Chapter XXV_Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War

THE SOLDIER AND THE MAN[1]

To the mourning of a sore-stricken nation Stonewall Jackson was carried

to his rest. As the hearse passed to the Capitol, and the guns which

had so lately proclaimed the victory of Chancellorsville thundered

forth their requiem to the hero of the fight, the streets of Richmond

were thronged with a silent and weeping multitude. In the Hall of

Representatives, surrounded by a guard of infantry, the body lay in

state; and thither, in their thousands, from the President to the

maimed soldier, from the generals of the Valley army to wondering

children, borne in their mothers’ arms, the people came to look their

last upon the illustrious dead. The open coffin, placed before the

Speaker’s chair, was draped in the Confederate standard; the State

colours were furled along, the galleries; and the expression on the

face, firm and resolute, as if the spirit of battle still lingered in

the lifeless clay, was that of a great conqueror, wise in council,

mighty in the strife. But as the evening drew on the darkened chamber,

hung with deep mourning, and resounding to the clash of arms, lost its

sombre and martial aspect. Garlands of soft spring flowers, the tribute

of the women of Virginia, rose high above the bier, and white pyramids

of lilies, the emblems of purity and meekness, recalled the blameless

life of the Christian soldier.

From Richmond the remains were conveyed to Lexington, and, under the

charge of the cadets, lay for the night in the lecture-room of the

Institute, which Jackson had quitted just two years before. The next

morning he was buried, as he himself had wished, in the little cemetery

above the town.

Many were the mourners that stood around the grave, but they were few

in number compared with those whose hearts were present on those silent

hills. From the cities of the Atlantic coast to the far-off settlements

of Texas the news that Stonewall Jackson had fallen came as a stunning

blow. The people sorrowed for him with no ordinary grief, not as a

great man and a good, who had done his duty and had gone to his reward,

but as the pillar of their hopes and the sheet-anchor of the

Confederate cause. Nor will those familiar with the further history of

the Civil War, from the disaster of Gettysburg to the surrender at

Appomattox, question the truth of this mournful presage. The Army of

Northern Virginia became a different and less manageable instrument

after Chancellorsville. Over and over again it failed to respond to the

conceptions of its leader, and the failure was not due to the soldiers,

but to the generals. Loyal and valiant as they were, of not one of his

lieutenants could Lee say, as he had said of Jackson, “Such an

executive officer the sun never shone on. I have but to show him my

design, and I know that if it can be done it will be done. No need for

me to send or watch him. Straight as the needle to the pole he advances

to the execution of my purpose.”[2]

These words have been quoted as an epitome of Jackson’s military

character. “He was essentially,” says Swinton, “an executive officer,

and in that sphere he was incomparable; but he was devoid of high

mental parts, and destitute of that power of planning a combination,

and of that calm, broad, military intelligence which distinguished

General Lee.”[3] And this verdict, except in the South, has been

generally accepted. Yet it rests on a most unsubstantial basis. Because

Jackson knew so well how to obey it is asserted that he was not well

fitted for independent command. Because he could carry out orders to

the letter it is assumed that he was no master of strategy. Because his

will was of iron, and his purpose, once fixed, never for a moment

wavered, we are asked to believe that

his mental scope was narrow. Because he was silent in council, not

eager in expressing his ideas, and averse to argument, it is implied

that his opinions on matters of great moment were not worth the

hearing. Because he was shy and unassuming; because he betrayed neither

in face nor bearing, save in the heat of battle, any unusual power or

consciousness of power, it is hastily concluded that he was deficient

in the initiative, the breadth, and the penetration which are the

distinguishing characteristics of great generals.

In these pages, however, it has been made clear that Jackson’s quiet

demeanour concealed a vivid imagination, a fertile brain, and an

extraordinary capacity for far-reaching combinations. After he had once

made up his mind when and where to strike, it is true that his methods

of war were very simple, and his blows those of a sledgehammer. But

simplicity of design and vigour of execution are often marks of the

very highest military ability. “Genius,” says Napier, “is not

extravagant; it is ardent, and it conceives great projects; but it

knows beforehand how to attain the result, and it uses the simplest

means, because its faculties are essentially calculating, industrious,

and patient. It is creative, because its knowledge is vast; it is quick

and peremptory, not because it is presumptuous, but because it is

well-prepared.” And Swinton’s verdict would have been approved by few

of the soldiers of the Civil War. It was not the verdict of Lee.

Significant indeed was the cry of the great Confederate, the soul of

truth as of generosity, when Jackson was wounded: “Could I have

directed events, I should have chosen, for the good of the country, to

have been disabled in your stead.” It was not the verdict of the

Southern people. “No man,” it was said by one who knew them well, “had

so magnificent prospect before him as General Jackson. Whether he

desired it or not, he could not have escaped being Governor of

Virginia, and also, in the opinion of competent judges, sooner or later

President of the Confederacy.”[4] Nor was it the verdict of the foe.

“Stonewall Jackson,” wrote General Howard, commanding the Eleventh

Corps

at Chancellorsville, “was victorious. Even his enemies praise him; but,

providentially for us, it was the last battle he waged against the

American Union. For, in bold planning, in energy of execution, which he

had the power to diffuse, in indefatigable activity and moral

ascendency, he stood head and shoulders above his _confrères,_ and

after his death General Lee could not replace him.”[5]

It can hardly be questioned that, at the time of his death, Jackson was

the leader most trusted by the Confederates and most dreaded by the

Federals. His own soldiers, and with them the whole population of the

South, believed him capable of any task, invincible except by fate. It

never, indeed, fell to Jackson’s lot to lead a great army or to plan a

great campaign. The operations in the Valley, although decisive in

their results, were comparatively insignificant, in respect both of the

numbers employed and of the extent of the theatre. Jackson was not

wholly independent. His was but a secondary role, and he had to weigh

at every turn the orders and instructions of his superiors. His hand

was never absolutely free. His authority did not reach beyond certain

limits, and his operations were confined to one locality. He was never

permitted to cross the border, and “carry the war into Africa.” Nor

when he joined Lee before Richmond was the restraint removed. In the

campaign against Pope, and in the reduction of Harper’s Ferry, he was

certainly entrusted with tasks which led to a complete severance from

the main body, but the severance was merely temporary. He was the most

trusted of Lee’s lieutenants, but he was only a lieutenant. He had

never the same liberty of action as those of his contemporaries who

rose to historic fame—as Lee himself, as Johnston or Beauregard, as

Grant, or Sherman, or as Sheridan—and consequently he had never a real

opportunity for revealing the height and breadth of his military

genius.

The Civil War was prolific of great leaders. The young American

generals, inexperienced as they were in dealing with large armies, and

compelled to improvise their tactics as they improvised their staff,

displayed a talent for

command such as soldiers more regularly trained could hardly have

surpassed. Neither the deficiencies of their material nor the

difficulties of the theatre of war were to be lightly overcome; and yet

their methods displayed a refreshing originality. Not only in

mechanical auxiliaries did the inventive genius of their race find

scope. The principles which govern civilised warfare, the rules which

control the employment of each arm, the technical and mechanical arts,

were rapidly modified to the exigencies of the troops and of the

country. Cavalry, intrenchments, the railway, the telegraph, balloons,

signalling, were all used in a manner which had been hitherto unknown.

Monitors and torpedoes were for the first time seen, and even the

formations of infantry were made sufficiently elastic to meet the

requirements of a modern battle-field. Nor was the conduct of the

operations fettered by an adherence to conventional practice. From

first to last the campaigns were characterised by daring and often

skilful manœuvres; and if the tactics of the battle-field were often

less brilliant than the preceding movements, not only are parallels to

these tactics to be found in almost every campaign of history, but they

would probably have escaped criticism had the opponent been less

skilful. But among the galaxy of leaders, Confederate and Federal, in

none had the soldiers such implicit confidence as in Stonewall Jackson,

and than the Southern soldiers, highly educated as many of them were,

no better judges of military capacity were ever known.

Nevertheless, the opinion of the soldiers is no convincing proof that

Jackson was equal to the command of a large army, or that he could have

carried through a great campaign. Had Lee been disabled, it might be

asked, would Jackson have proved a sufficient substitute?

It has already been explained that military genius shows itself first

in character, and, second, in the application of the grand principles

of warfare, not in the mere manipulation of armed masses. It cannot

well be denied that Jackson possessed every single attribute which

makes for success in war. Morally and physically he was absolutely

fearless. He accepted responsibility with the same equanimity that

he faced the bullets of the enemy. He permitted no obstacle to turn him

aside from his appointed path, and in seizing an opportunity or in

following up a victory he was the very incarnation of untiring energy.

He had no moments of weakness. He was not robust, and his extraordinary

exertions told upon his constitution. “My health,” he wrote to his wife

in January 1863, “is essentially good, but I do not think I shall be

able in future to stand what I have already stood;” and yet his will

invariably rose superior to bodily exhaustion. A supreme activity, both

of brain and body, was a prominent characteristic of his military life.

His idea of strategy was to secure the initiative, however inferior his

force; to create opportunities and to utilise them; to waste no time,

and to give the enemy no rest. “War,” he said, “means fighting. The

business of the soldier is to fight. Armies are not called out to dig

trenches, to throw up breastworks, to live in camps, but to find the

enemy and strike him; to invade his country, and do him all possible

damage in the shortest possible time. This will involve great

destruction of life and property while it lasts; but such a war will of

necessity be of brief continuance, and so would be an economy of life

and property in the end. To move swiftly, strike vigorously, and secure

all the fruits of victory is the secret of successful war.”

That he felt to the full the fascination of war’s tremendous game we

can hardly doubt. Not only did he derive, as all true soldiers must, an

intense intellectual pleasure from handling his troops in battle so as

to outwit and defeat his adversary, but from the day he first smelt

powder in Mexico until he led that astonishing charge through the dark

depths of the Wilderness his spirits never rose higher than when danger

and death were rife about him. With all his gentleness there was much

of the old Berserker about Stonewall Jackson, not indeed the lust for

blood, but the longing to do doughtily and die bravely, as best becomes

a man. His nature was essentially aggressive. He was never more to be

feared than when he was retreating, and where others thought only of

strong defensive positions he looked persistently for the opportunity

to attack. He was

endowed, like Masséna, “with that rare fortitude which seems to

increase as perils thicken. When conquered he was as ready to fight

again as if he had been conqueror.” “L’audace, l’audace, et toujours

l’audace” was the mainspring of all his actions, and the very sights

and sounds of a stricken field were dear to his soul. Nothing had such

power to stir his pulses as the rebel yell. “I remember,” says a

staff-officer, “one night, at tattoo, that this cry broke forth in the

camp of the Stonewall Brigade, and was taken up by brigades and

divisions until it rang out far over field and woods. The general came

hastily and bareheaded from his tent, and leaning on a fence near by,

listened in silence to the rise, the climax, and the fall of that

strange serenade, raising his head to catch the sound, as it grew

fainter and fainter and died away at last like an echo among the

mountains. Then, turning towards his tent, he muttered in half

soliloquy, ‘That was the sweetest music I ever heard.’”

Yet least of all was Jackson a mere fighting soldier, trusting to his

lucky star and resolute blows to pull him through. He was not, indeed,

one of those generals who seek to win victories without shedding blood.

He never spared his men, either in marching or fighting, when a great

result was to be achieved, and he was content with nothing less than

the complete annihilation of the enemy. “Had we taken ten sail,” said

Nelson, “and allowed the eleventh to escape, when it had been possible

to have got at her, I could never have called it well done.” Jackson

was of the same mind. “With God’s blessing,” he said before the Valley

campaign, “let us make thorough work of it.” When once he had joined

battle, no loss, no suffering was permitted to stay his hand. He never

dreamed of retreat until he had put in his last reserve. Yet his

victories were won rather by sweat than blood, by skilful manœuvring

rather than sheer hard fighting. Solicitous as he was of the comfort of

his men, he had no hesitation, when his opportunity was ripe, of taxing

their powers of endurance to the uttermost. But the marches which

strewed the wayside with the footsore and the weaklings won his

battles. The enemy, surprised and outnumbered, was practically beaten

before

a shot was fired, and success was attained at a trifling cost.

