after six or seven hours baking, it emits a very thick and ill-scented
smoke, which continues for fifteen hours. Four hours after that, the
Sal Ammoniac is observed to rise in white flowers, which adhere to the
inside of the neck of the vessel; and those who have the direction of
the operation take care, from time to time, to pass an iron rod into
the neck of the ballon, in order to preserve a passage through the
saline vault, for giving vent to some blueish vapours, which constantly
issue out of the vessel during the whole operation."
From this history of the preparation of Sal Ammoniac it appears that
Soot, and particularly the Soot of animal matters, either contains
abundance of this Salt perfectly formed, and waiting only for
sublimation to separate it therefrom, or, at least, that it contains
the proper materials for forming it; and that during the operation,
which is a kind of distillation of Soot, these materials combine
together and sublime.
We shewed, in our analysis of Soot, that this substance yields by
distillation a great deal of Volatile Alkali; and this is an ingredient
which makes at least one-half of Sal Ammoniac. As to the other
principle of this Salt, I mean the Marine Acid, this also must needs
exist in Soot: but it is not so easy to conceive how it should come
there.
It is very true that vegetable and animal substances, the only ones
that produce Soot in burning, contain some portion of Sea-salt: but
then this Salt is very fixed, and seems unfit to rise with the Acid,
the Oil, and the subtile Earth, of which the Volatile Alkali is formed.
Therefore we must suppose either that its elevation is procured
by the force of the fire, aided by the volatility of the matters
that exhale in burning; or that, being decomposed by the violence
of the combustion, its Acid alone rises with the other principles
above-mentioned. The latter seems probable enough: for though in the
common operations of Chymistry the bare force of fire doth not seem
sufficient to decompose Sea salt; yet the example of Sea-plants, which,
before burning, contain this Salt in abundance, and whole ashes contain
scarce any at all, but are replete with its fixed part, that is, with
its Alkaline basis, seems to prove that, when this Salt is intimately
mixed with inflammable matters, it may be destroyed by burning; so
that its Acid shall desert its basis, and fly off with the Soot.
Before the exact method of procuring Sal Ammoniac was known, it
was generally imagined that the manufacturers, mixed Sea-salt, and
even Urine, with the Soot; because these two substances contain
the principles of which this Salt consists. But, besides that the
contrary now certainly appears from the above-mentioned Memoirs, it
hath been shewn by Mr. Duhamel, who hath published several Memoirs
and experiments concerning the composition and decomposition of Sal
Ammoniac, from which we have partly taken what we have already said
on this subject, and which will furnish us with some more curious
observations; it hath been shewn, I say, in the first of Mr. Duhamel's
Memoirs, printed with those of the Academy for 1735, that the addition
of Sea-salt to the Soot, from which Sal Ammoniac is to be extracted,
contributes nothing to its production, and cannot increase its
quantity. That alone, therefore, which was originally contained in
the matters that produced the Soot, enters as a principle into the
composition of Sal Ammoniac. We observed also, in treating of the
analysis of Soot, that Mr. Boerhaave obtained from it a considerable
quantity of an Ammonical Salt without any additament.
Sal Ammoniac is sometimes found perfectly formed in the neighbourhood
of Volcanoes. This Salt is probably produced from the fuliginosities of
vegetable or animal matters consumed by the fire of the Volcano.
Sal Ammoniac is often impure, because it carries up with it, in
sublimation, some of the black charred matter which ought to be left
at the bottom of the vessel: but it is easily purified. For this
purpose you need only dissolve it in water, filter the solution, then
evaporate and crystallize; by which means you will have a very white
and very pure Sal Ammoniac. You may, if you please, sublime it again
in a cucurbit and blind head, with a fire not too brisk. Some of it
will rise in the form of a light white powder, called _Flowers of Sal
Ammoniac_. These Flowers are no other than true Sal Ammoniac, which
hath suffered no decomposition; because the bare action of fire is not
capable of separating the Acid and the Volatile Alkali, of which this
Neutral Salt consists. When you intend to decompose it, you must use
the means to be mentioned hereafter.
Though Sal Ammoniac be only semi-volatile, and requires a considerable
heat to sublime it, yet it hath the property of carrying up with
it matters that are very fixed and ponderous; such as metallic
substances, and some kinds of earths. For medicinal uses we sublime
therewith Iron, Lapis Hæmatites, the Copper in blue Vitriol, &c. and
then it takes different names, as _Martial Flowers of Sal Ammoniac_,
_Ens veneris_, and other such denominations, which it borrows from the
matters sublimed with it.
PROCESS III.
_Sal Ammoniac decompounded by Acids._
Into a large tubulated glass retort put a small quantity of Sal
Ammoniac in powder: set your retort in a furnace, and lute on a large
ballon, as in the distillation of the smoaking Acids of Nitre and
Sea-salt. Through the hole in your retort pour a quantity of Oil of
Vitriol, or Spirit of Nitre, equal in weight to your Sal Ammoniac.
An effervescence will instantly follow. The mixture will swell, and
discharge white vapours, which will come over into the receiver.
Stop the hole in the retort immediately, and let the first vapours
pass over, together with some drops of liquor, which will distil
without fire. Then put a few coals into the furnace, and continue the
distillation with a very gentle heat; which however must be increased,
little by little, till nothing more will come off. When the operation
is finished, you will find in the receiver a Spirit of Salt, if you
made use of Oil of Vitriol; or an _Aqua regis_, if Spirit of Nitre was
employed: and in the retort will be left a saline mass, which will be
either a Glauber's Secret Sal Ammoniac, or a Nitrous Sal Ammoniac,
according to the nature of the Acid used to decompound the Sal Ammoniac.
_OBSERVATIONS._
Sal Ammoniac, which consists of the Marine Acid united to a Volatile
Alkali, is, with respect to the Vitriolic and Nitrous Acids, just
the same as Sea-salt is with respect to those Acids; that is, the
Vitriolic and Nitrous Acids, having a greater affinity, than the Marine
Acid, with Volatile as well as Fixed Alkalis, will decompound the Sal
Ammoniac, by expelling the Acid from its basis, and assuming its place,
just as they do with regard to Sea-salt. Most therefore of what was
said concerning the decomposition of Sea-salt, and the distillation of
its Acid, by the two other Acids, must be applied here.
We shall only observe, that, when the Acid of Sal Ammoniac is to be
distilled from it by the interposition of the Vitriolic or Nitrous
Acid, great care must be taken to put but a very small quantity of
this Salt into the retort; especially if the Acids to be added are
concentrated: for, as soon as they mix with the Sal Ammoniac, a
great effervescence arises, and the mixture swells to such a degree,
that, unless the quantity in the retort be very small, it may run
over altogether into the receiver. It is also proper to take notice,
that this operation admits of but a small degree of heat, for two
reasons; first, because the Acid of the Sal Ammoniac, being very easily
dislodged by an Acid stronger than itself, rises also very easily;
secondly, because the Sal Ammoniac which is to be decompounded, as
well as the Ammoniacal Salts which result from its decomposition, are
semi-volatile, and will sublime in substance if they be exposed to the
smallest excess of heat. Moreover, the Nitrous Sal Ammoniac would be in
danger of taking fire and exploding, for a reason frequently mentioned
above.
The Nitrous Sal Ammoniac may be decompounded, as well as Sal Ammoniac,
by the Vitriolic Acid. But, as the Nitrous Acid contained in the Salt
is the strongest of all Acids next to the Vitriolic, no other Acid but
this is able to expel it from its basis; in which respect this Salt
resembles Nitre.
Instead of employing the Acids of Vitriol and Nitre to decompound Sal
Ammoniac, we might make use of Neutral Salts consisting of these Acids
combined with metallic or earthy bases: but then, as this decomposition
cannot be effected without a greater degree of heat, there is reason
to apprehend that some of the Sal Ammoniac would be thereby sublimed,
before it could be decompounded.
PROCESS IV.
