[269] Richard Hakluyt was born at Yatton, England, in 1553. He took a

remarkable interest in geography and navigation, and for a time held

a professor’s chair of these branches at Oxford. In 1582 his “Divers

voyages touching the discouerie of America and Ilands adiacent vnto the

same,” was published in London. He was also the author of “A particular

discourse concerninge the greate necessitie and manifolde comodyties that

are like to growe to this Realme of England by the Westerne discoueries

lately attempted, written in the year 1584.” In 1589, he published his

celebrated work, entitled: The principal navigations, voiages, and

discoveries of the English nation, made by sea or ouer Land, to the most

remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth at any time within

the compasse of these 1500 yeeres. Deuided into three Seuerall parts,

according to the positions of the Regions whereunto they were directed.

This work was further enlarged in 1599 and 1600. He was appointed

prebendary of Westminster in 1605. He died October 23, 1616, and was

buried in Westminster Abbey.

[270] Calicut is on the west coast of India, in 11° 15´ north latitude,

and 75° 50´ east longitude.

Paesi nouamente retrouati. Et Nouo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio

Florentino intitulato. Stampato in Vicentia cu la impressa de Mgrō

Henrico Vicentino: & diligente cura & industria de Zamaria suo fiol nel

mcccccvii. a di iii de Nouember. lib. ii. cap. li-lx. The three voyages

of Vasco da Gama. From the Lendas da India of Gaspar Corvea. Translated

from the Portuguese by Henry E. J. Stanley. London, 1879. Hakluyt. Soc.

pub.

[271] _Vide_ Ruysch’s map of 1508.

[272] Paesi Nouamente retrouati. lib. iii. cap. lxi-lxxxiiii. Raccolta

di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. i. fol. 132-139. Coleccion de los

viages y descubrimientos. Navarrete. tom. iii. pp. 94, 101.

[273] Gaspar Cortereal was the son of João Vaz Cortereal, who, it is

said, had previously made a voyage to the Land of Bacalhão (Terra de

Bacalhão).

[274] Tratado, que compõs o-nobre & notauel capitão Antonio Galuão.

[275] “_Huma terra que por ser muito fresca e de grandes aruoredos

como o sao todas as que jazem pera aquella banda lhe pos nome terra

verde._”—Chronica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel. Lisboa, 1566. tomo i.

fol. 65.

[276] Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. iii. fol. 346.

[277] It seems that the writer was ignorant of the fields of the

discoveries of the English in 1497 and 1498. Giovanni Caboto, the

Venetian navigator, no doubt had made the presents found in the

possession of the inhabitants.

[278] Paesi nouamente retrouati. lib. vi. cap. cxxvi.—_Vide_ Letter of

Alberto Cantino. Archives of Modena. Cancelleria ducale. Dispacci dalla

Spagna. Jean et Sébastien Cabot. Harrisse. pp. 262-264.

[279] “_Che fu tenuta a male la mia uenuta da quanti miconosceuano:

perche miparti di Castiglia, doue mi era facto honore, & il re miteneua

i’ buona possessione._”

[280] “_Sta q’sto cauo 8. gradi fuori della linea equinoctiale uerso

laustro._”

[281] “_Tanto fumo uerso laustro, che gia stauamo fuora del tropico di

capricorno: a donde el polo del Meridione salzaua sopra lo Orizonte 32.

gradi: et di gia hauamo perduio del tucto lorsa minore, & la maggiore chi

staua molto bassa, & quasi cisimonstraua al fine delle orizonte._”

[282] André Gonçalves, it is said, had command of the fleet.—_Vide_ O

Brazil no seculo xvi. Estudos de Capistrano de Abreu. Rio de Janeiro,

1880. pp. 9-23.

[283] Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci. Terzo viaggio.—_Vide_ Tratado, que

compõs o nobre & notauel Capitão Antonio Galuão.

[284] Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci. Quarto viaggio.—_Vide_ Chronica do

felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel. Damião de Góes. tomo i. fol. 65.

[285] Ferdinand Columbus gives 1508 as the date of the voyage.

[286] Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas

tierra firme del mar oceano escrita por Antonio de Herrera. Madrid,

1601-1615. dec. i. lib. vi. cap. xvii. Historia del S. D. Fernando

Colombo. cap. lxxxix. Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos.

Navarrete. tom. iii. p. 46.

Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas was born in Cuellar, in Spain, in 1549,

and died in 1625. His General history of the acts of the Spaniards on the

islands and continent of the ocean-sea, is divided into eight decades,

from 1492 to 1554, contained in four volumes, the first one of which was

published in Madrid, in 1601.

[287] Claudius Ptolemy. In hoc opere haec continentvr geographiae

Cl. Ptolemiæi a plurima uiris utriusque linguae doctiss. emēdata: &

cu archetypo graeco ab ipsis collata. Schemata cu demostrationibus

suis correcta a Marco Beneuentano monacho coelestino, & Ioanne Cotta

Veronensis iuris mathematicis consultissimis ... Noua & universalior

orbis cogniti tabula Ioā Ruysch Germano elaborata.... Anno Virginei

Partvs MDVIII. Rome.

The map is twenty-two by sixteen inches. The copy of one half of the

fan-shaped map in the cover-pocket is a reduced fac-simile of the

original section.

[288] The names inscribed along the coast of Terra Nova are: C. Glaciato

(Ice cape), Baia de Rockas (Bay of Rocks), R. Grado, In. Baccalavras

(Codfish island), C. de Portogesi (Cape of the Portuguese), Barbatos In.,

and Biggety In.

[289] The voyage of Nicholas de Lynna, a Franciscan monk, to the regions

near the north pole.—_Vide_ Hakluyt. vol. i. pp. 121, 122. Inscription on

Mercator’s map of the world of 1569.

[290] Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nuoumente trouate in

quattro suoi viaggi.—_Vide_ Amerigo Vespucci. Varnhagen. pp. 33-64.

Bibliotheca Americana vetustissima. [Harrisse.] pp. 149, 150.

[291] Cosmographiae introdvctio cvm qvibvsdam geometriae ac astronomiae

principiis ad eam rem necessariis. Insuper quatuor Americi Vespuccij

nauigationes Vniversalis cbosmographiae descriptio tam in solido qzplano

eis etiam insertis quæ Ptholomeo ignota a nuperis reperta sunt....

Finitu. vij. kl’ Maij. Anno supra sesqui Millesium. vij.

[292] Baron von Humboldt furnishes the information that Martin

Waldseemüller of Freiburg, diocese of Constantius, was a student

under the rectorship of Conrad Knoll of Grüningen, the seventh of

December, 1490, and had established a bookstore at St. Dié, shortly

before 1507.—Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau

continent. Humboldt. vol. iv. pp. 104-106.

[293] Hylacomylus, the forest-lake miller.

[294] “_Nūc vo & he partes sunt latius lustratae & alia quarta pars

per Americū Vesputiū (vt in sequentibus audietur) inuenta est quā non

video cur quis iūre vetet ab Americo inuentore sagacis ingenij viro

Amerigen quasi Americi terra siue Americam dicendā: cū & Europa & Asia a

mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina._”

Herodotus, speaking of the designations of the other divisions of the

earth, says: “Nor can I conjecture for what reason these different names

have been given to the earth, which is one, and those derived from the

names of women.... Nor can I learn the names of those who made this

division, nor whence they derived the appellations. Libya [Africa] is

said by most of the Greeks to take its name from a native woman of the

name of Libya; and Asia, from the wife of Prometheus. But the Lydians

claim this name, saying that Asia was called after Asius, son of Cotys,

son of Manes, and not after Asia, the wife of Prometheus; from whom

also a tribe of Sardis is called the Asian tribe. Whether Europe, then,

is surrounded by water is known by no man, nor is it clear whence it

received this name, nor who gave it, unless we will say that the region

received the name from the Tyrian Europa, and that it was previously

without a name like other regions, for she evidently belonged to Asia,

and never came into the country which is now called Europe by the

Grecians, and only passed from Phœnicia to Crete, and from Crete to

Lycia.”—Herodotus: Melpomene xlv.

[295] Until recently the map made by Petrus Apianus (Peter Benewitz),

in the Polyhistor of C. Julius Solinus, printed in Vienna, in 1520,

was supposed to be the earliest on which the name of America was

engraved. However, the discovery, in France, in 1880, of a copy of the

“Cosmographiae introductio,” printed by Jean de la Place, without a title

or colophon-date, containing a map of the world, supposed to have been

made by Ludovicus Boulenger, between the years 1514 and 1520, disentitled

the former to its celebrity. The map is divided into twelve sections or

gores which can be cut and pasted on a globe. The represented territory

of North and South America is shown in two divisions, separated by a

large body of water, between the tenth and twentieth parallels of north

latitude. The word “Nova” appears on the northern division; and on the

southern, “America noviter reperta.” A similar inscription it is said is

on a cartographic representation of the world, in Vienna, made in 1509:

“_Une semblable appellation se lit sur la projection, également imprimée

en fuseaux, d’un globe terrestre à la date de 1509 qui fait partie de la

collectione de M. le général de Hauslab à Vienne._”—Jean et Sébastien

Cabot. Harrisse. p. 182. Note.

[296] “_Americus Vesputius maritima loca Indiæ superioris ex Hispaniis

navigio ad occidentem perlustrans, eam partem quæ superioris Indiæ est

credidit esse Insulam quam a suo nomine vocari instituit._”—Ioannis

Schoneri Carolostadii opvscvlvm geographicvm ex diversorum libris ac

cartis. [Nuremberg, 1533.]

[297] Schoner’s globe is still preserved in the library of Nuremberg.

[298] Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas

tierra firme del mar oceano. Herrera. dec. i. lib. iv. cap. i, ii.

Amerigo Vespucci. Varnhagen. pp. 33-64. Bibliotheca Americana.

[Harrisse.] pp. 62-68, 149, 150, 304, 305. O Brazil no seculo

xvi. Capistrano de Abreu. pp. 1-39. Descobrimento do Brasil e seu

deseuvolvimento no seculo xvi. Capistrano de Abreu. Rio de Janeiro, 1883.

pp. 17-66.

[299] De Orbo Novo decades. dec. ii. cap. x.

[300] The map is found on the reverse page of the forty-fifth leaf of

Peter Martyr’s rare book, entitled: P. Martyris Angli Mediolanensis

opera Legatio Babylonica, Oceani decas, poemata, epigrammata. Impressum

Hispali cu summa diligencia Jacobu Corumberger, Alemanu. Anno Millesimo

quingentissimo. xi. meso vero Aprili. The chart measures seven and a half

by eleven inches.

[301] Juan Ponce was born at Leon, Spain, about 1460.

[302] Historia general. Herrera. dec. i. lib. ix. cap. x.

[303] The Indians called this region _Cautio_. Historia general. Herrera.

dec. i. lib. ix. cap. x.

[304] The Gulf Stream, which at this point is quite deep and narrow, has

a velocity varying from four to five miles an hour.

[305] “On Sunday, the eighth of May, they doubled the Cape of Florida,

giving it the name of the Cape of the Currents (Cabo de Corrientes),

because they are stronger there than the wind, and came to an anchorage

near a town called Abaiòa. All this coast, from the Point of Reefs (Punta

de Arracifes) to the Cape of the Currents, trending north and south one

point to the eastward, is clean, and has six fathoms water, the cape

lying in twenty-eight degrees fifteen minutes. They sailed on till they

met with two islands to the southward, in twenty-seven degrees, one of

which, being a league in compass, they named Santa Marta, and took in

water there.

