sanitary conditions in, in nineteenth century, 519, 520;
do, recommendations for improvement of, 614-616;
stewards of, 117, 118;
supervision of strangers in, 160;
watch and ward in, 160, 389
(_see also_ Market Towns)
Borough tolls, 10, 112, 119-123, 125-127, 131-135, 212, 282;
disputes touching, 121, 126;
exemption from, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127;
exemption of Jews from, 45;
intermunicipal agreement on, 126
(_see also_ Lastage, Murage, Passage, Pavage, Pesage, Pontage,
Stallage)
Bracton, quotations from, 75_n._, 97_n._, 126
Bracton's Note Book, 88-90, 92, 93, 95-97
Brewers, Stuart patent for licensing, 473
Bridewells, 370, 371
(_see also_ Houses of Correction, Workhouses)
Brokerage, 422, 423
Bullion, export of, 203, 216-223, 398, 416, 419, 420, 668, 671, 672;
free coinage of, at the Mint, 674
(_see also_ Currency, Mint).
Burgage tenure, 117
Cabots, the, 400-402
Calico-printers, journeymen, grievances of, 573-576
Capital, discussion on employment of, in factories, 606, 607
Capitalism, Disraeli's protest against domination of, 710, 711;
growth of, 668;
in textile industries, 314, 315, 317, 320-322;
in agriculture, 228
Capitalists, 561;
mercantile, 280
Cartbote, 242
Cecil, Lord, industrial programme of, 323-324
Chancery, court of, 106, 146, 150, 236;
appeals to, by an alleged villein, 100;
by copyholders, 85, 234, 241;
by a craftsman, 148, 199;
by a woolmerchant, 186;
touching usury, 201;
certifications into, 328;
equitable jurisdiction of, 87, 148_n._, 228;
original writs of, 48;
patents to make writs and file bills in, 441, 442;
protection of customary tenure in, 87_n._, 228, 235, 241
Chantries, 286-293
Charters, 152, 153;
of Henry II., 45, 124, 308;
of Richard I., 125;
of John, 44, 121, 122, 124, 126, 158;
of Henry III., 119, 124, 126, 127, 192;
of Edward I., 158, 164, 208, 211;
of Edward III., 119_n._, 211;
of Gilbert de Clare, 116;
to alien towns and merchants, 152, 192, 194, 199, 208, 211;
to boroughs, 116, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127;
to craft-gilds and companies, 144, 303, 308, 399, 427, 454, 461.
Chartists, 618;
manifestoes of, 618, 641, 642.
Chevage, 72, 73, 74, 75
Child-labour, 436;
half-timers, 613;
Oastler's campaign against, 544, 592-594;
in coalmines, 516-9, 598, 599;
in factories, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573, 591-595,
600, 609, 610, 612-614;
in woollen industry, 483
Children's Employment Commission, 600, 603.
Churches, free fees of, exempted from taxation, 33
Churchwardens, administrative duties of, touching labour and poor
relief, 324, 648
Civil War, the, 310, 399, 475
Cloth, assize of, 152, 154, 155, 319;
suspension of, 319, 320;
aulnage of, 163, 164;
customs on (_see Customs_);
industry (_see_ Woollen Cloth);
retailing of, 131 (_see also_ Woollen Cloth)
Coal Industry, commission on employment in, 480, 516-519;
condition of, in 18th century, 479, 491-492;
act regulating, 598;
dispute between employers and workmen in, 625;
hours of labour in, 517-519;
inspectors of, 598;
production, transport and distribution in, 491, 492;
regulation of prices and limitation of output in, 497-499;
woman and child labour in, 516-519, 598, 599
Coin, clipping of, 678
Colonial preference, 708
Colonies, advantages of, 434-438;
effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674;
wages in, 315, 360
Combinations, of masters, 590, 634;
of journeymen, 138-141, 196, 549, 560, 583, 590, 617-643;
of agricultural labourers, 105-110, 552, 553, 618, 638-641;
of bricklayers, 624;
of carpenters, 624;
of coach-makers, curriers, farriers, smiths and sailmakers, 623;
of coalminers, 625;
of feltmakers, 617, 619-622;
of joiners, 624;
of tailors, 617, 618, 622-624;
of woolcombers, 617, 626
Combination Acts, 575, 618, 626, 627-631, 633, 636-638;
repeal of, 633
Commissions, Royal, on depopulation, 276, 277_n_;
on enclosure, 229, 262, 262_n._;
on child labour, 600, 603;
on health in towns, 614-616;
on industrial conditions, in textile industry, 316;
in coal mines, 480, 516-519;
on Poor Law, 661;
petitions for, 260
Common fields, 54;
disadvantages of, 527;
distribution of strips in, 22, 55, 73, 76;
enclosure of, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541;
regulation of, 76-79;
system, 54
Common Law, and copyholders, 86, 87, 88, 228, 241, 255;
and enclosure, 88, 89, 271;
and villeinage, 89-97;
and restraint of trade, 305-307, 315, 361, 362;
and engrossing of corn, 393;
and monopolies, 466;
and combinations, 618, 634-636
Common pasture, 57, 58, 77, 88, 89, 259, 531;
enclosure of, 88, 89, 257;
in boroughs, 119;
rights of, stinted by agreement, 256
Commons or Wastes, 54, 249;
enclosure of, 54, 55, 63, 64, 87, 88, 244, 256, 257, 526-529, 532,
534, 540, 541;
encroachments on, 54, 63, 64, 542;
objection to lords commoning on, 248;
rights on, 54, 529, 531, 534, 535, 538, 541
Companies, Industrial, 280 (_see also_ Craft-gilds, Mining);
Stuart patents of incorporation of, revoked, 474
Companies, Mercantile, monopoly of, discussed, 443-453;
Staplers, 153, 178-186, 484, 485;
Merchant Adventurers, 302, 398, 399, 402-404, 446, 447, 449, 450,
452, 453, 454;
new company of, incorporation of, 454-460;
East India Company, interlopers and, 675;
Eastland Company, 399;
Muscovy Company, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453;
Turkey Company, 431, 450
Co-operative Societies, 618, 643
Copyhold, 228, 234-240, 248-250, 254-259, 326, 527, 528, 538;
conversion of, to leasehold, 538;
eviction from, 85-87 (_see also_ Customary holdings, Villeinage)
Copyholders, 228, 244;
of inheritance, 258 (_see also_ Customary tenants, Villeins)
Corn-badgers, 365, 375-377, 385, 386;
