We said, in our last, that no sport could be attained without _good_
dogs. The first dog, and the very best for the sportsman, is _the
Pointer_. All our pointers are, in some degree, of Spanish extraction;
and such of them as have the most Spanish blood in their veins are
unquestionably the best. The Spanish pointer is about twenty-one inches
in height. He has a large head, is heavily made, broad-chested,
stout-limbed, with a large dew-lap; his eyes are full, and widely apart,
and his nose is broad; his tail is straight, short, and thick, and his
ears large, pendulous, and fine; he should have a round-balled and not a
flat foot.
“The most essential point about the dog,” says General Hanger, “is a
good foot; for, without a good, firm foot, he can never hunt long. I
never look at a dog which has a thin, flat, wide, and spread foot. As
long as the ground is dry and hard, I always wash my dog’s feet with
warm soap and water, and clean them well, particularly between the toes
and balls of the feet; this comforts his feet, allays the heat, and
promotes the circulation in the feet. In the more advanced period of the
season, when the ground is very wet, then salt and water may be proper.”
Scarcely two pointers are to be seen so much alike, that a naturalist
would pronounce them to belong to the same class of dogs, inasmuch as
they are dissimilar in size, weight, and appearance. We recognise only
two pointers—the Spaniard and the mongrel. Nearly all the pointers we
see are, in fact, mongrels, although each may have more or less of the
original Spanish blood. Such, however, is the force of nature, that a
dog, having in him very little of the blood of the pointer, may prove a
very serviceable dog to the shooter. We frequently meet with very good
dogs—dogs deemed by their owners first-rate—which bear little
resemblance, in point of shape and appearance, to the true pointer; some
of these have the sharp nose of the fox, others the snubbed nose of the
bull-dog; in short, there is every diversity in size and appearance from
the greyhound to the pug. The excellence of such dogs must be attributed
to judicious treatment, severe discipline, or having been constantly out
with a good shot, or in company with highly-trained dogs. It is,
however, a mistake to suppose that they are of a proper strain to breed
from. Their offspring will be deformed, and will probably manifest some
of the worst and more hidden qualities of the parents.
The attempt to lay down a written rule whereby to distinguish between a
good and an indifferent pointer, would be futile. How much of the blood
of the pointer a dog has in him, will be read in his countenance, rather
than inferred from his general shape and appearance. There is an
indescribable something in the countenance of a thorough-bred pointer,
which a little habit of observation will enable the sportsman to detect
with tolerable accuracy, so that he may judge of the capabilities of a
dog, as a physiognomist will read at a glance a person’s disposition and
ability in his countenance.
The instinct of pointing, we apprehend, is an indestructible principle
in the blood of the pointer, which, however that blood may be mingled
with inferior blood, will always, in some degree, manifest itself; and
on this ground we build our theory, that the farther any dog is removed
from the original Spanish pointer, the worse the dog is; and,
consequently, that all attempts to cross the pointer with any other
blood must necessarily deteriorate the breed. The greyhound is seldom or
never crossed to give him additional fleetness, nor the hound to improve
his nose; why then should the pointer be crossed with dogs which, in so
far as the sports of the field are concerned, scarcely inherit one
quality in common with him? Attempts, however, are constantly made to
improve the pointer, by a cross with the blood-hound, fox-hound,
Newfoundland dog, or mastiff, sometimes with a view of improving his
appearance, and bringing him to some fancied standard of perfection;
but, in reality, inducing a deformity. One of these imaginary standards
of perfection is, that to one part thorough Spanish blood, the pointer
should have in him an eighth of the fox-hound, and a sixteenth of the
blood-hound. A cross will sometimes produce dogs which are, in some
eyes, the _beau idéal_ of beauty; but however handsome such dogs may be,
they will necessarily possess some quality not belonging to the pointer.
A thorough-bred pointer carries his head well up when ranging; he will
not give tongue, nor has he much desire to chase footed game. The hound
pointer may be sometimes detected by his coarse ears, by his tail being
curled upwards, and being carried high, or by his rough coat. An
occasional cross with the mastiff or Newfoundland dog, is said to
increase the fineness of nose, but it is converting the pointer into a
mere retriever. Another, and the main source of the unsightliness of
sporting dogs, is the allowing an indiscriminate intercourse between
pointers and setters. Good dogs may be thus obtained sometimes, but they
are invariably mis-shapen; they have generally the head and brush tail
of the setter, with the body of the pointer, and their coats are not
sleek, and instead of standing at their point, they will crouch. When
the sire is nearly thorough-bred, dogs of a superior description, but
certainly not the best, are sometimes produced by the Newfoundland or
some other not strictly a pointer. We are not willing to allow that the
pointer is improved in any quality that renders him valuable to the
sportsman, by a cross with the hound or any other sort of dog; though we
cannot deny that the setter is materially improved in appearance by a
cross with the Newfoundland, but what it gains in appearance it loses in
other respects.
