[69] The name is said by Sir E. Tennent, in his “Natural History of
Ceylon,” to be from the Telegu words: Pandi-koku, the pig-rat.
[70] A.U.C. 787, equivalent to A.D. 34.
[71] Heliopolis.
[72] Even so comparatively recently as the time of Maundevile we meet
with the same symbolic significance, as we find this author declaring
that “men may well lykne that Brid unto God: because that there hys no
God but on; and also that oure Lord aroos fro Dethe to Lyve the thridde
Day.”
[73] “I know,” writes Izaak Walton, in his “Complete Angler,” “we
islanders are averse to the belief of wonders, but there be so many
strange creatures to be now seen, collected by John Tradescant, who keeps
them carefully and methodically at his house near to Lambeth. I will
tell you some of the wonders you may now see, and not till then believe,
unless you think fit. You may see there the hog-fish, the dogfish, the
dolphin, the coney fish, the parrot fish, the shark, the poison fish,
the swordfish; and not only other incredible fish, but you may there
see the salamander, several sorts of barnacles, of Solan geese, and the
bird of paradise; such sorts of snakes, and such birds’ nests, and of so
various forms, and so wonderfully made, as may beget wonder and amazement
in any beholder.” Walton, as an enthusiastic angler naturally, it will
be noted, dwells most upon the strange fish. Charles I. and his queen,
together with Archbishop Laud, and many others of rank and influence,
visited the museum and assisted by contributing to its stores, and we
find in Evelyn’s Diary, September 17th, 1657, that he, too, visited
it. The brothers Tradescant were the first well-known collectors of
natural curiosities in England, and portraits of them may be seen in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. The Tradescant collection was on December
15th transferred to Elias Ashmole. The botanical genus, _Tradescantia_,
is so called in honour of John Tradescant.
[74] Madagascar.
[75] The Eastern love of the wonderful may be readily seen in the
well-known “Arabian Nights,” in the Koran, and in Oriental literature
generally. Mohammed tells us, in his sacred book, that he saw in Heaven
infinite companies of angels, each a thousand times bigger than the
globe of the earth: each had ten thousand heads; every head threescore
and ten thousand tongues; and every one of those tongues praised God in
seven hundred thousand languages. The throne of Allah was supported by
seven angels, each so great that a falcon, if he were to fly a thousand
years, could not get so far as the distance from one of their eyes to the
other. Gabriel, the doorkeeper of Paradise, has seventy thousand keys
which pertain to his office, every key being seven thousand miles long.
This exaggerated balderdash is but childish stuff; it contains no element
of grandeur or sublimity; and, in reading it, one only wonders, when
astonishment and awe were to be excited by an artifice so commonplace,
that, while he was about it, all the numbers were not doubled,
quadrupled, multiplied ten or a hundred fold; so that we finally come to
the conclusion that, with all the arithmetical possibilities open to him,
he was but a poor bungler at his business after all.
[76] “She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock,
and the strong place. From thence she seeketh the prey and her eyes
behold afar off.”—_Job_ xxxix. 28, 29.
[77] “The nature of the Eagle is to bend her eyes full into the sunne
beams. So strong is her sighte that she can even see into the great and
glaring sunne.”—FERNE, _The Blazon of Gentrie_.
[78]
“As eagle fresh out of the ocean wave
Where he hath left his plumes, all hoary grey,
And decks himself with feathers, youthful, gay.”
SPENSER.
[79] Dryden.
[80] Hence Dante terms the Saviour of the World “Nostro pelicano;” and an
enthusiastic admirer of Charles I., and an evident believer in the idea
that he shed his blood for his people, wrote in the year 1649, a book on
that king, entitling him “the Princely Pelican.”
[81] Byron.
[82] It is curious that until this species was discovered at the
Antipodes a black swan was regarded both by ancient and mediæval writers
as the very emblem and type of extravagant impossibility, so that those
who found no difficulty in believing in centaurs, mermaids, and fifty
other extravagances, felt that they really must draw the line at this.
[83] In “Camden” we read that the device of Anne, queen of Richard II.,
was “an ostrich with a nayle in his beake.”
[84] Thalaba.
[85] While actual incorporation was doubtless regarded as the most
effectual, mere possession was not by any means to be despised. Thus
Porta tells us that “if you would have a man become bold and impudent,
let him carry about him the skin or eyes of a Lion or a Cock, and he will
be fearlesse of his enemies—nay, he will be very terrible unto them.”
Scores of equally valuable hints may be gathered from these old authors.
[86] In another book we consulted, “Notes for Cookerie, gathered from
experienced Cookes,” published in 1593, it is equally emphatic that
“a Cock to be stewed to renew the weake” must be a red one. There is
naturally here a connection suggested between the colour of the bird and
the ruddy hue of health that is to be hoped for after such a dietary.
[87] MS. No. 10,074 in the Royal Library, Brussels.
[88] In the Middle Ages animals were frequently haled before the judges
for various offences. In 1266 a pig was burnt at Fontaney, near Paris,
for having killed a child, and in 1386, at Falaise, a sow was condemned
to death for a similar offence. Horses and cattle were solemnly tried
before the magistrates for manslaughter, and either expiated their
offence on the gallows or were burned.
[89] Aubrey tells us that in his younger days people had “some pious
ejaculation when the cock did crow, which put them in mind of ye Trumpet
at ye Resurrection.”
[90]
“The peasants’ trusty clock,
True morning watch, Aurora’s trumpeter,
The lion’s terror, true astronomer,
Who leaves his bed when Sol begins to rise
And when Sunne sets then to his roost he flies.”
_Speculum Mundi._
“O chanticleer,
Your clarion blow, the day is near.”
LONGFELLOW, _Daybreak_.
[91] Spenser.
[92] Macbeth.
[93] An old writer, one Fulgentius, declares that so far from this croak
being monotonous “the Raven hath sixty-four sundry chaunges of her
voice.” No other observer seems to have detected this.