_Sal Ammoniac decompounded by Fixed Alkalis. Volatile Salt. The
Febrifuge of Sylvius._
Into a glass alembic or retort put Sal Ammoniac and Salt of Tartar,
pulverized and mixed together in equal quantities. Set your vessel in
a proper furnace, and immediately lute on a large receiver. A little
volatile Spirit will ascend; and a volatile Alkali, in a concrete form,
very white and beautiful, will sublime into the head, and come over
into the receiver, in quantity near two thirds or three fourths of
the Sal Ammoniac used. Continue the distillation, increasing the fire
by degrees, till nothing more will sublime. Then unlute the vessels.
Put up your Volatile Salt immediately into a wide-mouthed bottle, and
stop it close with a crystal stopple. At the bottom of the retort,
or cucurbit, you will find a saline mass, which, being dissolved and
crystallized, will form a Salt nearly cubical, having the taste and
other properties of Sea-salt. This is the _Sal Febrifugum Sylvii_.
_OBSERVATIONS._
This decomposition of Sal Ammoniac is the reverse of that in the
preceding process. In the former operation it was shewn that the Acid
of Sal Ammoniac may be separated from its basis, by applying to that
basis a stronger Acid: in the present operation, on the contrary, the
basis of this Salt is separated from its Acid, by presenting to that
Acid a Fixed Alkali, wherewith it hath a greater affinity than with the
Volatile Alkali which serves it for a basis.
The action of Fixed Alkalis upon Sal Ammoniac is so vigorous and
sudden, that, as soon as these two matters are mixed together, the
Volatile urinous Salt rushes out with great activity, even without the
help of heat; so that much of it will be lost, if care be not taken to
confine the mixture immediately in those vessels by means of which it
is to be distilled.
The Volatile Salt obtained by this operation is white, pure, and very
active; having been freed from the greatest part of its superfluous fat
matter, both by the union it had contracted with the Marine Acid, and
by the Fixed Alkali employed to separate it therefrom. This Salt is so
quick and volatile, that if, on taking out the receiver, it be left a
little too long exposed to the air, before it be put into the bottle in
which it is to be kept, a great deal of it will exhale and be lost. For
the same reason care should be taken, while the vessels are unluting,
that the vapour of this Salt do not strike the organ of smelling, or
be drawn into the lungs in respiration; for it affects those organs
so powerfully, and makes such a quick impression on them, that the
operator would be in danger of suffocation. Yet it is of great service,
when cautiously smelled to, for exciting the vibrations of the _Genus
Nervosum_, in Apoplexies, Fainting fits, and Hysterical disorders.
But it must always be administered with great caution; for it hath a
corrosive quality, and is no less caustic than a Fixed Alkali. This is
proved by applying it to the bare skin, and keeping it on by means of
a pitch-plaster, so that it cannot fly off in vapours: for, as soon as
it begins to grow warm, it produces on the skin a smarting sensation,
like that of burning, attended with much pain, and in a very short time
makes an eschar like a caustic.
The Volatile Spirit, obtained in the decomposition of Sal Ammoniac by
a Fixed Alkali, derives its origin from the Phlegm contained in the
saline matters that are mixed together on that occasion. The moister
those matters are, the more Spirit there will be. This also is very
active and penetrating. But as it owes these qualities wholly to the
Volatile Salt dissolved in it, the more of this Spirit comes off, the
less Salt will there be.
If you desire to have much Volatile Spirit, a quantity of water,
proportioned to the quantity of Spirit you want, must be mixed with
the Salts. In this case the distillation begins with a humid vapour,
which coagulates on the sides of the receiver into a concrete Salt,
almost as soon as it comes over. There rises afterwards an aqueous
vapour, not so saline or volatile as the former. This liquor dissolves
the Salt that was coagulated before; and, if the water added was in
sufficient quantity, it will dissolve the Salt entirely; otherwise
it will dissolve but a part thereof, and then it is certain that the
liquor is a Volatile Spirit as strongly impregnated with Salt as it can
be. The reason why the liquor that rises first contains a great deal
more Volatile Salt than the other, in so much that it coagulates and
becomes solid, is because the Volatile Salt rises in distillation much
more easily than water.
In whatever manner the Volatile Spirit or Salt be distilled from Sal
Ammoniac, by means of a Fixed Alkali, we always find at the bottom of
the retort, or cucurbit, when the operation is finished, a new Neutral
Salt compounded of the Acid of the Sal Ammoniac, and of the Alkali used
in the distillation. If the Salt of Tartar be used, this new Neutral
Salt will be perfectly like that produced by combining this Alkali
with the Acid of Sea-salt, to the point of saturation. The figure of
the crystals of this Salt, though much like that of the crystals of
Sea-salt, is nevertheless a little different. However, this Salt
possesses the chief properties of Sea-salt. It bears the name of _Sal
Febrifugum Sylvii_, because that Physician attributed to it the virtue
of curing intermitting fevers. But its title to this virtue is very
doubtful, at least in this country.
If the Salt of Soda be used, instead of Salt of Tartar, to decompound
Sal Ammoniac, a Volatile Spirit and Salt will in like manner be
obtained; and the Neutral Salt left in the retort, after distillation,
will be a true regenerated Sea-salt, perfectly like native Sea-salt;
because, as we have said before, the Salt of Soda is of the same kind
with the natural basis of Sea-salt; and the inconsiderable differences,
observable between the _Sal Febrifugum_ and Sea-salt, can be attributed
only to such as may be found between the Alkaline bases of those two
Salts.
PROCESS V.
_Sal Ammoniac decompounded by Absorbent Earths and Lime. The Volatile
Spirit of Sal Ammoniac. Fixed Sal Ammoniac. Oil of Lime._
Let one part of Sal Ammoniac, and three parts of Lime, slaked in the
air, be pulverized separately, and expeditiously mixed together. Put
this mixture immediately into a glass retort, so large that half of it
may remain empty. Apply thereto a capacious receiver, with a small hole
in it to give vent to the vapours, if needful. Let your retort stand
in the furnace about a quarter of an hour, without any fire under it.
While it stands thus, a great quantity of invisible vapours will rise,
condense into drops, and form a liquor in the receiver. Then put two
or three live coals in your furnace, and gradually increase the fire
till no more liquor will rise. Now unlute your vessels, taking all
possible care to avoid the vapours, and quickly pour the liquor out of
the receiver into a bottle, which you must stop with a crystal stopple
rubbed with emery. There will remain, at the bottom of the retort,
a white mass, consisting of the Lime employed in the distillation,
together with the Acid of the Sal Ammoniac: this is called _Fixed Sal
Ammoniac_.
_OBSERVATIONS._
In our Elements of the Theory, we explained how we imagine that
Lime and other substances, which, according to the Table, have less
affinity than Volatile Alkalis with Acids, are nevertheless capable of
decompounding Sal Ammoniac, by uniting with its Acid, after expelling
it from its basis, which is a Volatile Alkali. To recapitulate our
opinion in two words: we conceive this to depend on the fixedness of
these earthy and metallic additaments, which enables them to resist
the force of fire, and on the volatility of the basis of Sal Ammoniac,
which proves a great disadvantage to it when it comes to struggle,
as it were, with those fixed additaments, aided by a considerable
degree of heat. We shall only observe, that we are not singular in
this opinion, nor indeed did we deliver it as a new one; that several
modern Chymists concur with us therein, and particularly Mr. Baron,
whom we have already mentioned more than once on the subject of Borax;
and who, we think, was the first that ever took particular notice of
it in print, viz. in his Memoirs on Borax, communicated to the Academy
before the publication of our Elements. For the explanation of this
phenomenon, therefore, we refer to those Memoirs, which are actually
published, and to what we have already said on the subject in our
treatise above-mentioned.