Yet, despite his energy, Jackson was eminently patient. He knew when to

refuse battle, just as well as he knew when to deliver it. He was never

induced to fight except on his own terms, that is, on his own ground,

and at his own time, save at Kernstown only, and there the strategical

situation forced his hand. And he was eminently cautious. Before he

committed himself to movement he deliberated long, and he never

attacked until he had ample information. He ran risks, and great ones,

but in war the nettle danger must be boldly grasped, and in Jackson’s

case the dangers were generally more apparent than real. Under his

orders the cavalry became an admirable instrument of reconnaissance. He

showed a marked sagacity for selecting scouts, both officers and

privates, and his system for obtaining intelligence was well-nigh

perfect. He had the rare faculty, which would appear instinctive, but

which is the fruit of concentrated thought allied to a wide knowledge

of war, of divining the intention of his adversary and the state of his

moral. His power of drawing inferences, often from seemingly

unimportant trifles, was akin to that of the hunter of his native

backwoods, to whom the rustle of a twig, the note of a bird, a track

upon the sand, speak more clearly than written characters. His estimate

of the demoralisation of the Federal army after Bull Run, and of the

ease with which Washington might have been captured, was absolutely

correct. In the middle of May, 1862, both Lee and Johnston,

notwithstanding Jackson’s victory over Milroy, anticipated that Banks

would leave the Valley. Jackson thought otherwise, and Jackson was

right. After the bloody repulse at Malvern Hill, when his generals

reported the terrible confusion in the Confederate ranks, he simply

stated his opinion that the enemy was retreating, and went to sleep

again. A week later he suggested that the whole army should move

against Pope, for McClellan, he said, would never dare to march on

Richmond. At Sharpsburg, as the shells cut the trees to pieces in the

West Wood, and the heavy

masses of Federal infantry filled the fields in front, he told his

medical director that McClellan had done his worst. At Fredericksburg,

after the first day’s battle, he believed that the enemy was already

defeated, and, anticipating their escape under cover of the darkness,

he advised a night attack with the bayonet. His knowledge of his

adversary’s character, derived, in great degree, from his close

observation of every movement, enabled him to predict with astonishing

accuracy exactly how he would act under given circumstances.

Nor can he be charged in any single instance with neglect of

precautions by which the risks of war are diminished. He appears to

have thought out and to have foreseen—and here his imaginative power

aided him—every combination that could be made against him, and to have

provided for every possible emergency. He was never surprised, never

disconcerted, never betrayed into a false manœuvre. Although on some

occasions his success fell short of his expectations, the fault was not

his; his strategy was always admirable, but fortune, in one guise or

another—the indiscipline of the cavalry, the inefficiency of

subordinates, the difficulties of the country—interfered with the full

accomplishment of his designs. But whatever could be done to render

fortune powerless that Jackson did. By means of his cavalry, by forced

marches, by the careful selection of his line of march, of his camps,

of his positions, of his magazines, and lastly, by his consistent

reticence, he effectually concealed from the Federals both his troops

and his designs. Never surprised himself, he seldom failed to surprise

his enemies, if not tactically—that is, while they were resting in

their camps—at least strategically. Kernstown came as a surprise to

Banks, McDowell to Frémont. Banks believed Jackson to be at

Harrisonburg when he had already defeated the detachment at Front

Royal. At Cross Keys and Port Republic neither Frémont nor Shields

expected that their flying foe would suddenly turn at bay. Pope was

unable to support Banks at Cedar Run till the battle had been decided.

When McClellan on the Chickahominy was informed that the Valley army

had joined Lee

it was too late to alter his dispositions, and no surprise was ever

more complete than Chancellorsville.

And the mystery that always involved Jackson’s movements was

undoubtedly the result of calculation, He knew the effect his sudden

appearances and disappearances would have on the _moral_ of the Federal

generals, and he relied as much on upsetting the mental equilibrium of

his opponents as on concentrating against them superior numbers. Nor

was his view confined to the field of battle and his immediate

adversary. It embraced the whole theatre of war. The motive power which

ruled the enemy’s politics as well as his armies was always his real

objective. From the very first he recognised the weakness of the

Federal position—the anxiety with which the President and the people

regarded Washington—and on this anxiety he traded. Every blow struck in

the Valley campaign, from Kernstown to Cross Keys, was struck at

Lincoln and his Cabinet; every movement, including the advance against

Pope on Cedar Run, was calculated with reference to the effect it would

produce in the Federal councils; and if he consistently advocated

invasion, it was not because Virginia would be relieved of the enemy’s

presence, but because treaties of peace are only signed within sight of

the hostile capital.

It has been urged that the generals whom Jackson defeated were men of

inferior stamp, and that his capacity for command was consequently

never fairly tested. Had Grant or Sheridan, it is said, been pitted

against him in the Valley, or Sherman or Thomas on the Rappahannock,

his laurels would never have been won. The contention is fair. Generals

of such calibre as Banks and Frémont, Shields and Pope, committed

blunders which the more skilful leaders would undoubtedly have avoided;

and again, had he been pitted against a worthy antagonist, Jackson

would probably have acted with less audacity and greater caution. It is

difficult to conceive, however, that the fact would either have

disturbed his brain or weakened his resolution. Few generals,

apparently, have been caught in worse predicaments than he was; first,

when his army was near Harper’s Ferry, and Frémont and Shields were

converging on his

rear; second, when he lay in the woods near Groveton, with no news from

Longstreet, and Pope’s army all around him; third, when he was marching

by the Brock road to strike Hooker’s right, and Sickles’ column struck

in between himself and Lee. But it was at such junctures as these that

his self-possession was most complete and his skill most marked. The

greater the peril, the more fixed became his purpose. The capacity of

the opponent, moreover, cannot be accepted as the true touchstone of

generalship. “The greatest general,” said Napoleon, “is he who makes

the fewest mistakes,” _i.e._ he who neither neglects an opportunity nor

offers one.

Thus tested Jackson has few superiors. During the whole of the two

years he held command he never committed a single error. At

Mechanicsville, and again at Frayser’s Farm, the failure to establish

some method of intercommunication left his column isolated; this,

however, was a failure in staff duties, for which the Confederate

headquarters was more to blame than himself. And further, how sure and

swift was the retribution which followed a mistake committed within his

sphere of action! What opportunity did Jackson miss? His penetration

was unerring; and when, after he had marked his prey, did he ever

hesitate to swoop? “What seemed reckless audacity,” it has been well

said by one of the greatest of Southern soldiers, “was the essence of

prudence. His eye had caught at a glance the entire situation, and his

genius, with marvellous celerity and accuracy, had weighed all the

chances of success or failure. While, therefore, others were slowly

feeling their way, or employing in detail insufficient forces, Jackson,

without for one moment doubting his success, hurled his army like a

thunderbolt against the opposing lines, and thus ended the battle at a

single blow.”[6]

But if Jackson never failed to take advantage of his

opponent’s blunders, it might be said that he sometimes laid himself

open to defeat. Grant and Sheridan, had they been in place of Shields

and Frémont, would hardly have suffered him to escape from Harper’s

Ferry; Sherman would probably have crushed him at the Second Manassas;

Thomas would not have been surprised at Chancellorsville. But Jackson

only pushed daring to its limits when it was safe to do so. He knew the

men he had to deal with. And in whatever situation he might find

himself he invariably reserved more than one means of escape.

On the field of battle his manœuvres were always sound and often

brilliant. He never failed to detect the key-point of a position, or to

make the best use of the ground. On the defensive his flanks were

always strong and his troops concealed both from view and fire; on the

offensive he invariably attacked where he was least expected. He

handled the three arms, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, in the

closest combination and with the maximum of effect. Except at

Kernstown, where Garnett interfered, his reserve was invariably put in

at exactly the right moment, and he so manipulated his command that he

was always strongest at the decisive point. Nor did he forget that a

battle is only half won where there is no pursuit, and whenever he held

command upon the field, his troops, especially the cavalry, were so

disposed that from the very outset the enemy’s retreat was menaced. The

soldiers, sharers in his achievements, compared his tactical leading

with that of others, and gave the palm to Jackson. An officer of his

staff, who served continuously with the Army of Northern Virginia,

says: “I was engaged in no great battle subsequent to Jackson’s death

in which I did not see the opportunity which, in my opinion, he would

have seized, and have routed our opponents;”[7] and General Lane writes

that on many a hard-fought field, subsequent to Chancellorsville, he

heard his veterans exclaim: “Oh for another Jackson!”

Until Jackson fell the Army of Northern Virginia, except when his

advice was overruled, had never missed an opening. Afterwards it missed

many. Gettysburg, which

should have been decisive of the war, was pre-eminently a battle of

lost opportunities, and there are others which fall into the same

category. It is a perfectly fair assumption, then, that Jackson, so

unerring was his insight, would not only have proved an efficient

substitute for Lee, but that he would have won such fame as would have

placed him, as it placed his great commander, among the most

illustrious soldiers of all ages. With any of his contemporaries, not

even excepting Lee, he compares more than favourably. Most obedient of

subordinates as he was, his strategical views were not always in

accordance with those of his Commander-in-Chief. If Jackson had been in

charge of the operations, the disastrous battle of Malvern Hill would

never have been fought; Pope would have been cut off from the

Rappahannock; McClellan would have found the whole Confederate army

arrayed against him at South Mountain, or would have been attacked near

Frederick; and Burnside would have been encountered on the North Anna,

where defeat would probably have proved his ruin. It is difficult to

compare him with Lee. A true estimate of Lee’s genius is impossible,

for it can never be known to what extent his designs were thwarted by

the Confederate Government. Lee served Mr. Davis; Jackson served Lee,

wisest and most helpful of masters. It would seem, however, that

Jackson in one respect was Lee’s superior. His courage, physical and

moral, was not more brilliant or more steadfast; his tactical skill no

greater; but he was made of sterner stuff. His self-confidence was

supreme. He never doubted his ability, with God’s help, to carry out

any task his judgment approved. Lee, on the other hand, was oppressed

by a consciousness of his own shortcomings. Jackson never held but one

council of war. Lee seldom made an important movement without

consulting his corps commanders. Jackson kept his subordinates in their

place, exacting from his generals the same implicit obedience he

exacted from his corporals. Lee lost the battle of Gettysburg because

he allowed his second in command to argue instead of marching. Nor was

that political courage, which Nelson declared is as necessary for a

commander as

military courage, a component part of Lee’s character.[8] On assuming

command of the Army of Northern Virginia, in spite of Mr. Davis’

protestations, he resigned the control of the whole forces of the

Confederacy, and he submitted without complaint to interference.

Jackson’s action when Loring’s regiments were ordered back by the

Secretary of War is sufficient proof that he would have brooked no

meddling with his designs when once they had received the sanction of

the Cabinet. At the same time, it must remain undetermined whether

Jackson was equal to the vast responsibilities which Lee bore with such

steadfast courage; whether he could have administered a great army,

under the most untoward circumstances, with the same success; whether

he could have assuaged the jealousies of the different States, and have

dealt so tactfully with both officers and men that there should have

been no friction between Virginians and Georgians, Texans and

Carolinians.

It is probable that Jackson’s temper was more akin to Grant’s than

Lee’s. Grant had the same whole-hearted regard for the cause; the same

disregard for the individual. He was just as ready as Jackson to place

a recalcitrant subordinate, no matter how high his rank, under instant

arrest, and towards the incompetent and unsuccessful he was just as

pitiless. Jackson, however, had the finer intellect. The Federal

Commander-in-Chief was unquestionably a great soldier, greater than

those who overlook his difficulties in the ’64 campaign are disposed to

admit. As a strategist he ranks high. But Grant was no master of

stratagem. There was no mystery about his operations. His manœuvres

were strong and straightforward, but he had no skill in deceiving his

adversary, and his tactics were not always of a high order. It may be

questioned whether on the field of battle his ability was equal to that

of Sherman, or of Sherman’s great antagonist, Johnston. Elsewhere he

was their superior. Both Sherman and Johnston were methodical rather

than brilliant; patient, confident, and far-seeing as they were,

strictly observant of the established principles of war, they were

without a

touch of that aggressive genius which distinguished Lee, Grant, and

Jackson.