[94] A fourteenth-century MS., the “Cursor Mundi,” says of the raven’s
exit from the ark:—
“Than opin Noe his windowe
Let ut a rauen and forth he flow
Dune and vp sought here and thare
A stede to sett upon somequar.
Vpon the water sone he fand
A drinkled best ther flotand.
Of that fless was he so fain
To schip came he neuer again.”
[95] This notion of the sightlessness of the young swallow was a very
popular one. The chelidonium, or swallow wort, according to Aristotle and
Dioscorides was so called because the swallows use it to give sight to
their young. Goldfinches, linnets, and other birds, in like manner were
believed to use the eyebright; while the hawks strengthened their vision,
we are told, by means of the plant that was hence called the hawkweed,
and still retains that name.
[96] “He was but as a cuckoo is in June,” says Shakespeare in reference
to Richard II., that is to say, he had lost the power to attract, his
utterances no longer commanded attention.
[97] Thus Christopher Marlowe enshrines the old belief in the lines:—
“But how now stands the wind?
Into what corner peers my halcyon’s bill?”
While Shakespeare, in King Lear, refers to the time-servers who “turn
their halcyon beaks with every gale and vary of their masters.”
[98] The idea is at least as old as Pliny, as he mentions it in his
“Natural History” as a recognized fact too well-known to need any apology
or explanation. Theocritus in his seventh idyll dwells on it, and it is
found in the writings of Pliny and many other ancient authors.
[99] A quaint little octavo on this subject is that of Dr. Warder,
“The true Amazons or the Monarchy of Bees,” being a new discovery and
Improvement of those wonderful creatures. The book went through several
editions. The one that came under our notice is the third; it is dated
1716.
[100] Ammianus Marcellinus has put it upon record that in imitation of
the ingenuity of the crane in assuring vigilance, Alexander the Great
was accustomed to rest with a silver ball in his hand, so that on the
slightest movement it might fall and wake him. This is certainly heroic
treatment, since even such an one as Alexander might fairly claim the
necessity that other mortals feel of uninterrupted rest. It reminds
one of the dictum of the great Duke of Wellington in defence of his
camp-bedstead, accommodation so confined that one could scarcely turn
round in it, that directly a man begins to think of turning round it is
time to turn out.
[101] In “A Mirror for Mathematics, a Golden Gem for Geometricians,
a sure Safety for Saylers, and an auncient Antiquary for Astronomers
and Astrologians,” by Robert Tanner, Gent, Practitioner in Astrologie
and Physic, a book published in the year 1587, we find an “Epistle
dedicatourie” to Lord Howard of Effingham, commencing:—“The Cranes when
they fly out of Cilicia, over the mountain Taurus, carrie in their mouths
a pebble stone, lest by their chattering they should be ceased upon by
the eagles, which birds, Right Honourable, might teach me silence,” &c.,
&c.
[102] “This creature is in thicknesse as big as a man’s wrist, and of
length proportionable to that thicknesse.”—_Speculum Mundi._
[103] The “Annals of Winchester,” for the year 1177, inform us that “in
this yeare Dragons were sene of many in England.” In 1274 it is recorded
that there was an earthquake on the Eve of St. Nicholas’ Day, and that
there appeared “a fiery dragon which frightened the English.”
[104] In the “Magick of Kirani,” a Persian book that appeared in an
English dress in 1685, we find the representation of a dragon employed
as a charm. “If therefore any man engrave a woodpecker on the stone
dentrites, and a sea-dragon under its feet, every gate will open unto
him; savage beasts will also obey him and come to tameness; he shall also
be loved and observed of all, and whatever he hath a mind to, he shall
perform.”
[105] On its noble title-page we see on either side of the title of the
book a powerful dragon, beneath one is inscribed Dominium, and below the
other Vigilantia. At the base a third dragon supports two shields. On one
is represented the serpent twining round a staff, the well-known symbol
of Æsculapius, inscribed Salus, and on the other the equally familiar
symbol of eternity, the serpent with its tail in its mouth, inscribed
Immortalitatis.
[106] Thus Lyte tells us that in his day, 1578, it had “none other knowen
name than this.”
[107] “Wherein is contained the most excellent Secretes of Phisicke and
Philosophie deuided into fower Bookes. In the which are the best approued
remedies for the diseases as well inwarde as outwarde, of all the partes
of Man’s bodie: treating very amplie of all Dystillacions of Waters, of
Oyles, Balmes, Quintessences, with the vse and preparation of Antimonie
and Potable Gold.”
[108] The “holy” has, of course, no reference to the sacred character
of the mess in question: it is merely the free and easy mediæval way of
spelling the word wholly.
[109] Extracted from the “Arcana Fairfaxiana,” a facsimile reproduction
of a manuscript book of recipes some three hundred years old, found in an
old lumber room at the ancestral seat of the Fairfax family.
[110] Our readers will remember the use that Longfellow makes of this
fancy in his “Evangeline:”—
“Only beware of the fever, my friends! Beware of the fever!
For it is not like that of our cold Acadian climate,
Cured by wearing a spider hung round one’s neck in a nutshell.”
In the diary of Elias Ashmole we find that on May 11th, 1651, he was
suffering from ague. He writes: “I took early in the morning a good dose
of elixir, and hung three spiders about my neck, ague away, Deo Gratias!”
Sometimes a pill made up of spider web is taken, and in some parts of the
south of England a favourite remedy for jaundice was the living spider
itself rolled up with butter into a pill.
[111] Another of these ancient authorities affirmed that mud engendered
frogs that lack feet. In other words, he made acquaintance with tadpoles!
[112] It will be noted on turning back to our quotation from Porta, that
this “scarce one” is altogether too favourable to the belief in the
jewelled cranium of the toad. Porta, it will be seen, says, “nor could I
finde one,” an entirely different state of things.