-carriers, 326, 375, 376, 385, 487, 488;
-factors, 487-491;
engrossing and engrossers of, 376, 386, 389, 391-396;
export and import of, 398, 407-411, 424, 428-430, 487;
do., discussed, 274, 407-412;
Laws, of 1815, 697;
do., debates on, 692, 705;
do., repeal of, 523;
price of, fluctuations in, 368;
do., means of enhancing, 407-412;
production of, fluctuations in, 273-275;
regulation of price and distribution of, 367, 368, 374-378, 385, 386,
389, 391-396;
trade, condition of, in 18th century, 479, 487-491 (_see also_
Customs)
Coroners, 27, 38, 39
Cost of living, in 19th century, 521
Costermongers, excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356
Cotters, cotmen, 5, 9, 61, 63, 65, 242
Cotton industry, in the 18th and 19th centuries, 545, 546, 571, 572,
576, 577;
arbitration on disputes in, 544, 568-571;
depression of wages in, 500, 501;
fluctuations in, 480;
introduction of power loom weaving in, 505-510;
petition of journeymen in, to House of Commons, 480, 500 (_see also_
Factories)
Council, the King's, 48;
Privy, 328, 455, 473, 474;
intervention of, 229;
for the protection of tenants, 266;
for the regulation of wages, 316;
for the regulation of prices, 365, 368;
for the relief of the poor, 363, 364, 379, 382-384, 390, 649;
of the North, 429, 430;
of Wales, 429, 430
Council, Orders in, effect of, on industry and commerce, 480, 691
County courts, 34, 94
Courts, Royal (_see_ Chancery, Requests, Star Chamber, Wards and
Liveries)
Craft-gilds, 111, 131, 133, 279, 315;
adulterine, 114-116;
censured, 296;
charters to, protected in the Statute of Monopolies, 467;
common box of, 136, 137;
control of trade and industry by, 136-147, 284, 297-299, 300, 303,
307-311, 345;
dependence of industrial on mercantile, 302-305;
election of officers of, 137, 138, 142, 145, 309, 310, 311;
exclusiveness of, 142, 143, 145, 280, 282, 299, 307, 361;
incorporation of, 113, 144, 305, 308, 474;
litigation of, 311;
the livery of, 310;
monopoly of, 280, 306, 311;
municipal control of, 137-144, 147;
ordinances of, 136-144, 195-197, 297;
state supervision of, 113, 279, 284, 285, 286, 306, 307;
religious aspect of, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 280, 289, 290;
restraint of trading by, 469;
(_see also_ Apprentices, Journeymen, Yeomanry)
Craft-gilds and Companies of London, Clothworkers, 300-302;
Feltmakers, 302;
incorporation of, 303;
Haberdashers, 302-304;
incorporation of, 144-146;
Weavers, alien, ordinances of, 195-197;
Whitetawyers, ordinances of, 136-138
Craftsmen, alien, ordinances of, 195;
classification of, in Tudor period, 414;
desire of, for cheap corn, 409;
for protection, 426;
excessive prices charged by, 165, 166, 168, 169;
excluded from operation of Statute of Artificers, 356;
licensed to exercise more than one craft, 70;
limited to one craft, 70, 294, 295, 306, 321 (_see also_
Apprentices, Industry, Journeymen, Labour, Labourers, Prices, Wages)
Credit, trading on, 305, 416-418, 420-424, 493-495
Crown, indebtedness of the, 153, 416-418
Currency, condition of, in fourteenth century, 217-223;
in seventeenth century, 668, 677, 678;
debasement of, 398, 405, 406, 416-418;
discussions on, 220, 405;
provisions for, 180, 181;
recoinage of Queen Elizabeth, 419, 677;
recoinage of 1696, 668, 677, 678 (_see also_ Bullion, Mint)
Customary holdings, 228;
alienation of, 243, 258;
bequest of, 233, 234;
cotlands, 63;
custom touching inheritance of, 233, 234;
dayworks, 64;
division of, among heirs, 232;
eviction from, 254, 255, 263;
fines for entry on, 66, 67, 68, 69, 86, 229, 233, 235, 238, 239, 240,
249, 251, 259;
do., enhancement of, 229, 249, 251, 253, 255, 265;
forelands, 62;
forfeited, 242, 243;
lease of, 55, 76, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 235, 238, 241, 242, 254,
255, 258, 259;
oxgangs, 258;
sale and purchase of, 233, 234;
yardlands, 242 (_see also_ Copyhold, Landmeasures, Leasehold, Manor)
Customary tenants, 5-9, 23, 24, 54, 80-86, 228, 232-246, 251-255;
eviction of, 364;
grant of manor to, 81;
lease of manor to, 81 (_see also_ Bordiers, Copyholders, Cotters,
Manor, Serfs, Villeins)
Customary tenure, 54, 55
Customs, the, in Middle Ages, 203, 207-216;
in London and the outports, contrasted, 445;
in American colonies, suggested, 673;
on imports, 211-216, 401;
exemption of the Cabots from, 401;
on cloth, 403, 412, 417, 440, 459, 469, 471;
on coal, 472;
on exported corn, 398, 407, 430;
on wine, 208, 214;
on wool, 207, 215, 407, 413
Debt, the National, 676, 677;
measures for reduction of, 679-681
Debts, recovery of, in Middle Ages, 161-163, 192
Defoe, Daniel, his accounts of eighteenth century industrial and trade
conditions, 482-492;
his criticism of Poor Laws, 649
Demesne, ancient, 36, 89;
tenants of, 36, 55, 90, 91
Demesne lands, in boroughs, 132;
in manors, 6, 9, 16, 17, 32, 33, 54, 56, 57, 64, 228, 237, 238, 240,
245, 246, 254, 258, 259;
farmers of, 228;
lease of, 259;
lying in scattered strips, 76
Demesnes, the king's, 21, 36, 161;
tallage assessed on, 35, 65
Depopulation, caused by the Black Death, 65-68, 102, 164;
in rural districts, 267, 269, 395, 531, 536;
acts against, 229, 260, 270_n._, 315
_Dialogus de Scaccario_, 4_n._
Diminishing Returns, Law of, 272
Discovery, voyages of, 400-402
Disraeli, Benjamin, protest of, against capitalist domination, 710, 711
Domesday Book, 3, 4, 20, 40_n_, 54;
extracts from, 9-17
Domestic System, 355, 483, 508
Dorchester Agricultural Labourers Union, 618, 638-641;
rules of, 640, 641
Dyeing, English and foreign, 155, 432, 433
Dyers of Bristol, ordinances of, 141-144
Eastland Merchants, 399
Economic theory and opinion, in eighteenth century, 488, 559, 590, 668;