“On Friday, the thirteenth of May, they sailed along a shoal and a row of

islands as far as the island which they called Pola, lying in twenty-six

degrees and a half. Between the shoal and the row of islands and the

continent is a spacious sea, like a bay.

“On Sunday, the day of the Feast of the Holy Spirit, the fifteenth of

May, they coasted ten leagues along a row of small islands as far as two

white ones, and they called them all the Martyrs, (las Martires), because

the high rocks, at a distance, look like men suffering, and the name has

suited them well on account of the large number of persons who have since

been lost there. The rocks lie in twenty-six degrees fifteen minutes.

The ships held on, sometimes north and sometimes northeast, until the

twenty-third of May; and on the twenty-fourth they ran along the coast

to the southward as far as some small islands which lay out at sea, and

still they did not perceive that it was the main-land.”

[306] Historia general. Herrera. dec. i. lib. ix. cap. x, xii.

[307] Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias.

Gomara. cap. x.

[308] Ten years before this, says Humboldt, “Columbus distinctly learned,

when he was coasting along the eastern shores of Veragua, that to the

west of this land there was a sea ‘which in less than nine days’ sail

would bear ships to the _Chersonesus aurea_ of Ptolemy and to the

mouth of the Ganges.’ In the same _Carta rarissima_, which contains

the beautiful and poetic narration of a dream, the admiral says that

‘the opposite coasts of Veragua, near the Rio de Belen, are situated

relatively to another, as Tortosa on the Mediterranean and Fuenterabia in

Biscay, or as Venice and Pisa.’ The great ocean, the South Pacific, was

even at that time regarded as merely a continuation of the _Sinus magnus_

(μέγας κόλπος) of Ptolemy, situated before the golden Chersonesus, whilst

Cattigara and the land of the Sines (Thinae) were supposed to constitute

its eastern boundary.”—Humboldt: Cosmos. Otté’s trans. vol. ii. pp. 642,

643.

[309] Historia general. Herrera. dec. i. lib. x. cap. i, ii, iv. dec. ii.

lib. i. cap. iv, xi. De Orbe Novo decades. Martire. dec. iii. cap. ii,

iii, vi, x. dec. iv. cap. vi. dec. vii. cap. x.

[310] Historia general. Herrera. dec. ii. lib. i. cap. vii.

[311] Bernal Diaz del Castillo, a native of Medina del Campo, Spain,

came to the New World, in 1514, with Pedro Arias de Avila, who had been

appointed governor of Terra Firma. He sailed with Cordoba and Grijalva

on their expeditions of discovery, and was with Cortes in his Mexican

campaign, and participated in more than a hundred engagements. He was

_regidor_ of the city of Guatemala, where, on the twenty-sixth day of

February, 1568, he completed his True history of the conquest of New

Spain.

[312] Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Escrita

por el Capitan Bernal Diaz del Castillo, vno de sus conquistadores. En

Madrid, 1632. cap. i-vi.

_Vide_ The memoirs of the conquistador, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, written

by himself, containing a true and full account of the discovery and

conquest of Mexico and New Spain. Translated from the original Spanish by

John Ingrim Lockhart. London, 1844. vol. i. chap. i-vi.

[313] “The dollar of exchange (_peso de plata_) is worth 8 reals of

old plate, or 15 reals 2 maravedis vellon.... The value of the peso of

plate, or dollar of exchange, in English silver coin, is 39½d.” [about

seventy-four cents United States money].—The universal cambist and

commercial instructor. By Patrick Kelly. London, 1811. vol. i. pp. 388,

389.

[314] Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Diaz.

cap. viii-xvi.—_Vide_ The memoirs of the conquistador. Lockhart. chap.

viii-xvi.

[315] “He said, though still in broken Spanish, that his name was

Geronimo de Aguilar, and was a native of Ecija. About eight years ago he

had been shipwrecked with fifteen men and two women, on a voyage between

Darien and the island of St. Domingo.... The ship struck against a rock,

and they had not been able to get her off again. The whole of the crew

then got into the boat, with the hope of reaching the island of Cuba or

Jamaica, but were driven on the coast of Yucatan, where the Calachionies

had taken them prisoners and distributed them among the people. The most

of his unfortunate companions had been sacrificed to their gods. Some had

died of grief and the women had pined away, being worn out by the hard

labor of grinding which they had forced them to do. He had been doomed to

be sacrificed to their idols, but had made his escape at night, and fled

to the cacique, with whom he had been living.... He had tried to induce

Gonzalo Guerrero to leave the Indians, but had failed.”

[316] The name is spelled by Diaz “Monteçuma.”

[317] An Indian woman presented to Cortes by the cacique of Tabasco. She

had readily learned to speak in Spanish, and being conversant with the

language of the Mexicans, was of great value to Cortes, who made her his

secretary and then his mistress.

[318] Charles V. ascended the Spanish throne in 1516.

[319] Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Diaz. cap.

xix-xxxix.—_Vide_ The memoirs of the conquistador. Lockhart. chap.

xxx-xxxix.

[320] “The Castilian mark weighs 3557 English troy grains.”—The universal

cambist. Kelly. vol. i. pp. 391, 292.

[321] Primera parte de los veinte īvn lībros rituales ī monarchia Indiana

compuesto por Juan de Torquemada. En Madrid, 1723. lib. iv. cap. xvii.

fol. 389, 390.

“The ducat of exchange (_ducado de plata_) is worth 11 reals, maravedi

of old plate, or 20 reals 25¹⁵⁄₁₇ maravedis vellon.... The value of the

ducat of plate in English silver coin is 4_s._ 6½_d._ [or one dollar and

one cent in United States money].”—The universal cambist. Kelly. vol. i.

pp. 388-392.

Diaz gives this description of the presents: “The first was a disk about

the size of a carriage-wheel, representing the sun, the entire plate

being of the finest gold and of the most beautiful workmanship,—a most

extraordinary work of art, which, according to the account of those

who weighed it, was worth more than twenty thousand _pesos de oro_.

The second was a disk, even larger than the former, of massive silver,

representing the moon, with rays and figures on it, and of great value.

The third was a casque, filled with grains of pure gold as they were

found in the mine, worth about three thousand _pesos_, which gold was

of more importance to us than if it had been ten times this value, for

we were now assured that there were rich gold-mines in the country.

Among the other presents there were thirty golden ducks in every way

resembling the living fowl, very elaborately made. Besides, there were

figures of lions, tigers, dogs, and monkeys. There were also ten chains

with lockets, all of gold, and of the most costly workmanship; a bow with

the string and twelve arrows; two staffs like those used by justices,

five palms in length; all of which were made of the purest gold. They

also brought small cases containing the most beautiful green feathers,

interwoven with gold and silver, and fans similarly made, and figures of

all kinds of game made of gold.”

Peter Martyr, who had inspected the presents, says: “_Si quid unquam

honoris humana ingenia in huiuscemodi artibus sunt adepta, principatum

iure merito ista consequentur. Aurum, gemmasque non admiror quidem, qua

industria, quove studio superet opus materiam, stupeo. Mille figuras

et facies mille prospexi quæ scribera nequeo. Quid oculos hominum sua

pulchritudine aeque possit allicere meo iudicio vidi nunquam._—De Orbe

Novo decades. dec. i. cap. xi.

[322] _Teules_, according to Diaz, meant gods or celestial beings.

[323] From Villa Rica de Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico the distance was

about one hundred and seventy-five miles. By the route of the Mexican

railroad the distance from the present city of Vera Cruz to the city of

Mexico is two hundred and sixty-three miles.

[324] A stone of a light green color.

[325] Paper made from the leaves of the maguey or agave-plant.

[326] Cortes conjectured the city contained twenty thousand houses. The

temple of Quetzalcoatl was built on a terraced mound about two hundred

feet high, and was reached by ascending one hundred and twenty steps.

[327] The name of the city is written Tenustitlan Mexico by Diaz. It is

spelled Tenuchtitlan Mexico by some Spanish writers.

“In the spelling of the names of Indian chiefs, the townships, and of

the provinces, we have mostly followed Torquemada, who is considered

more correct on this point, for he lived fifty years in New Spain.”—The

memoirs of the conquistador. Lockhart. Preface. vol. i. p. vi.

[328] This name, says Diaz, was given to Cortes “because our interpreter,

Doña Marina, was always near him, particularly when embassadors arrived,

and in our negotiations with the different caciques she interpreted

for both parties. They therefore called him the captain of Marina, and

contracted that appellation into the word Malinche.”

[329] It is said that the slimy substance mentioned by Diaz was called

_tecuitlatl_, the excrement of stone. It was variously fashioned, and

dried in the sun.

[330] _Xiquipiles_, according to Torquemada, expressed the number of

8,000 of any thing.

[331] Cacao-beans were used by the Mexicans in lieu of small coin.

[332] Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Diaz. cap.

xxxix-clix.—_Vide_ The memoirs of the conquistador. Lockhart. chap.

xxxix-clix.

[333] Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Diaz. cap.

lx, clxii.—_Vide_ The memoirs of the conquistador. Lockhart. chap. lx,

clxii.

[334] Tratado, que compõs e nobre & notauel capitão Antonio Galuão.

[335] In June, 1523, Francisco de Garay sailed with a fleet and a large

number of troops from Jamaica to take possession of the province of

Panuco, of which he had been appointed governor. He failed to accomplish

his purpose, and died in the city of Mexico, at the end of December,

1523. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. cap.

cxxxiii, clxii. _Vide_ The memoirs of the conquistador. Lockhart. chap.

cxxxiii, clxii.

[336] Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos. Navarrete. tom. iii. pp.

64-69; 147-153.

[337] The situation of certain places along the coast of the present

states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, is thus

described by Gomara: “From Santa Elena to Rio Seco, in 31°, are other

forty leagues, and thence to La Cruz are twenty, and thence to Cañaveral,

forty; and from Punta Cañaveral, in 28°, are other forty to Punta de la

Florida (the peninsula of Florida).... This is in 25°, which is twenty

leagues in length, and from it are a hundred or more leagues to Ancon

bajo, which is fifty leagues from Rio Seco, from east to west, across

Florida. From Ancon bajo they estimate it to be a hundred leagues to

Rio de Nieves, and thence to that of Flores more than twenty, from

which river it is seventy leagues to the Bay of the Holy Spirit (Baya

del Espiritu Sancto), called by another name, La Culata (the breech of

a gun), which river flows out into the ocean thirty leagues, and is in

29°, and thence it is more than seventy to Rio de Pescadores. From Rio

de Pescadores, in 28° 30´, are a hundred leagues to Rio de las Palmas,

near which crosses the tropic of Cancer; thence to Rio Panuco are more

than thirty leagues; and thence to Villa Rica or Vera Cruz, seventy

leagues.”—Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias.

Gomara. cap. xii.

[338] Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, a native of Toledo, Spain, was one of

the licentiates appointed by King Ferdinand to act as auditors of the

royal court of appeal (audiencia), afterward sitting in San Domingo. In

March, 1520, Ayllon went with Pamfilo de Narvaez to New Spain, who was

sent there by Diego Velasquez to administer the affairs of that country.

When Ayllon landed in Mexico he became so inimical to the purposes of

Velasquez that Narvaez put him under arrest and sent him back to Cuba,

where he arrived in August, 1520.