[113] It will be seen from this that the state of things involved in the
too familiar legend, “Made in Germany,” is of ancient date.
[114] Act iii., sc. 9.
[115] Book I., Canto V.
[116] A very good illustration of this treatment may be seen in the
statement that “the dogs in Egypt use to lap their water running when
they come to Nilus, for fear of the crocodiles there, which cannot but be
a fit pattern for us in the use of pleasures; for true it is, we may not
stand to take a heartie draught, for then delights be dangerous, howbeit
we may refresh ourselves with them as we go on our way, and may take
them, but may not be taken by them; for when they detain us, and cause us
to stand still, then their sweet waters have fierce Crocodiles; or if not
so, they have strange Tarantulas, whose sting causeth to die laughing.”
[117] We meet a like precision of statement in Cockeram’s Dictionary,
a quaint old volume, wherein “all such as desire to know the plenty of
the English” will find some very strange illustrations of it. He says,
edition of 1623, that “the crocodile having eaten the body of a man,
will, in fine, weep over the head.”
[118] Readers of Shakespeare will recall how Falstaff rails at Bardolph,
calling him the “Knight of the Burning Lamp,” and other sarcasms inspired
by the effects of strong liquor on his rubicund countenance. “Thou hast
saved me a thousand marks in links and torches, walking with thee in the
night. I have maintained that Salamander of yours with fire any time this
two-and-thirty years.”
[119] Galen, in one of his prescriptions, includes the ashes of a
salamander, an ingredient impossible to obtain if fire had no power to
destroy the creature.
[120] A parallel idea is that if the body of a crab be laid in the
sunshine while the sun is in Cancer it will generate scorpions.
[121] “Andromachus a voulu changer le nom de Mithridate en celuy de
Theriaque, à cause des vipères, auxquelles il a attribué le nom, et
lesquelles il a ajouté pour la base principale de cette composition.”
(Chares, “l’histoire des Animaux etc. qui entrent dans la Theriaque,”
Paris, 1868.) See also Heberden’s “Antitheriaca.”
[122] A viper drowned in a bowl of wine gave the draught great healing
virtues for leprosy. This happy discovery, like many others of still
greater value, was the result of accident. Some mowers found on going
to their provisions that a viper had got into the wine, so they, very
naturally, “contented themselves with water; but when they had finished
their day’s work, and were to go out of the field, as it were out of
pity they gave a leprous man the wine wherein the viper was drowned,
supposing it better for him to die than to live on in that misery, but
he, when he had drank it, was miraculously cured,” at least, so we read
in the “Miracles of Art and Nature,” Galen being referred to as the
original authority for the story. The first essential in many of these
ancient remedies appeared to be that they should be most improbable and
unreasonable, and, secondly, that they should be as repulsive as possible.
[123] Spenser.
[124] In “the Ceremonies to be observed at the Coronation of His most
Excellent Majesty King George IV.,” the order of the procession is given,
the first item of all being “the King’s Herbwoman with her six maids,
strewing the way with Herbs.”
[125] In this mysterious isle also “there ben wylde gees that han two
Hedes, and ther ben Lyouns all white and als grete as oxen, and many
othere dyverse Bestes.”
[126] There is a notion in Cheshire that this complaint can be cured by
holding a toad or frog for a few minutes within the child’s mouth, at the
imminent risk, one would imagine, of choking the patient. In Norfolk,
they had greater faith in giving the child milk to drink that a ferret
had previously lapped at.
[127] “The knops or heads are holow within, and for the most part hauing
wormes in them, the which you shall find in cleaning the heads. The small
wormes that are founde within the knops of teasels do cure and heale the
quartaine ague, to be worne or tied about the necke or arme.”—_Lyte’s
translation of Dodœns_, A.D. 1586.
[128] Judges, chap. xiv.
[129] Dryden’s Translation.
[130] This old writer, not being aware of the various stages of egg,
larva, pupa, and imago through which butterflies and moths pass, is much
perplexed over the silkworm, “whether I may name it a worme or a flie,”
he says, “I cannot tell. For sometimes it is a worm, sometimes a flie,
and sometimes neither worm nor flie, but a little seed which the dying
flies leave behinde them.”
[131] Apart from these various monsters, and the hundreds of others that
bear them company, Aldrovandus seems to have been always accessible to
anyone who would bring him one wonder the more; hence he also figures
a bunch of grapes terminating in a long beard; representations of
cloud-warriors in conflict in the sky; comets like blazing swords, and
many other wonderful things that set our ancestors wondering in fear and
amazement as to what such portents should signify.
[132] “To be shewn at the Royal Infirmary of this city, price sixpence,
the largest and most beautiful lion that was ever seen in this country.
Also an Egyptian mummy, lately sent as a present to the Infirmary by
Alexander Drummond, Esq., Consul of the Turkey Company at Aleppo.
Likewise a very large horn of a sea unicorn, which all connoisseurs
acknowledge to be a remarkable curiosity.
“N.B.—As the money collected on this occasion is to be applied solely
for the relief of the Indigent Sick in the said Hospital, therefore
if persons of Substance and Distinction shall give more, it will be
thankfully accepted on behalf of the distressed Patients.”—_Edinburgh
Chronicle_, 1758.
[133] In the travels of Boullaye le Gouz, published in 1657, we find a
reference to this notion. He says, “I had among my baggage the hand of a
Syren, or fisherwoman, which I threw, on the sly, into the sea, because
the captain, seeing that we could not make way, asked me if I had not got
some mummy or other in my bags which hindered our progress, in which case
we must return to Egypt to carry it back again. Most of the Provençals
have the opinion that the vessels which transport the mummies from Egypt
have great difficulty in arriving safe at port: so that I feared, lest
coming to search my goods, they might take the hand of this fish for a
mummy’s hand, and insult me on account of it.”