Breeding mongrels, especially crossing with hounds, has given the
gamekeepers and dog-breakers an infinity of trouble, which might have
been avoided by keeping the blood pure. The Spanish pointer seldom
requires the whip; the hound pointer has never enough of it. One of the
main sources of the sportsman’s pleasure is to see the dogs point well.
Dogs should be constantly shot over during the season by a successful
shot, and exercised during the shooting recess by some person who
understands well the management of them, otherwise they will fall off in
value—the half-bred ones will become unmanageable, and even the
thorough-bred ones will acquire disorderly habits.
We look upon the setter to be an inferior kind of pointer perhaps;
originally a cross between the pointer and the spaniel, or some such dog
as the Newfoundland, for it has some qualities in common with each. The
pointer has the finer nose, and is more staunch than the setter; his
action is much finer. Pointers are averse to water; setters delight in
it. The setter will face briars and bushes better than the pointer,
which is in this respect a tender dog; and for this reason the setter is
preferred to the pointer for cover-shooting. Besides, his being not so
staunch as the pointer is an additional advantage in heavy covers. The
sportsman who shoots over well-broken pointers, frequently passes game
in woods, while the pointers, which are not seen by him, are at their
point; the setter, being more impatient to run in, affords the shooter
many shots in cover, which the over-staunch pointer would not. The
pointer is always to be preferred on open grounds. In hot weather the
pointer will endure more fatigue than the setter.
* * * * *
_The Spaniel, Cock Dog, or Springer._—Spaniels are the best dogs for
beating covers, provided they can be kept near the gun. They are
generally expected to give tongue when game is flushed: some Spaniels
will give notice of game before it rises, which is very well where
woodcocks only are expected to be found. Woodcock and pheasant shooting
are often combined; when that is the case, a noisy cry is not desirable:
pheasant shooting cannot be conducted too quietly, where covers are
limited. Wherever the underwood is so thick that the shooter cannot keep
his eye on the dogs, spaniels are to be preferred to pointers or
setters, whatever species of game the shooter may be in pursuit of. When
spaniels are brought to such a state of discipline as to be serviceable
in an open country, they will require no further tutoring to fit them
for the woods, unless it be that the eye of their master not being
always on them, they begin to ramble. The efficiency of the training of
spaniels for cover-shooting, depends, for the most part, on their
keeping near the shooter; for if they riot, they are the worst dogs he
can hunt.
There is much less trouble in making a spaniel steady than at first
thought may be imagined. A puppy eight months old, introduced among
three or four well-broken dogs, is easily taught his business. The
breaker should use him to a cord of twenty yards length or so, before he
goes into the field, and then take him out with the pack. Many a young
dog is quiet and obedient from the first; another is shy, and stares and
runs about as much at the rising of the birds as the report of the gun.
Shortly he gets over this, and takes a part in the sport—he then begins
to chase, but finding he is not followed after little birds or game, he
returns; and should he not, and commence hunting out of shot, which is
very likely, he must be called in, and flogged or rated, as his temper
calls for. With care and patience, he will soon “pack up” with the
others, especially if that term is used when the dogs are dividing; and
if not, he may be checked by treading on the cord, and rated or beaten
as his fault requires. Spaniels will, in general, stand more whipping
than other dogs, but care must be taken not to be lavish or severe with
it at first, or the dog becomes cowed, and instead of hunting will sneak
along at heel.
* * * * *
_The Retriever._—The business of the retriever is to find lost game.
Newfoundland dogs are the best for the purpose. They should have a
remarkably fine sense of smelling, or they will be of little use in
tracing a wounded pheasant, or other game, through a thick cover, where
many birds have been running about. A good retriever will follow the
bird on whose track he is first put, as a blood-hound will that of a
human being or deer. He should be taught to bring his game, or in many
instances his finding a wounded bird would be of no advantage to the
shooter.
* * * * *
_Kennel Treatment._—The best regular food for sporting dogs is oatmeal
well boiled, and flesh, which may be either boiled with the meal or
given raw. In hot weather, dogs should not have either oatmeal or flesh
in a raw state, as they are heating. Potatoes boiled are good summer
food, and an excellent occasional variety in winter, but they should be
cleaned before being boiled, and _well dried_ after, or they will
produce disease. Roasted potatoes are equally good, if not better. The
best food to bring dogs into condition, and to preserve their wind in
hot weather, is sago boiled to a jelly, half a pound of which may be
given to each dog daily, in addition to potatoes or other light food; a
little flesh meat, or a few bones, being allowed every alternate day.
Dogs should have whey or buttermilk two or three times a week during
summer, when it can be procured, or in lieu thereof, should have a
table-spoonful of flour of sulphur once a fortnight. To bring a dog into
condition for the season, we would give him a very large table-spoonful
of sulphur about a fortnight before the 12th of August, and two days
after giving him that, a full table-spoonful of syrup of buckthorn
should be administered, and afterwards twice repeated at intervals of
three days, the dog being fed on the sago diet the while. There should
always be fresh water within reach. Dogs should never be chained up.
* * * * *