Another phenomenon, which is equally singular and curious, furnishes us
with matter for several reflections, and gives us occasion to relate,
in few words, the result of Mr. Duhamel's most sagacious experiments
and speculations tending to discover the cause thereof. The point
under consideration is the different forms and properties which the
Volatile Alkali assumes, when separated from Sal Ammoniac by the means
of a Fixed Alkali, and by the means of Lime. We know that the former
is always in a concrete form, unless the mixture, from which it is
distilled, be absolutely drenched with water; and that the latter,
on the contrary, is always in a fluid form, and constantly liquid,
whatever method be taken to distil it.
Some Chymists imagine, that the Volatile Salt of Sal Ammoniac appears
in a concrete form, only because it still contains some Acid; whence
they conclude that the reason why no concrete Volatile Salt can be
obtained by the means of Lime is, because it absorbs all the Acid of
the Sal Ammoniac; which is not the case, they say, with Fixed Alkalis.
Others impute the constant fluidity of the Volatile Spirit of Sal
Ammoniac, obtained with Lime, to the particles of fire which they
suppose communicated thereto by that substance. Mr. Duhamel equally
refutes both these opinions, by proving from experiments that Fixed
Alkalis are capable of absorbing as much Acid as Lime can, and even
more; and that, having been calcined as long, and with as violent a
fire, as Lime, they must contain and communicate as many particles
of fire; if indeed it be possible that the particles of fire should
actually be lodged, and continue imprisoned, in calcined substances,
as these gentlemen suppose. Yet this is contrary to experience; seeing
the Volatile Salt distilled by the means of a Fixed Alkali, though ever
so long and ever so violently calcined, is always in a concrete form,
and doth not resemble the Volatile Spirit of Sal Ammoniac prepared with
Lime.
In order to throw the necessary lights on this point, Mr. Duhamel
had recourse to the only method that can be depended on in Natural
Philosophy; namely, Experiments. He accordingly made several, of which
these are the chief.
First, he distilled a Volatile Salt, by the means of well desiccated
Salt of Tartar, and Salt of Soda; and, urging the fire with great
violence towards the end of the operation, he thus obtained a quantity
of Volatile Salt equal to, or even exceeding, that of the Sal Ammoniac
he used: whence he justly concluded that, on this occasion, the
Volatile Salt carried up, and volatilized some of the Fixed Salt.
Secondly, he found upon trial that the Volatile Spirit, obtained from
Sal Ammoniac by the means of Lime, appears in the form of a liquor,
only because it is mixed with some water which was contained in the
Lime. Of this truth he had the following decisive proof: having
attempted to prepare a Volatile Spirit of Sal Ammoniac with Lime, which
had not been slaked, either in the air or by water, he could not obtain
any Volatile Spirit: or, at least, the quantity was so small that it
might be reckoned as nothing; and even that was wholly due to the
moisture which Sal Ammoniac necessarily contains, together with that
which Lime imbibes from the air, if ever so little exposed thereto.
From these two experiments Mr. Duhamel draws the following
consequences: viz. that the Volatile Salt cannot be separated from the
Sal Ammoniac and sublimed, without carrying along with it some of the
additament which serves to extricate it; or, instead thereof, some
other body with which it is capable of uniting: that Fixed Alkalis
have the property of being thus carried up by the Volatile Alkali,
and subliming with it: that the case is not the same with Lime, which
therefore cannot, when alone, separate and sublime the Volatile Alkali
of the Sal Ammoniac; but becomes capable thereof when it hath imbibed
any moisture, which joins with the Volatile Salt, and rises therewith
in distillation. And hence it must be concluded, that, seeing the
Volatile Salt carries up with it some of the Fixed Alkali, by the
means of which it is separated, it will be in a concrete form; what
it carries up along with it being dry and solid: whereas, when it is
distilled with Lime, it cannot but be liquid; seeing it must needs be
dissolved by the moisture it gets from the Lime, without which it would
not rise.
But to what must we attribute these effects produced by Lime, so
different from those produced by Fixed Alkalis? Are they owing to
its quality of Lime? or would it produce the same, if it were only a
mere Absorbent Earth? Mr. Duhamel hath answered this question by a
third sort of experiment. He tried to decompound Sal Ammoniac, and to
separate its Volatile Alkali, by a pure Absorbent of Earth, without
mixing any water with it, or calcining it.
For this purpose he made use of Chalk; and his experiment succeeded.
By means of this additament he decompounded Sal Ammoniac, and by the
experiment obtained the lights he wanted. The Volatile Alkali, being
extricated by the dry but uncalcined Chalk, rose in a concrete form,
as with Fixed Alkalis; and in like manner carried up with it some of
the earthy additament. The same Chalk when calcined, and converted
into Lime, produced the very effect of Lime on Sal Ammoniac. It is
therefore from calcination alone that Absorbent Earths derive the
property of retaining obstinately the Volatile Alkali, and preventing
its sublimation by refusing to rise with it as Fixed Alkalis do.
Though these ingenious experiments evidently furnish us with great
lights, for discovering the cause of the solidity or fluidity of
the Volatile Alkali, when separated from Sal Ammoniac by different
additaments, as they fully determine several preliminary questions
immediately relating thereto; yet they still leave us, in some measure,
at a loss with regard to the chief point. For we do not yet know why
Fixed Alkalis and Absorbent Earths, which, in all Chymical trials, shew
that they have certainly as much fixity as Lime, are carried up by the
Volatile Alkali, while Lime resists, instead of rising with it as those
other substances do, obstinately retains it, and even fixes it in some
measure, so that it is impossible for it to sublime. This question, in
my opinion, depends on the theory of Lime; nor can we hope to resolve
it in its full extent, till we get a further insight into the nature of
that singular substance than we have at present.
On this subject, however, Mr. Duhamel hath offered some conjectures,
founded on the known properties of Lime, and supported by experiments.
"Lime," says he, "is an earth freed by calcination from almost all its
humidity, almost all its Acid, and all the fat it contained; whether
that fat came from some animal parts, as is the case of those stones
which consist of shells; or whether it were a bituminous fat, as may
happen to be the case with some others: this substance is withal acrid
and fiery; it is very greedy of moisture, and imbibes it when exposed
thereto. It absorbs Acids, and retains them strongly; and, lastly, it
unites with fat matters, and therewith makes a kind of soap."
All these properties are verified by experiments; and therefore Mr.
Duhamel thinks he hath a right to say, that Lime acts not only on
the Acid of Sal Ammoniac, but also on the fatty matter which always
accompanies Volatile Alkalis, and is essential to their nature; and
therefore it decompounds them. Of this Mr. Duhamel gives the following
convincing proof, founded on experiment. He took some Volatile Spirit
distilled with Lime, and abstracted it several times from a fresh
parcel of Quick-Lime. The quantity of the Spirit diminished sensibly
every time; and the Lime was at last so replete with fat, that the
Vitriolic Acid, when poured thereon, became very sulphureous; and
moreover, when calcined in a crucible, it emitted a very perceptible
smell of burnt grease.
Indeed Fixed Alkalis are also capable of absorbing and retaining fat
matters; but not near so strongly as Lime: because these Salts are
never entirely freed from that which they contain originally; whereas
Lime seems much poorer, and absolutely void of any oily matter.
On these principles Mr. Duhamel resolved to try if he could not obtain
a Volatile Alkali in a concrete form, by distilling the Volatile Spirit
from Lime, brought nearly to the condition of a Fixed Alkali, by
imbibing a portion of fat matter. With this view he distilled a great
quantity of Volatile Spirit from a little Lime, and actually obtained a
small portion of Volatile Salt; because the great quantity of Volatile
Spirit had, in some measure, saturated the Lime with fat matter.