[134] “That dolphins are crooked is not only affirmed by the hand of
the painter, but commonly conceived their naturall or proper figure,
which is not only the opinion of our times, but seems the belief of
older times before us: for besides the expressions of Ovid and Pliny,
their Portraicts in ancient Coynes are framed in this figure, as will
appear in some thereof in Gesner, others in Goltzius, and Lævinus Hulsius
in his description of Coynes. Notwithstanding, to speak strictly, in
their naturall Figure they are streight, nor have they their spine
convexed or more considerably embowed than Sharkes, Porposes, or
Whales, and therefore what is delivered of their incurvity must either
be taken Emphatically, that is, not really, but in appearance; which
happeneth when they leap above water or suddenly shoot down again: which
is a fallacy of vision, whereby streight bodies in a sudden motion
protruded obliquely downward appear to the eye crooked, and this is the
construction of Bellonius: or, if it be taken really, it must not be
universally and perpetually, that is, not when they swimme and remaine
in their proper figures, but only when they leape or impetuously whirle
their bodies anyway: and this is the opinion of Gesnerus. Or, lastly, it
must be taken neither really nor emphatically, but only emblematically;
for being the Hieroglyphic of Celerity, and swifter than other animalls,
men best expressed their velocity by incurvity, and under some figure of
a bowe, and in this sense probably do Heralds also receive it.”—_Browne._
[135] In Sussex no better remedy could be found for tooth-ache than the
application of a paw cut from a living mole.
INDEX.
“Accedence of Armorie,” 52, 121, 232
Acipenser, 330
Acosta, “travels in the Indies,” 44
Acrid secretion in skin of toad, 281
“Actes of English votaries,” 69
“Adam in Eden,” 48
Adder, 173
Adder eaters, 77
Ælianus, works of, 95
Agriophagi, 72
Ague, specifics for, 172, 186, 309
Ainos of Japan, 61
Albert Nyanza in old maps, 13
Albertus Magnus, 160, 282
Alciatus, Book of Emblems, 84
Aldrovandus, 63, 272, 305, 316
Alectorius, 235, 247
All creation a moral text book, 51, 125
Ambrosinus, 316
Amphisbæna, 304
“Anatomy of Melancholy,” 309
Anchor and Dolphin, 329
André on theory of Creation, 125
Andrew Marvel’s “Loyal Scot,” 69
Andromachus, physician to Nero, 299
Angulo or Hog-fish, 318
Animals in art and fable, 175
“Annals of Winchester,” 269
Anthropophagi, 11, 72
Antipathies, animal, 94, 153, 182, 187, 230, 232, 280, 289
Antipathy and sympathy, 153
Ant’s eggs, oil of, 278
Ants of India, 196
Ape, 122, 153
Apollo and Raven, 241
“Arcana Fairfaxiana,” 279
Arena, lions in the, 123
“Areopagitica,” 225
Ariosto, 207, 224
Aristotle, 30, 31, 55, 302
“Armonye of Byrdes,” 239
Armories, Natural History in, 32, 51, 119, 120, 121
Arms of the City of London, 277
Art, animals in, 175
“Art of simpling,” 188
Asbestos, its supposed nature, 293
Ashmole, diary of, 279
Askham on hare, 165
Asp, 51, 307
“As Pliny saith,” 4, 20
Assyrian seals, 131
Astrological influences, 11
“As you like it,” 208
Aubrey, extract from, 165, 179, 184, 238, 297
Augustine on higher and lower truths, 49
Authors consulted by Pliny, 26
Avicenna on chamæleon, 296
Azores in old map, 39
Bacci on unicorn, 131
Bacon’s “Natural History,” 166
Badge, panther, of King Henry VI., 151
Badger, 198
Bale on scandalous reports, 69
Ballasting of cranes and bees, 260
Bandicoot, 196
Barbary, lions of, 127
Barnacle goose, 214
Barnfield, “Cassandra,” 287
Barrow, “Travels in Africa,” 131
Bartholinus on unicorn, 131
Basilisk, 265, 286, 305
Bay-leaf as medicine, 274
Bearded grapes, 319
Bear, 161, 167, 182
Beaumont and Fletcher, 162, 176
Beaver, oil from the, 278
Bee, 260, 310
Beef, the praise of, 46
Bee-hives attacked by bears, 163
“Belvedere” of Bodenham, 170
Bereus on unicorn, 131
“Bestiare Divin” of Guillaume, 48
Bestiaries of Middle Ages, 31, 50
Blackbird, Sagacity of, 177
Black Swan, 230
“Blazon of Gentrie,” 119, 224
Blood of lion black, 116
Boar, 175
Bœwulf on Mermaid, 80
Boiling river, 43
“Bonduca,” extract from, 162
“Book of Emblems,” 84
“Book of Knowledge,” Winstanley, 183, 248
Boorde’s “Dyetary,” 46
Bosjesmen, ancient Troglodytes, 3, 61
Bossewell’s “Armorie,” 52, 169, 194
Bostock on Pliny, 29
Browne on Vulgar Errors, 56, 92, 106, 157, 162, 178, 205, 255, 267,
284, 313, 328
Buffon on Pliny, 21
Burton, “Miracles of Art and Nature,” 18, 19, 127, 131, 305
Bussy d’Amboise on Unicorn, 130
Butler, Hudibras, extract from, 214
Byron, extract from, 229, 330
Cabbage, the praise of, 47
Camel, 182, 198, 294
Camelopardilis, 124