of state regulation, 365 (_see also_ Mercantile Theory)
Education, of working classes, 611, 711 (_see also_ Schools,
industrial)
Edward I, charters of, 158, 164;
enquiry of, touching royal rights and feudal liberties, 36-40
Enclosures of land, in Middle Ages, 54, 229;
in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 229, 247, 248_n._, 389;
in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 482, 483, 523-542;
advocated, 526, 527;
effect of, on cottagers, 532;
expense of fencing, 535, 539;
petition against, 531;
speeches in House of Commons on, 270-275;
statutes against, 247;
by Act of Parliament, 523, 528, 532-542;
do., expense of, 532, 535_n._;
by agreement ratified in Chancery, 523, 525, 526, 530;
of arable, 260-277, 408;
of common fields, 73, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 540, 541;
of common pasture, 88, 89, 257;
of waste, 54, 55, 87, 88, 244, 526-529, 532, 534, 540, 541;
Consolidating Act, 537;
General Act, 541
Encroachments (_see_ Purprestures)
Escheat (_see_ Feudal Incidents)
Escheators, 20, 23-26, 30, 31, 40, 107-110, 249, 250;
offences of, 40;
office of, 20, 21
Exchange, letters of, 421-424
Exchanges, foreign, fluctuations and manipulation of, 398, 416-424;
tax on, 398, 420-424;
certifications into, 35, 47;
fines paid in, 34
Excise, 399, 475-6, 667;
imposition of, in lieu of feudal dues, 670;
Walpole's proposal for, on salt, 678-9
Factories, growth of, checked in Tudor Period, 320, 321, 344;
cotton, 495, 496, 591 (_see also_ Cotton Industry);
child labour in, 480, 495, 496, 502-505, 510-516, 544, 571-573,
591-595, 600, 609, 610, 612-614;
effect of, on health of operatives 495, 496, 503-505, 511, 514-516,
609, 610;
hours of labour in, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614;
inspection of, by magistrates and parsons, 572, 573;
do., by state inspectors, 595, 609, 610, 612;
wages in, 512, 513;
woman labour in, 614
Factory Acts, 480, 503, 504, 544, 545, 571-573, 591, 594-596, 612-614;
alleged failure of, 608;
debate on, in House of Commons, 599-612
Factory system, 320_n._
Fairs, 121, 152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 188, 193, 209, 210,
213, 340, 421, 484;
courts of, proceedings in, 159, 162, 163, 188, 193;
granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158;
tolls at, 119
Fealty, 70
Felony, concealment of, 38
Feltmakers, journeymen, strike of, 617, 619-622
Feodary, 21, 249
Feudal, army, 4;
commendation, 11, 16;
commutation of services for rent, 21;
courts or sokes, 12, 15, 16;
customs and services, 5, 37;
do., castleguard, 29;
do., foreign, 29;
do., commutations of, 27;
franchises and liberties, 4, 39, 152 (_see also_ Gallows,
Frankpledge, Infangenethef, Sac and soc);
do., enquiry touching, 36-40;
incidents, escheat, 33, 36, 81, 82, 83;
do., relief, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242;
do., wardship and marriage, 26, 27, 29-31, 34, 40, 65, 68, 69, 237,
250, 670;
knight's fees, 21, 33, 34, 36, 38;
do., the king's, alienation of, 36;
subinfeudation, 21, 28, 29;
tenants, thegns, 14, 15;
tenures, frankalmoin, 12, 22, 32, 90;
do., knight service, 13, 15, 21, 23, 27, 32, 34, 69, 123, 670;
do., payment of fines in lieu of, 34;
do., serjeanty, 21, 27, 33, 34;
do., grand, 24;
do., petty, 25;
socage, free, 26, 670
Feudal System, the, 19-22;
documents illustrating, 22-41
Firebote, 242
Fiscal policy, documents illustrating, 207-216, 416, 424, 440-476, 667,
670, 671, 672-674, 689-702, 705-711
Fishing, fishmongers and fishermen, 133, 166, 326, 435
Forelanders, 62
Forestallers, 168, 388
Frankpledge, view of, 65, 80, 82, 84, 156
Free trade, 468_n._;
arguments for, 696, 698-701;
Sir Edwin Sandys' Bill for, 399, 443-453
Freehold, 48, 88, 89, 90, 93, 97 250, 324, 326, 332
Freeholders, 23, 65, 87, 91, 228, 248, 255, 256, 257, 526
Freemen, 7, 9, 16, 17, 32, 96, 101;
marriage of, to bondwomen, 72
French Revolution, 590
French wars, in 18th and 19th centuries, effect of, on industry and
commerce, 480, 501, 544, 689, 690
Friendly Societies, 561, 566, 640
Gallows, feudal liberty of, 37, 156
Gatebote, 242
Gebur, 6
Geneat, 5
_Gerefa_, 3
Gigmills, 442
Gild, at Dover, 4, 10
Gilds, craft (_see_ Craft-gilds)
Gilds, lands of, confiscation of, 280, 286-294;
do., exceptions to, 291-294;
do., distribution of, by agreement, 267
Gilds, merchant, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127,
128, 129, 130, 131;
characteristic features of, defined, 130;
disputes of, with lords, 123, 128;
privileges of, 123;
restraint of trade by, 123
Gilds, social, 148-150
Half-time Child Labour, 613
Health, Public, effect of factory conditions on, 496, 503-505, 511,
514-516, 609, 610;
in towns, 519, 520;
recommendations of commission on, 614-616;
provision for, in factories (_see_ Factory Acts)
Hedgebote, 242
Henry II., charters of, 45, 124, 308
Henry III., charters of, 119, 124, 126, 127
Heriots, 65, 84, 116, 242
Highways, enlarged for safety of merchants and travellers, 160, 161
Homage, 59, 70, 123
House of Commons, Bills in, on labourers and wages (1388), 176;
on minimum rates in textile industry (1593), 336;
on free trade (1604), 443;
on minimum wages (1795), 554;
on factories (1844), 599;
debates in, on enclosures (1597, 1601), 270-275;
on the confiscation of gild lands (1548), 292;
on salt duties (1732), 678;
on Whitbread's minimum wage bill (1795), 554;
on the income tax (1798), 683;
on apprenticeship (1813-14), 577;
on the Corn Laws (1815, 1846), 692, 705;
on factory legislation (1844), 599;
petitions of journeymen to, 307-312, 573, 624
Housebote, 242
Houses of Correction, 364, 378, 381, 389, 627 (_see also_ Bridewells,
Workhouses)