Mr. Duhamel tried also to bring Lime back to the condition of a pure
Absorbent Earth, to _decalcine_ it, if I may use the term; in order
to try whether he could not by this means make it produce the same
effect as Chalk. For this purpose he lixiviated some Lime four months
successively, pouring every day fresh water on it, and removing that
of the preceding day, together with the crystalline crust which always
formed on it; and after leaving this Lime two years in the shade, he
applied it to Sal Ammoniac. It produced a moderate quantity of Volatile
Salt, which was very transparent, and seemed to be crystallized in
cubes. Thus we see Lime rendered very like Chalk. Yet it was pretty
acrid on the tongue, and the Volatile Salt, obtained by its means, was
more disposed to run into a liquid than that separated by Chalk: which
shews that this Lime still retained some part of its former character,
and that its transformation was not complete.
To conclude what relates to the Volatile Alkali of Sal Ammoniac, it
only remains that we say a word or two of that portion of the earthy
or saline additament, which, though fixed in its nature, sublimes
nevertheless with the Volatile Alkali, and gives it a concrete form.
Mr. Duhamel, who, in every subject that he handles, omits nothing
worthy of attention, made several other experiments, with a view to
discover whether or no the Salt of Tartar, and the Chalk, carried
up by the Volatile Alkali, be truly volatilized; and whether or no
there be such a strict union contracted, between the Urinous Salt and
these fixed substances, that the whole results in what is called a
_Concrete Volatile Salt_; or if those fixed substances be united but
superficially with the Urinous Salt, which only carries them up along
with itself in sublimation, as Sal Ammoniac carries up several very
fixed metallic matters.
The result of the experiments made by Mr. Duhamel for this purpose is,
that the fixed substances carried up by the Volatile Alkali of the Sal
Ammoniac are actually volatilized; that they make, as it were, one
whole with it; and are so closely combined therewith, that almost all
the most efficacious means of separating fixed from volatile matters
are unsuccessful with regard thereto. Nothing, for instance, is fitter
to separate a volatile substance from a fixed one, than to mix the
compound with a great quantity of water, and to distil the whole, with
such a degree of heat as shall be exactly sufficient to elevate the
volatile part. In this manner Mr. Duhamel treated Volatile Alkalis
replete with Fixed Salt, and with Chalk: but though he applied no
more than the gentlest degree of heat; nay, exposed his mixture to the
air only, fearing lest he should make the heat too strong if he used
fire; yet the fixed part, which the Volatile Salt had carried up with
it, continued still united therewith; so that the whole passed over in
distillation, or was dissipated by evaporation, without leaving any
thing fixed at the bottom of the vessel.
He also justly looked on Acids as an effectual means of procuring
the separation, or decomposition, he was in quest of. We know that,
with the Volatile Alkali, they form Ammoniacal Salts, which, though
they are not so light as the Volatile Alkali, sublime nevertheless
with a moderate heat; and that, on the contrary, the same Acids with
Fixed Alkalis, or Absorbent Earths, form Neutral Salts, which resist
the violence of fire. On this principle Mr. Duhamel poured Acids, to
the point of saturation, upon Volatile Alkalis containing much Fixed
Alkali, or Chalk. But this experiment succeeded no better than the
foregoing; for the mixture being put to distil, sublimed wholly in Sal
Ammoniac. Indeed a little fixed matter was left at the bottom of the
retort; but the quantity thereof was too small to merit notice.
At last, the only way Mr. Duhamel could think of, for separating,
from a Concrete Volatile Alkali, the fixed parts which that Salt had
rendered Volatile, was to expose it to the air, covered with a piece
of gauze only; but in its dry state, without dissolving it in water.
The Volatile Urinous Salt was by this means dissipated; having deserted
the fixed part, which remained at the bottom of the bason, and, being
exposed to the fire, retained its fixed nature. But it took more than a
year to effect this separation; nor are we sure that it was complete;
for it is not certain that all the fixed part was left behind, and that
some of it was not dissipated with the Volatile Urinous Salt.
This volatilization, this kind of metamorphosis of a Fixed Alkali
and an Absorbent Earth into a Volatile Alkali, is a very curious
phenomenon, and deserves to be considered by the best Chymists.
We shall finish our observations on the decomposition of Sal Ammoniac
by Lime, with some reflections on the nature of the _caput mortuum_
that remains after this distillation.
This residuum is only Lime impregnated, but not saturated, with the
Acid of Sea-salt. If the distillation be urged at last with a violent
fire, the _caput mortuum_ will be found formed into a mass, seeming to
have been half-melted. This matter is a kind of Phosphorus, and emits
light in the dark, when struck with any hard body. Mr. Homberg was the
first who discovered it to have this property. Having calcined, and
melted together in a crucible, one part of Sal Ammoniac and two parts
of Lime, with a design to fix that Salt, he observed the mass remaining
after the fusion to have the property just mentioned.
Lime, thus impregnated with the Acid of Sal Ammoniac, is very
improperly called by the name of _Fixed Sal Ammoniac_. This compound
attracts the moisture of the air, and even runs wholly into a liquid,
if it be impregnated with much Acid. It hath almost all the properties
of Fixed Alkalis. This liquid is called _Oil of Lime_, for the same
reason that deliquated Salt of Tartar is called _Oil of Tartar_.
PROCESS VI.
_Volatile Alkalis combined with Oily matters. A Volatile Oily Aromatic
Salt._
Pulverise and mix together equal parts of Sal Ammoniac and Salt of
Tartar: put the mixture into a glass or stone cucurbit: pour on it good
Spirit of Wine, till it rise half an inch above the matter. Mix the
whole with a wooden spatula; apply a head and a receiver, and distil
in a sand-bath, gently heated, for two or three hours. A Volatile Salt
will rise into the head; and then the Spirit of Wine will distil into
the receiver, carrying with it a portion of the Volatile Salt.
When nothing more will come over, let your vessels cool; then unlute
them, separate the Volatile Salt, and weigh it directly. Return it into
a glass cucurbit, and for every ounce thereof add a dram and a half
of Essential Oil, drawn from one or more sorts of aromatic plants.
Stir the whole with a wooden spatula, that the Essence may incorporate
thoroughly with the Volatile Salt. Cover the cucurbit with a head, fit
on a receiver, and, having luted it exactly, distil in a sand-bath, as
before, with a very gentle heat. All the Volatile Salt will rise, and
stick to the head. Let the fire go out, and when the vessels are cooled
take your Salt out of the head. It will have an odour compounded of
its own proper smell, and the smell of the Essence with which it is
combined. This is an _Aromatic Oily Salt_. Put it into a bottle stopped
close with a crystal stopple.
_OBSERVATIONS._
The design of this operation is to incorporate and unite an Oil with
a Volatile Alkali. Spirit of Wine is added in the distillation of the
Volatile Salt, intended for this purpose, in order to prepare it for
receiving the Oil, and combining more easily therewith. This Salt
hath the property, as was shewn in the preceding operation, to carry
up with it part of the substances with which it is distilled. On this
occasion therefore, it is impregnated with a little of the Spirit of
Wine; and this Spirit, which contains in itself an oily matter, and is
the solvent of Oils, cannot fail to facilitate the union of the Oil
with the Volatile Salt, as it serves for a medium between them. Yet it
must not be considered as a necessary one. A Volatile Salt, sublimed
with Salt of Tartar alone, would also very readily take up any Oil with
which it should be distilled. We have seen that Volatile Alkalis are
originally impregnated with much Oil, which is radically dissolved in
them; and consequently they have a great affinity with that substance.
So that if we distil them with Spirit of Wine, at the beginning of this
operation, we do it not out of any necessity, but only with a view to
accelerate or facilitate the intended union.
In this distillation the Volatile Alkali always rises first, and before
the Spirit of Wine; which proves that it is much more volatile, though
it be more ponderous than the Spirit.
If the Spirit of Wine used in this distillation be very aqueous, it
will dissolve the Salt as it comes over, and will reduce it into a
Spirit: but if, on the contrary, it be well dephlegmated, the Volatile
Alkali will remain in a concrete form, and will not be dissolved in
this first distillation.