Camerarius on dolphin, 329
Camillus, “mirror of stones,” 247
Cammetennus, 294
Camoens, extract from, 181
Camphor-tree, 152
Cancer, specific for, 189
Canibali, home of the, 37
“Canterbury Tales,” 276
Capture of elephant, 145
Carbuncle borne by dragon, 274
Carew, extract from, 164
Carlyle on books, 33
Carrier pigeons, 16
Cartazonos, 130
“Cassandra,” extract from, 287
“Castle of Memory,” 166
Cat, 168, 189
Catelan on Unicorn, 131
Cathay, palace at, 151
Catoblepas, 197
Centaur, 79, 294
Cerastes or horned viper, 298, 304
Ceylon, mermaids of, 88
“Ceylon, Natural History of,” 196
Chameleon, 136, 178, 274, 296
Chanticleer, 239
Chares on Theriaca, 299
Chaucer, extract from, 11, 30
Chelidonius, 247
Chelonites of Porta, 283
Chester’s “Love’s Martyr,” 170
“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,” 330
Chinese referred to by Pliny, 28
Churchyard grass, remedial virtues of, 189
Cinirus, 124
Cinnabar, how produced, 137
Coats, extract from, 120, 194
Cobbe on the creation of monsters, 145
Cobra stone, 298
Coca plant, properties of, 18
Cock, 154, 232, 238
Cock-ale, 234
Cockatrice, 236, 267
Cockeram’s Dictionary, 288
Cockle, 196
Cogan, “Haven of Health,” 45, 167, 231, 277, 301
Coleridge on Nightingale, 252
Cole’s “Adam in Eden,” 48
“Art of simpling,” 188
Colours of dying dolphin, 330
Comets like blazing swords, 319
Composition of Venice Treacle, 229
Coney-fish, 209
Convulsions, remedy for, 167, 186
Coolness of blood of elephant, 149
Cornishmen tailed, 68
Corvia, 247
Cos, dragon of, 110
“Cosmography,” Munster’s, 34, 97, 127, 130, 139, 149, 220
Crabs’ eyes a remedy, 235, 335
Crabs generating scorpions, 297
Crane, 56, 260
Crapaudine, or toad stone, 281
Creatures of the fire, 295
Crippled feet of Chinese ladies, 15
Crocodile, 286, 294
Crocuta, 124
Cross on donkey’s back, 184, 186
Crow, sagacity of, 177
Cruelty in preparation of recipes, 48, 248, 335
Ctesias on griffin, 276;
on unicorn, 130
Cubs of bear a shapeless mass, 161
Cuckoo broth, 235
Culverwort, 16
“Curiosities of Heraldry,” 237
“Cursor Mundi,” extract from, 242
Cuttle-fish, 335
Cuvier on phœnix, 204;
on Pliny, 21
“Cymbeline,” extract from, 208
Cynamolgi, 72
Dagon, the fish god, 93
_Daily Post_, advertisement from, 90
Dallaway on unicorn, 133
Dead animals generating other creatures, 311
Dead men’s bones, oil from, 278
Deaf as an adder, 303
“De Animalibus” of Aristotle, 31
Death song of the swan, 229
Death-dealing cocatrice, 237
Decker on unicorn’s horn, 134
Deer, 173, 270
“De Humana Physiognomonica,” 78
“De Miraculis,” story from, 108
Democritus on serpent generation, 307
Derceto, 97
De Thaun, “Bestiary” of, 50, 124, 132, 185, 204, 292
Devil’s-bird, 241
“De Virtutibus Herbarum,” 160
Diamond dissolving, 178
Differences in aim in zoological study, 4
Digby, “The Closet Open,” 234
“Dirge,” extract from Gay’s, 241
Dioscorides, writings of, 95
“Discoverie of witchcraft,” 113
“Display of Heraldrie,” Guillim, 52, 120
Divining rod in use, 37
Doctrine of Signatures, 251
Dodœns, extract from, 309
Dog, 8, 119, 187, 189, 270, 316
Dog-headed men, 11, 42, 72
Dog-king, 73
Dolphin, 83, 289, 327
Donkey, 184, 188
Double-bodied animals, 65
Dove, 177, 240
Draconites, 247
Dragon, 268, 274
Dragon-maiden, 110
Dragon and elephant, feud between, 136, 147
Drayton, extract from, 250, 253, 259
Dropsy, remedy for, 298
Drunkenness, to avert, 249
Dryden, extract from, 161, 165, 224, 227, 259, 281
Du Bartas on barnacle-goose, 218
Du Chaillu on gorilla, 3;
on pygmies, 60
Dulness of hearing, remedy for, 308
Dust of Malta a remedy, 300
“Dyetary” of Boorde, 46
Eagle, 108, 223, 240, 276
Eale of Ethiopia, 197
Earless animals, 74
Earthworms in medicine, 279
Eastern love of the wonderful, 213
Eastern Travels of John of Hesse, 81
Eel’s blood for warts, 335
Eels from hairs, 182
Effects of climate on human tail growth, 71
Egyptians and the ass, 185
Einhorn, 130
El Dorado of Raleigh, 44
Elephant, 36, 107, 135, 177, 182, 213, 274, 294, 323
Elephant-headed boy, 64
Elizabeth, portrait of Queen, 176
Ellison, “Trip to Benwell,” 165
“Emblemes and Epigrames,” 210
“Emblems” of Whitney, 136
England, first elephant seen in, 142
Epilepsy, cure for, 173, 190
Ermine, the spotless, 176
Ethiopia, land of marvels, 73, 146, 276
“Euphues,” extract from, 262, 281
“Evangeline,” extract from, 247, 279
Evil spirit in donkey, 185
Eyebright for the sight, 48, 298
Fable, animals in, 175
“Fairie Queen,” extract from, 80, 113, 129
Fakirs of India mentioned by Pliny, 28
Famous horses of antiquity, 181
Fascination, power of, 285
Fennel, value of, 47
Fenton on toad stone, 282
Ferne, “Blazon of Gentrie,” 119, 224