[339] “So designated,” says Herrera, “because Jordan was the name of one

of the captains or masters of the ships.”

Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias. Gomara.

cap. vii.

[340] Ayllon, in 1523, was made governor (_adelantado_) of the provinces

and islands of Suache, Chicora, Xapira, Tatancal, Anicatiye, Cocayo,

Guacaya, Xoxi, Sona, Pasqui, Arambe, Xamunambe, Huag, Tanzaca, Yenyohol,

Paor, Yamiscaron, Carixagusignanin and Anoxa, that were said to lie

between the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh parallels of north latitude.

In 1524 it is said that he sent two ships to some of these places. In

July, 1526, he sailed himself from Española, with six vessels, having on

board five hundred men and ninety horses. Diego Miruelo, the pilot of

this fleet, it is said, failed to find the coast of Chicora, which he

had visited in 1520. The natives, where the Spaniards landed, manifested

toward them the greatest friendliness, and so deceived Ayllon with their

unbounded hospitality that he sent two hundred of his men into the

interior on an exploring expedition. While they were sleeping the savages

fell upon them and murdered them to a man. They then attacked those near

the ships, who, being outnumbered, fled before their assailants. One

hundred and fifty escaped, and in a suffering condition returned to San

Domingo. It is further related that Ayllon died on the eighteenth of

October, 1526.—Coleccion de los viages y descubrimientos. Navarrete. tom.

iii. pp. 69-74; 153-160.

[341] De Orbe Novo decades. dec. ii. cap. vii.

[342] “Thence to Puerto del Principe are more than a hundred leagues, and

from it to the Rio Jordan, seventy, and thence to Cabo de Santa Elena,

which is in 32°, there are forty leagues.”—Primera y segunda parte de la

historia general de las Indias. Gomara. cap. xii.

[343] Pigafetta writes the name “Magaglianes,” the Portuguese

“Magalhaens,” the Spaniards “Magallanes,” and the French “Magellan.” The

English follow the French spelling.

[344] Fernam de Magalhaens was born at Oporto, about the year 1470. After

entering the Portuguese navy, he sailed to the East Indies and served

under Affonso d’Albuquerque. He returned to Spain about the year 1517.

[345] Before Brazil was discovered, red wood was brought to Europe from

Asia and Africa.

[346] In the edition of Ptolemy’s geography, printed at Rome in 1508,

it is said: “The Land of the Holy Cross diminishes all the way to south

latitude 37°; although, according to navigators who have explored it, it

is said all the way to south latitude 50°; of which remaining part no

description is found.—_Terra Sanctæ Crucis decrescit usque ad latitudinem

37° aust.; quamquam ad Archiploi usque ad 50° austr., navigarint, ut

ferunt; quam reliquam portionem descriptam non reperi._” cap. xiv.

[347] The eastern entrance to the strait lies between the Cape of the

Virgins, on the north, and the Cape of the Holy Spirit, on the south, and

is about twenty miles wide. The strait is three hundred and fifteen miles

long.

[348] On the Maiollo map of 1527, the following inscription is placed

near the delineated strait: “_Streito doute pasas Magaianes Portogese

per andare in le isole de Maluchi de le spesarie de Re de Spania_,” the

strait passed by Magaianes, a Portuguese, to go to the Molucca Islands

for spices for the king of Spain.

[349] “_Il capitano-generale, che sapeva de dover fare la sua navegazione

per uno streto molto ascoso, como vite ne la thesararia del re de

Portugal in una carta fata per quello excellentissimo huomo Martino di

Boemia._”

The chart was evidently one drafted to exhibit the field of the

explorations of Cabral and other Portuguese navigators along the eastern

coast of Brazil.

[350] The fifth vessel, the Santiago, while exploring the coast, when the

other ships were at anchor in the harbor of St. Julian, was wrecked.

[351] Gomez, after deserting the squadron with the San Antonio, returned

to the port of St. Julian, and there took on board Gaspar de Casada and

the priest whom Magalhaens had put on shore. On Gomez’s return to Spain,

the sixth of May, 1521, he told “the emperor that Magalhaens was crazy

and had lied to his majesty, for he did not know where Banda was nor the

Moluccas.”—Letter of Transylvanus and Castanheda.

[352] Spanish, Las Islas Desdichados.

[353] “_Seconda la misura che facevamo del viaggio colla catena a poppa,

noi percorrevamo da 60 in 70 leghe algiorno._”

[354] Sir Francis Drake followed Magalhaens a half century later. The

former departed from England on the thirteenth of December, 1577, and

returned there on the third of November, 1580.

[355] Cape Cattigara was, according to Ptolemy, in one hundred and eighty

degrees of longitude from the Canaries and south of the equator. It is

now known as Cape Comorin, being the southern extremity of Hindostan, in

north latitude 8° 5´, and in east longitude 77° 30´.

[356] Spanish, de los Ladrones. The Ladrone Islands, about twenty in

number, lie between 13° and 21° north latitude, and 144° and 146° east

longitude.

[357] The Moluccas or Spice Islands, more than two hundred in number, lie

between 3° north and 9° south latitude, and 122° and 133° east longitude.

[358] Juan Sebastian del Cano was honored for the notable part he took in

this famous voyage by being permitted to display, as his coat of arms,

the figure of a globe, on which was inscribed: “_Primus circumdedisti

me._”

[359] Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo ossia ragguaglio della

navigazione alle indie orientali per la via d’occidente fatta dal

cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta patrizio Vicentino sulla squadra del Capit.

Magaglianes negli anni 1519-1522 ora publicato per la prima volta, tratto

da un codice MS. della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano e corredota di

note da Carlo Amoretti. In Milano, 1800.—_Vide_ The first voyage round

the world by Magellan, translated from the accounts of Pigafetta and

other contemporary writers. By Lord Stanley of Alderley. London, 1874.

Hakluyt Soc. pub. _Vide_ Pinkerton’s voyages and travels. vol. i. pp.

288-381.

[360] Primera y segunda parte de la historia general de las Indias.

Gomara. cap. x.

[361] According to Jacques Cartier’s statement, the Cape of Buona Vista

was in 48° 30´ north latitude.

[362] Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. iii. fol. 359.

[363] “_Les Dieppois continuoient leur commerce dans les Indes

Orientales, lorsqu’ils apprirent les découvertes que les Espagnols

avoient faites en Amérique: leur émulation s’en trouva piquée, & ils

armèrent deux vaisseaux, pour connoître si cette partie du monde ne

s’étendoit pas du côte du Nord; ils en confièrent le commandement à

deux de leurs plus habiles Capitaines, nommés Thomas Aubert & Jean

Vérassen. Ces deux navires partirent de Dieppe au commencement de 1508,

& découvrirent, la même année, le Fleuve Saint-Laurent, auquei ils

donnérent ce nom, parce que ce fut ce jour-là qu’ils commencèrent à le

remonter; ce qu’ils firent jusqu’ à plus de quatre-vingt lieues, trouvant

des habitants affables, avec lesquels ils firent des èchanges les plus

avantageux en pelleteries._”—Mémoires chronologiques pour servir à

l’historie de Dieppe et à celle de la navigation Françoise. Jean Antoine

Desmarquets. À Paris, 1785. tom. i. pp. 99, 100.

[364] “One of thirty regions or zones of the earth, parallel to the

equator, corresponding to the successive increase of a quarter of an hour

in the length of the midsummer day.”

[365] West coast of Ireland.

[366] Eusebii Caesariensis episcopi chronicon.... In alma Parisiorū

academia. Millesimo quingentesimo duodecimo Idibus vero Iunij. fol. 172.

[367] Giovanni da Verrazzano, the son of Pier Andrea da Verrazzano, was

born at Florence about the year 1480.

[368] Henry Hudson, the navigator. By G. M. Asher. London, 1860. Hakluyt

Society pub. Introduction. p. 79.

[369] The voyage of Pedro Alvarez Cabral, in 1500.

[370] Cronica do muyto alto e muyto poderoso rey destes regnos de

Portugal Dom João o III. deste nome. Francisco d’Andrada. Lisboa, 1613.

part. i. cap. 13, 14.

[371] Letter of João da Silveyra to Dom João III. Archivo de Torre de

Tombo. Corp. Chron. part. i. ma. 29. doc. 54.

[372] The ship La Dauphine is spoken of in the Italian text of

Verrazzano’s letter as “_la nave Dalfina_.” _Dalfina_ is the feminine

form of the Italian word _dalfino_, a dolphin.

[373] A manuscript containing the Italian text of Verrazzano’s letter

was found in 1837, by G. W. Greene, consul from the United States

at Rome, in the Magliabecchian library of Florence, in a volume of

miscellanies, marked “Class xiii. Cod. 89. Verraz.” With this letter was

another written by Fernando Carli to his father, dated Lyons, August 4,

1524. As Carli remarks in his communication that it inclosed a copy of

Verrazzano’s letter to Francis I., it is believed that the transcript he

speaks of is the copy found in the Magliabecchian library.—Vide Life and

voyages of Verrazzano, by G. W. Greene. North American Review. vol. xlv.

October, 1837.

Ramusio placed in the third volume of his collection of voyages and

travels a condensed form of Verrazzano’s letter, entitled “The relation

of Giovanni da Verrazzano, Florentine, to the most Christian king of

France, Francis I., of the land by him discovered in the name of his

majesty; written at Dieppe, July 8, 1524.—_Al Christianissimo Re Di

Francia Francesco Primo, Relatione di Giovanni da Verrazano Fiorentino

della terra per lui scoperta in nome di sua Maesta scritta in Dieppa, adi

8. Luglio_ M.D.XXIIII.”—Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol.

iii. fol. 350.

[374] The copy of Verrazzano’s letter has this superscription: “_Il

Capitano Giovanni da Verrazzano, fiorentino di Normandie, al la

serenissima corona di Francia, dice_”:—Captain Giovanni da Verrazzano, a

Florentine, from Normandy, to the most serene crown of France, says.

[375] Hakluyt’s translation of the letter published by Ramusio, in 1556,

begins with these words.

“I wrote not to your Maiesty, most Christian King, since the time we

suffered the Tempest in the North partes, of the successe of the foure

shippes, which your Maiestie sent forth to discouer new lands by the

Ocean, thinking your Maiestie had bene already duely enformed thereof.

Now by these presents I will give your Maiestie to understand how by the

violence of the Windes we were forced with the two shippes, the Norman

and the Dolphin (in such euill case as they were), to land in Britaine.

Where after wee had repayred them in all poynts as was needful, and armed

them very well, we took our course along the coast of Spaine, which

your Maiestie shall understand by the profite that we receiued thereby.

Afterwards with the Dolphin alone we determined to make discouerie of

new Countries, to prosecute the Nauigation we had already begun, which I

purpose at the present to recount unto to your Maiestie, to make manifest

the whole proceeding of the matter.

“The 17 of January, the yeere 1524, by the Grace of God, we departed

from the dishabited rocke by the isle of Madeira (_Alli, 17. Genaro,

1524. Dio gratia partimmo dallo scoglio dishabitato_), appertaining to

the king of Portugal, with 50 men, with victuals, weapons, and other

ship-munition very well prouided and furnished for eight months; and

sailing Westward with a faire Easterly winde (_per Ponente nauigando con

vento di Leuante assai piaceuole_), in 25 dayes we ran 500 leagues, and

the 20 of Februarie (_alli 20 Febraro_), we were ouertaken with as sharpe

and terrible a tempest as euer any saylers suffered, whereof with the

diuine helpe and mercifull assistance of Almighty God, and the goodnesse

of our shippe, accompanied with the good happe of her fortunate name we

were delivered.”—_Vide_ Voyages. London, 1600. vol. ii. p. 295.