Hundred aid, 80
Hundred, the, as a geographical unit, 12, 17;
as an administrative unit, 9, 32, 36-38, 47, 111, 172, 174, 324, 327,
374, 379, 384;
as a feudal liberty, 15, 37, 117; bailiffs of, 32;
farms of, 36-37;
do., enhancement of, 38
Hurdle, punishment of the, 157
Income Tax, 667;
objections to, 688;
Pitt's speech on, 683
Industrial Revolution, 480, 509, 617, 618, 668
Industrial riots, 495
Industries (_see_ Calico printers, Coal, Cotton, Craft-gilds,
Feltmakers, Iron, Linen, Woollen Cloth)
Industry, changes in organisation of, in 18th century, 479, 480, 617;
encouragement of, by patents, 467;
migration of, to suburbs and country districts, 304, 314, 321;
municipal regulation of, 195-197, 280, 282-284, 294-299 (_see also_
Craft-gilds, Markets, Prices, Wages);
protection of small masters by Stuarts, 280;
state encouragement of, 399;
state regulation of, 313-362;
do., delegated to private speculators, 336_n._;
in country districts, 14;
in manors, 70, 111 (_see also_ Combinations, Craft-gilds,
Craftsmen, Labour, Prices, Wages)
Infangenethef, 125, 156, 156_n._
Inquisitions, royal, 38
Interlopers, and the East India Company, 675
Irish Potato Famine, 705, 706
Iron industry, in 18th century, 545
Iron-works, 55;
accounts of, 103-105;
Elizabethan patent as to, 442
Jews, the, charter of liberties to, 44;
conversion of, 46;
chirographs and chests of, 46, 49, 50;
debts to, 44-51;
exemption of, from tolls, 45;
expulsion of, 51;
function of, 43;
grant of, 47;
justices of, 46, 47, 48, 50;
litigation between Christians and, 44, 47, 48;
ordinances touching, 45, 48, 51;
pledging of land to, 48, 49;
prohibited from acquiring freehold, 48, 49;
restrictions on worship of, 45;
royal protection of, 43, 44;
tallage assessed on, 46;
transferred from town to town, 43, 50
John, King, charters of, 44, 126, 158
Joint Stock Companies, 399;
incorporation of, 427
Journeymen, yeomen, servants 113, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
143, 280, 285, 286, 297-299, 305, 310, 311, 325-332, 334-336, 341,
344, 345, 349, 350, 499_n._, 547-551, 588, 589;
associations of, 138-141, 280, 297-299, 307-312;
do., common fund of, 298, 299, 301;
combinations of (_see_ Combinations);
disciplinary rules as to, 113, 137, 140, 141, 345;
disputes between masters and, 137, 138-141, 196 (_see also_ Labour
disputes);
petitions of, to House of Commons, 500;
proportion of, to apprentices, fixed, 332, 550, 551, 573, 574;
wages of, effect of fall in value of money on, 405;
do., regulation of (_see_ Wages);
(_see also_ Agricultural Labourers, Calico Printers, Feltmakers,
Tailors, Weavers, Woolcombers)
Justice, administration of royal and feudal, 19, 20, 36_n._, 39
(_see also_ King's Bench)
Justices, 105, 106, 109, 110, 128, 155, 170, 183, 229
Justices of assize, 26, 55, 90, 93-96, 285, 297, 340, 343, 391, 429,
430, 622
Justices of the Bench, 75, 176, 285
Justices of the Jews, 46, 47, 48, 50
Justices of the Peace, administration of Statutes of Labourers and
Artificers by, 172, 173, 176, 178, 231, 326, 329, 333, 352, 353, 356,
577;
attacked in the Peasants' Revolt, 106, 107;
inspection of factories by, 572, 573;
intervention in industrial disputes by, 569, 570, 576, 623, 631;
regulation of apprenticeship by, 332, 333, 344, 352;
regulation of cloth industry by, 318, 340, 343, 358, 359;
regulation of export of corn by, 429, 430;
regulation of markets and prices by, 368, 373-380, 385, 386, 388, 389,
391-396;
regulation of poor relief by, 364, 372, 380, 564, 646;
regulation and assessment of wages by, 314, 315, 316, 324, 328, 329,
341-343, 345, 351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 361, 546-551, 554, 558, 565,
566, 577, 624_n._, 631, 632;
returns to Privy Council made by, on enclosure, 275;
do., on the cloth industry, 318;
do., on scarcity of corn, 373-374 (_see also_ Quarter Sessions)
Justiciar, 36
Ket's Rebellion, 247
King's Bench, 623
Knight service (_see_ Feudal)
Knighthood, respite from, 39
Knights, 87
Knight's Fees (_see_ Feudal)
Labour, cheap, deprecated, 589;
Child and Woman (_see_ Child labour, Women);
disputes, arbitration in, 544, 568-571, 617, 630 (_see also_
Combinations, Craft-gilds, Journeymen);
hours of, 630, 637;
do., in agriculture 327;
do., in factories, 503, 510-516, 591-593, 594, 595, 599-614;
do., in mines, 516-519
Labour, movement of, 164-166, 172-177, 314;
effect of Poor Laws on, 561;
effect of enclosure on, 532
Labourers, Ordinance of (1349), 164;
Statutes of (_see_ Statutes)
Land, alienation of, without licence, 30;
do., fines for, 670;
disseisins of, 38, 88, 89, 93, 96, 97;
extents of, 40;
limitation of purchase of, by merchants, husbandmen and artificers, 324;
low rents of, in eighteenth century, 509;
measures of:--
acres, _passim_;
bovates, 66, 67, 68, 69, 92;
carucates, 16, 32, 33;
fardels, 24;
hides, 9, 15, 16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 54;
league, 16, 17;
ploughlands, 32;
roods, _passim_;
selions, 61;
virgates, 13, 23, 27, 28, 29, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 84, 95, 246, 247;
ownership of, as qualification for apprenticeship, 330;
pledged to Jews, 48, 49;
speculation in, 229, 251, 259;
waste committed in, by escheators, 40;
(_see also_ Agriculture, Enclosures, Feudal, Manor)
Landowners, competition of manufacturing interest with, 600, 668, 694, 710
Lastage, 24, 119, 122, 124, 127
Laud, agrarian policy of, 276, 277
Law Merchant, 130, 210, 213, 214
Leasehold, 55, 87, 228, 530, 539;
(_see also_ Copyhold, Customary holdings, Manor)
Leyrwite, 71, 84
Linen manufacture, in Ireland, establishment of, 471
Local Government Board, 646
London, craft-gilds and companies of (_see_ Craft-gilds);