Ferret, 173, 309
Feuds, animal, 129, 136
Filial love of storks, 259
Fishes choosing a king, 334
Fletcher on phœnix, 207
Flounder the wry-mouthed, 334
Fondness of dolphin for man, 328
Forget-me-not, 251, 277
Formosa men with tails, 70, 71
Four-eyed men, 74
Four-footed ducks and pigeons, 65
Four-legged serpents, 306
Fox, 167
Foxglove, 251
Freckles, cure for, 166
Frenzel on Unicorn, 131
Frog, 189, 278, 281, 308
Fulgentius on note of Raven, 242
Fuller, extracts from, 117
Galen, prescription of, 291
“Garden of the Muses,” extract from, 170
Garnier, the loup-garou, 108
Gay, extract from, 184, 241
Geliot’s “Indice Armorial,” 120
_Gentleman’s Magazine_, extract from, 93
Geranites, 247
Gerarde, extract from, 214, 309
Gesner’s “History of Animals,” 129
Giants, 75
Gift of eloquence, To acquire, 249
Gift of invisibility, 235
Gilbert White’s “Selborne,” 180
Glanvil, assertions of, 113, 276, 290
Glowworm, 257
Goat, 177, 234, 331
“Golden Gem for Geometricians,” 262
Gonzale on monstrous men, 79
Gorilla mentioned by Hanno, 3, 67
Gosse, “Romance of Natural History,” 86
Gout, remedy for, 244, 246, 278
Gray, oil from the, 278
Great-lipped men, 76
Green lizards in mediæval recipe, 8
Grimalkin, 192
Guiana of Sir W. Raleigh, 44
Guillaume, “Bestiare Divin” of, 48
Guillim’s “Display of Heraldrie,” 52, 120, 132, 176, 243
Gujerat, lions of, 124
Hairy men, 67
Hairy serpents, 306
Hakluyt’s “Voyages,” 44
Halcyone, myth of, 258
Halle on knowledge for Chirurgeons, 12
“Hamlet,” extract from, 228
Hanno’s pursuit of gorilla, 3, 67, 68
Hare, 8, 164, 165, 184
Harpy, 64, 146
Hartebeest, 124
“Haven of Health,” Cogan’s, 45, 167, 231, 277, 301
Hawkweed, 248
Headless men, 34, 65, 75
Heberden’s “Antitheriaca,” 299
Hedgehog, 168, 256
Hentzner on horn of unicorn, 134
Heraldic animals, 83, 127, 276, 328
Herbert’s book of travels, 39, 176
Herb-tea in the Spring, 274
Herodotus, writings of, 30
Herring, the king of fishes, 334
Herschell on love of books, 32
Heylyn, travels of, 42
Heywood on stork, 259
“Hind and Panther,” extract from, 161, 165
Hippeau on theological treatment, 6, 49
Hippocampus, 314
Hippopotamus, 118, 143, 149, 314
“Histoire des Anomalies” of St. Hilaire, 62
“Historia Naturalis” of Jonston, 130
“Historie of Plants,” Gerarde, 214
“History of America,” Robertson, 79
“History of Animals,” Gesner, 129
“History of Serpents and Dragons,” Aldrovandus, 272
Hog-fish, 209, 318
Holland, English version of Pliny, 29
Hollerius on snake stone, 298
Homer on eagle, 225;
on pygmies, 55
Hoopoe, stone from, 247
Horned men, 76, 294
Horned viper, 298
Hornets from dead mule, 311
Horn of unicorn, 133, 324
Horse, 181, 189, 236, 270, 276, 294, 297
Horse-shoe, 184
Hound’s-tongue, value of, 188
Howling of dogs an evil omen, 188
How serpents are developed, 297
How tempests may arise, 321
How the raven became black, 241
How to procure toad-stone, 283
Hudibras, quotation from, 162, 214
Hudson on mermaids, 85
Humble bees from dead ass, 311
Hyæna, 152, 156;
Men turned into, 104
Hydrophobia, treatment of, 189, 234
“Hymn on the Nativity,” Milton, 258
Iliad, extract from, 225
Incubators mentioned by Jordanus, 15
Indian customs mentioned by Pliny, 28
“Indice Armorial,” 120
Indifference to animal suffering, 48, 167, 248, 335
Inhabitants of the sea-depths, 313
Insomnia, specific for, 177
Instances of sagacity in birds, 177
Invisibility, gift of, 245, 297
Ipotayne, half-man, half-horse, 79
Izaak Walton, extract from, 209
Jaguars, men turned to, 104
Jaundice, specific for, 189
Java, home of the pygmies, 58
Jewel-bearing toad, 281
Job on the eagle, 224
John of Hesse, travels of, 81
Jonston’s “Historia Naturalis,” 130
Jordanus, extract from, 13, 58, 73, 196, 213, 274
Juggernaut, 15
“Julius Cæsar,” extract from, 130
Jumar, 124
Keen sight of eagle, 225
Kentish men tailed, 68, 69
Kingfisher, 255
“King Henry IV.,” extract from, 166, 254
“King Henry VI.,” extract from, 161, 208, 224, 246, 266, 296, 304
“King Henry VIII.,” extract from, 286
“King Lear,” extract from, 254
King of beasts, 116;
of birds, 232;
of fishes, 334;
of serpents, 266
Kite, sagacity of, 177
“Knight of Malta,” extract from, 176
Lady loup-garou, 109
Lalla Rookh, extract from, 210
Lamia, 294
Lamb-tree, 223
Land of the pygmies, 57
Landseer’s animal painting, 175
Language of beasts, to learn, 42
Lapwing, 177
Lark, sagacity of, 177
Larva of tiger-moth, 306
Laterrade on the unicorn, 131
Lavender as a remedy, 301
Legend of the robin, 250
Legh, “Accedence of Armorie,” 52, 121, 144, 178, 187, 242
Leo, “History of Africa,” 158, 271
Leontophonos, 128
Leopards, men turned to, 104