[376] One of three islands lying in a row from north to south, southeast

of the island of Madeira, in north latitude 32° 30´, off the west coast

of Africa. The islands are called Ilhas Dezertas, and are only inhabited

by sea-fowl.

[377] In Verrazzano’s geographical explanation of the voyage, he assigns

62½ miles to a degree and 4 miles to a marine league. According to this

_data_, 15⅝ marine leagues equal a degree. On Thevet’s map of the fourth

part of the world, printed in 1575, is a scale of leagues which shows

that a marine league was double the length of a French league. With this

information it is easy to ascertain the length of a degree in French

leagues of Verrazzano’s day; 31¼, according to his explanation, equalling

a degree. Columbus made 56⅔ miles equal an equinoctial degree and 60

miles equal to 15 leagues. Pigafetta assigned 17½ leagues to a degree.

“The land-league is three miles,” he says, “the sea-league is four.” The

modern nautical league is one-twentieth of a degree, or three equatorial

miles or 3.45785 statute miles. A sea-mile, according to the United

States standard, is equal to 1.152664 common statute or land-miles. One

degree of longitude at the equator is equal to 69.160 land-miles. A

French geographical league, according to Verrazzano’s reckoning, equals

2⅕ land-miles of the United States standard.

[378] Cape Fear is in 33° 48´ north latitude.

[379] The translation of Verrazzano’s letter by Joseph G. Cogswell,

contained in the New York Historical Society’s collections, second

series, vol. i. pp. 37-54, will be followed hereafter, except when a

better rendering may be presented.

[380] _Vide_ section of Maiollo map in the cover-pocket. The scale of

latitudes on the margin of this part of the map has been appended to

indicate the position given to places by Visconte de Maiollo. A similar

scale is engraved on another part of the rare map.

[381] Palmetto trees.

[382] It was not until 1728 that this conception of the navigator was

disproved. Then Vitus Behring discovered the strait which divides the two

continents. The distance between East Cape in Asia and Cape Prince of

Wales on the continent of America is forty-five miles.

[383] “_Nè pensiamo participando dello oriente per la circumferenza sieno

senza qualche drogheria o liquore aromatico, et altre divitie oro ed

altro del quale colore la terra tutta tende._”

[384] Historical collections of South Carolina. By B. R. Carroll. vol. i.

p. xxi.

[385] In Ramusio’s text the word is _oriente_, east. Raccolta di

navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. ii. fol. 350.

It was the custom of the aborigines to set fire to the underbrush in

spring to enable them to hunt and to inclose game within the limits of

the burning wood.

[386] The harbor of Beaufort was too far inland to be seen by Verrazzano.

[387] In Hakluyt’s translation of the text of Ramusio’s condensed copy of

Verrazzano’s letter is the following respecting the vines of Virginia:

“We saw in this country many vines growing naturally, which, growing up,

took holde of the trees as they doe in Lombardie, which if by husbandmen

they were dressed in good order, without all doubt they would yeeld

excellent wines; for hauing oftentimes seene the fruit thereof dryed;

which was sweete and pleasant, and not differing from ours, we thinke

that they doe esteeme the same, because in euery place where they growe,

they take away the under branches growing round about, that the fruit

thereof may ripen the better.”—Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. ii. p. 297.

[388] Chesapeake Bay “extends 190 miles from its mouth, into the States

of Virginia and Maryland; it is from 7 to twenty miles broad, and

generally 9 fathoms deep.”

The peninsula is “about 60 miles long, and from 10 to 15 wide, and

bounded toward the sea by a string of low sandy islets. The waters of the

Chesapeake enter the sea between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, forming a

strait of fifteen miles in width.”—Gazetteer of Virginia and the District

of Columbia. By Joseph Martin. 1835. pp. 23, 18.

[389] _Vide_ Maiollo map of 1527 in the cover-pocket.

[390] “Epistle dedicatorie” to Hakluyt’s Divers voyages, 1582.

[391] “_Da questo mare orientale si vede il mare occidentale; sono 6

miglia di terra infra l’uno a l’altro._”

[392] Hakluyt’s Particular discourse, 1584.

The English collector illustrates his Divers voyages with Locke’s map,

which the English cartographer dedicated to Sir Philip Sidney.

[393] Sandy Hook light-house is in 40° 27´ 39´´ north latitude.

[394] At Sandy Hook, a low, sandy point of land, eighteen miles from

the city of New York, are two ship-channels through which vessels of

the heaviest tonnage can pass. Immediately north of Sandy Hook is the

spacious roadstead called the Lower Bay. Between Staten Island, north of

it, and Long Island is the Narrows, a channel about one mile and a half

long by one wide. North of it is the Upper Bay or harbor of New York.

[395] The Upper Bay or harbor of New York, about eight miles long by five

wide, lies between the mouth of the Hudson River on the north and the

Narrows on the south. From the bay, vessels can pass into the East River

and thence to Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the main-land.

Westward is Newark Bay, through which vessels can pass from the Upper Bay

of New York, thence into Staten Island Sound, thence into Raritan Bay and

the Lower Bay. The rise and fall of the tide in the harbor of New York is

about four and a half feet.

[396] Belgische ofte Nederlandsche oorlogen ende geschiedenissen

beginnende van ’t jaer 1595 tot 1611.—Door Emanuel van Meteren. 1611.

Boek xxx. fol. 327.

[397] Purchas his Pilgrimes. vol. iii. p. 595.

[398] “_De groote noordt rievier van Nieuw-Nederlandt wordt by eenighe

ghenoemt de Manhattes rieviere naer volckeren die by naer aen’t begin

ofte de mout van de rieviere woonen; by andere oock Rio de Montaigne;

doch by de ouse wordt meest genoemt de groote rieviere._”—Nieuwe Wereldt.

Door Johannes de Laet. Tot Leyden, 1625. Boeck iii. cap. ix.

[399] _Vide_ map entitled: ’t Noorder deel van West-Indien, contained in

the rare work in Dutch: West-Indische Spieghel. Door Athanasium Inga,

Peruen, van Cusco. Amsterdam, 1624. The map-maker’s name, A. Goos, is

inscribed on the chart.

[400] Angoulême, a town on the Charente River, in France, sixty-six miles

northeast of Bordeaux. Angoulême, with the territory of Angoumois, was

governed from the ninth to the fourteenth century by counts. Francis I.,

before he became king of France, was Comte d’Angoulême.

[401] The island of Rhodes, lying off the southwest coast of Asia Minor,

between 35° 50´ and 36° 30´ north latitude, has an area of about 452

square miles.

[402] Blank space in the original copy.

[403] Newport is in 41° 29´, and the city of Providence in 41° 49´ 22´´

north latitude.

[404] _Vide_ Gastaldi’s map.

[405] As described by a late writer: “Narragansett Bay is one of the

most beautiful sheets of water in the United States; it is unrivalled

for its navigable advantages, affording at all times a safe and ready

communication with the ocean; and its shores, which are indented with

innumerable bays and inlets containing many excellent harbors. This bay

... extends more than thirty miles into the interior of the state, and

for this distance affords superior advantages for ship-navigation. The

whole extent of the bay and river, from Point Judith to Providence, is

about thirty-six miles. The average breadth of the lower section of the

bay is nearly ten miles; but the upper part is narrow. Exclusive of

the islands, of which there are about fifteen in number, and some of

considerable extent, the waters of the bay comprise an area of about one

hundred and thirty square miles.”—Gazetteer of Connecticut and Rhode

Island. 1819. pp. 302, 303, 349, 359.

[406] See note, page 293.

[407] The distance given by the Spanish historian, Francisco Lopez de

Gomara, in 1552, from the Point of Baccalaos, in 48° 30´ to Cape St.

Helen, in 32° north latitude, is more than seven hundred and sixty

Spanish leagues, measured as the coast trended: “From the Point of

Baccallaos are set down eight hundred and seventy leagues to Florida,

counting as follows: From the Point of Baccallaos which is in 48° 30´ are

seventy leagues of coast to La Baya del Rio, which is in more than 45°.

Thence are seventy to another bay called Isleos which is in less than

44°. From Baya Isleos to Rio Fonda are seventy leagues, and thence to Rio

de las Gamas, are other seventy, both rivers being in 43°. From Rio de

los Gamas are fifty leagues to Cabo Bajo, and thence to Rio de San Anton,

they reckon more than a hundred leagues. From Rio de San Anton are eighty

leagues along the shore of a gulf to Cabo de Arenas, which is in nearly

39°, thence to Puerto del Principe are more than a hundred leagues, and

from it to Rio Jordan seventy, and thence to Cabo de Santa Elena, which

is in 32°, there are forty leagues. From Santa Elena to Rio Seco, which

is in 31°, are forty leagues.”—La historia general de las Indias. Gomara.

cap. xii.

[408] The name Francesca is used on the Maiollo map of 1527. Hieronymus

da Verrazzano called the region “_Verrazana seu Gallia nova_,”—Verrazana

or New Gaul. By some French writers it was denominated in the sixteenth

century, “_Terre Francesque_.”

[409] “This distance,” he remarks, “calculated geometrically upon the

ratio that three and one seventh times the diameter of a circle is equal

to its circumference, gives 92⁵⁴¹⁶⁴⁄₄₇₂₇₃₃ degrees. For if we take

114⁶⁄₁₁ degrees as the chord of an arc of a great circle, we have by the

same ratio 95²⁴⁸³⁄₄₉₅₀ degrees as the chord of an arc on the parallel

of 34°, being that on which we first made land, and 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ degrees

as the circumference of the whole circle, passing through this plane.

Allowing then, as actual observations show, that 62½ terrestrial miles

correspond to a celestial degree, we find the whole circumference of

300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ degrees, as just given, to be 18,759³¹⁄₁₂₆ miles, which,

divided by 360, makes the length of a degree of longitude on the parallel

of 34° to be 52⁹⁸⁹⁄₉₀₇₂ miles, and that is the true measure. Therefore,

by a right line to the said rock which stands in 32°, we have to

calculate the distance, the said 1,200 leagues which we have found, from

the thirty-fourth parallel, from west to east, hence I should have run

92⁵⁴¹⁶⁴⁄₄₇₂₇₃₃ degrees, and this many therefore we have sailed to the

West, which was not known to the ancients.”

114⁶⁄₁₁ × 3¹⁄₇ = 360. 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ × 7 ÷ 22 = 95²⁴⁸³⁄₄₉₅₀. 300²³³⁄₁₅₇₅ ×

62½ = 18,759³¹⁄₁₂₆. 18,759³¹⁄₁₂₆ ÷ 560 = 52⁹⁸⁹⁄₉₀₇₂. 4,800 by 52⁹⁸⁹⁄₉₀₇₂

= 92⁵⁴¹⁶⁴⁄₄₇₂₇₃₃.