mercantile interest concentrated in, 443;
merchant gild of, 127;
regulation of entry into companies in, 309;
regulation of usury in, 200
Lords, mesne, 36
Machinery, accidents to children, in cleaning, 512, 609;
Arkwright's and Watt's inventions, 582;
discouraged by Tudors, 321, 442, 544;
effect of, on industry, 480;
introduction and development of, 505-510;
regulations for cleaning, 612
_Magna Carta_, 20, 22, 31_n._, 36_n._, 152
Manor, the Saxon, 3, 4, 5-9;
in Domesday Book, 9, 16, 17;
documents illustrating, 3-9, 16, 17, 53-102, 155, 158, 232-255, 258;
the king's, alienation of, 36;
common fields in (_see_ Common Fields);
courts, 20, 22, 36_n._, 54, 89;
do., proceedings before, 65-75, 95, 232;
do., pleas and perquisites of, 65, 80, 81;
court rolls, 54, 55, 85, 234-236, 238-240, 259, 527;
do., extracts from, 65-75;
custom and customs of, 54, 66-75, 228, 229, 232-235, 238-244, 254-259
(_see also_ Cartbote, Firebote, Gatebote, Hedgebote, Housebote,
Pannage, Ploughbote);
do., breach of, by lords, 241, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 258, 259;
do., repudiated by tenants, 108;
do., touching inheritance, 243;
do., touching widows, 234;
do., grass-swine, 5 (_see also_ Pannage);
do., leph, 58;
customaries, 56, 232, 314;
customary services in, 24, 54, 57-61, 64, 80-82, 84, 85, 90-93, 96,
241, 246;
do., commutation of, for rent, 21, 27, 28, 55, 60-62, 85;
do., boon-works, 6, 7, 85, 92;
do., castle-guard, 248;
do., heriots (_see_ Heriots);
do., of being crier in the lord's court, 244;
do., of serving with horses against the Scots, 254;
do., reliefs (_see_ Reliefs);
do., suit of court, 70, 242;
demesne lands of (_see_ Demesne);
extent of, 56;
fines, gersoms, and forfeitures in, 17, 232;
do., for entry, 80, 242, 247;
do., enhancement of, 254;
do., for offences, 66-75;
do., for marriage, 80, 90, 92, 93, 96, 241, 243 (_see also_
Merchet);
do., for waste committed, 242, 243;
grant of, to customary tenants, at fee farm, 81;
leases of, to farmers, 55, 85, 91, 245, 246;
do., to tenants, 55, 79, 91;
lords of, 5-9, 21, 37, 66-76, 90-100, 161, 228, 232, 235-246, 248-255,
259, 541;
do., grant of liberties to, 156;
officers of, 3, 5-8;
bailiffs, 36, 57, 58, 65, 72, 80, 81, 82, 95, 233, 250;
hayward, 8, 79;
radman, 17;
reeves, 5, 9, 17, 32, 80;
do., complaints against, 84;
serjeant, 81;
stewards, 32, 37, 70, 74, 172, 173, 232, 233, 243, 259, 340, 526;
woodward, 8;
rents, 5-9, 23, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 79, 86, 92;
do., decay of, 83;
do., enhanced, 252, 253;
rents of assize, 60, 63;
social and economic development of, 53, 54, 227-230;
stock, 6-8, 16, 17, 57, 58, 61, 77-81;
strips, 8, 9, 22;
tenants, 3, 21, 54, 55, 57 (_see also_ Bordiers, Copyholders,
Cotters, Customary tenants, Forelanders, Freeholders, Freemen, Gebur,
Geneat, Serfs, Sokemen, Villeins);
do., marriage of, 65;
sub-tenants, 64;
waste (_see_ Commons)
Markets, 14, 58, 69, 111, 257, 340;
customs in, 129;
for corn, 488-491;
for woollen goods, 484, 485, 493;
granted to the lord of a manor, 157, 158;
organisation of, in eighteenth century, 479, 487-491;
regulation of, by justices of the peace, 364, 365, 367, 374-378, 385,
386, 388, 389, 391-396;
do., by towns, 280, 283, 296;
sale and purchase by samples in, 490, 491
Market towns, 34, 166, 209, 210, 213, 260, 321, 322, 331 (_see also_
Boroughs)
Marque and Reprisals, letters of, 190
Mercantile System, 397, 398, 399
Mercantile Companies (_see_ Companies)
Mercantile Theory, 220-222, 420;
expounded, 407-416
Merchants (_see_ Aliens, Companies, Corn, Gilds, Middlemen, Staple,
Wool)
Merchet, 71, 93 (_see also_ Manor, fines for marriage)
Middlemen, 479;
corn badgers, 365, 375-7, 385, 386;
corn factors, 487-491;
mealmen, 487, 488, 491;
wool-merchants, 354, 355 (_see also_ Staple);
in woollen industry, 492-495;
yarn-jobbers 336, 340, 341
Milan Decrees, 692
Mills, 9, 11, 16, 79;
fulling, 483;
tucking, 321 (_see also_ Factories, Gigmills)
Miners, 326, 389 (_see also_ Coal Industry)
Mining Company, incorporation of, 427
Mint, 220, 417;
coinage of money at, before 1696, 677, 678;
free coinage of bullion at, 674;
profits of, 221, 222, 406 (_see also_ Moneyers)
Monasteries, effect of dissolution of, 229, 251
Money, fall in value of, 314, 398, 405, 406;
regulation of export and import of, 216-223
Moneyers, 12, 13, 119
Monopoly and monopolies, 480, 497, 584, 587, 611 (_see also_
Patents);
of craft and merchant gilds, 112;
of mercantile companies, 443-453
Murage, 126, 127, 212, 282
Muscovy or Russia Merchants, 399, 449, 450, 452, 453
Navigation Act (1660), 670;
attack on, 672-674
Newcastle Coal Vend, 497
Norman Conquest, the, 3, 4, 53, 54, 55, 90;
effects of, on boroughs, 10-14;
do., on rural population, 54, 55
North-West Passage, 436
Oastler, Richard, campaign of, against child labour, 544, 592-594
Orders in Council, effect of, on British industry and trade, 480,
501, 691
Outdoor relief, condemned by Poor Law Commission (1834), 662;
prohibitory order as to, 665
Pannage, 58, 61, 243, 259
Parish, as a unit for poor relief, 372, 379, 380, 647;
overseers (_see_ Poor)
Parliament, 20, 103, 180, 206, 217, 229, 261, 537;
and minimum wages, 316;
petitions to, 553;
regulation of trade and industry by, 153, 160-163, 171-178 (_see
also_ House of Commons)
Passage, 122, 124
Pasture, reconversion of, to arable, 271-273, 275, 276 (_see also_
Arable, Common, Enclosures)
Patents and Monopolies, 399, 443-453, 461, 465-468, 472-474;
list of, 440-443;
revoked, 472-475
Paupers (_see_ Poor)
Pavage, 126, 127, 133-135, 212;
collectors of, 135
Peasants' revolt, the, 55, 105-110;
burning of muniments in, 108