If you desire to have the Volatile Salt entirely dissolved in the
Spirit of Wine, though highly dephlegmated, it must be repeatedly
distilled a great number of times with the same Spirit of Wine: for,
though the small quantity of Spirit of Wine, with which it unites in
the first distillation, be not capable of reducing it into a liquid,
yet, as it takes up more and more every time it is distilled, it
dissolves at last, and then with the Spirit of Wine forms a fluid that
appears perfectly homogeneous. The Volatile Alkali is now rendered
considerably milder by the union thus contracted, and is accordingly
called the _Dulcified Volatile Spirit of Sal Ammoniac_.
When well dephlegmated Spirit of Wine is mixed with a Volatile Spirit
of Sal Ammoniac, perfectly saturated with Volatile Salt, these two
liquors together immediately form a white opaque _coagulum_. But for
this purpose you must not use a Volatile Spirit distilled with Lime;
for then the experiment will not succeed.
This _coagulum_ does not seem to be the effect of an intimate union
between the two substances mixed together, like that which results
from the union of a Fixed Alkali with an Oil. It hath just now been
shewn that Spirit of Wine and a Volatile Alkali do not readily unite
together. I believe the effect rather depends on this, that Spirit
of Wine hath a greater affinity than the Volatile Salt with water;
and therefore the Spirit, which ought to be perfectly dephlegmated,
attracts the water wherein the Volatile Salt was dissolved, which
thereupon recovers its concrete form; and being at that time mixed with
the Spirit of Wine, it keeps that Spirit locked up among its parts, and
hinders it from appearing with its natural fluidity.
What confirms this notion is, that the _coagulum_, which at first
seems to make but one whole, soon separates into two parts, whereof
one, which is solid, and nothing but the Volatile Salt concreted, lies
at the bottom of the vessel; and the other, which is fluid, cannot be
mistaken for any thing but the Spirit of Wine, which, being disengaged
from the particles of Salt, recovers the form of a liquid, and, being
the lightest, floats over the Salt. Yet these two substances, though
now very distinct from each other, are not so pure as before they were
mixed together. The Spirit of Wine hath dissolved a little of the
Volatile Salt; and, on the other hand, the Volatile Salt retains a
little of the Spirit of Wine. They may indeed be perfectly united and
blended with each other, by the method above delivered; that is, by
being frequently distilled and cohobated together, till they form one
mixt; but then that mixt will be in a liquid form.
The first time this mixture is distilled, a great deal of Volatile Salt
rises first, which is very fit to unite with an Essential Oil, and so
to become a Volatile Oily Aromatic Salt.
THE END.
[Illustration: Pl. I.]
[Illustration: Pl. II.]
[Illustration: Pl. III.]
[Illustration: Pl. IV.]
[Illustration: Pl. V. and VI.
_GEOFFROY'S TABLE of the COMPARATIVE AFFINITIES
observed between sundry substances._]
I. Acid Spirits
Fixed Alkali
Volatile Alkali
Absorbent Earths
Metallic Substances
II. Marine Acid
Tin
Regulus of Antimony
Copper
Silver
Mercury
Gold
III. Nitrous Acid
Iron
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Silver
IV. Vitriolic Acid
Phlogiston
Fixed Alkali
Volatile Alkali
Absorbent Earths
Iron
Copper
Silver
V. Absorbent Earths
Vitriolic Acid
Nitrous Acid
Marine Acid
VI. Fixed Alkali
Vitriolic Acid
Nitrous Acid
Marine Acid
Spirit of Vinegar
Sulphur
VII. Volatile Alkali
Vitriolic Acid
Nitrous Acid
Marine Acid
VIII. Metallic Substances
Marine Acid
Vitriolic Acid
Nitrous Acid
IX. Sulphur
Fixed Alkali
Iron
Copper
Lead
Silver
Regulus of Antimony
Mercury
Gold
X. Mercury
Gold
Silver
Lead
Copper
Zinc
Regulus of Antimony
XI. Lead
Silver
Copper
XII. Copper
Mercury
Calomine
XIII. Silver
Lead
Copper
XIV. Iron
Regulus of Antimony
Silver, Copper, Lead
XV. Regulus of Antimony
Iron
Silver, Copper, Lead
XVI. Water
Ardent Spirits
Neutral Salts
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE FIRST.
FIG. I. _A Copper Alembic._
A. The Cucurbit or Body.
B. The Neck.
C. The Head.
D. The Beak, Nose, or Spout.
E. The Refrigeratory, or Cooler.
F. Its Cock.
G. The Receiver.
FIG. II. _A Glass Alembic._
A. The Cucurbit.
B. The Head.
C. The Gutter within the Head.
D. The Beak.
FIG. III. _A long-necked Glass Alembic._
A. The Body of the Matrass.
B. The Neck.
C. The Head.
PLATE SECOND.
FIG. I. _A Glass Alembic of one piece._
A. The Cucurbit.
B. The Head.
C. The Aperture in the Head.
D. Its Stopple.
E. The Mouth of the Cucurbit.
FIG. II. _A Pelican._
A. The Cucurbit.
B. The Head.
C. The Aperture in the Head, with its Stopple.
D. D. The two curved Spouts.
FIG. III. _A Row of Aludels._
FIG. IV. _A Retort._
A. Its Bowl.
B. Its Neck.
FIG. V. _An English Retort._
PLATE THIRD.
FIG. I. _A Reverberating Furnace._
A. The Ash-hole Door.
B. The Fire-place Door.
C. C. C. C. Registers.
D. The Dome, or Reverberatory.
E. The Conical Funnel.
F. The Retort in the Furnace.
G. The Receiver.
H. H. Iron Bars to sustain the Retort.
FIG. II. _The Conical Funnel by itself._
FIG. III. _Back View of a Muffle._
A. The bottom of the Muffle.
B. Its Arch.
C. C. C. Lateral apertures.
FIG. IV. _Fore-View of a Muffle._
FIG. V. _A Melting Furnace._
A. A. The Base of the Furnace.
B. The Ash-hole.
C. D. The Grate for the Fire.
E. The Fire-place.
F. G. H. Curvature of the inside of the upper part of the
Fire-place.
I. The Shaft or Chimney.
PLATE FOURTH.
_A Cupelling Furnace._
A. The Ash-hole.
B. B. Its sliding Doors.
C. The Fire-place.
D. D. Its sliding Doors.
E. F. Small apertures in the Sliders.
G. G. Holes for Bars to bear the Muffles.
H. H. H. Iron braces in the fore-part of the Furnace, which form
grooves for the Doors of the Fire-place and Ash-hole to slide in.
I. The upper pyramidal part of the Furnace.
K. An aperture therein for managing the Coals.
L. The opening at top.
M. The Pyramidal Cover.
N. The Chimney or end of the Shaft, on which the conical Funnel
may be fitted.
O. O. O. O. Handles for moving the sliding Doors.
P. P. Ears of the Pyramidal Cover.
_N. B._ The Furnaces, as represented in the two last Plates, are not in
due proportion to each other. The Cupelling Furnace is much larger than
it should be, with respect to the Melting Furnace. These dimensions
are here given it, only that all its parts might be more distinctly
expressed, than could have been done if we had made it less.
INDEX.