[410] “The Spaniards have sailed south beyond the equator, on a meridian

20³²⁰⁶⁰/₄₇₂₈₁ degrees west of the Fortunate Islands to the latitude of

54° and there still found land. Turning about they steered northward

on the same meridian and along the coast to the eighth parallel, and

then along the coast more to the west, and north to the latitude of 21°

[31°?], without finding a termination to the continent. They estimated

the distance run as 89²⁹⁷⁰⁹/₄₆₇₈₁ which added to the 20³²⁰⁶⁰/₄₇₂₈₁ first

run make 110¹⁴⁴⁸⁸/₄₆₇₈₁, but this may vary somewhat from the truth. We

did not make this voyage, and therefore cannot speak from experience.

We calculated it geometrically from the observations furnished by many

navigators, who have made the voyage and affirm the distance to be 1600

leagues, due allowance being made for the deviations of the ship from a

straight course by reason of contrary winds. I hope that we shall now

obtain accurate information on these points, by new voyages to be made on

the same coasts.”—_Vide_ Maiollo map of 1527.

[411] Verrazzano’s argument is based upon the supposition that the extent

of the land of the new continent was greater than it really was, for

at this time the Pacific coast of the New Land had not been explored.

Verrazzano believed that the New World extended much farther westward

than it does.

[412] Tierra del Fuego, south of the Strait of Magellan, had not yet been

explored, and it was not known how far it extended, or in what direction.

[413] The number of tons is not mentioned.

[414] According to Carli’s statement, Verrazzano at first attempted to

sail to the west by going through the North Sea. Here, as Verrazzano

relates, his vessels were disabled, and he proceeded southward toward the

desert-rock, whence he steered toward the west in quest of new lands.

[415] Carli evidently was not well informed concerning Magellan’s

expedition, for although he speaks of the five ships of the fleet, and of

the return of the one commanded by Del Cano, he appears to be ignorant of

the death of Magellan, and of the arrival of Estevan Gomez, in 1521, with

the ship San Antonio.

[416] King Francis wrote to his parliament, on the second of July,

1524, saying: “I am going to Lyons to prevent the enemy from entering

the kingdom, and I can assure you that Charles de Bourbon is not yet in

France.”—Historie de François Premier. Gaillard. Paris, 1769. tom. iii.

p. 172.

[417] Lettera di Fernando Carli a suo padre. Archivo storico Italiano

ossia raccolta di opere e documenti fiuora inediti o divenuti rarissimi

risguardanti la storia d’Italia. Appendice. tomo ix. Firenze. Gio. Pietro

Vieusseux, direttore-editore al suo gabinetto scientifico letterario.

1853.

[418] Philippe Chabot, Sieur de Brion, admiral of France, was given

command of the French marine, March 23, 1526.

[419] Ango & Son was a noted firm of ship-builders in Dieppe.

[420] Twenty thousand pounds, Tours currency, were to be advanced to meet

the expenses of the undertaking. The admiral of France contributed four

thousand pounds, Guillaume Preudhomme, general of Normandy, two thousand;

Pierre Despinolles, one thousand; Jean Ango, two thousand; Jacques

Boursier, two thousand; and Verrazzano (Jehan de Varesam, as his name is

written in the agreement), chief pilot, two thousand pounds. Verrazzano,

having agreed to provide competent pilots for the other two vessels, was

to receive one sixth of all the goods which should be brought back, and

one tenth of any booty taken at sea from the Moors, or other enemies of

France. Foutette collection. xxx. 770. fol. 60. Bibliothèque nationale.

Paris.

[421] Zanobus de Rousselay, a merchant of Rouen, in a legal instrument,

dated September 30, 1526, gave bonds that “Messire Jehan de Verrassane”

was entitled “to defend a certain _clameur de haro_, obtained against him

by Guillaume Eynoult, called Cornete, living in Dieppe.” The bonds were

placed in the hands of Fremyn Poree and Robert Tassel, sergeant royal,

at Rouen, until the matter could be legally settled. MS. in archives of

Rouen.

[422] Foutette collection. xxx. 770. fol. 60. Bibliothèque nationale.

Paris.

[423] Hakluyt’s Divers voyages, 1582.

[424] “Epistle dedicatorie” to Divers voyages.

[425] Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. _Discorso sopra la nuova

Francia._ vol. iii. fol. 438.

[426] Hakluyt’s Particular discourse, 1584.

[427] In the cover-pocket is a copy of the part of the Maiollo map

representing the continent in the western hemisphere.

[428] The inscription on the chart contains this information: “_Verrazana

seu Gallia nova quale discopri 5 anni fa Giovanni di Verrazzano

fiorentino per ordine et comandamēto del Chrystiannissimo Re di Francia_”

(Verrazana or New Gaul, which Giovanni di Verrazano, a Florentine,

discovered five years ago, by the order and commandment of the most

Christian king of France).

[429] The value of the map made by Hieronymus da Verrazzano is fully

discussed in Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano, and on a planisphere of 1529

illustrating his American voyage in 1524, with a reduced copy of the map,

by James Carson Brevoort. New York, 1874.

_Vide_ Voyage of Verrazzano: A chapter in the early history of maritime

discovery in America. By Henry C. Murphy. New York, 1873.

_Vide_ Verrazano, the Explorer: being a vindication of his letter and

voyage, with an examination of the map of Hieronimo da Verrazano and a

dissertation upon the globe of Vlpius. By B. F. De Costa. New York, 1880.

[430] The true and last discouerie of Florida made by Captain John

Ribault in the yeere 1562. Dedicated to a great noble man of Fraunce, and

translated into Englishe by one Thomas Hackit. Hakluyt’s Divers voyages.

1582.

The whole and true discoverye of Terra Florida (Englished, the Florishing

Land) conteyning as well the wonderful straunge Natures and Maners of

the People, with the mervylous Commodities and Treasures of the Country;

as also the pleasaunt Portes and Havens, and Wayes thereunto never found

out before the last year, 1562. Written in French by Captain Ribauld,

the fyrst that whollye discovered the same, and now newly set forthe in

Englishe, the xxx. of May, 1563.

[431] Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. iii. p. 232.

[432] Brief recit, and succincte narration de la nauigation faicte es

ysles de Canada, Hochelage, and Saguenay & autres, auec particulieres

meurs, langaige & cerimonies des habitans d’icelles: fort delectable à

veoir. Auec priuilege. On les uend à Paris au second pillier en la grand

salle du Palais, & en la rue neufue Nostre dame à l’enseigne de lescu de

Frāce, par Ponce Roffet dict Fanchuer & Anthoine le Clerc frères. 1545.

[433] “_Septem hoies syluestres ex ea isula (que terra noua dicit)

Rothomagu adducti sunt._”—Eusebii Caesariensis episcopi chronicon. Paris.

1512. p. 172.

[434] “_Manant, s. m. Paysan habitant en un village ou en une metairie à

la campagne. Indigena, incola rusticus.... On appelle proprement manans,

ceux qui sont originaires du lieu; & habitans, ceux qui y sont venus

demeurer._”—Dictionnaire Trevoux. Nancy, 1740.

“_Manant (ma-nan), s. m. 1° Terme d’ancienne pratique. Habitant d’un

bourg ou d’un village.... 2° Absolument, dans le langage ordinaire, mais

archaïque, un paysan.... 3° Aujourd’hui, par extension, homme grossier,

mal élevé._”—Dictionnaire de la langue Française. Par É. Littré, de

l’académie Française. Paris, 1874.

[435] “The French call the Maques, _les Aniuez_, the Oneydes, _les

Onoyants_, the Onondagas, _les Montagneurs_, ... the Caiougas, _les

Petuneurs_, the Senegues, _les Paisans_.”—Observations of Wenworth

Greenhalgh in a journey from Albany to ye Indyans westward. 1677. London

documents in the office of the Secretary of State, Albany, N. Y. vol.

iii. p. 167.

[436] “This region is called by the peasants (_paesani_)

Norumbega.”—Raccolta di navigationi e viaggi. Ramusio. vol. iii. fol. 353.

“_Quando per sua buona uentura intese da paesani, che erano giunto alla

marina alcuni nauiglia._” “Here by good luck he heard from the _natives_

that some boats had arrived off the coast.”—Dello Scoprimento dell’ Isole

Frislanda, Eslanda, Engronelanda, Estotilanda, & Icaria, fatto per due

fratelli Zeni.—_Vide_ Voyages of the Venetian brothers. Major. p. 24.

[437] Nieuwe Wereldt. Door Johannes de Laet. Tot Leyden. 1625. boek. iii.

cap. ix.

[438] Novus Orbis, seu descriptionis Indiæ Occidentalis, autore Joanne de

Laet. Antuerpiensi, 1633. lib. iii. cap. vii.

When the island in 1625 was purchased from the Manants by the agents of

the Dutch West India Company, the transaction is spoken of in a letter

addressed to their high mightinesses, the Lords States General of the

United Netherlands, as follows: “Our people have bought the island

Manhattes from the Wilden (wild men) for the value of sixty guilders

[about twenty-four dollars].”—Holland documents, in the office of the

Secretary of State, Albany, N. Y. vol. i. p. 155.

[439] Historische Verhael door Nicolaes à Wassenaer. Amsterdam.

1621-1632. deel vi. fol. 144.

[440] Nieuwe Wereldt. boeck. iii. cap. ix. Novus Orbis. lib. iii. cap. ix.

[441] Korte historial ende journals. Door David Pietersz. de Vries.

Hoorn, 1655. pp. 146, 151.

[442] New York Colonial MSS. xxxv.

Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer, describing in 1632 the coast of

America in the vicinity of St. John’s River, New Brunswick, writes: “I

was at four islands near the river St. John.... Farther west there are

other islands, one of which extends six leagues, which is called by the

savages, _Menane_.” Opposite this word, Champlain writes on the marginal

space, “_L’isle de Manthane_,” adding a _t_ and an _h_ to the second

syllable of the words.—Les voyages de la Nouvelle France occidentale,

dicte Canada, faits par le Sr. de Champlain, Sanctongeois. Paris, 1632.

chap. ii. p. 58.

[443] In different historical works and documents the following modes of

spelling the word appear: Manatans, Manates, Manate, Manath, Manathans,

Manathe, Manathes, Manatte, Manetto, Menates, Minates, Manhates,

Manhatas, Manna-hatta, Manhattes, Manahattes, Manahatta, Mahates,

Manahatas, Manahatans, Manahata, Manhatens, Manhathans, Manhatoes,

Manhatoos, Manhatos, Manhattans, Manhatten, Manhattoes, Manhattons,

Manhattos, Manhuttons, Manahactas, Manchatas, Manades, Manadoes, Manados,

Menade, Monhatous, Munhaddon, and Manhattan.—_Vide_ General index to

documents relating to the colonial history of the State of New York.

[444] “_Anormé, ée, & anormal, adj. Ces mots ne sont plus en usage. Borel

dit qu’ils signifient qui est contre la régle commune, & qu’ énorme

vient de ces mots.... Énorme, adj. m & f. Prodigieux, éxcessif. Immanis,

immensus._”—Dictionnaire Trevoux.

“_Par extension de la signification morale à la signification physique,

extraordinaire par sa grosseur ou par sa grandeur. Un énorme bloc

de granit.... Rem. Quand énorme signifie excessif en grandeur ou en

grosseur, il se met avant ou après son substantif._”—Dictionnaire de la

langue Française. Littré.