Perceval, Dr., report of, on child labour, in factories, 480, 495
Pesage, 122
Picketing, 549, 627, 637
Pilgrimage of Grace, agrarian programme of, 247
Pillory, punishment of the, 156, 157, 393, 394
Piracy, 188-192
Place, Francis, 618
Pleas, of _quo warranto_, 40_n._;
of replevin, 37
Ploughbote, 242
Pontage, 119, 122, 124, 126, 127, 212
Poor, analysis of classes of, in 19th century, 663;
children, apprenticing of, 381, 388, 504, 652;
do., boarding out of, 653, 654;
do., education of, 663;
farmed to contractors, 646, 657;
fines for enhancing price of corn, reserved to, 392, 393;
guardians of, 652, 653, 654, 655, 663, 664;
impotent, 174, 175, 364, 378, 388;
impotent and idle, distinguished, 174, 175, 364;
licensed to beg, 174, 175;
overseers of, 372, 380, 381, 384, 648, 660, 661;
do., misconduct of, 652;
proportionate taxation of, 35;
provision made by gilds for, 136, 150;
provision made by enclosure acts for, 534, 535;
provision of food for, 377;
provision of work for, 364, 367, 369-371, 373, 378, 380, 383, 384,
389, 391, 648 (_see also_ Houses of Correction, Workhouses);
rates, 468, 533, 536, 537, 552, 555, 561, 562, 651,662;
do., made compulsory, 364, 372, 380;
do., increase of, in 18th century, 557;
relief of, in Middle Ages, 113, 150, 174, 175;
do., in 16th and 17th centuries, 272, 287_n._, 363-391, 647;
do., in 18th and 19th centuries, 544, 649-665;
do., by craft and other gilds, 113, 150, 311, 345;
do., by parishes, 270;
do., by towns, 363, 366, 369, 649;
do., by journeymen associations, 299;
do., by private charity, 364, 366;
do., Pitt's suggested changes in, 563-565, 647;
do., unions of parishes for, 651, 664, 665;
settlement of, 364, 372, 381, 382, 386, 387, 561, 647, 651, 655
Poor Laws, 275, 366, 372, 373, 380, 567, 646, 648, 652;
administration of, by justices of the peace (_see_ Justices
of the Peace);
18th century abuses in, 560-562;
inspectors advocated for, 564;
Amendment Act (1834), 545, 646, 663;
Settlement Act (1662), 645, 647;
Workhouse Test Act (1722), 650;
Gilbert's Act (1782), 645, 652;
Speenhamland "Act of Parliament" (1795), 646, 655;
Board, 646;
Commission (1834), 646;
do., recommendations of, 661-663
Poverty, alleged causes of, in 18th century, 649
_Precipe_, writs of, 21, 36, 36_n._
Prerogative, the royal, 153
Prerogative Courts, 229, 230
(_see also_ Requests and Star Chamber, Courts of)
Prices, enhancement of, 265, 368, 391-396, 404, 405, 407-411;
regulation of, by Privy Council and Justices of the Peace, 341, 364;
rise in, after the Black Death, 166, 168, 169;
do., in Tudor period, 314;
do., in 18th and 19th centuries, 555-559, 565-567, 576, 692-696, 707;
of coal, regulation of, 497-499;
of grain, 283;
and wages, lack of correspondence between, 553, 555-559, 565-567,
576, 695, 696
Price of wines, 45, 206, 209, 214
Privy Council (_see_ Council, Privy)
Profit, a just, views on, 294, 295, 296, 367, 368
Protection, for native manufactures, 425
Protective tariffs, arguments for and against, 696, 698-701, 706-711;
for revenue, 700
Purprestures or Encroachments, 38, 54, 63, 64, 542
Quarter Sessions, 173, 176, 316, 324, 343, 345, 351, 352, 356, 392, 429,
543, 546, 548,
549, 551, 576, 577, 623, 648, 656 (_see also_ Justices of the
Peace)
Rackrenting, 251_n._, 252, 253, 265
Regrators, 156, 336, 386, 388
Reliefs, 25, 65, 70, 116, 242
Revenue, the national, 153, 667;
effect of debasement of coin on, 405, 406
(_see also_ Customs, Excise, Taxation)
Report of Committee on Ribbon weavers, 590, 591
Richard I., charter of, 125
Riots, agrarian (_see_ Ket, Peasants' Revolt, Pilgrimage of Grace);
industrial, 495
Rochdale Pioneers, 618
Roundsmen, 646, 660, 661
Sac and Soc, 10, 11, 125
Saltpans mentioned in Domesday Book, 17
Schools, 249, 287;
fine for attending, 84;
industrial, in 18th century, 563;
provision for, in 16th century, 287, 290
Scotch weavers, strike of, 618, 631-633
Scutage, 21, 29, 33, 34_n._, 80
Seisin, 122;
feudal conception of, 63_n._
Serfs, 7, 9, 16, 17, 75_n._, 323
Sheep, restriction of numbers of, to be owned by individuals, 264-266
Sheep-graziers and sheep-grazing, 250, 264-266, 269, 274, 407, 408, 530,
531;
in 18th century, 484-487
Sheriffs, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 27, 32, 34, 35, 40, 46-48, 50, 90,
94, 109, 114, 115, 120, 121, 136, 155-157, 160, 161, 164, 165, 174,
175, 189, 192, 200-202, 214, 250, 264, 324, 329, 372, 374, 379, 429,
473;
offences of, 38, 39
Sheriff's aid, 80
Sheriffs' tourns, 38, 340
Shipping and Ships, 10, 188, 190, 191, 192, 197, 206, 210, 401, 402,
431, 675;
encouragement and protection of, 153, 190, 206, 428, 437, 670, 671
(_see also_ Navigation Act)
Silkweavers (_see_ Spitalfields)
Sinking Fund, 667, 689;
Act, 679
Small holders, enclosure disadvantageous to, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537
Small holdings, consolidation of, 523, 530, 541
Soap manufacture, 461-465
Social Contract, theory of, 281, 308
Sokemen, socmen, 9;
bond, 36;
free, 36
Somerset, Lord, Protector, 292, 293;
agrarian policy of, 266
Speenhamland "Act of Parliament," 646
Spitalfields, silk weavers of, 484
Spitalfields Act, authorising the regulation of wages of London
silk-weavers, 544, 547-551, 558, 575, 577, 591, 596
Stallage, 119, 122, 124
Staple, the, 153, 178-185, 407;
custom of partition in, 185;
mayor, council and merchants of, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185
Staplers, 484, 485. (_See also_ Wool merchants)
Star Chamber, Court of, 302, 365, 460;
case in, 391
Statutes, 153;
touching alienation of land, 69;
touching depopulation, 315 (_see also below_);
touching enclosure, 247 (_see also below_);
of Merton (1234), 87;
of Marlborough (1267), 37;