Leviathan, 334
Licking little bears into shape, 161
Lightning, protection against, 258
Like to like, 300
Lily, “Euphues” of, 281
Lion, 116, 232, 270, 276, 294, 303, 310
Lipless men, 73
“Livre des Creatures” of De Thaun, 50, 124
Lizard, 8, 296
Lomie, 197
Long-eared men, 42, 77
Long-headed men, 78
Longfellow, extract from, 247, 279
Loup-garou, 108
Love of the marvellous, 10
“Love’s Martyr” of Chester, 170
“Loyal Scot” of Andrew Marvel, 69
Luminous ink, 312
Lupton, extract from, 282
“Lusiad” of Camoens, 181
Luther on whale, 334
Lycanthropy, 101
“Macbeth,” extract from, 192
Macaulay on books, 32
“Maccabees,” extract from, 145
Macer on fennel, 47
Mad as a March hare, 165, 166
Mad dog, 9
“Magick of Kirani,” 251, 270
Maneless lions, 123
Manticora, 156, 197
Manufacture of mermaids, 91;
of pygmies, 58
Maori traditions, 61
“Mappæ Clavicula,” extract from, 182
Marcellus, cure of blindness, 248
Marco Polo, travels of, 40, 144, 211
Marlowe, extract from, 241, 255
Marmalade for students, 46
Martin’s “Philosophical Grammar,” 132
Marvellous Isle of Dondum, 75
Matthew Prior, drawing of elephant, 143
Maundevile, extract from, 15, 16, 110, 138, 147, 151, 195, 202, 244,
276, 308, 336
Mauritius veal, 89
Medical zoology, 4, 45
Mediæval theory of creation, 125
Melancholia, its cause, 166
Men who lived on odours, 58, 75
Mendez Pinto the marvellous, 41
Mermaid, 79, 80, 313
Metacollinarum, 294
“Merchant of Venice,” extract from, 54, 192, 229
“Metamorphoses,” Ovid, 101
Metempsychosis, 107
Mewing nuns, 105
“Midsummer night’s dream,” extract from, 83
Milton, extract from, 226, 253, 258, 334
“Miracles of Art and Nature,” extract from, 18, 19
“Mirror for Mathematics,” 262
Mirror of stones, 247
Mithridate, 299
Mole, 168, 172, 335
Monoceros, 130
“Monstrorum Historia” of Aldrovandus, 63
Moon-worshipping elephants, 139
Moore, Extract of, 210
Moral-pointing treatment of zoology, 4, 6, 173, 244, 287, 293
Moss from dead man’s skull, 278
Moufflon in Munster’s book, 35
Mouse, 137, 167, 194
Mouthless men, 75, 76
Munster’s “Cosmography,” 34, 97, 127, 130, 139, 149, 220, 306
Music, dolphins love of, 330
Musinus, 129
Mussel, 196
Mutianus on monkeys, 139
Narwhal tusk, 324
“Natural History,” Bacon’s, 166
“Natural History of Norway,” 87
“Natural History of Selborne,” 180
“Natural Magick,” 154
“New Jewell of Health,” 277
Nightingale, 251
Nile represented in old maps, 13, 36
Noah and the raven, 242
Noseless men, 73
Oannes the fish-god, 96
Odin’s wolf, 157
Oil of swallows, 249
Oils of medicinal repute, 278
Olaus Magnus, writings of, 106, 320, 333
Omens from animals, 164
One-legged men, 42, 294
“Orlando Furioso,” extract from, 207, 304
“Ortus Sanitatis,” extract from, 280
Oryges, 197
Ostrich devouring iron, 231
“Othello,” Extract from, 241, 282
Ovid, the “Metamorphoses” of, 101
Owl, 246
Oxford life in the year 1636, 46
Oyster, the susceptible, 196
Panther, 149, 232
“Paradise lost,” extract from, 334
Parkinson, on barnacle goose, 219
Parrot-fish, 209
Parsee funeral customs, 13
“Pathway to Knowledge,” extract from, 312, 336
Peacock, 240, 254
Pearl-fish, 332
Pegasus, 324
Pelican, 227, 240
Percy Society Publications, 240
Performing elephants, 138
“Periplus” of Hanno, 67
Philomela, 252
“Philosophical Grammar,” Martin, 132
Philostratus on pygmies, 55
Phisiologus on the mermaid, 80
Phœnix, 200, 240, 294
Physician-tench, 335
Pietro del Porco, 176
Pillars of Hercules, 36
Pinto, liar of first magnitude, 41
Plagiarism, 45
Playmate, dragon as a, 275
Pliny’s “Natural History,” 21, 95, 123, 150, 246
Plutarch, quotation from, 37
Poison fish, 209
Polypus and the significance thereof, 4, 5
Pomphagi, 72
Pontarf, 338
Pontoppidan, writings of, 87
“Poor Robin’s Almanack,” extract from, 170
Pope on learned blockheads, 33
Porta, extract from, 78, 122, 124, 152, 154, 160, 172, 182, 233, 283,
295, 300
Potter’s “Booke of Phisicke,” 45
Powdered mummy, 278
Praise of method, 53
Prawn, 332
Prester John, kingdom of, 293
“Pseudodoxia Epidemica,” 92
“Purchas his Pilgrimage,” 44, 318
Pygmies, 54, 294
Pyragones, 295
“Quentin Durward,” extract from, 157
Rabbit, 119
Raleigh, Sir Walter, on Guiana, 44
Ram, 198
Ram-headed man, 64
Rat, 194, 196, 282
Raven, 177, 241
Raven-stone, 244
Ray, its love for man, 331
Reginald Scot, “Discoverie of Witchcraft,” 113
Rejuvenescence of the eagle, 226
Relentless asp, 307
“Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme,” 165, 298
Remedies for hydrophobia, 189
Remora, 326
Rheumatism, remedy for, 167
“Rich Jew of Malta,” extract from, 241
Rings bearing toad-stone, 281
Robbers checkmated, 9
Robertson, “History of America,” 79