[445] “_Berge (bèr-j’). s. f. 1°. Bord relevé, escarpé, d’une rivière,

d’un fossé, d’un chemin. 2°. Terme de marine. Certains rochers élevés à

pic sur l’eau...._

“_Etym. Espagn. et ital. barga. Diez ne veut pas qu’ il soit d’origine

germanique, et il en rapproche le kymri bargodi, surplomber, bargod,

bord. Cependant le bas-latin berga, garde, défense (qui vient de

l’allemand bergen, défendre, protéger), n’ aurait-il pas pu donner, par

une série de sens, défense, fortification, meule, et finalement bord

escarpé?_”—Dictionnaire de la langue Française. Littré.

[446] “_On appelle aussi en tèrme de Mèr, bèrges, ou barges, les grands

rochers, âpres & rélevez à pic; c’est-à-dire, droitement & à plomb,

comme les bèrges ou barges d’Olone: telles sont Sylla & Carybde vers

Messine._”—Dictionnaire Trevoux.

[447] Gerard Mercator was born at Rupelmonde, in East Flanders, on the

fifth of March, 1512. Mercator is the Latinized form of his German

name, _Kremer_, a tradesman, merchant. After studying at Bois-le-Duc,

in Brabant, he entered the university of Louvain. He selected for his

profession the manufacture of mathematical instruments and the art of

drawing and engraving. His cartographic fame began with the engraving

of a map of Palestine, in 1537. Next followed a map of Flanders, in

1540. Then in 1541, a large terrestrial globe, which he dedicated to the

“_Illustriss Dno Nicolao Perrenoto, Domino à Granuella_”; the original

drawings of which are preserved in the Royal library of Belgium, in

Brussels. In 1552, Mercator removed from Louvain to Duisburg, where, in

1569, he made his famous map of the world. He died in December, 1594.

[448] The original map is now in the possession of the count of Crawford

and Balcarres, Scotland.

[449] The edict of Francis I., appointing his mother, Louise of Savoy,

regent, is dated October, 17, 1524, but before this time she had

virtually assumed in part the direction of the government.

[450] The large gulf is that which is now called the Gulf of Mexico.

“A discourse of a great French sea-captain of the town of Dieppe

concerning the voyages made to the New World of the West Indies called

New France, from the fortieth to the forty-seventh parallel under the

arctic pole, and concerning the country of Brazil, Guinea, Isle of St.

Lawrence and that of Sumatra as far as the French caravels and ships

have sailed.”—Discorso d’vn gran capitano di mare Francese del Lvogno di

Dieppa. Raccolta di navigationi et viaggi. Ramusio. vol. iii. fol. 353.

[451] Les voyages auantureaux dv capitaine Ian Alfonce, Sainctongeois.

Auec Priuilege du Roy. A Poitiers, au Pelican par Ian de Marnef.

Jean Alphonse died about the year 1548.

[452] The two first leaves of the manuscript are lost and with them the

title of the work. Inasmuch as the subject of the work is defined in

what may be said is the preface, and as the manuscript at the beginning

and at the end bears the names of “Jehan Allefonsce” and “Raulin

Secalart, cosemographe de Honnefleur, 1545,” the title of the work maybe

reconstructed and written: Cosmographie de Jehan Allefonsce et Raulin

Secalart. 1545. The manuscript is a folio of one hundred and ninety-four

leaves. It is designated MS. No. 676.

[453] History of Long Island by Benjamin F. Thompson. 1843. p. 26.

[454] The tide flows up the Hudson as far as the city of Troy, about one

hundred and seventy-four miles from the ocean.

[455] An undeciphered word in the manuscript.

“_Je ditz que le cap de Saint Jehan, dict Cap à Breton, et le cap de

la Franciscane, sont nord-est et sud-ouest et prennent un quart de est

à ouest, et y a en la route cent quarante lieues et icy faict ung cap

appelé le cap de Norombègue. Le dict cap est par quarante et ung degrez

de la haulteur du polle artique. La dicte coste est toute sableuse ...

basse, sans nulle montaigne. Et au long laquelle coste y a plusieurs

isles de sable et coste fort dangereuse de bancs et rochiers._

“_Les gens de ceste coste et de Cap à Breton sont maulvaises gens,

puissans, grandz fleschiers, et sont gens qui vivent de poissons et de

chair, et ont aulcun motz et parlent quasi le mesme langaige de ceux

de Canada et sont grand peuple. Et ceux de Cap à Breton vont donner la

guerre à ceulx de la Terre neufve quand ils peschent et pour nulle chose

ne saulveroyent la vie à ung homme quand ilz le prennent, si n’est jeune

enfant ou jeune fille et sont si cruels que si prennent ung homme portant

barbe, ilz luy couppent les membres et les portent à leurs femmes et

enffans, affin d’estre vengez en cela. Et y a entre eux force pelleteries

de toustes bestes._

“_Audela du cap de Norombègue descend la rivière dudict Norombègue,

environ vingt et cinq lieues du cap. La dicte rivière est large de plus

de quarante lieues de latitude en son entrée et ceste largeur au dedans

bien trente ou quarante lieues el est toute pleine d’isles qui entrent

bien dix ou douze lieues en la mer et est fort dangereuse de rochers et

baptures. La dicte rivière est par quarante et deux degrez de la haulteur

du polle artique._

“_Audedans de la dicte rivière quinze lieues y a une ville qui s’ appelle

Norombègue et y a en elle de bonnes gens et y a force pelleteries de

toutes bestes. Les gens de la ville sont vestuz de pelleteries, portans

manteaulx de martres. Je me doubte que la dicte rivière va entrer en la

rivière de Hochelaga, car elle est sallée plus de quarante lieues en

dedans selon la dict des gens de la ville. Les gens parlent beaucoup de

motz qui approuchent du latin et adorent le soleil et sont belles gens et

grandz hommes. La terre de Norombègue est haulte et bonne._

“_En avant et audeça de la dicte rivière cent cinquante lieues y a

une isle qui s’ appelle la Vermonde qui est par les trente et trois

degrez de la haulteur du polle artique. Et du couste devers louest de

la dicte ville, y a forces rochiers qui s’ avancent dans la mer bien

quinze lieues, et du coste vers le nort y a une anse en laquelle y a

une petite isle laquelle est fort subjecte a tempester et n’ y peut

habiter._”—Cosmographie de Jehan Allefonsce et Raulin Secarlart. 1545.

fol. 184-189.

[456] The Bermudas or Somers’s islands lie between 32° 14´ and 32° 25´

north latitude, and 64° 38´ and 64° 52´ west longitude. In 1522, Juan

Bermudez, a Spaniard, while on a voyage from Spain to Cuba, was wrecked

on them. In 1609 Sir George Somers, sailing to Virginia, met with a

similar misfortune among them. They are said to number three hundred and

sixty-five, and are formed by coral reefs. The principal islands are

Bermuda or Long Island, St. George’s, Ireland, Somerset, and St. David’s

Island.

[457] The map is contained in the third volume of Ramusio’s Raccolta di

navigationi e viaggi.

[458] Voyages. Hakluyt. vol. iii. pp. 239, 240.

[459] Nieuwe Wereldt. boek iii. cap. ix.

[460] In the dedication of Laudonnière’s notable history to Sir Walter

Raleigh, dated March 1, 1586, the delayed publication of the work is

thus adverted to: “It having been suppressed and forgotten for nearly

twenty years, I have, with the diligence of Mr. Hakluyt, a gentleman

well-versed in geographical history and in various languages and

sciences, disinterred it, as it were, from the tomb, where it has lain so

long in useless repose, and brought it before the world.” M. Basanier,

the publisher, says he followed the text of the manuscript _literatim_,

without any emendation or changes.

[461] “That which is toward the arctic or north pole is called New

France insomuch as in the the year 1524, Jean Verrazano, a Florentine,

was sent by King Francis I. and Madame, the regent, his mother, to the

new countries, on which he landed and explored the whole coast extending

from the tropic of Cancer, namely, from the twenty-eighth to the fiftieth

degree, and still more toward the north.

“He planted at this place the ensigns and arms of the king of France,

so that the Spaniards themselves, who were there afterward, have called

this country French land. It extends in latitude from the twenty-fifth

to the fifty-fourth degree toward the north; and in longitude, from the

two hundred and tenth to the three hundred and thirtieth degree. The east

part of it is called by the moderns the land of Norumberge, which ends at

the Gulf of Gamas, which separates it from the island of Canada.”

“_Celle qui est vers le pole Arctique ou Septentrion, est nommee la

nouuelle France, pour autant que l’an mil cinq ces vingt quatre, Jean

Verrazano Florentin fut enuoyé par le Roy François premier, & par

Madame la Regente sa mere aux terres neuues, ausquelles il prit terre &

descouurit toute la coste qui est depuis le Tropique de Cancer, à scauoir

depuis le vingt-huictiesme degrè iusques au cinquantiesme: & encore plus

deuers le North. Il planta en ce païs les enseignes, & armoiries du Roy

de Frāce: de sorte que les Espagnols mesmes qui y furent depuis ont nomé

ce païs terre Francesque.... La partie Orientale d’ icelle est nommee par

les modernes terre de Norumberge, laquelle abortit au Golphe de Gamas,

qui la separe d’auec l’Isle de Canada._”—L’historie notable de la Florida

sitvee es Indes Occidentales. Par le Capitaine Laudonnière. Mise en

lumiere par M. Basanier. Paris, 1586. pp. 1, 2.

[462] The Dutch, when they took possession of Manants Island, in the

seventeenth century, called the lake _het Versch water_ (the Fresh

water). The island on which the French built the fort was, in 1728,

selected as the site of a powder-house, which was erected there to

isolate it from common intruders. John Fitch, in the summer of 1796,

navigated his small steamboat on the Fresh water lake.—_Vide_ History

of the city of New York. By David T. Valentine. 1853. pp. 11, 282-284.

History of the city of New York. By Mrs. Martha J. Lamb. New York and

Chicago, 1877-1880. vol. ii. pp. 423, 424, 565, 736. Documentary history

of New York. vol. ii. p. 603.

[463] André Thevet was born at Angoulême, France, about the second year

of the sixteenth century. He visited Italy, Greece, Egypt, and Palestine,

and on his return to France, in 1554, published an account of his

travels. In July, 1555, he accompanied Chevalier Villegagnon to Brazil to

plant a colony there of French Protestants. When Thevet arrived at Rio

Janeiro in November, he was taken sick, and to hasten his recovery he

embarked for France on the last day of January, 1556. The vessel sailed

on the home voyage northward along the coast of North America as far as

Newfoundland. Thevet died in Paris, November 23, 1590. He was the author

of the following works: “Cosmographie du Levant,” Lyons, 1554; “Les

singulairités de la France antarctique, autrement nommée Amérique, et

de plusieurs autres terres et îles découvertes de notre temps,” Paris,

1556; “Discours de la bataille de Dreux,” Paris, 1563; “Cosmographie

universelle, illustrée de diverses figures des choses les plus

remarquables vues par l’auteur,” Paris, 1571; and “Les vrais portraits et

vies des hommes illustres, grecs, latins, et païens, recueillés de leurs

tableaux, livres, médailles, antiques et modernes,” Paris, 1584.

[464] _Aggoncy_ or _Aggonzi_ signified the head. Voyages. Hakluyt. vol.

iii. p. 231.

