THE PERIL OF EXPLOITING THE POOR
No phenomenon of the present serious situation is more remarkable, or
of more urgent and vital concern to the nation, than the amazing rise
in food prices which we have witnessed during the past six months. At a
time when the British Navy dominates the trade routes, when the German
mercantile flag has been swept from every ocean highway in the world,
when the German "High Seas" fleet lies in shelter of the guns of the
Kiel Canal fortifications, we have seen food prices steadily mounting,
until to-day the purchasing power of the sovereign has declined to
somewhere in the neighbourhood of fifteen shillings, as compared with
the period immediately preceding the outbreak of hostilities.
Now this is a fact of the very gravest significance, and unless the
price of food falls it will inevitably be the precursor of very serious
events. Matters are moving so rapidly, at the time I write, that before
these lines appear in print they may well be confirmed by the logic of
events. Ominous mutterings are already heard, the spectre of labour
troubles has raised its ugly head, and, unless some _modus vivendi_ be
found, it seems more than probable that we shall witness a very serious
extension of the strikes which have already begun.
The most important of our domestic commodities are wheat, flour,
meat, sugar, and coal. Inquiries made by a Committee of the Cabinet
have shown that, as compared with the average prices ruling in the
three years before the war, the price of wheat and flour has risen by
something like 66 per cent.! Sugar has increased 43 per cent., coal
about 60 per cent., imported meat about 19 per cent., and British
meat 12 per cent. The rise in prices is falling upon the very poor
with a cruelty which can only be viewed with horror. Imagine, for
a moment, the plight of the working-class family with an income of
thirty shillings a week, and perhaps five or six mouths to feed. Even
in normal times their lot is not to be envied: food shortage is almost
inevitable. Suddenly they find that for a sovereign they can purchase
only fifteen shillings' worth of food. Hunger steps in at once: the
pinch of famine is felt acutely, and, thanks to the appalling price to
which coal has been forced, it is aggravated by intense suffering from
the cold, which ill-nurtured bodies are in no condition to resist.
I am not contending that there is any very abnormal amount of distress
throughout the country, taking the working-classes as a whole. Thanks
to the withdrawal of the huge numbers of men now serving in the Army,
the labour market, for once in a way, finds itself rather under than
over-stocked, and the ratio of unemployment is undoubtedly lower than
it has been for some considerable time. The better-paid artisans, whose
wages are decidedly above the average at the present moment, are not
suffering severely, even with the high prices now ruling. But they are
exasperated, and some of them are making all kinds of unpatriotic
threats, to which I shall allude presently.
The real sufferers, and there are too many of them, are the families
of the labouring classes of the lower grades, whose weekly wage is
small and whose families, as a rule, are correspondingly numerous.
At the best of times these people seldom achieve more than a bare
existence: at the present moment they are suffering terribly. Yet all
the consolation they get from the Government is the assurance that they
ought to be glad they did not live in the days of the Crimean War,
and the pious hope that "within a few weeks"--oh! beautifully elastic
term!--prices will come down--if we, by forcing the Dardanelles,
liberate the grain accumulated in the Black Sea ports. No doubt the
best possible arrangements have been made towards that issue, and
we all hope for a victorious end, but our immediate business is to
investigate the distress among the very poor, and to check the ominous
threats of labour troubles which have been freely bandied about and
have even been translated into action--or inaction--which has had the
effect of delaying some of the country's preparations for carrying on
the war.