A
Absorbent Earths, _Pag._ 5, 512
Acetous Fermentation, 90, 536, 539
Acids in general, 13
the Universal, or Vitriolic, 19, 172
the Nitrous, 12, 170
the Marine, 25, 213
the Vegetable, 90, 440
the Animal, 107, 578
Acids dulcified, 87
Adopters, 132
Æther, 88, 492, 501
Æthiops Mineral, 61, 304
of Antimony, 63
Affinities between Bodies in general, 9
of Acids in general, 121
of the Marine Acid, 122
of the Nitrous Acid, 123
of the Vitriolic Acid, _ib._
of Absorbent Earths, _ib._
of Fixed Alkalis, _ib._
of Volatile Alkalis, 124
of Metallic Substances, _ib._
of Sulphur, _ib._
of Mercury, _ib._
of Lead, 125
of Copper, _ib._
of Silver, _ib._
of Iron, _ib._
of Regulus of Antimony, _ib._
of Water, _ib._
of Spirit of Wine, _ib._
Air, 2
from Guaiacum-Wood, 440
from Tartar, 516
Alembics of Metal, 128
Alembics of Glass, 129
tubulated, _ib._
_Algaroth, Pulvis_, 342
Alkalis, 14
Fixed, 14, 106, 448, 449
from Sea-salt, 26
from maritime plants, 106
from burnt vegetables, 448
from Nitre, 187
from Tartar, 515
from Wine-lees, 517
made more Caustic by quick-lime, 36, 455
Volatile, 98, 107, 446, 599, 609
from plants with cruciform flowers, 445
Alkohol, 88, 484
Aludels, 130
Alum, 19, 165
Roman, 167
Amalgams, 59, 233
Amber, 119, 467
Ammoniacal Salts, 98
Analysis, Chymical, 101
of Vegetables, 102
of Animals, 106
of Minerals, 108
of Guaiacum Wood, 440
of Mustard-seed, 445
of Wood-soot, 457
of Turpentine, 460
of Benzoin, 463
of Amber, 467
of Bees-Wax, 472
of Honey, 474
of Gum-Arabic, 476
of Wine, 480
of Spirit of Wine, 486
of Tartar, 514
of Vinegar, 542
of Putrid Vegetables, 559
of Butter, 566
of Cheese, 569
of Whey, 571
of Bullock's Blood, 574
of Beef, 580
of Ox-bones, 583
of Mutton-Suet, 584
of Pullet's Eggs, 586
of Human Excrement, 588
Urine, 596
Animals, 106, 574
Anodyne Mineral Liquor, 500
Antimony, Crude, 65, 116, 234, 315, 335, 339
Diaphoretic, 67, 326
unwashed, 329
_Aqua Fortis_, 24, 42
purified, 43
blue, 377
_Aqua Phagedenica_, 312
_Aqua Regis_, 38, 42, 217, 227
_Aquila Alba_, 61, 312
_Arcanum Duplicatum_, 19
_Corrallinum_, 60, 308
Ardent Spirits, 85, 481
Aromatic strong Waters, 514
Oily Volatile Salt, 620
Arsenic, 72, 118
Fixed, 381
Assay, parting, 42, 250
Ash-hole, 134
_Aurum Fulminans_, 38, 39, 229
reduced, 38, 39, 230
B
Ballons, 132
_Balneum Mariæ_, 133
Balsams, 81, 460
of Sulphur, 434
Bar iron, 48
Basis of Sea-Salt, 26
of Nitre, 185
Baths, Water, Vapour, Sand, 133
Beak of an Alembic, 128
Bee's-wax, 472
Bell-metal, 53
Benjamin, or Benzoin, 463
Bezoar Mineral, 64, 343
Bezoartic Spirit of Nitre, _ib._
Bile, 108
Bismuth, 69, 117, 350
Bitumens, Native, 79, 119, 467
Artificial, 493, 513
Black Copper, 263, 264
Flux, 241
Blind Head, 130
Blood, 108, 574
Blue _Aqua Fortis_, 377
Enamel, 371
Powder, _ib._
Vitriol, 46, 111, 286
Boles, 169
Bones, 583
Borax, 27, 218, 524
Brandy, 85, 483
Brass, 71, 352
Brewing Malt liquor, 479
Bronze, 53
Burnt Alum, 19
Butter of Antimony, 64, 338
Lunar, 341
of Bee's-wax, 472
of Cacao, 410, 473
of Milk, 564, 566, 568
C
_Cadmia Fornacum_, 71, 358
Calamine, or _Lapis Calaminaris_, 71, 118, 357
Calcination, 29, 30, 36, 117
Calx of Antimony, 63, 321
reduced, 323
vitrified, 330
of Arsenic, 367
of Bismuth, 69
of Copper, 267
of Lead, 292
Calx of Tin, 52, 280
of Zinc, 361
Camphor, Native, 465
Factitious, 466
_Caput mortuum_, 105
Carat, 55
Caustic Stone, common Caustic, or potential Cautery, 33, 455
Cementation, 48, 258
_Cendre Gravelée_, 517
Ceruse, 92, 553
Chalybeated Tartar, 95, 528
Soluble, 94, 528
Charcoal, 8, 77, 449
Cheese, 562
Churning, 564
Chyle, 108, 393, 563
Chymical Decomposition, 101
Vessels, 126
Furnaces, 133
Chymistry, its Object, 1
Cinabar, 62, 116, 298, 306
of Antimony, 69, 338
_Clyssus_ of Antimony, 330
of Nitre, 189
Coal, 8, 77, 449
Cobalt, 119, 367
Cohobation, 130
Colcothar, 174
its Salt, _ib._
Colophony, 462
Combination of Mercury with Sulphur, 306
with the Marine Acid, 308
of Regulus of Antimony with the Marine Acid, 338
of Zinc with Copper, 361
of Fat Oils with Acids, 398
with Fixed Alkalis, 400
with Sulphur, 405
with Lead, 406
of Essential Oils with Sulphur, 434
with Fixed Alkalis, 438
of Spirit of Wine with the vitriolic Acid, 492
with Spirit of Nitre, 503
with the Marine Acid, 508
of Crystal of Tartar with Absorbent Earths, 519
of Crystal of Tartar with Fixed Alkalis, 524
with Iron, 528
with Regulus of Antimony, 534
of Vinegar with Alkalis, 547
with Copper, 550
with Lead, 552
of a Volatile Alkali with Acids, 602
with oily Matters, 618
Combustion, its effect on Vegetables, 448
Condensation of Air, 3
Cooler of an Alembic, 129
Copper, 44, 113, 247, 253, 262, 289
separated from Iron, 56
from Lead, _ib._
Black, 263
Copperas, or Green Vitriol, 49, 160
Corrosive Sublimate, 61, 308
Cream, of Milk, 562
of Tartar, 93, 517
_Cremor Calcis_, 30, 520
_Crocus Martis_, 49, 276
_Aperiens_, 51, 277
_Astringens_, _ib._
_Metallorum_, 66, 326
Crucibles, 132
Cruciform flowered Plants, 445
Crystallization, 16
Crystals of Antimony, 336
of Arsenic, 72, 377
of Bismuth, 253
of Silver, 40, 254
of Tartar, 93, 517
of Lead, 92, 297
of Mercury, 307
of Venus, or Copper, 550
Cucurbit, 128
Cupel, 55, 243
Cupelling, 243
Curd, 56, 569
D
Decoction, 410, 419
Decomposition, Chymical, 101
of Sulphur by burning it, 176
of vitriolated Tartar by means of the Phlogiston, 179
of Nitre by means of the Phlogiston, 186
of the vitriolic Acid, 191
of Arsenic, 377
of Sea-salt by means of the Phlogiston, 197
of the vitriolic Acid, 211
of the Nitrous Acid, 217
of Borax by means of Acids, 218
of Butter of Antimony by means of Water, 342
of Fat Oils combined with Acids, 398
with Fixed Alkalis, 400
with Lead, 406
of Essential Oils combined with Sulphur, 434
with Fixed Alkalis, 438
of Spirit of Wine combined with the vitriolic Acid, 492
of Soluble Tartars, 95, 526
of Regenerated Tartar, 547
of Salt of Coral, Crab's eyes, Pearl, &c., 549
of Verdegris, 550
of Salt or Sugar of Lead, 555
of Sal Ammoniac by Acids, 607
by Fixed Alkalis, 608
by Absorbent Earths and Lime, 611
Decrepitation, 27
_Deliquium_, 12
Diaphoretic Antimony, or Mineral, 65, 67, 326
Unwashed, 329
Dissolution of Metals, 35
Distillation, 101
_per descensum_, 127, 419
_per ascensum_, 128
_per latus_, 131
Distilled Verdegris, 550
Vinegar, 91
Dome of a Furnace, 135
Dry way of parting Metals, 42
Drying varnish, 87
Dulcified Acids, _ib._
Volatile Spirit of Sal Ammoniac, 620
E
Earth, 4
fusible or vitrifiable, 5, 29
unfusible or unvitrifiable, _ib._
absorbent, 5
calcinable and uncalcinable, 29
Eggs analyzed, 586
Elasticity of air, 3
Elements of Bodies, 2
Elixirs, 512
Emetic Tartar, 95, 326, 331, 534
Wine, 326, 331
Empyreumatic Oils, 82
Emulsion; vegetable, 104, 392
Animal, 563, 587
Enamel, 52
Blue, 371
_Ens Veneris_, 607
Epsom Salt, 196
Essential Oils, _see_ Oils.