[465] “_Ayant laissé la Florida à main gaulche, auec grand nombre

d’Isles, Islettes, Goulphes, & Promontoires, se presente l’vne des

belles riuieres qui soit en toute la terre, nómee de nous Norombègue,

& des Barbares Aggoncy, & marquee en quelques Cartes marines riuiere

grande. Il entre plusieurs autres belles riuieres dans ceste cy, &

sur laquelle iades les François feirent bastir vn petit fort, quelque

dix ou douze lieuës en icelle, lequel estoit enuironé d’eau doulce,

qui se va desgorger das icelle: & fut nommee ceste place le fort de

Norombègue._”—La cosmographie vniverselle. D’André Thevet. A Paris, 1575.

tom. ii. chap. iii. fol. 1008, b.

[466] The copy of Mercator’s map preserved in the National library, in

Paris, which is entitled “_Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio at usum

navigantium emendeté accommodata_,” measures seventy-eight and a half

inches by fifty inches. On this map is represented the earth _in plano_,

the meridians being paralleled and the parallels of latitude straight

lines, according to those principles of projection known as Mercator’s

projection. Respecting the latter, he says, in an inscription on the

chart: “On account of which considerations, we have increased gradually

the length of the degrees of latitude toward each pole proportionate

to the increase of the parallels beyond the length which they have on

the globe, relatively to the equator:—“_Quibus consideratis, gradus

latitudinum versus utrumque polum paulatim auximus pro incremento

parallelorum supra rationem quam habint ad acquinoctialem._” Abraham

Ortelius, the eminent cartographer, speaks of this map of Mercator’s as

“his never-enough-praised universal chart,—_Sua nunquam satis laudata

universalis tabula._”

[467] A copy of this chart in the general library of the State of New

York, at Albany, is entitled: “The Original Carte Figurative, of which

the above is an accurate fac-simile, was found on the 26th of June, 1841,

in the Locket-kas, of the States General, in the Royal archives at the

Hague.”

[468] “This map,” says John Romeyn Brodhead, the historian, “is

undoubtedly one of the most interesting memorials we have. It is about

three feet long, and shows, very minutely, the course of the Hudson River

from Manhattan to above Albany, as well as a portion of the sea-coast;

and contains, likewise, curious notes and memoranda about the neighboring

Indians,—the work, perhaps, of one of the companions of Hudson ... and

made within five years of the discovery of our river, its fidelity of

delineation is scarcely less remarkable than its high antiquity.”—Address

of J. Romeyn Brodhead, November 20, 1844. Coll. New York Historical Soc.

1845. p. 16.

[469] “_Ma so vele men heeft connen verstaen uyt i seggen ende beduyen

van de Maquaas so comen de Françoysen met sloupen tot bovem aen haer land

met haerluy handelen._”

[470] “_Fort van Nassoureen is binnen de wallen 58 voeten wydt in ’t

viercant de gracht is wydt 18 voeten._” Fort Nassau is 58 feet wide

between the walls and built as a square; the moat is 18 feet wide. “_’t

hujs is 36 voeten lanch en 26 wyt in t fort._” The house in the fort is

36 feet long and 26 wide.

[471] Journal of a voyage to New York and a tour in several of the

American colonies in 1679 and 1680, by Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter

of Wiewerd in Friesland. Translated from the original MSS. in the Dutch

for the Long Island Historical Society by Henry C. Murphy. Memoirs of

Long Island Hist. Soc. 1867. vol. i. p. 318.

INDEX.

Abaco, Great and Little, 107, 184.

Abaiòa, town, 224.

Aborigines, 1, 18, 19. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Abraham, 5.

Abreu, Capistrano de, 213, 220.

Abyla, mountain, 4.

Abyssinia, 58.

Acla, 228.

Adam, tomb of, 57.

Adam of Bremen, 40, 41.

Adamanai, island, 154.

Adams, Clement, 203.

Æthiopia, 60, 212.

Africa, 4, 5, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 70, 73, 77, 85, 219.

Afranius, L., 60.

Agave, 249, 252.

Agesingue, 85.

Aggoncy, 351, 359, 360.

Agnaneo, island, 221.

Aguados, 78.

Aguajaluco, 234.

Aguilar, Geronimo de, 239, 240, 242, 267.

Aguino, Marcos de, 265.

Ajes, 129.

Alabama, 275.

Alaminos, 275.

Albany, N. Y., 357, 361, 362, 363.

Albuquerque, Affonso d’, 285.

Alderley, Lord Stanley of, 295.

Alexander VI., Pope, 142, 145.

Alexandria, 59, 194.

Alfonce, Jan. (_See_ _Alphonse_.)

Alfragranus, 75, 76.

Allfonsce, Jehan. (_See_ _Alphonse_.)

Aloe, 124, 136.

Alonso X., 61.

Alphonse, Jean, 352, 353-356, 358.

Altars, 235.

Alvarador, Pedro de, 236.

Amalfi, 63.

Amasis, 2.

Amatl, 264, 268.

Amber, 264, 268.

America, name, 218, 219.

Amerige, name, 218, 219.

Amoretti, Carlo, 295.

Ampheres, 8.

Ampolletas, 69.

Anaximander, 71.

Ancon bajo, 279.

Andaman, 57.

Andrada, Francisco d’, 300, 301.

Andros, island, 107.

Angelo, Michael, 265.

Angels, 5.

Anghiera, 181.

Ango, Jean, 298, 339.

Ango & Son, 339.

Angoulême, 319.

Animals, domesticated, 109, 116, 123, 147, 231, 268, 283.

Animals, wild, 8, 166, 202, 215, 268, 308, 324.

Anicatiye, 281.

Aniuez, les, 346.

Anormée Berge, L’, 348, 349, 350, 351;

le fort d’, 359, 360.

Anoxa, 281.

Antediluvians, 1, 6.

Antilla, island, 79, 84.

Antipater, Cælius, 60.

Antipodes, 88, 89.

Antiquaries, Royal Soc. of Northern, 23, 33, 34.

Apianus, Petrus, 219.

Appalachee Bay, 279.

Appalachicola Bay, 270.

Aqueducts, 1, 10, 12, 252, 270.

Arabian Gulf, 60.

Arabian Sea, 59.

Arambe, 281, 284.

Arctic Ocean, 217.

Aristotle, 71, 332, 336.

Arna-Magnœan collection, 34.

Arnold, Governor Benedict, 43.

Arona, 181.

Arana, Diego, 133, 149.

Arroba, 123.

Arrows. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Arsenals, 264.

Asher, G. M., 300.

Asia, 4, 57, 142, 153, 192, 215, 219;

wife of Prometheus, 219.

Asius, 219.

Astrolabe, 66-68, 79, 125, 128.

Athenæus, 198.

Athens, 17.

Atlantic empire, 5, 8, 17;

island, 4-21, 80;

ocean, early navigation of, 4, 59;

name, 7;

impassable, 17, 18, 21;

navigated, 72, 79, 80, 89;

race, 17.

Atlas, 7, 8.

Atwood’s key, 107, 108.

Aubert, Thomas, 298, 299.

Autochthon, 8.

Avila, Pedro Arias de, 229.

Axes, 236, 237.

Ayala, Pedro de, 195.

Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 279, 281, 282, 284.

Azaës, 8.

Azores, 67, 74, 78, 79, 140, 145, 157, 158, 213.

Bacallaos or baccallaos, land of, 197, 200, 202, 330.

Bachian, island, 294.

Bacon, Roger, 62.

Badajos, congress of, 296.

Badakhshan, 57.

Bahamas, the, 107.

Bahia de todos os Santos, 214.

Bakelos, name, 198, 203.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 225-228.

Banda, 292.

Bardsen, Ivar, treatise of, 23.

Barges or bèrges, 248, 349.

Barrett, William, 188.

Barros, Joam de, 68.

Bartolomé, Francisco, 240.

Basanier, M., 357, 358.

Bastidas, Rodrigo de, 174, 225.

Baths, 12, 266.

Baya Isleos, 330.

Beamish, North Ludlow, 25.

Bear, the Great and Little, 213.

Bears, 199, 202.

Beaufort, N. C., 310.

Behaim, Martin, 67, 80, 290.

Behring’s Strait, 303, 308.

Behring, Vitus, 308.

Beimeni, island of, 221, 224, 278.

Belem, 177.

Belle Isle, Strait of, 297, 345.

Bells, 176.

Beneventanus, Marcus, 215.

Benewitz, Peter, 219.

Berg, Joshua van, 74.

Bergenroth, G. A., 187.

Bermudas, 356.

Bermudez, Juan, 356.

Bernaldez, Andres, 120.

Bernardino, Cardinal, 154.

Berruguette, Alonso, 265.

Beseneghe, 212.

Bethlem, 177.

Bethune, Vice-admiral, 64.

Bible, La, 61.

Biddle, Richard, 195.

Bimini, fountain of, 222, 224;

island of, 224, 278.

Birds, 100, 103, 104, 105, 109, 116, 122, 123, 147, 166, 181, 203,

308.

Bjanneyjar, 34.

Bjarni, voyages of, 25-27, 37, 40.

Block Island, 320.

Blood-letting, 164, 298.

Bobadilla, Francisco de, 172.

Boemia, Martin of, 290.

Bohemia, Martin of, 67.

Bohio or Bosio, 114, 130, 133.

Boiuca, 221.

Borriquen, island of, 148, 221.

Boulenger, Ludovicus, 219.

Bourbon, Charles de, 338.

Boursier, Jacques, 339.

Bows. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Bradley, Thomas, 195.

Brahmans, 57.

Brass, 8, 269.

Brattahlid, 24, 28.

Brazil, 173, 206, 207, 212, 213, 214, 216, 220, 228, 286, 300, 352,

359;

island of, 195;

port of, 175, 179.

Brazil-wood, 216, 229, 286.

Breidafjörd, 25.

Bretons, 297.

Brevoort, James Carson, 343.

Bridges, 164, 258, 270.

Brisa or Briso, island, 320.

Bristol, 73, 188, 189, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199.

Britons, 297.

Brittany, 301, 304.

Brodhead, John Romeyn, 362.

Brown, Rawdon, 190.

Brunelleschi, Alderotto, 338.

Buil, Friar Bernardo, 152, 196.

Burma, 57.

Bygd, 24.

Cabo Bajo, 330.

Cabo Casinas, 175.

Cabo de Arenas, 330.

Cabo de Boa Esperança, 69.

Cabo de Campana, 126.

Cabo de Cinquin, 127.

Cabo de Corrientes, 224.

Cabo de Cuba, 125.

Cabo de las Conchas, 171.

Cabo de las Higueras, 278.

Cabo del Elefante, 127.

Cabo del Estrella, 127.

Cabo del Isles, 115.

Cabo del Monte, 127.

Cabo del Pico, 126.

Cabo de Palmas, 118.

Cabo de San Nicolas, 152.

Cabo de Santa Elena, 279, 280, 284, 330.

Cabo Deseado, 292, 293.

Cabo Fuerte, 152.

Cabo Hermoso, 114.

Cabo Lindo, 127.

Cabo Santa Cruz, 154.

Cabo Santa Maria de la Consolacion, 174.

Caboto, Giovanni, his proposals to Henry VII. of England; sails from

Bristol, 188;

his voyage, 188, 189;

Prima Tierra Vista, 190;

island of Sant Joan, 190;

maps, 185, 191, 192;

Soncino’s account of his discoveries, 192-194;

his globe, 193;

Cabot’s second voyage, 194, 195;

described, 195, 196;

field of his discoveries, 185, 201, 210, 300.

Caboto, Ludovicus (Lewis), 188.