Nevertheless, to put Jackson above Grant is to place him high on the

list of illustrious captains. Yet the claim is not extravagant. If his

military characteristics are compared with those of so great a soldier

as Wellington, it will be seen that in many respects they run on

parallel lines. Both had perfect confidence in their own capacity. “I

can do,” said Jackson, “whatever I will to do;” while the Duke, when a

young general in India, congratulated himself that he had learned not

to be deterred by apparent impossibilities. Both were patient, fighting

on their own terms, or fighting not at all. Both were prudent, and yet,

when audacity was justified by the character of their opponent and the

condition of his troops, they took no counsel of their fears. They were

not enamoured of the defensive, for they knew the value of the

initiative, and that offensive strategy is the strategy which

annihilates. Yet, when their enemy remained concentrated, they were

content to wait till they could induce him to disperse. Both were

masters of ruse and stratagem, and the Virginian was as industrious as

the Englishman. And in yet another respect they were alike. “In issuing

orders or giving verbal instruction, Jackson’s words were few and

simple; but they were so clear, so comprehensive and direct, that no

officer could possibly misunderstand, and none dared disobey.”[9]

Exactly the same terms might be applied to Wellington. Again, although

naturally impetuous, glorying in war, they had no belief in a lucky

star; their imagination was always controlled by common-sense, and,

unlike Napoleon, their ambition to succeed was always subordinate to

their judgment. Yet both, when circumstances were imperative, were

greatly daring. The attacks at Groveton and at Chancellorsville were

enterprises instinct with the same intensity of resolution as the storm

of Badajos and Ciudad Rodrigo, the passage of the Douro, the great

counterstroke of Salamanca. On the field of battle the one was not more

vigilant nor imperturbable than the other, and both possessed a due

sense of proportion. They knew exactly how much they could effect

themselves, and how much must be left to others. Recognising that when

once the action had opened the sphere in which their authority could be

exercised was very limited, they gave their subordinates a free hand,

issuing few orders, and encouraging their men rather by example than by

words. Both, too, had that “most rare faculty of coming to prompt and

sure conclusions in sudden exigencies—the certain mark of a

master-spirit in war.”[10] At Bull Run, Jackson was ordered to support

Evans at the Stone Bridge. Learning that the left was compromised,

without a moment’s hesitation he turned aside, and placed his brigade

in the only position where it could have held its ground. At Groveton,

when he received the news that the Federal left wing was retreating on

Centreville across his front, the order for attack was issued almost

before he had read the dispatch. At Chancellorsville, when General

Fitzhugh Lee showed him the enemy’s right wing dispersed and

unsuspecting, he simply turned to his courier and said, “Let the column

cross the road,” and his plan of battle was designed with the same

rapidity as Wellington’s at Salamanca or Assaye.

It has been already pointed out that Jackson’s dispositions for defence

differed in no degree from those of the great Duke. His visit to

Waterloo, perhaps, taught the American soldier the value and importance

of concealing his troops on the defensive. It was not, however, from

Wellington that he learned to keep his plans to himself and to use

every effort to mislead his adversary. Yet no general, not even

Napoleon himself, brought about so many startling surprises as

Wellington. The passage of the Douro, the storm of the frontier

fortresses, the flank attack at Vittoria, the passage of the Adour, the

passage of the Bidassoa—were each and all of them utterly unexpected by

the French marshals; and those were by no means the only, or the most

conspicuous, instances. Was ever general more surprised than Masséna,

when pursuing his retreating foe through Portugal, in full anticipation

of “driving the leopards

into the sea,” he suddenly saw before him the frowning lines of Torres

Vedras, the great fortress which had sprung from earth, as it were, at

the touch of a magician’s wand?

The dispatches and correspondence of the generals who were opposed to

Wellington are the clearest evidence of his extraordinary skill.

Despite their long experience, their system of spies, their excellent

cavalry, superior, during the first years of the Peninsular War, both

in numbers and training, to the English, it was seldom indeed that the

French had more than the vaguest knowledge of his movements, his

intentions, or his strength. On no other theatre of war—and they were

familiar with many—had they encountered so mysterious an enemy. And

what was the result? Constantly surprised themselves, they at length

hesitated to attack even isolated detachments. At Guinaldo, in 1812,

Marmont, with 30,000 soldiers, refused to assault a ridge occupied by

no more than 13,000. The morning of Quatre-Bras, when that important

position was but thinly held, even Ney was reluctant to engage. In the

judgment of himself and his subordinates, who had met Wellington

before, the fact that there were but few red jackets to be seen was no

proof whatever that the whole allied army was not close at hand, and

the opportunity was suffered to escape. Other generals have been

content with surprising the enemy when they advanced against him;

Wellington and Jackson sought to do so even when they were confined to

the defensive.

And in still another respect may a likeness be found. Jackson’s regard

for truth was not more scrupulous than Wellington’s. Neither declined

to employ every legitimate means of deceiving their enemies, but both

were absolutely incapable of self-deception. And this characteristic

was not without effect on their military conduct. Although never

deterred by difficulties, they distinguished clearly between the

possible and the impossible. To gain great ends they were willing to

run risks, but if their plans are carefully considered, it will be seen

that the margin left to chance was small. The odds were invariably in

their favour. In conception as in execution obstacles were

resolutely faced, and they were constitutionally unable to close their

eyes to contingencies that might prove ruinous. The promise of great

results was never suffered to cajole them into ignoring the perils that

might beset their path. Imagination might display in vivid colours the

success that might accrue from some audacious venture, but if one step

was obscure the idea was unhesitatingly rejected. Undazzled by the

prospect of personal glory, they formed “a true, not an untrue, picture

of the business to be done,” and their plans, consequently, were

without a flaw. Brilliant, indeed, were the campaigns of Napoleon, and

astonishing his successes, but he who had so often deceived others in

the end deceived himself. Accustomed to the dark dealings of intrigue

and chicanery, his judgment, once so penetrating, became blunted. He

believed what he wished to believe, and not that which was fact. More

than once in his later campaigns he persuaded himself that the chances

were with him when in reality they were terribly against him. He

trusted to the star that had befriended him at Marengo and at Aspern;

that is, he would not admit the truth, even to himself, that he had

been overdaring, that it was fortune, and fortune alone, that had saved

him from destruction, and Moscow and Vittoria, Leipsic and Waterloo,

were the result.

But although there was a signal resemblance, both in their military

characters as in their methods of war, between Wellington and Jackson,

the parallel cannot be pushed beyond certain well-defined limits. It is

impossible to compare their intellectual capacity. Wellington was

called to an ampler field and far heavier responsibilities. Not as a

soldier alone, but as financier, diplomatist, statesman, he had his

part to play. While Napoleon languished on his lonely island, his great

conqueror, the plenipotentiary of his own Government, the most trusted

counsellor of many sovereigns, the adviser of foreign Administrations,

was universally acknowledged as the mastermind of Europe. Nor was the

mark which Wellington left on history insignificant. The results of his

victories were lasting. The freedom of the nations was restored to

them,

and land and sea became the thoroughfares of peace. America, on the

other hand, owes no single material benefit to Stonewall Jackson. In

the cause of progress or of peace he accomplished nothing. The

principle he fought for, the right of secession, lives no longer, even

in the South. He won battles. He enhanced the reputation of American

soldiers. He proved in his own person that the manhood of Virginia had

suffered no decay. And this was all. But the fruits of a man’s work are

not to be measured by a mere utilitarian standard. In the minds of his

own countrymen the memory of Wellington is hallowed not so much by his

victories, as by his unfaltering honesty and his steadfast regard for

duty, and the life of Stonewall Jackson is fraught with lessons of

still deeper import.

Not only with the army, but with the people of the South, his influence

while he lived was very great. From him thousands and ten thousands of

Confederate soldiers learned the self-denial which is the root of all

religion, the self-control which is the root of all manliness.[11]

Beyond the confines of the camps he was personally unknown. In the

social and political circles of Richmond his figure was unfamiliar.

When his body lay in state the majority of those who passed through the

Hall of Representatives looked upon his features for the first time. He

had never been called to council by the President, and the members of

the Legislature, with but few exceptions, had no acquaintance with the

man who acted while they deliberated. But his fame had spread far and

wide, and not merely the fame of his victories, but of his Christian

character. The rare union of strength and simplicity, of child-like

faith and the most fiery energy, had attracted the sympathy of the

whole country, of the North as well as of the South; and beyond the

Atlantic, where with breathless interest the parent islands were

watching the issue of the mighty conflict, it seemed that another

Cromwell without Cromwell’s ambition, or that another Wolfe with more

than Wolfe’s ability, had arisen among the soldiers of the youngest of

nations. And this interest was intensified by his untimely end.

When it was reported that Jackson had fallen, men murmured in their

dismay against the fiat of the Almighty. “Why,” they asked, “had one so

pure and so upright been suddenly cut down?” Yet a sufficient answer

was not far to seek. To the English race, in whatever quarter of the

globe it holds dominion, to the race of Alfred and De Montfort, of

Bruce and Hampden, of Washington and Gordon, the ideal of manhood has

ever been a high one. Self-sacrifice and the single heart are the

attributes which it most delights to honour; and chief amongst its

accepted heroes are those soldier-saints who, sealing their devotion

with their lives, have won

Death’s royal purple in the foeman’s lines.

So, from his narrow grave on the green hillside at Lexington, Jackson

speaks with voice more powerful than if, passing peacefully away, in

the fulness of years and honours, he had found a resting-place in some

proud sepulchre, erected by a victorious and grateful commonwealth. And

who is there who can refuse to listen? His creed may not be ours; but

in whom shall we find a firmer faith, a mind more humble, a sincerity

more absolute? He had his temptations like the rest of us. His passions

were strong; his temper was hot; forgiveness never came easily to him,

and he loved power. He dreaded strong liquor because he liked it; and

if in his nature there were great capacities for good, there were none

the less, had it been once perverted, great capacities for evil.

Fearless and strong, self-dependent and ambitious, he had within him

the making of a Napoleon, and yet his name is without spot or blemish.

From his boyhood onward, until he died on the Rappahannock, he was the

very model of a Christian gentleman:—

E’en as he trod that day to God, so walked he from his birth,

In simpleness, and gentleness, and honour, and clean mirth.

Paradox as it may sound, the great rebel was the most loyal of men. His

devotion to Virginia was hardly surpassed by his devotion to his wife.

And he made no secret

of his absolute dependence on a higher power. Every action was a

prayer, for every action was begun and ended in the name of the

Almighty. Consciously and unconsciously, in deed as in word, in the

quiet of his home and in the tumult of battle, he fastened to his soul

those golden chains “that bind the whole round earth about the feet of

God.” Nor was their burden heavy. “He was the happiest man,” says one

of his friends, “I ever knew,” and he was wont to express his surprise

that others were less happy than himself.

But there are few with Jackson’s power of concentration. He fought evil

with the same untiring energy that he fought the North. His relations

to his moral duties were governed by the same strong purpose, the same

clear perception of the aim to be achieved, and of the means whereby it

was to be achieved, as his manœuvres on the field of battle. He was

always thorough. And it was because he was thorough—true, steadfast,

and consistent, that he reached the heroic standard. His attainments

were not varied. His interests, so far as his life’s work was

concerned, were few and narrow. Beyond his religion and the army he

seldom permitted his thoughts to stray. His acquaintance with art was

small. He meddled little with politics. His scholarship was not

profound, and he was neither sportsman nor naturalist. Compared with

many of the prominent figures of history the range of his capacity was

limited.

And yet Jackson’s success in his own sphere was phenomenal, while

others, perhaps of more pronounced ability, seeking success in many

different directions, have failed to find it in a single one. Even when

we contrast his recorded words with the sayings of those whom the world

calls great—statesmen, orators, authors—his inferiority is hardly

apparent. He saw into the heart of things, both human and divine, far

deeper than most men. He had an extraordinary facility for grasping the

essential and discarding the extraneous. His language was simple and

direct, without elegance or embellishment, and yet no one has excelled

him in crystallising great principles in a single phrase. The few

maxims which fell from his lips are

almost a complete summary of the art of war. Neither Frederick, nor

Wellington, nor Napoleon realised more deeply the simple truths which

ever since men first took up arms have been the elements of success;

and not Hampden himself beheld with clearer insight the duties and

obligations which devolve on those who love their country well, but

freedom more.

It is possible that the conflicts of the South are not yet ended. In

America men pray for peace, but dark and mysterious forces, threatening

the very foundations of civic liberty, are stirring even now beneath

their feet. The War of Secession may be the precursor of a fiercer and

a mightier struggle, and the volunteers of the Confederacy, enduring

all things and sacrificing all things, the prototype and model of a new

army, in which North and South shall march to battle side by side.

_Absit omen!_ But in whatever fashion his own countrymen may deal with

the problems of the future, the story of Stonewall Jackson will tell

them in what spirit they should be faced. Nor has that story a message

for America alone. The hero who lies buried at Lexington, in the Valley

of Virginia, belongs to a race that is not confined to a single

continent; and to those who speak the same tongue, and in whose veins

the same blood flows, his words come home like an echo of all that is

noblest in their history: “What is life without honour? Degradation is

worse than death. We must think of the living and of those who are to

come after us, and see that by God’s blessing we transmit to them the

freedom we have ourselves inherited.”