Essential Salts, 103, 387
of Vinegar, 545
of Wine, 103
of Flesh, 582
Expressed Juices, of Plants, 103, 383
of Animals, 106
Expressed Oils, 103, 386, 387
Extracts, 104, 106, 419
by Triture, 389
F
Falsification of Essential Oils, 425
Fat, Animal, 107, 584
Fat Oils by expression, 103, 386
by decoction, 410
attenuated, 395
Fat Lute, 148
Febrifuge of Sylvius, 608
Ferment, or Yest, 481
Fermentation, 83
Vinous or Spirituous, 83, 478, 481
checked, 481
Acetous, 83, 87, 90, 536
Putrefactive, 83, 557
Fetid or empyreumatic Oils, 82
Fire, element of, 5
how applied, 134
naked, _ib._
Fire-place, of a Furnace, _ib._
Fixed Nitre, 23
Sulphur of Antimony, 68, 329
Sal Ammoniac, 618
Arsenic, 381
Flesh analyzed, 580
Flints, 29
Flowers, 130
of Antimony, 63, 347
of Regulus of Antimony, 348
of Sulphur, 20
of Zinc, 70, 359
of Benzoin, 463
of Sal Ammoniac, 606
Martial, 607
Fluor, of an Ore, 110
aqueous of a Salt, 180
Fluxes, 46, 241
Foliated Salt of Tartar, 549
Forge, 142
Forged Iron, 48
Fulguration in cupelling, 244
Fulmination of Nitre, 23
Furnaces their Construction, 134
Reverberating, 137
Melting, 140
Cupelling, 142
Lamp-heat, 146
Forge-heat, 142
Furnace-Calamine, 358
G
Glass, 5
of Lead, 54, 293
of Antimony, 63, 330
of Bismuth, 69, 351
of Zinc, 360
Glauber's Salt, 27, 169, 213
Gold, 37, 112, 223
refined by Cementation, 258
imitated, 71, 364
Golden Sulphur of Antimony, 68, 318, 334
Grain, in Salt Petre working, 183
_Gravelle_, or _Gravellee_, 517
Green Precipitate, 60
Vitriol, 49, 111
fluid, 278
Guaiacum Wood analyzed, 440
Gums, 81
analyzed, 476
Gum Resins, 477
Gypsum, 169, 404
H
Head of an Alembic, 128
Blind-head, 130
Heart-burn, 568
Heat, reverberated, melting, forging, lamp-heat, &c., 134
_Hepar Sulphuris_, 21
Hoffman's Anodyne Mineral Liquor, 500
Honey analyzed, 474
Hops, 484
I
Icy Oil of Vitriol, 18, 173
Infernal Stone, 40, 255
Infusion, 492
Ink, sympathetic, 353
Iron, 47, 114, 270
red-shire and cold-shire, 272
pig-iron made malleable, 273
converted into Steel, 48, 274
Juices by expression, of Plants, 102, 383
of Animals, 106
K
Kermes Mineral, 68, 332
Killed Mercury, 305
L
Laboratory, of a Furnace, 135
_Lac Calcis_, 30, 520
_Sulphuris_, 21
_Lapis infernalis_, 40, 255
Calaminaris, 71, 118, 357
purified, 362
Lead, 53, 115, 286
White, 92, 553
Lees of Wine, 515, 517
Libavius, his smoking Liquor, 61, 285
Lime, Lime-stone, 29, 520
slaked in the air, 30
Lime-water, 30, 520
Liquescent Salts, 17
Litharge, 54, 294
Liver of Sulphur, 21, 73
of Antimony, 67, 325
of Arsenic, 75
_Luna Cornea_, 57, 256, 257
Lunar Crystals, 40
Lutes, 147, 148
M
Maceration of Plants, 415
Magistery, 22, 36
of Sulphur, 22
of Bismuth, 70, 352
of Coral, Pearl, Crab's-eyes, &c., 549
of Lead, 553
Magnesia, 186
Malt, Malting, Malt-liquor, 479, 486
Manna, 475
Marcasites, 109
Matched Wines, 482
_Materia perlata_, 65, 67, 328
Matrass, 129
Mercury, 58, 115, 298
revivified from Cinabar, 62
obtained from Lead, 296, 298
_Mercurius præcipitatus per se_, 58, 302
_dulcis_, 61, 312
_vitæ_, 64, 342
Mercurial Earth, 25, 34
Metals, 37
perfect and imperfect, 35, 37
Metallic substances, 35
Milk, 108, 393, 562
Minerals, 108
Minium, 53
Moist way of parting Metals, 42
Mortar, 30
Mother-water, 186
Muffle, 144
Must, 482
Mustard-seed analyzed, 446
N
Neck of the Alembic, 128
Neutral Salts, 15
having Lime for their basis, 33
Arsenical, 73, 377
of Vinegar with absorbent Earths, 92
Nose of the Alembic, 128
Nitre, 22, 181
its basis, 185
fixed or alkalizated, 23, 187, 379
quadrangular, 27, 220
Nitrous Salts with an earthy basis, 22
with Lead, 297
with Mercury, 307
O
Object of Chymistry, 1
Ochre, 50
Oils, in general, 76
Mineral, 79
Vegetable, 80
Animal, 82
Fetid, or Empyreumatic, _ib._
Fat, by expression, 102, 386
by decoction, 410
Essential by expression, 388
by distillation, 412, 444
_per descensum_, 418
rectified, 422
falsified, 425
Oils fired by Acids, 426
Oil of Vitriol, 18
Icy, 18, 173
Oil-varnish, 87
Oil of Tartar _per deliquium_, 94
of Lime, 208, 611
of Salt, 216
of Mercury, 304
of Amber, Volatile, 467
of Eggs, by expression, 586, 588
of Myrrh _per deliquium_, 587
Ores, 109
Orpiment, 75, 118, 369
P
Panacea of Mercury, 61, 314
Pancreatic Juice, 108
Parting Process, in the humid way, 42, 250
in the dry way, 258
Pearly matter, 65, 67, 328
Pelican, 130
Penny-weight, 56
_Petroleum_, 79
Philosophic Wool, 70
Spirit of Vitriol, 343
Phlogiston, 7
Phosphorus of Urine, 26, 77, 78, 198, 446, 447
Homberg's, 618
Pig-Iron, 48, 271
Plaster, 407
_Plumbum corneum_, 57
Point of Saturation, 16
_Pompholyx_, 70
Potential cautery, 33
Powder-blue, 371
Precipitant, 66
Precipitation, 22, 36
Precipitate of Sulphur, 22
of Gold, purple, 284
Precipitate, Red, 60, 307
Green, 60
Yellow, 61
White, 307
Precipitated _Aqua Fortis_, 44
Prince's Metal, 71, 364
Principles of Bodies, 2
Principle of Odour, 408, 413
Proof of Spirit of Wine, 484
_Pulvis Algaroth_, 342
Purification of Nitre, 185
of Spirit of Nitre, 194
of Spirit of Salt, 213
of the Sedative Salt, 222
of Silver by Nitre, 248
_Pyrites_, 110, 160
Yellow, 110
White, 111, 118
Copper-coloured, 111
Q
Quadrangular Nitre, 27, 217
Quartation, 43, 251
Quartz, 147
Quick-lime, 30
Quick-silver, _see_ Mercury.