of Acton Burnel (1283), 162;
of Merchants (1285), 161-163;
of Winchester (1285), 160;
of Mortmain, 146, 150;
of Quia Emptores (1290), 29_n._;
of Labourers, 153, 168, 171-178, 231, 314, 323, 325, 367, 388
(_see also below_);
of Monopolies, 399, 465-468 (_see also below_);
of Inmates, 275;
Poor Law, 275, 366 (_see also below_);
3 Edward I., touching freedom of elections, 309, 310;
12 Richard II., touching labourers, 171, 314, 323;
13 Richard II., touching wages, 324;
8 Henry VI., touching regrators of yarn, 340;
15 Henry VI., touching gild ordinances, 279;
18 Henry VI., touching hosting of aliens, 153, 198, 199;
4 Edward IV., touching truck, 318;
4 Henry VII., touching depopulation, 229, 271_n._, 324;
12 Henry VII., touching merchant companies, 444, 445, 453;
19 Henry VII., touching gild ordinances, 279, 284, 307;
6 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 229;
7 Henry VIII. ditto, 229, 260;
22 Henry VIII., touching gilds, 280, 285, 310;
25 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 229, 264;
27 Henry VIII., ditto, 229, 269;
28 Henry VIII., touching gilds, 280, 284;
31 Henry VIII., touching cornmarkets, 368;
33 Henry VIII., touching gaming houses, 442;
35 Henry VIII., touching depopulation, 269;
37 Henry VIII., touching gilds and chantries, 280, 287_n._;
1 Edward VI., ditto, 280, 286, 291;
do., touching vagrants, 323;
5 Edward VI., touching depopulation, 324;
5 and 6 Edward VI., ditto, 229;
do., touching gig-mills, 442;
3 Philip and Mary, touching depopulation, 229;
5 Elizabeth, touching depopulation, 229;
do., touching weavers, 344;
5 Elizabeth, Statute of Artificers, 306, 307, 315, 325-336, 361,
424, 442, 544, 557, 576, 591, 624, 656;
apprenticeship clauses of, 544, 579-589, 590;
do., administration of, 353, 361;
do., repeal of, 588;
wages clauses of, 544, 576, 577;
do., administration of, 341, 352;
do., repeal of, petition against, 576;
breaches of, 334, 342, 352, 353, 361;
proceedings before Privy Council on, 361, 362;
19th century opinion on, 576-589;
8 Elizabeth, touching export of cloth, 426;
establishing Muscovy Company, 453;
13 Elizabeth, touching export of corn, 428;
14 Elizabeth, touching compulsory poor rate, 372;
31 Elizabeth, touching depopulation, 229;
39 Elizabeth, ditto, 229, 268, 270_n._;
43 Elizabeth, touching poor relief, 364, 380, 662;
1 James I., ditto, 343, 557, 656;
21 James I., touching depopulation, 229;
21 James I., touching monopolies, 465;
12 Charles II., Navigation Act, 670;
14 Charles II., Settlement Act, 647;
7 George I., touching combinations, 624;
9 George I., touching workhouses, 650;
12 George I., touching truck, 546;
7 George III., touching poor relief, 663;
13 George III., Spitalfields Act, 547;
39 George III., touching combinations, 626;
26 George III., touching Sinking Fund, 679;
39 and 40 George III., touching industrial arbitration, 568, 570, 576;
39 and 40 George III., touching combinations, 618, 627, 633;
41 George III., touching enclosures, 537;
42 George III., touching factories, 504;
44 George III., touching industrial arbitration, 570, 576;
54 George I I., touching apprenticeship, 588;
55 George III., Corn Law, 697;
59 George III., Factory Act, 591;
3 and 4 William IV., ditto, 594;
4 and 5 William IV., Poor Law Amendment Act, 663;
7 and 8 Victoria, Factory Act, 612;
do., Bank Charter Act, 702;
8 and 9 Victoria, General Enclosure Act, 541
Statute Law Revision Act (1863), 229
Steam power, use of, 544
Steelyard, the, 416, 417, 418, 440
Stock and land leases, 79, 81_n._, 245, 246
Stocks, punishment of, 172, 329, 366
Stafford, policy of, in Ireland, 399, 470-472
Strikers, prosecuted under law of conspiracy, 635
Strikes, 196, 617, 618, 619-622, 631-633, 635
(_see also_ Combinations, Labour disputes)
Stuarts, the, fiscal methods of, 399
(_see also_ Patents)
Tailors, journeymen, combination of, 617, 622-624
Tariff war, with Netherlands, 399
Taxation, 203-216, 667; aids, 29;
carucage, 21, 32;
do., fines for evasion of, 32, 33;
geld, 12, 15, 16;
Parliamentary subsidies, 406, 468;
tonnage and poundage, 206;
Parliamentary tenths and fifteenths, 170, 171;
do., assessment of, 204, 205;
scutage (_see_ Scutage);
tallage, 27, 65, 80, 82, 93, 117, 127;
do., assessment of, in London, 35;
do., assessed on Jews, 46;
Pitt on incidence of, 686 (_see also_ Income Tax);
Walpole on incidence of, 679
Taxes, the Assessed, 684
Tenures of land (_see_ Burgage, Copyhold, Customary tenure, Feudal,
Freehold, Leasehold, Villeinage)
Testimonials or certificates of service, 172, 174, 175, 324, 327,
334-336, 353
Theam, 125
Tin, internal trade in, patent for, 442
Tithes, 249, 288, 289, 380, 528
Tolls (_see_ Boroughs, Fairs, Lastage, Markets, Murage, Passage,
Pavage, Pesage, Stallage)
Towns (_see_ Boroughs)
Trade, Internal, combinations in restraint of, 108, 128-130
(_see also_ Craft-gilds, Gilds Merchant, Trade Unions);
intermunicipal, 112, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 133, 134,
152, 280, 282;
municipal regulation of, 280, 282, 283, 294-299;
state regulation of, 152, 153, 160-178;
restrictions on, by a lord, 133;
of aliens in England, 127
Trade, Colonial, effect of Navigation Act on, 672-674
Trade, Foreign, 152, 698-701;
condition of, in 1587, 438-440;
do., in 19th century, 689-692;
depression of, 364, 383;
encouragement of export and checking of import, 398, 399, 407-416,
424, 425, 426, 431-434, 439, 440, 454-461;
export of dressed cloth, 398, 399, 402-404, 426, 454-461, 469;
export of undressed cloth, 398, 399, 402-404, 424, 426, 454, 459;
fluctuations of, 610;
fostering of, 397, 398;
instructions to a factor in Turkey, 431-434;
perils of, 181, 188-192;