NOTE I

Mr. W. P. St. John, President of the Mercantile Bank of New York,

relates the following incident:—A year or two ago he was in the

Shenandoah Valley with General Thomas Jordan, C.S.A., and at the close

of the day they found themselves at the foot of the mountains in a wild

and lonely place; there was no village, and no house, save a rough

shanty for the use of the “track-walker” on the railroad. It was not an

attractive place for rest, yet here they were forced to pass the night,

and to sit down to such supper as might be provided in so desolate a

spot. The unprepossessing look of everything was completed when the

host came in and took his seat at the head of the table. A bear out of

the woods could hardly have been rougher, with his unshaven hair and

unkempt beard. He answered to the type of border ruffian, and his

appearance suggested the dark deeds that might be done here in secret,

and hidden in the forest gloom. Imagine the astonishment of the

travellers when this rough backwoodsman rapped on the table and bowed

his head. And such a prayer! “Never,” says Mr. St. John, “did I hear a

petition that more evidently came from the heart. It was so simple, so

reverent, so tender, so full of humility and penitence, as well as of

thankfulness. We sat in silence, and as soon as we recovered ourselves

I whispered to General Jordan, ‘Who can he be?’ To which he answered,

‘I don’t know, but he must be one of Stonewall Jackson’s old soldiers.’

And he was. As we walked out in the open air, I accosted our new

acquaintance, and after a few questions about the country, asked, ‘Were

you in the war?’ ‘Oh, yes,’ he said with a smile, ‘I was out with Old

Stonewall.’”—_Southern Historical Society Papers,_ vol. xix, p. 871.

NOTE II

LIST OF KILLED AND WOUNDED (EXCLUDING PRISONERS) IN

GREAT BATTLES

_(The victorious side is given first)_

Name of battle Number of troops Killed and

wounded Total Total

% % of

victor Blenheim, 1704 Allies, 56,000 French, 60,000 11,000

20,000 31,000 26 19 Ramilies, 1706 Allies, 60,000 French,

62,000 3,600 8,000 11,600 9 6 Oudenarde, 1708 Allies,

85,000 French, 85,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 11 11

Malplaquet, 1709 Allies, 100,000 French, 100,000 14,000

20,000 34,000 17 14 Dettingen, 1743 Allies, 37,000 French,

60,000 2,350 7,000 9,350 9 6 Fontenoy, 1745 French,

50,000 Allies, 40,000 6,000 7,300 13,300 14 12 Prague,

1757 Prussians, 64,000 Austrians, 60,000 12,000

10,000 22,000 17 18 Kollin, 1757 Austrians, 53,000

Prussians, 34,000 8,000 11,000 19,000 21 15 Rosbach,

1757 Prussians, 22,000 Allies, 46,000 541

4,000 4,541 6 2 Leuthen, 1757 Prussians, 30,000 Austrians,

80,000 6,000 10,000 16,000 14 20 Breslau,

1757 Austrians, 80,000 Prussians, 30,000 5,700

6,000 11,700 10 7 Zorndorf, 1758 Prussians, 32,760

Russians, 52,000 12,000 20,000 32,000 38 37 Hochkirch,

1758 Austrians, 90,000 Prussians, 42,000 6,000

8,000 14,000 10 8 Créfeld, 1758 Allies, 33,000 French,

47,000 1,700 4,000 5,700 7 5 Zullichau, 1759 Russians,

72,000 Prussians, 27,500 4,800 6,000 10,800 10 6

Kunnersdorf, 1759 Allies, 70,000 Prussians, 43,000 14,000

17,000 31,000 27 20 Minden, 1759 Allies, 37,000 French and

Saxons, 52,000 2,800

7,000 9,800 11 7 Torgau, 1760 Prussians, 46,000 Austrians,

60,000 12,000 12,000 24,000 22 26 Leignitz,

1760 Prussians, 30,000 Austrians, 35,000 3,000

5,000 8,000 12 10 Lonato and Castiglione, 1796 French,

44,000 Austrians, 46,000 7,000 10,000 17,000 18 15 Rivoli,

1797 French, 18,000 Austrians, 28,000 4,500

10,000 14,500 30 25 Marengo, 1800 French, 28,000 Austrians,

30,000 5,000 8,000 13,000 22 17 Hohenlinden,

1800 French, 56,000 Austrians, 50,000 2,500

12,000 14,500 13 4 Austerlitz, 1805 French, 65,000 Allies,

83,000 9,000 16,000 25,000 16 13 Jena, 1806 French,

58,000 Prussians, 40,000 5,000 12,000 17,000 17 8

Auerstadt, 1806 French, 28,000 Prussians, 45,000 9,500

6,000 15,500 22 33 Eylau, 1807 French, 70,000 Russians,

63,500 20,000 22,000 42,000 33 28 Heilsberg,

1807 Russians, 84,000 French, 85,000 10,000

12,000 22,000 13 11 Friedland, 1807 French, 75,000

Russians, 67,000 10,000 24,000 34,000 23 13 Vimiero,

1808 English, 18,000 French, 14,000 720 2,000 2,720 8 4

Eckmühl, 1809 French, 65,000 Austrians, 80,000 7,000

8,000 15,000 10 10 Aspern, 1809 Austrians, 75,000 French,

95,000 20,000 25,000 45,000 26 26 Wagram, 1809 French,

220,000 Austrians, 150,000 22,000 22,000 44,000 11 10

Talavera, 1809 English and Spanish, 53,000 French, 56,000 7,200

8,300 15,500 14 13 Albuera, 1811 Allies, 32,000 French,

22,500 6,750 7,000 13,750 25 20 Salamanca, 1812 Allies,

44,000 French, 47,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 16 11 Borodino,

1812 French, 125,000 Russians, 138,000 30,000

45,000 75,000 28 24 Bautzen, 1813 French, 190,000 Allies,

110,000 12,000 12,000 10,000 8 6 Vittoria, 1813 Allies,

83,000 French, 60,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 7 6 Leipsic,

1813 Allies, 290,000 French, 150,000 42,000

50,000 92,000 20 14 Orthez, 1814 Allies, 37,000 French,

40,000 2,250 3,800 6,050 7 6 Toulouse, 1814 Allies,

52,000 French, 38,000 4,650 5,900 10,550 11 9 La Rothière,

1814 Allies, 80,000 French, 40,000 6,500

6,000 12,500 10 8 Montmirail, 1814 French, 25,000 Allies,

39,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 7 8 Laon, 1814 Allies, 60,000

French, 52,000 2,000 7,000 9,000 8 3 Ligny, 1815 French,

73,000 Prussians, 86,000 12,000 12,000 24,000 15 16

Quatre-Bras, 1815 Allies, 31,000 French, 21,500 4,500

4,200 8,700 16 14 Waterloo, 1815 Allies, 100,000 French,

70,000 20,000 22,000 42,000 24 20 Alma, 1854 Allies,

51,000 Russians, 35,000 3,400 5,700 9,100 10 6 Inkermann,

1854 Allies, 15,700 French, 68,000 3,287

10,500 13,787 15 21 Magenta, 1859 Allies, 48,000 Austrians,

60,000 4,500 6,500 11,000 10 9 Solferino, 1859 Allies,

135,000 Austrians, 160,000 16,500 15,000 31,500 10 11 Bull

Run, 1861 Confederates, 18,000 Federals, 18,000 1,969

1,584 3,553 9 10 Perryville, 1862 Federals, 27,000

Confederates, 16,000 3,700 3,200 6,900 16 — Shiloh,

1862 Federals, 58,000 Confederates, 40,000 12,000

9,000 21,000 20 20 Seven Pines, 1862 Federals, 51,000

Confederates, 39,000 5,031 6,134 11,165 12 9 Gaines’ Mill,

1862 Confederates, 54,000 Federals, 36,000 8,000

5,000 13,000 14 14 Malvern Hill, 1862 Federals, 80,000

Confederates, 70,000 2,800 5,500 8,300 5 3 Cedar Run,

1862 Confederates, 21,000 Federals, 12,000 1,314

2,380 3,694 11 6 Second Manassas, 1862 Confederates, 54,000

Federals, 73,000 9,000 13,000 22,000 17 16 Sharpsburg,

1862 Confederates, 41,000 Federals, 87,000 9,500

12,410 21,910 17 23 Fredericksburg, 1862 Confederates,

70,000 Federals, 120,000 4,224 12,747 16,971 8 6

Chickamauga, 1863 Confederates, 71,000 Federals, 57,000 18,000

17,100 35,100 27 25 Chancellorsville, 1863 Confederates,

62,000 Federals, 130,000 10,000 14,000 24,000 12 17

Gettysburg, 1863 Federals, 93,000 Confederates, 70,000 19,000

18,000 37,000 24 20 Chattanooga, 1863 Federals, 60,000

Confederates, 33,000 5,500 3,000 8,500 8 9 Stone’s River,

1863 Federals, 43,000 Confederates, 37,712 9,000

9,500 18,500 24 20 The Wilderness, 1864 Confederates,

61,000 Federals, 118,000 11,000 15,000 26,000 14 18

Spotsylvania Court House, 1864 Confederates, 50,000 Federals,

100,000 8,000 17,000 25,000 16 16 Cold Harbour,

1864 Confederates, 58,000 Federals, 110,000 1,700

10,000 11,700 6 3 Nashville, 1864 Federals, 55,000

Confederates, 39,000 3,000 3,500 6,500 6 5 Königgrätz,

1866 Prussians, 211,000 Austrians, 206,000 8,894

18,000 26,894 6 4 Wörth, 1870 Germans, 90,000 French,

45,000 10,642 8,000 18,642 13 11 Spicheren,

1870 Germans, 37,000 French, 29,000 4,871

4,000 8,871 13 13 Colombey, 1870 Germans, 34,000 French,

54,000 5,000 3,700 8,700 9 14 Vionville, 1870 Germans,

70,000 French, 98,000 15,800 17,000 32,800 19 22

Gravelotte, 1870 Germans, 200,000 French, 120,000 20,000

10,000 30,000 9 10 Noisseville, 1870 Germans, 52,000

French, 100,000 3,078 3,542 6,620 4 5 Plevna, July 20,

1877 Turks, 20,000 Russians, 7,000 1,000

2,850 3,850 13 5 Plevna, July 30, 1877 Turks, 20,000

Russians, 30,000 4,000 7,300 11,300 22 20 Pelishat, Aug.

31, 1877 Russians, 20,000 Turks, 15,000 1,350

1,000 2,350 7 6 Lovtcha, 1877 Russians, 20,000 Turks,

5,000 1,500 2,000 3,500 14 7 Plevna, Sep. 11,

1877 Turks, 35,000 Russians, 80,000 3,000

16,000 19,000 16 8 Plevna, Dec. 10, 1877 Russians, 24,000

Turks, 20,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 17 8 Aladja Dagh,

1877 Russians, 60,000 Turks, 35,000 1,450

4,500 5,950 6 2 Shipka, 1878 Russians, 25,000 Turks,

30,000 5,500 — 5,500 — — — 22 — Tel-el-Kebir,

1882 English, 17,000 Egyptians, 25,000 439

3,000 3,439 9 2

Although this return has been compiled from the most trustworthy

sources, it can only be taken as approximately accurate.

BRITISH LOSSES

Strength Killed and wounded Per- centage *Dettingen, 1743

*Fontenoy, 1745

Alexandria, 1801

*†Assaye, 1803

Coruña, 1809

*Talavera, 1809

*Albuera, 1811

Barossa, 1811

*Salamanca, 1812

*Quatre-Bras, 1815

*Waterloo, 1815

†Maharajpore, 1843

†Moodkee, 1845

†Ferozeshah, 1845

†Aliwal, 1846

†Sobrao, 1846

†Chillianwalla, 1849

*Alma, 1854

*Inkerman, 1854 12,000

16,600

12,000

4,500

14,500

20,500

8,200

4,400

26,000

12,000

23,991

6,000

9,000

16,000

10,500

15,500

15,000

21,500

7,464 821

4,002

1,521

1,566

1,000

6,250

3,990

1,210

3,386

2,504

6,932

790

874

2,415

580

2,063

2,388

2,002

2,357 6

* In those marked by an asterisk the force formed part of an allied

army.

† In these battles Indian troops took part.

[1] Copyright 1898 by Longmans, Green, & Co.

[2] Hon. Francis Lawley, the _Times,_ June 16, 1863.

[3] _Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac,_ p. 289.

[4] Hon. Francis Lawley, the _Times,_ June 11, 1863.

[5] _Battles and Leaders,_ vol. iii, p. 202.