R
Rabel's Water, 495
Rape, of Grapes, 538
Rarefaction of Air, 2
Rectification of Oils, 81, 422
of Volatile Alkalis, 100
Rectified Spirit of Wine, 85
Reducing, a Metal, 35
Reducing Fluxes, 46
Refining Gold and Silver, 45, 55, 66, 351
Refined Salt-petre, 183
Refractory Earth, 29
Calx, 53
Refrigeratory, 129
Regenerated Tartar, 92, 94, 547
Registers of a Furnace, 135
Regulus, 110
of Antimony, 62, 116, 316
pure, or _per se_, 67
with Metals, 234, 318
of Arsenic, 72, 374
of Cobalt, 119, 371
Resins, 81, 462
Resuscitation of Metals, 35
Retort, 131
English, _ib._
Tubulated, 132
Revivify a Metal, 35
Roasting of an Ore, 109
Rochelle Salt, 525
Rosin, 460
Ruby of Arsenic, 369
Runnet, 565
Rust of Copper, 45
S
Saccharine Juices of Plants analyzed, 474
Saffrons of Mars, 49, 51, 276, 277
Saignette's Salt, 95, 524
Saline Substances, in general, 11
Saliva, 108
Sal Ammoniac, 98, 602
Native, 606
with Vinegar, 603
Nitrous, 98, 603, 608
Vitriolic, or Glauber's Secret, 607
_Catharticum Amarum_, 196
_De Duobus_, 19, 193
_Febrifugum Sylvii_, 29, 609, 611
_Gem_, 195
_Mirabile_, 27
_Polychrestum_, 189
_Salsum_, 13, 15
_Saturni_, 92, 553, 554
_Sedativum_, 28, 219
Salt of Amber, Volatile, 467, 469
of Benzoin, Volatile, 464
of Colcothar, 174
Common, or Sea-salt, 27, 195
Epsom, 196
of Lime, 31
Petre, 22, 181, 182
Quieting or Sedative, 28, 219
of Soda, or maritime Plants, 94, 524
of Pearl, Coral, Crab's-eyes, &c., 549
of Rochelle, 95, 525
of Tartar, 94
of Urine, which produces Phosphorus, 209
Salts, Neutral, 15
with Lime for their basis, 32
with Arsenic, 73, 377
of Vinegar with absorbent Earths, 91
Nitrous with absorbent Earths, 22
with Lead, 297
with Mercury, 307
from Excrement, 590
Salts, Urinous Volatile, 97
Ammoniacal, 98, 602
Essential, 103, 383
Glauber's, Artificial, 27, 211
Native, 169
Saignette's, 95, 524
Sylvius's Febrifuge, 29, 609, 611
Tachenius's, 106, 453
Samech of Paracelsus, 490
Sand-bath, 133
Saturation, 15
Scoria, 110
Scorifiers, 133
Scorification with lead, 238
Sedative Salt, 28, 219
Selenites, 19, 404
Semi-metals, 35, 62
Serum of Milk, 562
of Blood, 574
Silver, 40, 44, 112, 224, 238, 253
Caustic, 40
Silver rendered very pure, 256
Slaked Lime, 30
Smalt, 370, 371
Smoking liquor of Libavius, 61
Soap, 78, 400
liquid, 404
Starkey's, 438
Metallic, 408
common used in Medicine, 405
Soluble Tartar, 95, 528
chalybeated, 528, 529
Soot of Wood, analyzed, 457
of Cows dung yields Sal Ammoniac, 604
Spirit of Vitriol 18, 177
Philosophic 343
Sweet, 500
Volatile of Sulphur, 20, 485
of Nitre 24
Smoking, 24, 191, 308
Sweet or dulcified, 90, 504
purified, 194
Bezoartic, 64, 345
of Salt, 25
Smoking, 26
Sweet or dulcified, 90, 508
concentrated, 216
of Wine, 85, 483
Alcoholized, 87
dephlegmated, 484, 486
of Verdegris, 551
Spirit Varnish, 87
Spirituous Fermentation, 84, 478
Spirit, Volatile, Urinous, 97
_Spiritus Rector_ of Plants, 105, 409
Spout of the Alembic, 128
Steel, 48, 274
ore, 276
Stibiated, or Emetic Tartar, 95, 534
Stum, 482
Sublimate, Corrosive, 61, 308
Sweet, 61, 312
Sugar, 475
of Lead, 92, 553
Sulphur Mineral, 20
extracted from the Pyrites, &c., 162
Native, 164
factitious, 179, 399
of Antimony, golden, 68, 318
fixed, 329
Sweat, 108
Sweet Sublimate, 61, 312
T
Tachenius's Salt, 106, 453
Talc, 169
Tartar, 93, 103, 315, 485, 517
Emetic, 95, 534
Regenerated, 92, 546, 547
Soluble, 95, 519
Tartarized, 95, 177
Stibiated, 95, 534
Vitriolated, 19, 170
Tartarized Spirit of Wine, 87
Tempering of Steel, 48, 275
_Terra damnata_, 105
_Foliata Tartari_, 92, 94, 549
Tests, 133
Tin, 52, 115, 279
Tincture, of Salt of Tartar, 487
of Mars with Tartar, 528
of Copper, 550
Tinctures, Vegetable, 510, 512
Tin-glass, 69
Tin-plates, 52
Tombac, 71
Touch-stone, 261
Trituration, 389
Turbith Mineral, 60, 303
Turpentine analyzed, 460
Tutty, 359
U
Urine, 108
Urinous spirit and salt, 97
V
Vapour-bath, 133
Varnish, 87, 512
Vegetable-salt, 94, 524
Verdegris, 92, 551
distilled, 550
Vermillion, 62
Vinegar, 91, 523, 537
distilled, 91
concentrated, 540, 545
analyzed, 542
Vinous fermentation, 83, 478, 481
Vitriol, blue, 46, 111, 268
Green, 49, 111, 169
White, 71, 169, 365
extracted from the pyrites, 159
of Lead, 296
Vitriolated Tartar, 19, 170, 192, 194
Vitriolic acid, 18
concentrated, 176
Volatile spirit of sulphur, 20
urinous spirit and salt, 97, 609
Spirit of sal ammoniac, 611
oily aromatic salt, 620
W
Water, 3
hard, 403
Water-bath, 133
Waters, odoriferous, 408
distilled, 412
Wax from plants by decoction, 410, 472
Whey, 562
analyzed, 571
White arsenic, 72
Lead, 92, 553
Vitriol, 71, 365
Precipitate, 307
White paint for ladies, 352
White of an egg analyzed, 586
Wines, 84, 478, 486
matched, 482
concentrated, 541
Wine-lees, 485
Wool, philosophic, 70
Y
Yelk of an egg, analyzed, 586
Yellow _aqua fortis_, 24
arsenic, 72
precipitate, 61
Yest, or ferment, 481
Z
Zaffre, 371
Zinc, 70, 117, 357
purified, 364
FINIS.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes.
Obvious typographical errors, including missing punctuation have been
corrected and hyphenation has been standardised, but variations in
spelling in the original have been retained.
Chap. II., Part II., Section I. is wrongly headed Chap. I. in the text.
This has been corrected.
A reference to Mr. Fifes, on page 518, could possibly be Mr. Fises.
On page 547 "fit for the use of Surgeons, who apply it to eat away
callosities and excrescences, and to open issues." issues has been
changed to tissues.
Colophony, 462 has been placed in correct alphabetical order in the
index.
Pl. V. and VI. GEOFFROY'S TABLE of the COMPARATIVE AFFINITIES, a table
using symbols to represent the various substances, has been replaced
by a simple list of text descriptions showing the relationships.
Words in italics are shown thus _italic_.