The average retail prices paid by the working-classes for food in
eighty of the principal towns on March 9th and a year ago are compared
in the following table issued by the President of the Board of Trade:
Last Year Now
_s._ _d._ _s._ _d._
Bread, per 4 lbs. 0 5-1/2 0 7-3/4
Butter, per lb. 1 3-3/4 1 4-1/2
Jam, per lb. 0 5 0 5-3/4
Cheese, per lb. 0 8-3/4 0 10-1/4
Bacon (streaky), per lb. 0 11 1 0
Beef, English, per lb. 0 9-3/4 0 11
Beef, chilled or frozen, per lb. 0 7-1/4 0 8-3/4
Mutton, English, per lb. 0 10-1/4 0 11-1/4
Mutton, frozen, per lb. 0 6-3/4 0 8-1/4
Tea, per lb. 1 6 1 9-1/4
Sugar, granulated, per lb. 0 2 0 3-1/2
A few more facts. Though the matter was constantly referred to, yet
we had been at war for five months before the Government could be
prevailed upon to prohibit the exportation of cocoa; with what result?
In December, January, and February last our exports of cocoa to neutral
countries were 16,575,017 lbs., whilst for the corresponding period for
1913 the exports were but 3,584,003 lbs.! Before the war, Holland was
an _exporter_ of cocoa to this country; since the war she has been the
principal _importer_; and there is a mass of indisputable evidence to
show that nearly the whole of our exports of cocoa have found their way
to Germany through this channel.
The prohibition is now removed, so we may expect that the old game of
supplying the German Army with cocoa from England will begin again!
The German Army must also have tea. Let us see how we have supplied
it. During the first fortnight of war, export was restricted and
only 60,666 lbs. were sent out of the country, whereas for the
corresponding period of the previous year 179,143 lbs. were exported.
During the next three months the restrictions were removed, when no
less a quantity than 15,808,628 lbs. was sent away--the greater part
of it by roundabout channels to Germany--against 1,146,237 lbs. for
the corresponding period in 1913. After three months a modified
restriction was placed upon the export of tea, but after reckoning the
whole sum it is found that _during the time we have been at war we have
sent abroad over 20,000,000 lbs. of tea_, while in the corresponding
period of the previous year we sent only a little over 2,000,000 lbs.!
Now where has it gone? In August and September last, Germany received
from Holland 16,000,000 lbs. whereas in that period of 1913 she only
received 1,000,000 lbs. Tea is given as a stimulant to German troops in
the field, so we see how the British Government have been tricked into
_actually feeding the enemy_!
And again, let us see how the poor are being exploited by the policy of
those in high authority. At the outbreak of war the market price of tea
was 7-1/2_d._ per lb. As soon as exportation was allowed, the price was
raised to the buyer at home to 9_d._ Then when exports were restricted,
it fell to 8-1/4_d._ But as soon as the restrictions on exports were
removed altogether, the price rose until, to-day, the very commonest
leaf-tea fetches 10_d._ a lb.--a price never equalled, save in the
memories of octogenarians.
Who is to blame for this fattening of our enemies at the expense of the
poor? Let the reader put this question seriously to himself.
Generally speaking, of course, prices of all articles are regulated
by the ordinary laws of supply and demand; if the supply falls or the
demand increases, prices go up. But there is another factor which
sometimes comes into play which is very much in evidence at the present
moment--the existence of "rings" of unscrupulous financiers who, with
ample resources in cash and organisation, see in every national crisis
a heaven-sent opportunity of increasing their gains at the expense of
the suffering millions of the poor. It is quite evident, to my mind,
that something of the kind is going on to-day, as it has gone on in
every great war in history. The magnates of Mark Lane and the bulls of
the Chicago wheat pit care nothing for the miseries of the unknown and
unheeded millions whose daily bread may be shortened by their financial
jugglings. They are out to make money. It may be true, as Mr. Asquith
said, that we cannot control the price of wheat in America. But, at
least, it cannot be said that the price of bread to-day is due to
shortage of supply. During the last six months of 1914, as compared
with the last six months of 1913, there was actually a rise of 112,250
tons in the quantities of wheat, flour, and other grain equivalent
imported into this country. Where, then, can be the shortage, and what
explanation is there of the prevailing high prices except the fact that
large quantities of food are being deliberately held off the market in
order that _the price may be artificially enhanced_? This is not the
work of the small men, but of the big firms who can buy largely enough,
probably in combination, to control and dominate the market.