[6] General J. B. Gordon, Commanding 2nd Army Corps, Army of Northern

Virginia. “Jackson,” says one of his staff, “never changed an order on

the battlefield when he had once given it. I have seen Ewell, Early,

A. P. Hill, and even Lee send an aide with an order, and in a few

minutes send another messenger to recall or alter it.” Letter to the

author.

[7] Major Hotchkiss, C.S.A.

[8] Lord Wolseley, _Macmillan’s Magazine,_ March, 1887.

[9] General J. B. Gordon.

[10] Napier.

[11] See Note at end of volume.

INDEX

Abolitionists, i 80, 81–2, 84–6, 88–9, 93, 98, 102.

Abolitionists, Southern, i 82, 85, 88

Adour, passage of river, ii 491

Agincourt, battle of, ii 164

Albuera, battle of, ii 148

Alexander, General, U.S.A., ii 177

Allan, Colonel W., C.S.A., i 274, 309, 352; ii 9, 125

Alvinzi, General, i 419

American soldier (see also _Northern_ and _Southern soldier_), i 106;

ii 342, 345–8, 381

American volunteer, i 33, 48–9; ii 109, 169, 354, 373

Anderson, Colonel G. T., C.S.A., ii 250, 252, 254, 255, 271

Anderson, General R. H., C.S.A., ii 138, 162, 166, 208, 213, 234, 238,

242–3, 254, 257, 272, 329, 412–3, 416, 419–21, 432–5, 445, 459–60,

462–4, 467

Anglo-Saxon race, i 93; ii 339–40, 355

Antietam. (See _Sharpsburg_)

Archduke Charles of Austria, quoted, i 406

Archer, General, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 153, 159, 271, 309–10, 316–8, 434,

436

Armament. (See under _Tactics, Arms_)

Armies and soldiers, regular, i 48–9, 114, 133, 137, 147, 169, 220–2,

227, 427, 429–30; 32–3, 180–1, 360, 362–3, 373

Armies, Northern, i 105, 110–11, 120, 124, 157, 172, 208, 222; ii 339,

345–6, 378, 396–7

Armies, Southern, i 115, 208; 339, 397, 494

Armies, Western. (See _Western_). Armistead, General, C.S.A., ii 61–3,

253, 272

Army, Austrian, i 110; ii 466

Army, English, i 208, 427; ii 340, 355–6, 468

Army, French, i 110, 221, 419; ii 338, 356, 362, 372–3, 491

Army, German, i 256, 426, 427; ii 21–2, 24, 278, 342, 355, 356

Army, Mexican, i 26, 30, 34, 35, 44–5

Army of Mexico (U.S.), i 48–9

Army of Northern Virginia (strength, etc.), i 172, 174, 232, 271, 389;

ii 13, 72, 74, 111–2, 118, 123–4, 165–6, 168, 196, 208, 225, 228–30,

235–6, 242, 267, 271–2, 274–5, 280, 289, 294, 296, 303, 308, 331, 338,

341–4, 347–60, 370–1, 382, 386–7, 398–9, 406, 412–3, 440, 467–8, 487

Army of Prussia, i 110; 338

Army of the Potomac (strength, etc.), i 202, 213, 216, 218, 231, 235,

250, 252, 265, 389; ii 2, 3, 9, 30, 43, 46, 72, 75, 84, 122, 124, 167,

198, 213, 228–31, 243, 267, 272–5, 278–9, 294–5, 299, 300, 314, 327,

329, 331–2, 337, 339, 341–4, 381, 401, 410–2, 466–8

Army of the Rappahannook, Federal, under McDowell (strength, etc.) i

292, 293–4, 304, 355–6, 386

Army of the Shenandoah, Confederate, i 123, 167

Army of the Shenandoah, Federal, under Banks (strength, etc.), i

213–4, 224–6, 269, 293–4, 316–7, 355–6, 447

Army of the Valley (strength, etc.), i 219–25, 228, 235, 253–5, 260,

274, 284, 304, 309–13, 333, 349, 355–6, 371, 373–4, 385, 419, 424–5,

434, 437–8; ii 3, 9, 17–18, 20, 26, 29–30, 34, 68, 79, 83, 85–6, 97,

102, 109, 111, 119, 126–7, 152–3, 160, 164, 169, 178, 247, 268

Army of Virginia, Federal, under Pope, (strength, etc.), i 401; ii 78,

97, 100, 103, 113, 116, 122–3, 124, 132, 135, 151, 165–6, 171, 176

Army of Western Virginia, Federal, under Rosecrans and Frémont,

(strength, etc.), i 186, 188, 205, 213, 217, 269, 275, 293–4, 295,

303, 355–6, 446

Army, United States (strength, etc.), (see also _Officers_), i 24–5,

33, 58, 104–5, 111, 120; ii 30, 33, 36–7, 59, 180

Ashby, General Turner, C.S.A., i 178, 220, 222–5, 227–8, 230, 236–9,

241–2, 246, 259, 264, 265–6, 268–70, 273–4, 284, 288, 291, 303, 309,

320–2, 328–9, 331–4, 342, 345, 350–2, 354, 355–6, 359, 360–3, 368,

431, 436, 446; ii 189, 286

Aspern, battle of, ii 277, 493

Assaye, battle of, ii 491

Atkinson, General, C.S.A., ii 319–20

Aulic Council, i 419

Austerlitz, battle of, i 59, 418, 423; ii 187–8, 395, 426

Averell, General, U.S.A., ii 46, 293, 438, 457

Badajos, siege of, ii 490

Balloons, ii 307, 418–9, 425, 480

Banks, General N. P., U.S.A. (see also _Army of the Shenandoah_), i

184, 189, 196, 202, 2113, 216, 218–9, 224–8, 230–2, 235, 247–8, 251–2,

259–60, 263–72, 274–8, 280–4, 287–94, 297, 301–3, 311, 314–7, 321,

323–30, 333–4, 336, 342–4, 347–50, 355–6, 372, 392, 398, 400–1, 405,

408, 411–3, 415, 426, 427, 429–30, 432–3, 441, 447; ii 75, 79, 82, 84,

86, 90, 92, 97, 100–3, 116, 140, 169–70, 182–3, 199, 205, 247, 273,

285, 295, 334, 341, 345, 370, 392–3, 485

“Barbara Fritchie,” i 65

Barksdale, General, C.S.A., ii 259, 271, 306–7

Barlow, General, U.S.A., ii 434, 439

Barossa, battle of, i 254

Bartow, General, C.S.A., i 135, 141–3, 145–6, 150, 160

Bath, skirmish near, i 190

Bautzen, battle of, ii 19, 192

Bayard, General, U.S.A., i 344, 352, 354, 355–6, 359, 446; ii 79, 83,

87–8, 92, 165–6, 180

Beaulieu, General, i 413, 419

Beauregard, General, C.S.A., i 38, 50, 124, 131–3, 136, 141, 147,

151–2, 156, 159–60, 165, 175–6, 201; ii 15

Beaver Dam Creek, Virginia, engagement at, ii 16

Bee, General, C.S.A., i 135, 141–7, 150, 151, 160

Belle Boyd, i 327

Benjamin, Hon. J. P., i 178, 184, 187, 199, 200–201, 203–6, 209–10,

273

Berry, General, U.S.A., ii 427, 440, 447, 450, 456

Bidassoa, passage of river, ii 491

Bigelow, Captain, U.S.A., i 423

Birney, General, U.S.A., ii 316, 318–9, 328

“Black Republicans,” i 81, 86, 96, 102

Blenker, General, U.S.A., i 248, 260, 266, 277, 295, 302, 364, 373–4,

379, 415

Blockade, i 112–3, 124, 213; ii 108, 207, 334, 405

Blücher, Field-Marshal, i 75–6, 259

Bonham, General, C.S.A., i 142, 150

Boots, i 222, 312, 428; ii 203, 205, 209, 235, 349, 350, 353, 382

Borcke, Major Eeros von, C.S.A., ii 282–3

Boswell, Captain J. K., C.S.A., ii 125–6, 449, 455, 465

Boteler, Hon. R., Colonel, C.S.A., i 272, 348, ii 77, 202

Boteler’s Ford, engagement at, 239, ii 472–3

Braddock, General, i 227

Branch, General, C.S.A., i 311, 411, ii 13, 15, 20, 21, 95–6, 153,

157, 161, 271, 366–7

Brandy Station, battle of, ii 112

Bridges, i 266, 359, 361, 364, 378, 381, 387; ii 7–8, 12, 17, 20, 27,

44, 49, 50, 52, 119, 121, 136, 240, 301, 306–7, 409, 415, 417, 424

Bristoe Station, Virginia, engagement at, ii 133, 136

Brown, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 280, 434

Brown, John, i 76

Buchanan, President, i 97, 226

Buena Vista, battle of, i 30

Buford, General, U.S.A., ii 79, 83, 87, 106, 139, 165–6, 171, 180

Bull Run, battle of. (See _Manassas_)

Bunker’s Hill, battle of, 1776, i 106

Burks, Colonel, C.S.A., i 220, 240, 262, 264

Burns, General, U.S.A., ii 328

Burnside, General A. E., U.S.A., ii 73, 79, 84, 103, 106, 111, 113,

117, 187, 243, 258, 299–301, 303, 306–7, 320, 324–5, 329, 333, 336–7,

342, 405, 410, 488

Busaco, battle of, ii 191, 228, 330

Butterfield, General, U.S.A., ii 419, 428, 438

Cadets, Military Institute, i 56, 58–60, 62–3, 98–9, 104, 295

Cadets, West Point, i 12–20, 22, 55

Cæsar, i 75, 409; ii 338

Campbell, Colonel, U.S.A., i 309, 332; ii 91–2

Camp Lee, Virginia, i 104

Cannæ battle of, ii 332

Carrington, Captain, C.S.A., i 369–70

Carroll, General, U.S.A., 371

Catholic Church, i 53

Cavaliers, the English, i 2, 83

Cedar Run, Virginia, battle of, ii Chap. XV, 109, 186, 235, 247, 279,

287, 342, 370, 375, 484–5

Cedarviile, Virginia, cavalry engagement near, i 319–20

Cerro Gordo, battle of, i 30–2, 35, 38, 45

Chancellorsville, battle of, i 423, 433; ii Chap. XXIII, Chap. XXIV,

187, 370, 485, 487, 490, 491

Chantilly or Ox Hill, engagement at, ii 183–5, 287

Chaplains, i ; ii 399

Chapultepec, battle of, i 40–3, 45–6, 50, 64

Chew, Captain, C.S.A., i 220; ii 375

Churubusco, battle of, i 38–9, 50

Ciudad Rodrigo, siege of, ii 490

Clausewitz, General, i 407; ii 196

Clyde, Field-Marshal Lord, ii 355

Cobb, General, C.S.A., ii 226, 271, 448

Coercion, i 93–7, 101–2

Cold Harbour, battle of. (See _Gaines’ Mill_)