Caboto, Sanctus, 188.

Caboto, Sebastiano, his voyages, 196-199;

extent of his explorations, 200, 202;

his maps and discoveries, 203, 204;

congress of Badajos, 296.

Cabo Tormentoso, 69, 205.

Cabot. (_See_ _Caboto_.)

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 206, 207.

Cacamatzin, prince of, 256, 260.

Cacao, 267;

liquor, 263;

nuts, 176, 269.

Cadamosto, Luigi da, 66, 300.

Cadiz, 7, 60. (_See_ _Gades_.)

Cæsar, calendar of Julius, 107.

Caiougas, 346.

Calachionies, 239.

Calicut, 206, 336.

Calpe, mountain, 4.

Cam, Diogo, 67.

Cambaluc, 57.

Camos, Martin, 238.

Campeachy, 230, 238.

Canada, 345, 354, 355;

river of, 357;

island of, 357, 358.

Canals, 9, 10, 13, 14, 252.

Canary Islands, 72, 74, 79, 95, 97, 104, 134, 158, 160.

Cañaveral, 279.

Cannibals. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Canoes. (_See_ _Indians_.)

Cano, Sebastian del, 295.

Canso, Strait of, 201.

Cantino, Alberto, 211.

Capac, 289.

Cap de la Franciscane, 354.

Cape Bojador, 64, 66, 145.

Cape Breton, 342, 351, 354, 355.

Cape Breton Island, 191, 201, 297.

Cape Briton. (_See_ _Cape Breton_.)

Cape Buona Vista, 297.

Cape Catticara, 293.

Cape Charles, 314.

Cape Comorin, 294.

Cape de Bertoni. (_See_ _Cape Breton_.)

Cape de Não, 63, 64.

C. de S. Maria, 316, 319.

Cape Fear, 306.

Cape Henry, 314.

Cape Lookout, 310.

Cape Neddock, 329.

Cape North, 201.

Cape of England, 185, 201.

Cape of Florida, 224.

Cape of Good Hope, 69, 85, 205, 323.

Cape of Norombègue, 354, 355.

Cape of St. John, 354.

Cape of St. Mary, 316, 319.

Cape of the Bretons, 297. (_See_ _Cape Breton_.)

Cape of the Franciscan, 354.

Cape of the Holy Spirit, 289.

Cape of the Virgins, 289, 292.

Cape Prince of Wales, 308.

Cape Ras, 297.

Cape Ray, 201.

Cape St. Augustine, 212, 229, 286.

Cape St. Roque, 228.

Cape St. Vincent, 77, 84.

Cape Verd, 74, 78.

Cape Verd Islands, 72, 74, 75, 86, 145, 146, 168.

Caradoc of Llancarvan, 43.

Caravels, 96, 180.

Caria, sierras of, 215.

Cariay, 178.

Caribbees, 148.

Caribbean Islands, 174.

Caribi, 160.

Caris, island of, 135.

Carixagusignanin, 281.

Carli, Fernando, 302, 335.

Carli, Francisco, 338.

Carolinas, archipelago, 85.

Carpets, 260.

Carreira, Visconde da, 64.

Carroll, B. R., 309.

Carthagena, Juan de, 289.

Carthaginian merchants, 79.

Cartier, Jacques, 42, 344, 345, 352.

Cartier, John, 195.

Carvajal, Alonzo Sanchez de, 152.

Casada, Caspar de, 289, 292.

Casas, Bartolomé de las, 107, 118, 126.

Caspian Sea, 75, 334.

Cassava, 242.

Cassia, 213, 216.

Castellanos de Oro, 250.

Castilblanco, 250.

Castilla del Oro, 183.

Castle Island, 361, 362, 363.

Cathay, 51, 58, 72, 74, 82, 84, 118, 125, 174, 175, 178, 180, 182,

186, 188, 199, 201, 205, 207, 284, 297, 301, 306, 332, 336.

Cat Island, 107, 108.

Cattigara, 227.

Caunaboa, 149, 156.

Causeways, 256, 257, 258, 270.

Cautio, 223.

Cavalcanti, Guido, 62.

Cavo de Inglaterra, 185, 201.

Cāzabi, 164.

Cazadilla, Diego Ortiz de, 86.

Celer, Q. Metellus, 60.

Cemies, 154, 155.

Cempoalla, 249.

Ceuta, 63.

Ceylon, 57.

Chabot Philippe, 339.

Chalchihuis stones, 251, 259, 265.

Champlain, Samuel de, 68, 347, 348.

Champoton, 230, 233.

Chapultepec, 252, 270.

Charles V., of Spain, 191, 199, 240, 249.

Charles’s wain, 102.

Charybdis, 349.

Chehkiang, 83.

Chersonesus aurea, 226, 227.

Chesapeake Bay, 314, 343.

Chiahuitzla, 249.

Chicora, 280, 281, 282.

Chila, 277.

China, 55, 57, 74, 75, 82, 84.

Cholula, 254.

Churchhill, collections of A. and J., 71.

Cibao, mines of, 150.

Cimbri, 334.

Cinnamon, 345.

Cintra, Pedro de, 66.

Cipango, 84, 204, 111, 114, 115, 116, 193.

Circumnavigation of the earth, 295.

Claude, wife of Francis I., 320.

Claude or Claudia, island, 320.

Cleasby, Richard, 33.

Cleito, 7, 11.

Clement IV., Pope, 52.

Climates, 166, 299, 336.

Cloves, 294, 345.

Cocayo, 281.

Cocca, Antonia, 289.

Cochin China, 57.

Codfish, 198, 202, 203.

Coelho, Gonçalo, 215.

Coelho, Nicolas, 206.

Cogswell, Joseph G., 307.

Cohoes, N. Y., 351.

Cojohuacan, 258, 274;

prince of, 260.

Colba, 114.

Colibre, 135.

Coligni, Admiral Gaspard de, 340.

Coloma, Juan de, 93.

Colombo, Cristoforo. (_See_ _Christopher Columbus_.)

Colombo, Dominico, 70.

Colombo, Fernando. (_See_ _Ferdinand Columbus_.)

Colon, Cristobal. (_See_ _Christopher Columbus_.)

Colon, Diego. (_See_ _Diego Columbus_.)

Colon, Luis, 71.

Columbus, Bartolomé, 86, 87, 172.

Columbus, Christopher, birthplace, 70;

parents, 70;

sea-faring, 72, 73;

geographical knowledge, 74-80;

correspondence with Toscanelli, 80;

proposals to King John II., of Portugal, 85;

sends his brother to England, 86;

goes to Spain, 87;

his project discussed at Salamanca, 87-90;

its consideration postponed by Ferdinand and Isabella, 90;

intends to go to France, 90;

befriended by Friar Juan Perez, 90, 91;

another conference, 91;

unfavorable decision, 91;

Luis de Santángel’s help, 92;

Columbus commissioned, 93-95;

intends to make a sea-chart, 96;

sails from Palos, 96;

keeps his reckoning short, 98;

observes the variations of the magnetic needle, 98, 99;

conduct of his crew, 100-102;

discovers island of Guanahani, 107;

his landing, 108;

the people, 108-110;

calls the island San Salvador, 111;

discovers the islands of Santa Maria de la Concepcion, Fernandina,

Isabela, and Cuba, 113-116;

believes he has reached Asia, 120;

sends embassadors to the Grand Khan of Cathay, 120;

productions of Cuba, 121;

natives, 122, 123;

returns from the north, 124;

his high latitudes, 126;

explores the coast of Española, 127, 128;

its natives, productions, and soil, 128-130;

builds Villa de la Navidad, 132, 133;

sails for Spain, 135;

the voyage, 137;

anchors in the Tagus, 140;

visits the king of Portugal, 141;

arrives at Palos, 141;

celebration of his discoveries, 142-144.

Columbus’s second voyage, 146;

discovers the islands of Dominica, Marigalante, Santa Maria de

Guadalupe, 146, 147;

his sea-chart, 148;

arrives at Villa de la Navidad, 148;

builds the town of Isabela and castle of San Tomas, 150, 151;

appoints a council, 152;

coasts Cuba, 152;

believes it to be Asia, 153;

sails for Spain, his compasses, 157;

his pilots, 158;

arrives at Cadiz, 159;

goes to Burgos, 159;

his privileges prejudiced, 167.

Columbus’s third voyage, 168;

discovers the island of Trinidad, 169;

sees the continent, 169;

Tierra de Gracia, 170;

enters the Gulf of Paria, 171;

map of the country, 171;

reaches Española, 172;

sent in chains to Spain, 172.

Columbus’s fourth voyage, 174;

discovers the island of Mantinino, 175;

reaches Española, 175;

sails to the Guanaia islands, 175;

captures a canoe laden with Indian commodities, 175;

explores the coast of Veragua, 177-187, 226, 227;

sails to Jamaica, 180;

returns to Spain, 182;

dies at Valladolid, 182;

his map, 182, 183, 300.

Columbus, Diego, 87, 90, 152, 168.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 70, 71, 168.

Comargo, 277, 278.

Combahee River, 284.

Comogre, 225.

Compass. (_See_ _Mariner’s compass_.)

Conchillos, Lopez de, 276.

Connecticut, 253, 354;

river, 354.

Contarini, Gasparo, 199.

Copper, 8, 10, 111, 176, 178, 199, 236, 237, 269, 322, 328.

Coquibacoa, Gulf of, 164.

Cordoba, Francisco Hernando de, 229, 233, 238, 278.

Corn, 283.

Coronel, Pedro Fernandez, 152.

Correa, Pedro, 77.

Cortereal, Gaspar, 207-211.

Cortereal, João Vaz, 207.

Cortereal, Miguel, 207, 208, 211.

Cortes, Hernando. Diego Velasquez appoints him captain-general, 237;

sails to the island of Cozumel, 238;

receives embassadors from Montezuma, 239;

the presents, 243-245;

explores the coast of Mexico, 247;

builds Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, 249;

begins his march toward the city of Mexico, 249;

engagements with the Tlascallans, 250;

enters Tlascalla, 251;

marches to Cholula, 253;

escorted into the city of Mexico by Montezuma, 259-261;

visits the market-place and the temple of Huitzilopochtli, 267-272;

besieges the city, 273;

sends presents to the emperor, 274.

Corvea, Gaspar, 206.

Corvo, island, 100, 158.

Cosa, Juan de la, 173, 183, 184, 185, 201.

Cosco, Leander de, 142.

Cotastlan, 239, 266.

Cotta, Joannes, 215.

Cotton, 109, 110, 111, 119, 121, 123, 124, 136, 148, 176, 178, 265,

284.

Cotys, 219.

Coyba, 226.

Cozumel, 238, 239.

Crato, prior of, 141.

Crawford and Balcarres, count of, 350.

Critias, or the Atlantic, 3.

Crœsus, 2.

Crooked Island, 107.

Crosses, 230.

Cruz, Juan de la, 265.

Cuba, 114, 115, 116, 118, 126, 127, 128, 152, 153, 154, 184, 197,

202, 216, 232.

Cuitlahuac, prince of, 260.

Cuitlahuatzin, 270.

Culba, 232.

Culhua, 248.

Culua, 235.

Cusa, Cardinal Nicolaus de, 80.

Dagaghiano, Pier Francisco, 338.

Dagmala-stad, 31-33.

Datha, 282.

Damascus, 59.

Dankers, Jasper, 363.