When the subject was recently debated in the House of Commons the
voice of the Labour member was heard unmistakably. Mr. Toothill said
bluntly that if it was impossible for the Government to prevent the
prices of food being "forced up" unduly, then it remained for Labour
members to request employers to meet the situation by an adequate
advance in wages. That request has since been made in unmistakable
terms. Mr. Clynes was even more emphatic. "Though the Labour party
were as anxious as any to keep trade going in the country," he said,
"it was clear to them that the truce in industry could not be continued
unless some effective relief were given in regard to the prices under
discussion." In other words, the Labour "organisers" will call for
strikes--perhaps hold up a large part of our war preparations--unless
the employers, most of whom are making no increased profit out of the
price of food, are prepared to shoulder the entire burden.
It is quite clear, to my mind, that the prices of food are being forced
up by gigantic unpatriotic combines, either in this country or abroad,
or both. I do not think that mere shortage of supply is sufficient
to account for the extraordinary advances that have taken place.
Whether the Government can take steps to defeat the wheat rings, as
they did to prevent the cornering of sugar, is a question with which
I am not concerned here. My purpose is merely to point out that the
constant rise in food prices, brought about by gangs of unscrupulous
speculators, is bringing about a condition of affairs fraught with
grave peril to our beloved country.
If we turn to coal we find the scandal ten times greater than in the
case of flour and meat. It is at least possible that agencies outside
our own country may be playing a great part in forcing up the prices of
food; they can have no effect upon the price of coal, which we produce
ourselves and of which we do not import an ounce. Coal to-day is simply
at famine prices. It is impossible to buy the best house coal for less
than 38_s._ per ton, while the cheapest is being sold at 34_s._ per
ton, and the very poor, who buy from the street-trolleys only inferior
coal and in small quantities, are being fleeced to the extent of 1_s._
11_d._ or 2_s._ per cwt. This is an exceedingly serious matter, and it
is not to be explained, even under present conditions, by the ordinary
laws of supply and demand. Why should coal in a village on the banks of
the Thames be actually cheaper than the corresponding quality of coal
when sold in London?
There can be only one answer--the London supply is in the hands of
the coal "ring" which has compelled all the London coal merchants
to come into line. So extensive and powerful is the organisation of
this ring, that the small men, unless they followed the lead of the
big dealers, would be immediately faced with ruin: they would not
only find it difficult to obtain coal at all, but would promptly be
undersold--as the Standard Oil Company undersold thousands of small
competitors--until they were compelled to put up their shutters.
The big coal men, the men who make the profit--and with their
ill-gotten gains will purchase Birthday honours later on--of course
blame the war for everything. The railways, they say, cannot handle the
coal; so much labour has been withdrawn for the Army that production
has fallen below the demand. But I am assured, on good authority,
that coal bought before the war, and delivered to London depots at
16_s._ or 17_s._ per ton, is being retailed to-day at between 36_s._
and 40_s._ per ton. The big dealers know that, cost what it may, the
public must have coal, and they are taking advantage of every plausible
excuse the war offers them to wring from the public the very highest
prices possible. "The right to exploit," in fact, is being pushed to
its logical extreme in the face of the country's distress, and the
worst sufferers, as usual, are the very poor, who for their pitiful
half-hundred-weights of inferior rubbish pay at a rate which would
be ample for the finest coal that could grace the grate of a West-End
drawing-room.
Can we shut our eyes to the fact that in this shameful exploiting of
the very poor by the unpatriotic lie all the elements of a very serious
danger? Let us not forget the noble services the working-classes of
Britain are rendering to our beloved country. They have given the
best and dearest of their manhood in the cause of the Empire, and it
is indeed a pitiful confession of weakness, and an ironic commentary
on the grandiose schemes of "social reform" with which they have been
tempted of late years, if the Government cannot or will not protect
them from the human leeches--the Birthday knights in the making--who
suck their ill-gotten gains from those least able to protect themselves.