Cold Harbour, second battle of, 1864, ii 228

Colli, General, i 413, 418, Colquitt, General, C.S.A., ii 271, 441,

444

Colston, General, C.S.A., ii 412, 441, 447–9, 455, 460, 467

Columbia, district of, i 108–9

Command, selections for, i 226; ii 300, 344–5

Command, system of, ii 342–4

Comte de Paris, ii 215, 223

Confederacy, the resources of, i 111–2; ii 205

Confederate territory, i 108–9

Conscription Act, Southern, i 273, 303

Conscripts, ii 348

Contreras, battle of, i 36–7, 39, 64

Cooke, Colonel, C.S.A., i 348

Cooking, i 222; ii 349

Corbin, ii 364, 383

Cornwallis, Lord, i 278

Cortez, i 26, 28, 35, 43

Couch, General, U.S.A., ii 267

Council of War, i 37

Cox, General, U.S.A., i 314; ii 85

Crampton’s Gap, engagement at, ii 224–6

Crawford, General, U.S.A., ii 247–8

Creçy, battle of, ii 340

Crimean campaign, i 171, 208, 226, 422

Cromwell, i 64, 73, 83, 101, 108, 412, 443; ii 494

Cross Keys, battle of, i Chap. XI, 405, 408, 412, 423, 424, 427, 443,

446; ii 200, 484–5

Crown Prince of Prussia, ii 278

Crutchfield, Cal. S., C.S.A., i 369; ii 50, 57, 222, 449, 453–4

Cunningham, Cal., C.S.A., ii 26, 35

Cutts, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 249

Dabney, Reverend Dr., Major, C.S.A., i 181, 206, 253, 255, 274, 276,

286, 295, 298, 300, 303, 309, 322, 333, 379, 381, 385, 395, 417, 429,

440, 442; ii 17, 21, 23, 33–4, 67, 69, 71, 77, 89, 164, 212, 313,

368–9, 385–7, 472–3

Davis, President, i 79, 131, 172–6, 186, 201, 203, 207–8, 210, 215,

218–9, 226, 280, 289, 294, 302, 305, 310, 388, 409, 428; ii 69, 77–8,

122, 207, 274–6, 280, 303, 331, 333, 336, 345, 382, 396, 404, 488–9

D’Erlon, Count, ii 59

Desaix, General, i 111

Deserters, i 290; ii 111, 275–6, 356, 364, 366, 385, 411, 425

Discipline (see also _Straggling_), i 16–8, 45, 48–9, 64, 104, 106,

111, 117–8, 152–3, 161–2, 169, 179, 193–5, 197, 208–9, 212, 214, 221,

223, 252–4, 273, 362; ii 36, 75, 188, 204, 209, 276, 350, 353, 355,

357–63, 411

Doles, General, C.S.A., ii 441, 443

Donnelly, General, U.S.A., i 338, 341, 447

Doubleday, General, U.S.A., ii 146, 245, 246, 316, 318, 328

Douglas, Cal. H. K., C.S.A., ii 210, 214, 223

Douro, passage of river, ii 490

Drayton, General, C.S.A., ii 272

Dresden, campaign of, i 418

Dress, i 63, 105, 115, 129, 221–2; ii 205, 209, 282, 351, 353

Early, General Jubal A., C.S.A., i 152, ii 93–6, 101, 118–22, 145,

148, 153–4, 157, 161–2, 165, 249, 251, 254, 269–71, 303, 306, 308,

310, 318–20, 329, 412, 416, 462–3, 467

Earthworks and intrenchments (see also under _Tactics_), i 30–1,

35–40, 106, 158, 170, 232, 233, 278, 307, 308, 388, 391; ii 9, 14–6,

18–9, 112, 182–3, 200, 305, 325, 327, 347

Eckmühl, campaign of, i 418

Edict of Emancipation, ii 289–90, 335, 411

Elk Run Valley, position in, ii 199

Elzey, General, C.S.A., i 151, 309, 337, 339–40, 443

Episcopal Church, i 55

Eugène, Prince, i 409

Evans, General N. G., C.S.A., i 142–4, 146–7, 151, 160, 172; ii 178,

208, 242, 258, 491

Ewell, General R. S., C.S.A., i 25, 50, 274, 276–7, 280–4, 288, 290,

294, 302–3, 314–5, 327–30, 332, 334, 337–9, 341, 343, 345, 351, 355,

359, 365, 367–8, 372, 374–7, 380–3, 391, 393, 400, 415, 427, 431, 433,

438–41; ii 18, 21, 26, 32–5, 38, 42, 44, 61, 64–5, 85, 87–8, 90–1,

94–6, 104–5, 125–6, 129, 131, 133, 136–7, 139, 141, 144–5, 147, 149,

155, 204, 208, 210, 242, 271, 280, 287–8, 303

Eylau, battle of, i 259; ii 19

Fair Oaks, Virginia, battle of. (See _Seven Pines_)

Falling Waters, Va., engagement at, i 128–30, 165

Field exercises, ii 412

Field, General, U.S.A., i 280, 282; ii 95, 97, 153, 158–9, 161, 164,

271, 309

Flodden, battle of, ii 332

Flournoy, Colonel, U.S.A., i 310, 320, 342

“Fog of War, the”, ii 194–5

Forno, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 145, 148, 153, 159, 164

Forrest, General, U.S.A., i 333

Fortifications, i 16, 30, 35, 39, 40, 125, 158, 213, 233, 250, 389; ii

185, 198–9, 305, 347, 350, 383, 408, 430–1, 480

Fortresses, i 28–9, 40, 109, 125; ii 199

Fox-hunting, i 9, 161

Franklin, General, W. B., U.S.A., ii 54, 56–7, 138, 170, 182, 186,

224–5, 229, 233, 243, 272, 313–6, 320–2, 324, 328

Frayser’s Farm, Virginia, battle of, i chapter xiv; ii 279, 486

Frederick the Great, i 75, 173, 227, 404, 409, 410, 414, 419, 441; ii

338, 497

Fredericksburg, battle of, ii chapter xx, 109, 370, 484

Frémont, General John C., U.S.A., i 213, 248, 250, 269, 271–2, 275,

277, 280, 293–5, 301–3, 314, 344–6, 348–54, 355–6, 359–61, 363, 365,

367–8, 372–3, 375–6, 379, 381, 384, 386, 391–3, 398–401, 404–5, 408,

412–3, 415, 423–4, 426, 429, 431–2, 434, 442, 446; ii 19, 75, 155,

199, 342–3, 345, 393, 484–5

French, General, U.S.A., ii 40, 43, 251, 257, 328

Front Royal, engagement at, i chapter x, 337–8, 405, 412, 447; ii

392–3

Fuentes d’Onor, battle of, ii 228, 330

Fulkerson, Colonel, C.S.A., i 220, 240–1, 243, 262; ii 26, 35

Funsten, Colonel, U.S.A., i 237

Gaines’ Mill, Virginia, battle of, ii chapter xiii, 201, 228, 279,

341, 348

Garland, General, C.S.A., ii 271

Garnett, General, C.S.A., i 190, 194, 220, 229, 243–5, 253, 255, 257;

ii 175, 272, 370, 487

Garnett, Lieut.-Colonel, C.S.A., ii 92, 94, 104

Geary, General, U.S.A., i 316, 321, 350, 355–6, 424, 447

German soldiers in America, i 352, 373, 375; ii 155, 339, 466

Getty, General, U.S.A., ii 328

Gettysburg, battle of, i 169, 254, 433; ii 278, 469, 487–8

Gibbon, General John, U.S.A., ii 146–8, 244–6, 316–9, 325, 328

Gneisenau, i 75

Gordon, General G. H., U.S.A., i 264, 266, 270, 323–5, 329, 334,

338–9, 447; ii 115, 134, 247–8, 252, 275

Gordon, General J. B., C.S.A., ii 396, 486

Graham, Rev. Dr., i 199, 212, 229–30, 258

Grant, General Ulysses S., U.S.A., i 26, 44–5, 48–50, 58, 87, 208,

255, 276, 433; ii 188, 223, 228, 371, 479, 485, 487, 489, 490

Gravelotte, battle of, i 259; ii 21–2, 24, 71, 356

Green, General, C.S.A., i 333

Greene, General, U.S.A., ii 247–9, 251

Gregg, General, C.S.A., ii 90, 153, 156–7, 161, 164, 271, 309, 317–8,

325–6

Griffin, General, U.S.A., ii 328

Grigsby, Colonel, C.S.A., i 303; ii 247, 249, 251

Grouchy, Marshal, ii 59, 260

Grover, General, U.S.A., ii 159

Groveton, battle of, ii chapter xvi, 279, 287, 468, 490, 491

Guerillas, i 44, 45–6; ii 82

Guinaldo, 1812, ii 492

Gustavus Adolphus, i 409

Halleck, General, U.S.A., ii 83–5, 100, 103, 107, 113, 131, 133,

182–3, 185, 211, 226, 289, 299

Hampden, ii 495, 498

Hampton, General Wade, C.S.A., i 143–4, 150–1, 160, 333; ii 122, 167,

205, 208, 242–3, 291, 294, 331, 336, 337, 414

Hancock, General W. S., U.S.A., ii 328

Hancock, skirmish near, i 191

Hannibal, i 75, 409; ii 11, 196, 338

Hanover Court House, Virginia, engagement at, ii 4

Harman, Colonel W. A., C.S.A., i 253; ii 268 Harman, Major, C.S.A., i

182, 228

Harper’s Ferry, investment of, ii chapter xviii, 280, 288, 376, 479

Harris, General N., C.S.A., ii 475

Hartsuff, Colonel, U.S.A., i 294

Hasdrubal, ii 196

Hatch, General, U.S.A., i 288, 332, 334, 447; ii 163, 173, 175, 178

Hawks, Major, C.S.A., i 182; ii 471

Hayes, General, U.S.A., ii 447

Hays, General, C.S.A., ii 184, 271

Heintzleman, General S. P., U.S.A., i 142–3, ii 53, 122

Hill, General A. P., C.S.A., i 50, 395, 397; ii 9, 12–4, 15–6, 21–6,

28–32, 35, 38, 42, 45, 47–8, 54, 61–2, 65, 80, 83–5, 88, 90–1, 94,

104–5, 125, 131, 141, 145, 149, 152–3, 156–62, 208, 215, 219, 221–4,

235–6, 241–3, 254, 258–9, 261, 269–70, 304, 308, 310–1, 316, 319, 320,

366, 370, 412, 432, 441, 442, 448–51, 455, 459–60, 467, 473

Hill, General D. H., C.S.A., i 27, 50, 55, 176, 200, 202, 216–8, 397;

ii 9, 12–4, 17–8, 29, 30, 32–6, 40, 42, 52, 55–8, 61–5, 79, 111, 122,

167, 205, 208, 220, 224–6, 236, 238, 241–2, 244, 247–51, 254–5, 257,

271, 276, 280, 303, 305, 308, 310–1, 320, 329, 357, 361, 375, 382, 405

Hitchcock, General, U.S.A., i 294

Hoche, General, i 111

Hohenlinden, battle of, ii 466

Hoke, General, C.S.A., ii 319

Holmes, General, C.S.A., ii 9, 11, 47–8, 59, 61, 65

Hood, General J. B., C.S.A., i 394; ii 26, 35–6, 38, 42, 119, 163,

236, 241–2, 244, 247–9, 251, 254–5, 262, 272, 310, 322–3, 329, 348,

353, 407, 425, 455

Hooker, General Joseph, U.S.A., i 50; ii 68, 122, 136, 139–40, 156–9,

166, 179, 187–8, 216, 226, 237, 240–50, 255, 261, 272, 275, 306, 314,

328, 337, 341, 404, 406–10, 412–19, 422–8, 430–1, 434, 438–9, 445,

449, 453, 457–60, 462–6, 468–9, 472, 486

Horsemanship, i 70, 161, 198, 224, 362; ii 339–40

Horse-masters, i 225

Horse-racing, i 9

Horses, i 9, 111, 161, 224; ii 115, 186, 189, 273, 292–3, 299, 414

Hotchkiss, Major J., C.S.A., i 181, 303, 349, 381, 416, 440; ii 87,

110, 215, 241, 327, 431–2, 436, 451, 487

Howard, General O. O., U.S.A., i 152, ii 328, 416, 427, 436, 438–40,

442, 444, 465–6

Huger, General, C.S.A., i 50; ii 9, 11, 14, 45, 47–8, 52–4, 58–9,

61–2, 65

Humphreys, General, U.S.A., ii 267, 328

Hundley’s Corner, Virginia, engagement at, ii 16, 22

Hunt, General, U.S.A., ii 66

Hunter, General, U.S.A., i 142–3, ii 73, 84

Imboden, General, C.S.A., i 121, 144–5, 149, 163, 378, 420, 439

“Immortals,” the, i 15–6

India, i 58

Indians, i 5–6, 24–5

Information in war. (See _Intelligence,_ etc.)