protection of, 153, 187;
relative merits of exports and imports discussed, 413, 421-425;
with Africa, 691;
with the Baltic, 691;
with Canada, 690;
with Continent, 502, 690;
with East Indies, 452;
with Flanders, 413;
with France, 413;
with Italy, 413;
with Levant, 452, 691;
with Low Countries, 179;
with Portugal, 690, 691;
with Russia, 449, 450, 452;
with South America, 690, 691;
with Spain, 413, 690;
with United States, 502, 689, 690, 691;
with West Indies, 690
Trade, Board of, 597
Trade boards, local, advocated, 596, 597
Trade Unions, 281, 617, 618;
benefit clubs of, 618, 626;
funds of, 629, 637
(_see also_ Combinations, Journeymen, Labour disputes)
Trial by battle, 119, 123
Trial by jury, 123
Truck, 284, 318, 513;
acts against, 318, 544, 545
Tumbrel, 156
Turkey Company, 431, 450
Unemployment, 364, 366, 369-373, 383, 390, 398, 573, 611
Unions of parishes for relief of poor, 651, 664, 665
Universities, 287, 287_n._
Usury, 44, 45, 49, 51, 154;
London ordinance touching, 200;
petition in Chancery touching, 201;
petition in Parliament touching, 200
Utopia, Sir Thomas More's, 275
Vagrants, 323, 335, 366, 369, 378, 379, 384, 388, 647, 648, 654
(_see also_ Beggars, Bridewells, Houses of Correction, Labourers,
Ordinance of, Poor, Workhouses)
Village greens, excluded from enclosure act, 541
Villeins, bondmen, 9, 16, 17, 32, 36, 54, 55, 69, 71-75, 90-102, 165,
231, 249;
actions brought by, 55;
flight of, 55;
grant of, 55, 98;
imprisonment of, 99, 100, 101;
licensed to leave a manor, 72, 75;
manumission of, 55, 97;
received in boroughs, 121, 125;
regardant, 101;
runaway, 69, 73, 74, 75, 125
Villeinage (status), 75, 228;
acknowledgment of, 93, 94;
cases before the Courts touching, 88-90, 92-97;
survival of, in sixteenth century, 228, 231
Villeinage (tenure), bondage land, 24, 32, 54, 55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 84,
86, 235, 239, 248;
grant of, by charter, 97
Wages, allowances in aid of, 646, 656;
assessment of, under Statutes of Artificers, 314, 316, 325, 328, 329,
341-343, 345-353, 356-7, 359, 543, 546-7, 554, 576, 577, 631-2;
do., abandoned, 576-7, 656;
do., draft bill in House of Commons for, 336-341;
do., petitions and requests for, 356-7, 361;
do., under Spitalfields Act, 544, 547-551, 558;
conspiracies to raise, 139, 140, 196;
demand of excessive, 139, 140, 164-174, 176, 314, 324, 360, 361;
depression of, 188, 314, 357, 358, 359, 507, 521, 590, 605;
do., in cotton industry, 500, 501;
in colonies, 315, 360;
maximum, 315, 554;
maximum, fixed by Statute, 153, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 624_n._;
minimum, 315, 316, 342, 544;
do., bill in House of Commons for, 554-568;
proclamation of, by justices, under Stat. 13 Richard II, 323_n._,
324;
proposals for a sliding scale of, for agricultural labourers, 552-53;
rates of, fixed by journeymen combinations, 620-622, 623, 624, 630,
637, 638;
regulation of, by towns, 280, 282, 284, 296, 316;
do., by wages boards, 544
Wages boards, advocated, 596, 597;
in Scotland, 597
Wales, Council of, 429, 430
Wardpenny, 80
Wardship and marriage (_see_ Feudal)
Wards and Liveries, Court of, 21, 670
Waste (_see_ Commons)
Watchmakers, resolutions of, on apprenticeship, 588
Water power, 592;
in woollen industry, 482
Weavers Act (1555), 320
Weavers, Cotton, journeymen, petition of, to House of Commons, 500;
hand-loom, proposals for wages boards by, 596, 597
Weights and measures, 132, 154, 155, 214, 248, 388;
assize of (_see_ Assizes)
Women, employment of, in agriculture, 7, 8, 173, 177, 178, 329, 346,
347, 547;
in coal mines, 598, 599;
in woollen industry, 350, 483;
suggestions for employment of, in colonies, 436
Wool, 55, 265, 282, 284, 303;
export of, 179-185, 187, 193, 407;
growers, 355, 483;
merchants, 132, 355, 484, 487 (_see also_ Staple and Staplers);
price of, 407;
Spanish, 431;
do., import of, 494;
do., patent to import, 441;
do., worked in England, 492
Woolcombers, benefit clubs of, 626
Woollen Cloth Industry, 154, 183, 184, 187, 188, 265, 282, 284, 357-360,
383, 399, 432, 503;
apprenticeship in, 499, 500;
do., abolished, 587, 587_n_;
condition of, in eighteenth century, 479, 482-487, 492-495, 545, 546;
credit trading in, 493-95;
dyeing in, 141-144;
fraudulent workmanship in, 432;
geographical distribution of, 484;
hiring of looms in, 320, 321;
limitation of number of looms, to clothiers, 318, 321, 344;
organisation of, in seventeenth century, 354;
state regulation of, 317-322, 330, 331, 336-341, 343, 344, 345, 350,
351, 352, 357-360, 382, 383, 398, 399, 402-404, 426, 454-461;
in Ireland, discouraged by Strafford, 471
Woollen Cloth Trade, internal trade in, 399, 404, 468-470;
export trade in, 198, 301, 398, 399, 402-404, 421, 426, 427, 431-434,
438, 440, 441, 446, 447, 450, 453-461, 469;
do., patent for, 443;
foreign criticism of English cloth, 319, 587
Workhouses, 369-372, 380, 586, 646, 648, 649;
character of work provided in, 369, 370, 657-659;
mortality in, 659, 660
Workhouse Test Act (1722), 650
Working Men's Association, address of, to Queen Victoria, 641
Wreck of sea, 37, 40, 122
Writs, 39, 101;
return of, 37;
service of carrying, 28, 63;
of Chancery, 48;
of Jewry, 44, 48;
of _certiorari_, 202;
of _corpus cum causa_, 200;
of _precipe_, 36;
of _quo warranto_, 474;
of _recordari facias_, 236;
of _replevin_, 236;
of right, the little, 55, 91;
_of scire facias_, 474;
of _subpoena_, 186, 244, 277
Yarn, imported from Ireland, 485, 486
Yeomanry organisations, 280, 300, 302
(_see also_ Craft-gilds, Journeymen)
Young, Arthur, his account of farming in Norfolk, 523, 530, 534;
his advocacy of enclosures, 524;
his criticism of commissioners' methods, 536, 537