Robin, 249
Rochester rudeness to A. Becket, 68, 69
Roc or Rukh, 211
“Romance of Natural History,” Gosse, 86
Roman mosaic at Brading, 98
“Romeo and Juliet,” extract from, 192
Rondoletius, book of, 319
Roulet, the loup-garou, 109
Sachs on unicorn, 131
“Saducismus Triumphatus,” 113
Sagacity of the crane, 261
Salamander, 154, 209, 290
Sargon, 331
“Savage Africa,” Winwood Reade, 61
Sciatica, specific for, 182
Scoresby on mermaids, 84
Scorpion, 9, 277, 278, 302, 338
Scorpion-grass, 251, 277
_Scots Magazine_, extract from, 87
Screech-owl, 108
Sea elephant, 323
Sea horse, 314
Seal, Greek superstition respecting, 289
Serpent, 173, 178, 236, 267
Serpentine monstrosities, 305
Shakespeare, extract from, 11, 32, 54, 55, 130, 173, 180, 192, 208,
228, 229, 241, 246, 253, 254, 255, 266, 277, 291, 296, 304
Shakespeare on learning, 33
Sheep as great as oxen, 76
Shelley on nightingale, 253
“Ship of Fools,” 39
Shony, the storm-dog, 191
Shrew-ash, 180
Shrew-mouse, 179, 234
Silkworm, 312
Silurus, 338
Single-footed men, 20
Sir Emerson Tennant on travellers’ tales, 2
“Six Pastorals,” extract from, 250
Skelton’s poem on birds, 240
Sleeplessness, to cause, 251
Snail-shells as houses, 308
Snake charmers mentioned by Pliny, 29
Song of the nightingale, 252
Southey, extract from, 232
“Speculum Mundi,” extract from, 5, 81, 88, 131, 133, 144, 180, 194,
227, 229, 252, 265, 266, 287, 320
“Speculum Regale,” 86
Speechless men, 73
Spenser, quotation from, 80, 113, 129, 150, 226, 240, 281, 286, 301,
326, 327
Sphinx, 146
Spider, 279, 282, 308
Squirrel, 174
Stag-wolf, 160
Stanley rediscovering pygmies, 3, 60
Stellion, 154
Stolbergk on unicorn, 131
Stone in lapwing’s nest, 8
Stones of magic virtue, 247
Stork, 259
Storm-raisers, 191
Strabo on the pygmies, 55
Strewing herbs, 302
Struys’ voyages and travels, 44, 70
Subjects dealt with by Pliny, 22
Sucking fish or remora, 326
“Survey of Cornwall,” extract from, 164
Sus Marinus, 317
Suttee an ancient usage, 14
Swallow, 8, 240, 247, 260
Swallow-wort, 248
Swam-fish, 333
Swan-song, 228
Swift, quotation from, 37
Symbol of resurrection, 203
Sympathy and antipathy, 153
Syrens, 82
Tacitus on phœnix, 201
Tailed men, 43, 68, 69
“Tale of a Tub,” Swift, 37
“Taming of the Shrew,” extract from, 180
Tavernier on bird of paradise, 210
Tears of the crocodile, 286
Teasel-heads, 309
“Tempest,” extract from, 79, 209
Tench, the physician fish, 335
Tennant on works of ancient travellers, 2
Tensevetes, 294
Ten-tailed lizard, 63
“Theater of plants,” 219
Theocritus on halcyon calm, 258
Theologians, a study of zoology, 4
Theriaca, 299
Thoes, 124
“Thousand notable things,” 282
Three-eyed men, 74
Three-headed monster, 65
Thynne’s “Book of Emblems,” 210
Tiger, 118, 198
Tiger-men, 104
“Timon of Athens,” extract from, 130
Titian, device of, 161
Title-pages full of interest, old, 6, 34, 272
Titles of old books, 12
Toad, 236, 274, 279, 308
Toad-stone, 281
Toad-wort, 280, 298
To catch Sargi, 331
Tooth-ache, remedy for, 335
Topsell, extract from, 165, 168, 171, 179, 280
Torpedo, 257
Tortoise, sagacity of, 178
Tradescant’s museum, 209
Transfer of valuable animal properties to man, 8
Travellers’ tales, 3, 338
“Travels in Africa,” Barrow, 131
Travels of Le Gouz, 326
Treachery of the shrew mouse, 179
“Trip to Benwell,” extract from, 165
Troglodytes mentioned by Pliny and others, 3
“Troilus and Cressida,” extract from, 304
Tusser’s “Husbandry,” 301
“Two Gentlemen of Verona,” extract from, 296
Two-headed animals, 65
Unchangeableness of old customs, 13, 28
Urcheon, urchin, or hedgehog, 169
Use of elephant in war, 137
Value of personal observation, 199
“Varia Historia,” extract from, 95
Venice treacle, 9, 299
Venomous men, 43
Versipellis, the skin-turner, 106
Vervain in recipe, 8
Victoria Nyanza in old maps, 13
Viper in medicine, 298, 299
Virgil on bees, 261, 311
“Voiage and Travaile” of Maundevile, 15, 16, 110, 138, 202, 308
Warder, Dr., on bees, 261
Wart, to cure, 182, 190
Wasps from dead horse, 311
Waters of Lethe, 99
Weasel, 119, 188, 296, 318
Weather prognostics, 82, 170
Weeping of deer, 173
Wehr-wolves, 99, 104
Whales pacified with tubs, 37, 39
When venison should be avoided, 173
Whitney’s “Emblems,” 136
Whooping cough, remedy for, 163, 186, 188, 308
Why bears attack bee-hives, 163
Winstanley’s “Book of Knowledge,” 183, 248, 312
Wolf, 8, 118, 154, 157, 182
Wolf-headed man, 79
Wondrous beasts of mediæval fancy, 197
Woolly bear, 306
Wren, 249
Wright’s translation of De Thaun, 50
Xenophon on boar, 175
Ylio of De Thaun, 51
Yule’s translation of Jordanus, 14
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