The Government have promised an inquiry which may, if unusual
expedition is shown, make a "demonstration" with the coal-dealers just
about the time the warm weather arrives. Prices will then tumble, the
Government will solemnly pat itself upon the back for its successful
interference, and the coal merchants, having made small or large
fortunes as the case may be during the winter, will make a great virtue
of reducing their demands to oblige the Government. In the meantime,
the poor are being fleeced in the interests of an unscrupulous combine.
Is there no peril here to our beloved country? Are we not justified in
saying that the machinations of these gangs of unscrupulous capitalists
are rapidly tending to produce a condition of affairs which may, at
any moment, expose us to a social upheaval which would contain all the
germs of an unparalleled disaster?
Let the condition of affairs in certain sections of the labour world
speak in answer. I have already quoted the thinly-veiled threat of Mr.
Clynes. Others have gone beyond threats and have begun a war against
their country on their own account. There is an unmistakable tendency,
fostered as usual by agitators of the basest class, towards action
which is, in effect, helping the Germans against our brave soldiers
and sailors who are enduring hardships of war such as have not been
equalled since the days of the Crimea.
HOW WE SUPPLY THE GERMAN ARMY WITH FOOD
Exports of Cocoa to Neutral Countries (for the German Market)
Dec. 1, 1913, to Mar. 1, 1914 | Dec. 1, 1914, to Mar. 1, 1915
3,584,003 lbs. | 16,575,017 lbs.
Exports of Tea to Neutral Countries (for the German Market)
Dec. 1, 1913, to Mar. 1, 1914 | Dec. 1, 1914, to Mar. 1, 1915
1,146,237 lbs. | 15,808,628 lbs.
As I wrote these lines, strikes on a large scale had begun on the
Clyde and on the Tyne, two of our most important shipbuilding centres,
where great contracts--essential to the success of our arms--are being
carried on, and in the London Docks, where most of the food of London's
teeming millions is handled. London dockers, to the number of some
25,000, are agitating for a rise in wages; between 5,000 and 6,000 of
them have struck work at the Victoria and Albert Dock on the question,
forsooth, whether they shall be engaged inside the docks, or outside.
In other words, the expeditious handling of London's sorely needed
food is being jeopardised by a ridiculous squabble which one would
think half a dozen capable business men could settle in five minutes.
But here, as usual, the poorest are the victims of their own class.
In spite of the well-meaning but idiotic young women who have gone
about distributing white feathers to men who, in their opinion, ought
to have joined the Army, common-sense people will recognise that the
skilled workers in many trades are just as truly fighting the battles
of their country as if they were serving with the troops in Belgium
or France. If every able-bodied man joined the Army to-day the nation
would collapse for want of supplies to feed the fighting lines. It is
not my purpose here to discuss whether the men or the masters are right
in the disputes in the engineering trades. Probably the authorities
have not done enough to bring home to the men the knowledge that,
in executing Government work, they are in fact helping to fight the
country's battles. None the less the men who strike at the present
moment delay work which is absolutely essential to the safety of our
country. We know from Lord Kitchener's own lips that they have done so.
Our war organisation to-day may be divided into three parts--the Navy
fighting on the sea, the Army fighting on land, and the industrial
army providing supplies for the other two. It must be brought home
to the last named, by every device in our power, that their duties
are just as important to our success as the work of their brothers on
the storm-swept North Sea, or in the mud and slush and peril of the
trenches in Flanders. This war is very largely a war of supplies, and
our fighting must be done not only in the far-flung battle lines, but
in the factory and workshop, whose outputs are essential to the far
deadlier work which we ask of the men who are heroically facing the
shells and bullets of the common enemy.
Now there is no disguising the fact that the industrial army at home
contains far too large a percentage of "slackers."
That is the universal testimony of men who know. There are thousands
of workmen who will not keep full time, for the simple reason that
they are making more money than they really need and are so lazy
and unpatriotic that they will not make the extra effort which the
necessities of the situation so urgently demand. What we need to-day
is, above all things, determined hard work: we do not want to see our
fighting forces starved for want of material caused by the shirking
of the "slackers" or by unpatriotic disputes and squabbles. To-day we
are fighting for our lives. The privates of the industrial army ought
to realise that "slacking" or striking is just as much a criminal
offence as desertion in the face of the enemy would be in the case of
a soldier. It is true, as a recent writer has said, that "those who
fight industrially, working long hours in a spirit of high patriotism,
may not seem very heroic," but it is none the less the fact that they
are fighting: they are doing the work that is essential to our national
safety and welfare. Do they--at least do some of them--realise this?
The following extract from _Engineering_, the well-known technical
journal, shows very clearly that among certain classes of highly
paid workers there is a total disregard of our national necessity
which is positively appalling. As the result of a series of inquiries
_Engineering_ says:
"Every reply received indicates that there is slackness in many
trades. Be it remembered that high wages can be earned; for relatively
unskilled although somewhat arduous work, 30_s._ a day can be earned.
"Time-and-a-quarter to time-and-a-half is paid for Saturday afternoon
work, and double time for Sunday work. Men could earn from £7 to £10
per week--and pay no income-tax.
"Men will work on Saturday and Sunday, when they get handsomely paid,
but will absent themselves on other days or parts of days.
"The head of a firm, who has shown a splendid example in his work, and
is most kindly disposed to all workers, states in his reply to us:
'Our trouble is principally with the ironworkers, especially riveters,
who appear to have a definite standard of living, and who regulate
their wages accordingly; they seem to aim at making £3 per week: if
they can make this in four days, good and well; but if they can make
it in three days, better still.... The average working-man of to-day
does not wish to earn more money, and put by something for a 'rainy
day,' but is quite content to live from hand to mouth, so long as he
has as easy a time as possible."
What words are strong enough to condemn the action of such men who,
safe in their homes from the perils of the serving soldier, and
infinitely better paid than the man who daily risks his life in the
trenches, are ready deliberately to jeopardise the safety of our Empire
by taking advantage of the gravest crisis in our history to levy what
is nothing less than industrial blackmail? It cannot be pretended that
these men are under-paid: they can earn far more than many members of
the professional classes. Just as truly as the coal and wheat "rings"
are exploiting the miseries of the very poor, so these aristocrats of
the labour world are playing with the lives of their fellows and the
destinies of our Empire. They are helping the enemy just as surely as
the German who is fighting in his country's ranks. They are, in short,
taking advantage of a national danger to demand rates of pay which, in
times of safety and peace, they could not possibly secure.
For years past we have been striving to arrive at some means of
settling these unhappy labour disputes which have probably done more
harm to British trade than all the German competition of which we
have heard so much. In every district machinery has been set up for
conciliation and settlement where a settlement is sincerely desired by
both parties to a dispute. And if this machinery is not set in motion
at the present moment, it is because one party or the other is so blind
and self-willed that it would rather jeopardise the Empire than abate
a jot of its demands. Could anything be more heart-breaking to the men
who are fighting and dying in the trenches?
Whatever may be the merits of any dispute, there must be no stoppage
of War Office or Admiralty work at the present moment, and if any
body of men refuse at this juncture to submit their dispute to the
properly organised conciliation boards, and to abide by the result,
they are traitors in the fullest sense of the world. How serious the
crisis is, and how grave a peril it constitutes to our country, may be
judged from the fact that the Government found it necessary to appoint
a special Committee to inquire into the production in engineering and
shipbuilding establishments engaged in Government work. The Committee's
view of the case, which I venture to think will be endorsed by every
thinking man, may be judged by the following extract from their report:
"We are strongly of opinion that, during the present crisis, employers
and workmen should under no circumstances allow their differences to
result in a stoppage of work.
"Whatever may be the rights of the parties at normal times,
and whatever may be the methods considered necessary for the
maintenance and enforcement of these rights, we think there can be
no justification whatever for a resort to strikes or lockouts under
present conditions, when the resulting cessation of work would prevent
the production of ships, guns, equipment, stores, or other commodities
required by the Government for the purposes of the war."
The Committee went on to recommend that in cases where the parties
could not agree, the dispute should be referred to an impartial
tribunal, and the Government accordingly appointed a special Committee
to deal with any matters that might be brought before it.
I do not think it is possible to exaggerate the seriousness of the
danger with which we must be threatened if these unhappy disputes are
not brought to a close, and I know of no incident since the war began
that has shown us up in so unfavourable a light as compared with our
enemy. Whatever we may think of Germany's infamous methods; whatever
views we may hold of her monstrous mistakes; whatever our opinion may
be as to the final outcome of the war, we must, at least, grant to the
Germans the virtue of patriotism. The German Socialists are, it is
notorious, as strongly opposed to war as any people on earth. But they
have, since the great struggle began, shown themselves willing to sink
their personal views when the safety of the Fatherland is threatened
in what, to them, is a war of aggression, deliberately undertaken by
their enemies. We have heard, since the war began, a great deal of
wild and foolish talk about economic distress in Germany. We have been
told, simply because the German Government has wisely taken timely
precautions to prevent a possible shortage of food, that the German
nation is on the verge of starvation. But would Germany, who for seven
years prepared for war, overlook the vital question of her food supply?
Probably it is true that the industrial depression in Germany, thanks
to the destruction by our Navy of her overseas trade, is very much
worse than it is in England. But no one has yet suggested that the
Krupp workmen are threatening to come out on strike and paralyse the
defensive forces if their demands for higher wages are not instantly
conceded. It is more than probable that any one who suggested such a
course, even if he escaped the heavy hand of the Government, would
be speedily suppressed in very rough-and-ready fashion by his own
comrades. The Germans, at least, will tolerate no treachery in their
midst, and unless the leaders among the English trade unionists can
bring their men to a realisation of the wickedness involved in strikes
at the present moment, they will assuredly forfeit every vestige of
public respect and confidence.
I am not holding a brief either for the masters or the men. Let ample
inquiry be made, by all means, into the subject of the dispute. If the
masters raise any objection to either the sitting or the finding of
the Government Commission, they deserve all the blame that naturally
attaches to the strikers. The inquiry should be loyally accepted by
both sides, and its findings as loyally respected. _Prima facie_, men
who can earn the wages mentioned in the extract from _Engineering_
which I have already quoted are well off--far better off than their
comrades who are doing trench duty in France, and are free from the
hourly risk to which the fighting forces are exposed. There may be,
however, good and valid reasons why they should be paid even better.
If there are, the Government inquiry should find them out. But to stop
work now, to hold up the production of the ships, guns, and materials
necessary to carry on the war, is criminal, wicked, and unpatriotic in
the highest degree. It is setting an evil example only too likely to be
followed, and, if it is persisted in, may well be the first step of our
beloved nation on the downward road which leads to utter destruction.
Mr. Archibald Hurd, a writer always well informed, has summed up the
situation in the _Daily Telegraph_ in the following words, which are
worth quotation:
"The recruiting movement has shown that the great industrial
classes are not, as a whole, unconscious of the stake for which we
are fighting--the institutions which we cherish and our freedom.
Probably if the workers at home were reminded of the importance of
their labours, they would speedily fall into line--if not, well, the
resources of civilisation are not exhausted, and the Government should
be able to ensure that not an unnecessary day, or even hour, shall
be lost in pressing forward the work of equipping the new Fleet and
the new Army which is essential to our salvation. The Government is
exercising authority under martial law over Army and Navy; cannot it
get efficient control over the industrial army?
"In France and Germany these powers exist, and are employed. We are
not less committed to the great struggle than France and Germany."
Those are wise and weighty words, and it may be that they point the way
to a solution of what may become a very grave problem.