Inkermann, battle of, ii 175, 340

Intelligence Department and Information, i 224, 232, 258–9, 287,

326–7, 412–4, 422–3; ii 39, 82–3, 89, 120, 145, 170–1, 188–9, 193–5,

213, 415, 418–9, 427

Interior lines. (See _Strategy_)

Irish soldiers in America, i 242, 311; ii 340

Ironsides, the, i 225, 443

Italy, campaign of, i 418, 419

Iverson, Col., C.S.A., ii 441, 443

Jackson, Cummins, uncle of General T. J. Jackson, i 7, 8, 10, 11

Jackson, Elizabeth, i 5

Jackson family, characteristics of, i 3, 5–6

Jackson family, origin of, i 3–4

Jackson, General, President of the United States, i 4, 15, 106

Jackson, John, i 4–6

Jackson, John, father of General T. J. Jackson, i 5–6

Jackson, Julia, mother of General T. J. Jackson, i 6–7, 11, 52; ii 384

Jackson, Julia, daughter of General T. J. Jackson, ii 384–5, 400, 470

Jackson, Mary Anna, wife of General T. J. Jackson, i 59, 61, 67–73,

76, 103–4, 116, 156, 161, 176–8, 257–8, 272; ii 55, 280, 384–5, 396,

400, 470–1, 495

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, “Stonewall”, Lieut.-General, C.S.A.:

Advice overruled, ii 61, 78, 109, 114, 489

Anecdotes of, i 10, 19, 20, 27, 46–7, 68, 100, 114, 130, 134, 145,

154, 163, 165–6, 177, 190, 212, 230, 247, 300, 303, 312–3, 336, 347–8,

370, 394, 396, 439–41; ii 50–1, 57–8, 67, 69, 70, 71–2, 82, 95, 115,

126–7, 143–4, 160, 164, 202, 210, 214–5, 223, 253, 256, 259–60, 264–7,

282–4, 302, 312–3, 315, 318, 326, 364–7, 381, 387–8, 389, 399, 400,

482, 499

Appointments:

To Cadetship, i 13

First Regiment of artillery U.S.A., i 24

Magruder’s Field Battery, i 33

Professorship at Military Institute, i 56

Topographical Department, C.S.A., i 114

Virginia Volunteers, i 114

Command at Harper’s Ferry, 1861, i 115

First Brigade of Army of Shenandoah, i 123,

Command of District of Shenandoah Valley, i 164,

Command of Second Army Corps, ii 280

Birth, i 5

Birthplace, i 5, 131, 163

Boyhood, i 8–10, 410

Brother, i 6, 9

Caricatures of, i 65; ii 370, 390

Childhood, i 7–9

Compared with:

Cromwell, ii 494

Grant, ii 489

Hasdrubal, ii 196

Johnston, ii 489

Lee, ii 488

Napoleon, i 22–3; ii 493

Ney, ii 191, 193

Prince Frederick Charles, ii 196

Sherman, ii 489

Wellington, ii 191, 490–3

Wolfe, ii 494

Criticism of his manœuvres refuted, i 258; ii 16–24, 54, 57–8, 100–5

Death, ii 470–1

Devotion of his men, i 77, 165, 286, 434; ii 281–2, 366, 370–1, 373–4

Dispatches, ii 373

Dissatisfaction with conduct of war, i 154, 175–6, 203–4; ii 70, 71,

391

Estimate of:

Banks’, i 315

Lee’s, ii 469–70, 477–8

Letcher’s, i 205

Lexington’s, i 63–5, 76

McClellan’s, ii 109

Northern generals’, i 232–3, 314, 325, 399; ii 54, 109, 479

Northern press’, ii 109

Northern soldiers’, ii 223, 381

President Davis’, ii 470

President of Baltimore and Ohio Railway, i 314

Southern people’s, ii 74, 109, 477, 479

Southern soldiers’, i 129, 165, 177–8, 437–8; ii 279, 284–5, 373–4,

381, 480

Swinton’s, ii 477

First estimate of:

His friends’, i 114

His officers’, i 196–7, 283, 438–40; ii 370–1

His troops’, i 197–8

Funeral, ii 476–7

Guards the camp, i 134

Horsemanship, i 9, 18, 70, 115

Influence on his soldiers, i 117, 429, 432, 436; ii 398, 494, 499

Influence on the Southern people, ii 494

Letters of:

On faith, i 71, 72, 272–3

On his travels, i 70–1

On state of country, i 76

On promotion, i 114, 130; ii 280

On necessity of secrecy, i 116, 258

After First Manassas, i 155

On defence of Harper’s Ferry, i 125

On battle of First Manassas, i 156–7

On leave of absence, i 161; ii 385–6

On parting with Stonewall Brigade, i 164

On selection of staff-officer, i 179–80

On appointment of staff-officer, i 183

On discipline, i 195

On resignation of command, i 204–5

On defence of Valley, i 217–8

On threatening Washington, i 252

On fighting on Sunday, i 257

On making “thorough work” of campaign, i 272

On attacking Banks, i 276, 281–4

On Banks’ character, i 278

On obedience of orders, i 281, 308

On qualities of West Virginia troops, i 298

On straggling, i 427

On surrender of Harper’s Ferry, ii 224

On promotion of officers, ii 374

On giving over guns of Army Corps, ii 375

On the people of the Valley, ii 376

On birth of his daughter, ii 384–5

On peace, ii 385

Library, i 69

Losses:

At Falling Waters, i 129

At First Manassas, i 157

On Romney expedition, i 195

At Kernstown, i 253, 260

At M’Dowell, i 299

At Cedarville, i 320

At Front Royal, i 353

At Winchester, i 353

At Cross Keys, i 376

At Port Republic, i 385

At Valley Campaign, i 424

At Gaines’ Mill, ii 42

At Cedar Run, ii 105, 287

At Groveton, ii 146, 287

At Second Manassas, ii 164, 287

At Chantily, ii 185, 287

At Harper’s Ferry, ii 223, 288

At Sharpsburg, ii 255, 271–2, 288

At Boteler’s Ford, ii 270

On the Rappahannock, ii 287

At Bristoe Station, ii 287

At Fredericksburg, ii 329

At Chancellorsville, ii 467

Marriage, i 59

Military Maxims of, ii 496

Attack, i 162–3

Infantry fire, i 162

Use of bayonet, i 163, 229

Cavalry in touch with the enemy, i 342

Strategy of weaker army, i 412, 415, 420; ii 398

Defensive strategy, i 418

Value of time, i 417–8, 481

Mystifying and misleading, i 420

Pursuit, i 420; ii 76–7, 481

A routed army, i 420

Battle against odds, i 420

Point of attack, i 420

Vigour in attack, i 420; ii 31, 76–7, 179, 481

Rapidity, i 420; ii 481

Rest on the march, i 426

Forced marches, i 426–7

Invasion, i 174–5; ii 77, 481

Concentration of force, i 175; ii 77

Councils of War, i 230

Reaping fruits of victory, ii 322, 481

Defensive positions, ii 305

Meeting superior numbers, ii 326

Unsuccessful officers, ii 342

Promotion of officers, ii 374, 465

Example to be set by superior officers, ii 386

Activity, i 412, 419–20; ii 398

Secret of success in war, ii 480

Earthworks, ii 481

Loss in forced marches, ii 482

Patriotism, ii 497

Narrow escapes of, i 369; ii 41–2, 160

Personal characteristics of:

Ability, i 47–8

Absence of show and assumption, i 115, 117, 164–5, 435–6, 444–5; ii 71,

478

Absent-minded, i 63, 77; ii 390, 398

Abstemiousness, i 60, 336, 436; ii 495

Abstraction, power of, i 21, 69, 74; ii 391

Accuracy of statement, i 62–3

Admiration of Lee, i 307, 397–8; ii 77

Admiration of Napoleon’s genius, i 58, 416

Admiration of Confederate soldier, i 437; ii 373–4, 462

Affection, i 8, 22; ii 495–6

Ambition, i 11, 21, 23, 46, 71, 157, 196; ii 381, 495

Anger, i 19, 436, 441–2; ii 71, 370

Appearance:

On the battlefield, i 147, 149, 165, 243–4, 340; ii 34, 50, 94, 311–2,

432, 436

As a cadet, i 14, 18, 22

In camp, ii 388–9

In childhood, i 9

At councils of war, i 229–30, 397; ii 69, 123

At Lexington, i 61, 63

At reviews, i 164–5

On service, i 115, 312–3; ii 478

Application, i 10, 15–17, 20–1, 33, 46; ii 490

Audacity, i 411; ii 487, 491

Bible:

His guide, i 61, 73

Literal interpretation of the, i 61, 257

Study of the, i 61, 69

Camaraderie, i 436–7, 439; ii 373

Carelessness of comfort, i 161, 187, 192, 196, 246, 435–6, 438

Careless of popular opinion, i 155–6; ii 376

Catholicity, i 438–9

Cheerfulness, i 8, 66–7; ii 315, 377–8

Choice of companions, i 21

Clanship, i 11

Concentration, power of, i 20, 66, 74; ii 391, 396, 496

Consideration for others, i 19–20, 438; ii 374, 376

Conversation, i 165; ii 389–90

Coolness under fire, i 41–2, 47, 130, 147, 149, 163, 165, 437; ii 318,

396

Courage, moral, i 12, 21, 77, 437; ii 480

Courage, physical, i 10, 39, 41–2, 77, 130, 163, 165, 244; ii 480–2

Courtesy, i 9, 66, 116, 436, 438; ii 376, 389–90, 453

Decision, i 10, 12

Decision in emergencies, ii 490–1

Devotion to duty, i 19, 21, 33, 78, 116, 161

Devotion to Virginia, i 99, 103, 204, 209–10; ii 346, 495

Devotion to his wife, i 116

Dislike of profanity, i 145

Distaste of show, i 115, 129–30, 221

Early rising, ii 50, 55, 68, 284–5

Earnestness, i 12, 20, 66, 77, 117, 237; 390

Economical habits, i 70

Endurance, i 438; ii 189, 481

Energy, i 10, 43, 60, 191, 192, 377–9, 412, 436; ii 189, 233, 478, 481,

494

Enthusiasm, i 66

Estimate of time, i 13, 187–8

Faith, i 71–3, 77, 163, 211; ii 462, 465, 488, 495

Family pride, i 11

Fearlessness of responsibility, i 77; ii 480

Finesse, i 116; ii 280

Freedom from cant, i 73

Gentleness, i 20, 71, 436, 439

Gravity, i 8, 66; ii 390

Health, i 9, 11, 21, 60, 69, 78, 160–1, 214; ii 55, 76, 385, 481

Horror of war, i 103, 257; ii 385

Hospitality, i 70; ii 388–9

Humility, i 445; ii 495

Imagination, i 66, 74, 417; ii 478, 484

Industry. (See _Application_)

Inflexibility, i 19, 63

Information, range of, ii 390

Intellectual development, i 21, 23

Intellectual training for war, i 74–6, 78; ii 394–6

Kindness, i 8, 20, 67, 76; ii 364, 389

Knowledge of military history, i 58, 420; ii 390, 394–5

Language, i 73

Love of art, i 71; ii 390

Love of children, i 68, 212; ii 302, 364, 400

Love of fighting, i 27, 33, 43, 149, 209, 439; ii 481

Love of history, i 69–70; ii 390

Love of home, i 9, 71, 199, 210; ii 346

Love of Nature, i 66, 70, 71, 366

Love of peace, i 103, 257; ii 385

Love of theological discussion, i 165, 212

Love of truth, i 62

Manners. (See _Courtesy_)

Modesty, i 47, 198, 210; ii 370, 380, 390, 462, 465

Neatness, i 63

Never knew when he was beaten, i 150, 244, 252, 438

Peculiar gestures, i 149, 166

Perseverance, i 10, 15–16, 22

Personal magnetism, i 197, 437

Playfulness, i 65, 177, 212

Power of drawing inferences, ii 483, 486

Prayer, i 61, 68, 73, 103, 165, 210, 443–4; ii 496

Pride in his soldiers, i 156–7, 166–7, 195, 443; ii 341

Purity, i 10, 23, 74; ii 399

Recreations, i 18, 60, 69, 70

Reflective habits, ii 391, 396

Religion on service, i 443–4; ii 399

Religious views, i 72, 163

Reserve, i 18, 66, 74

Resolution, ii 435, 445, 481, 491

Reticence, i 115–6; ii 89, 284–5, 483

Reticence as regards his achievements, i 155, 157; ii 374

Self-control, i 210; ii 494

Self-possession, ii 478

Self-reliance, i 21, 23, 48; ii 488, 490, 495

Self-sacrifice, i 204, 209; ii 494

Sense of honour, i 20

Shrewdness, i 14

Shyness, i 18, 27, 60; ii 478

Silence, i 22, 63, 64, 115, 197, 436; ii 390, 391, 398, 478

Simplicity, i 23, 115, 435–6; ii 494

Studious habits, i 18, 22, 68–9, 74, 410

Study, method of, i 20, 69; ii 391

Study of, and training for, war, i 48, 57–9, 69, 745–5, 78, 250, 410,

416; ii 394–5

Sunday, observance of, i 61, 257, 273, 287, 302, 443

Tact, i 19, 117–8, 165, 438

Taste for strong liquor, ii 495

Temper, i 14, 71, 210, 436; ii 370, 495

Temperance, i 60; ii 399

Thankfulness, i 71, 130, 156

Thoroughness, i 421; ii 496

Truthfulness and sincerity, i 8, 20, 23, 62, 74; ii 370, 380, 492, 496

Vindictiveness, i 19; ii 370, 495

Practice and principles of, military:

_Administration:_

Care for comfort of men, i 165, 192, 443; ii 374

Care of private rights, i 166, 197–8

Care of wounded, i 260, 300, 437; ii 402–3

Examination of officers, i 182

Hospitals, i 437

Medical service, i 118, 437, 444; ii 386

Supply, i 118; ii 374, 386, 417

Transport, i 118; ii 374, 386

_Command:_

Application of military code to volunteers, ii 355

Councils of War, i 229–30; ii 488

Courtesy to men, i 165; ii 366

Duties of commanding officers, i 161, 179, 193

Employment of regular officers with volunteers, i 181

Employment of unsuccessful officers, ii 342, 489

Encouragement of initiative, ii 343

Official reports, i 436; ii

Recommendations for promotion, ii 364, 374

Relations with his officers, i 436, 438–42; ii 325–6, 363–4, 366–70,

374, 488–9

Relations with his soldiers, i 436–7; ii 366, 376

Relations with his staff, i 439–41; ii 389

Scope on battlefield, ii 343, 491

Selection of officers for the staff, i 179–83; ii 364

Supervision, i 376, 436; ii 189

System of, i 117–8, 179; ii 363–4

Tact and consideration, i 165; ii 376

Trusts his subordinates, i 375; ii 318, 491

_Discipline:_ i 117, 161, 162, 178–9, 195, 197–8, 208–9, 214, 253, 254,

303, 350, 376, 436, 441–2; ii 175, 363–6, 373

Dealing with mutiny, i 303

Demands exact obedience, i 376; ii 57, 488

Gives exact obedience, ii 58, 435

Punishment of officers, ii 366

Punishment of soldiers, ii 364–5

Refuses to take furlough, ii 384

Strict conception of duty, i 197, 204, 376; ii 364–5

_Drill,_ i 117, 162, 365; ii 400

_Instruction,_ i 117–8, 162, 178, 188–9

_Marches,_ i 133–4, 189–93, 230, 236, 263, 274, 284–6, 290, 295–6, 302,

308, 312–14, 327, 345–6, 349, 351–3, 360–1, 393–5, 401, 412–3, 425–7;

ii 11, 15–23, 25–6, 29, 49, 50, 87–9, 124–9, 138, 183, 189–90, 203,

208–9, 214–6, 233, 235, 302–3

_Marching,_ i 183, 427; ii 285, 482

Early start, i 183; ii 49, 55, 90, 284

Forced marches, ii 482, 484

Rules for, i 426

Standing orders for, ii 402

_Orders:_

Anticipates orders, ii 269

Character of, i 115; ii 490

Method of issue, i 377; ii 57

For counterstroke, ii 92, 94–5, 154, 190, 252, 260, 323

For attack, ii 141–2

For assault, ii 35

For attack of Second Line, ii 33

For night march, i 298

For rear guard action, i 377

For retreat, i 349

To Ewell, i 307

To Ewell at Cross Keys, i 365

On dress, i 221, For flank attack, i 380

At Cedar Run, ii 92–5, 98

At Chancellorsville, ii 421–2, 432, 437, 441–2, 448–9, 491–2

General orders, i 302, 436, 443

To Federal gunners at Port Republic, i 370

For defence of position, ii 154, 190

For bombardment of Harper’s Ferry, ii 218–20

At Fredericksburg, ii 318, 323, 325

Verbal, ii 33

Incomplete, ii 88

Interpretation of, i 259–60, 281–2; ii 23

Miscarriage of, i 322; ii 34

Orders and instructions received by Feb. 1862, i 219–20, 259–60; April,

1862, i 280, 294, 411; May, 1862, i 345, 411; June, 1862, i 390–3; ii

13, 15, 23, 30, 46, 57; Sept. 1862, ii 212–3, 217, 226, 259; before

Chancellorsville, ii 415, 424

_Strategy:_

Activity, i 418; ii 189, 398, 479, 481–2

Breadth of view, i 282, 432; ii 213, 396, 406, 478, 485, 486

Calculation, i 201–2, 321, 353, 377, 415, 421; ii 105, 140, 141, 189,

391, 484–6

Compels enemy to blunder, i 272, 423

Concealment of movements and intentions, i 116, 290, 309, 313–6, 393–6,

398–402, 412, 420–1, 423, 439–40; ii 11, 85–7, 116, 125–6, 132, 135,

137, 139–42, 483

Concentration of superior force, i 423; ii 200

Counterstroke, i 365, 374; ii 182

Deals with enemy in detail, i 189–9, 361–2, 412–3, 419, 423; ii 79, 85,

199

Defensive, ii 199–201, 297

Estimate of time, i 174, 187, 237, 257, 259, 302, 334, 412; ii 19, 77,

114, 400, 407

Induces enemy to divide, i 386

Intelligence Department, i 118, 202, 327; ii 347, 483

Keeps enemy’s columns apart, ii 199, 200

Looks for annihilation of enemy, ii 482

Looks for opportunity, i 214; ii 481

Lures enemy into false position, i 267, 272; ii 79, 91, 106, 110, 199,

485

Mystifying the enemy, i 129, 228, 392–5; ii 119, 121–2, 327, 484–5

Never fights except on his own terms, ii 199, 490

Never gives the enemy time, i 175; ii 189, 231, 398

Never misses an opportunity, i 413; ii 487

No slave to rule, i 433

Objectives, i 189, 219, 247; ii 390–1, 485

Patience, ii 483, 490

Plays on enemy’s fears, ii 391, 485

Reaps fruits of victory, ii 470

Regards enemy’s difficulties, i 347, 351, 354, 415; ii 395

Regards moral aspect of war, i 342, 424; ii 342, 395, 483

Secrecy, i 115–6, 181, 183, 187, 197, 257, 286, 378, 439, 440; ii 89

Spreads false information, i 392, 395, 400

Stratagems, i 121–2, 270, 309, 389, 391; ii 83, 85, 106, 118, 199, 327,

490

Strikes at mental equilibrium of opponent, i 307; ii 395, 485

Strikes at vital point, i 342; ii 76, 416

Strikes where least expected, i 401

Surprise, ii 484, 491

Takes advantage of mistakes, i 270

Threatens enemy’s communications, i 187, 193, 271, 283, 325–6, 328; ii

Trades on knowledge of enemy’s character, i 49–50, 227–8, 276, 281; ii

220, 234, 396, 483–4

Vigilance, i 198, 358, 436

_Strategical Plans:_ i 174–5, 184–8, 193–4, 201–3, 214, 217, 251–2,

269, 271, 278, 280, 283, 286–7, 299, 301–2, 365; ii 77, 83–5, 99,

101–2, 105–6, 108–9, 135, 140, 143–4, 146, 149, 212–3, 227–32, 334,

336, 398, 413–4, 483, 485, 488

_Strategical Views:_

Advantages of North-west Virginia, i 164

Counteracting enemy’s superiority of numbers, i 189, 412; ii 76–7, 297

Criticism of Hooker’s plan in Chancellorsville campaign, ii 464

Defensive, the, i 413

Evils of civilian control, i 199–200, 203–10; ii 489

Importance of recruiting-grounds, i 164

Importance of Washington, i 219, 247, 405

Invasion, i 164, 174–6, 185; ii 77–8, 481, 485

Offensive, the, ii 490

Proper action for weaker belligerent, i 412, 420; ii 398

_Tactics:_

Advanced guards, i 426

Artillery, use of, ii 190

Attack, formation for, i 239, 296–7, 338–9, 368, 379–80, 431; ii 90,

94, 122, 421–2

Attack, night, i 133, 229, 335–7

Attack, vigour of, ii 31, 179, 458, 481, 486

Attacks where least expected, i 239, 251, 412, ii 483–4, 487

Caution, ii 96–7, 484, 486, 490

Cavalry, use of, i 178, 223, 237, 263, 309, 318–21, 392, 394, 422, 432;

ii 188, 483, 487

Combination of three arms, ii 487

Concealment of troops on defensive, i 146, 149, 151, 298; ii 172, 191,

315, 487, 491

Concentration of superior force, i 250, 340; ii 487

Counter-attack, i 149, 151–2, 239, 244, 365, 373–4; ii 94–6, 104,

154–9, 161–2, 175–6, 178–9, 252–3, 256, 259–61, 318, 321–3

Defensive, ii 230, 487, Defensive position, ii 152–4, 158, 304–5

Earthworks, i 307; ii 481

Flank attacks, i 239, 298, 338–9, 379–80, 431; ii 90, 94, 121, 421–3,

432, 472

Guides, i 136, 240; ii 97, 120, 126

Insight, i 218, 227, 320, 350, 353, 413, 431; ii 67, 70, 77, 131, 256,

445, 483, 491

Intercommunication, i 202; ii 485

Night marches, i 300; ii 127, 130, 136, 141, 190

Patience, ii 483, 490

Plans of attack, i 239, 296, 317–8, 328, 338, 365–7, 379; ii 32, 51–2,

61, 90–1, 103, 145, 220–2

Positions, i 140–1, 145–6, 151, 213, 228, 270, 274, 275, 353–4, 363–6;

ii 98, 139, 152–4, 244, 248, 304–5, 309–11

Pursuit, i 65, 153–5, 299, 330–3, 340–2, 427; ii 69, 70, 96–7, 330,

422, 438–9, 470, 481–6, 487

Reconnaissance, ii 51, 60–1, 92, 160, 183, 189, 315, 318

Reliance on the bayonet, i 146, 151, 229, 253; ii 35, 96, 175, 191

Retreat and rear guards, i 213–4, 218

Surprise, i 239, 250, 317, 412, 419, 424, 431; ii 483, 491

Vigilance, i 214, 360, 420; ii 419

Professor at Military Institute:

Duties as, i 58

Inculcates discipline at, i 64

Unpopular as, i 63

Want of success as, i 59

Promotion:

Second Lieutenant, i 29

First Lieutenant, i 29

Brevet-captain, i 46

Brevet-major, i 47

Colonel, i 114

Brigadier-general, i 130

Lieutenant-general, ii 280

Resigns his command, i 201

Resigns his commission, i 57–8

Staff officers, i 115, 180–1, 404, 425, 438

“Stonewall,” origin of the name, i 145

Strength of command:

First Brigade, July, 1861, i 153

Romney expedition, i 189

Army of Valley, February, 1861, i 219–20, 228; March, i 230–1; at

Kernstown, i 250, 263–3; April, i 267, 270, 271; at M’Dowell, i 297–8,

301; before Winchester, i 309–10; at Cross Keys, i 368; at Port

Republic, i 385; in Peninsula, ii 9; at Cedar Run, ii 85, 91, 95–6; at

Groveton, ii 146; at Second Manassas, ii 153–5, 168; at Sharpsburg, ii

235–6, 255, 275–6; at Harper’s Ferry, ii 235; Sept. 30, 1862, ii 275;

Second Army Corps, October, ii 281; at Fredericksburg, ii 310; at

Chancellorsville, ii 412–3

Sunday-school, i 61, 64

Travels, i 59, 70–1; ii 390

Usefulness of Mexican experiences, i 48–51, 410

Views:

On Secession, i 99

On slavery, i 89

On special correspondents, i 156, 258

On States’ rights, i 99

On war, i 103

Wounded, i 149, 160–1, 163; ii 450

Jena, battle of, i 59, 259; ii 332

Jenkins, General, C.S.A., ii 272, 414

“Jim,” i 300, 396, 442; ii 72

Johnson, General Bradley T., C.S.A., ii 26, 38, 142, 145, 147, 159,

280, 374

Johnson, General Edward, C.S.A., i 50, 206, 284, 286–8, 291, 295–8,

303, 309, 415; ii 393

Johnston, General A. S., C.S.A., i 304

Johnston, General Joseph E., C.S.A., i 50, 122, 125–6, 130, 132–3, 139,

140, 147, 153–4, 156, 157, 159–60, 164, 172, 175–6, 185, 187–9,

199–202, 204–7, 213, 217–9, 232–3, 235, 250, 258, 260, 264–5, 267,

271–2, 274, 278–82, 292, 294, 301, 307–8, 345, 388, 410–1; ii 4, 199,

373, 392, 479, 483, 489

Jomini, Baron, i 75, 407

Jones, Colonel W. E., C.S.A., ii 291

Jones, General D. R., C.S.A., ii 178, 180, 208, 242

Jones, General J. R., C.S.A., ii 208, 220–2, 244–8, 254, 255, 259, 271

Jones, Reverend W., D.D., i 359

Junkin, Miss, i 59

Junkin, Reverend Dr., i 59; ii 327

Kearney, General Philip, U.S.A., ii 122, 140, 156, 157–8, 161, 179,

184

Kelley, Colonel, C.S.A., i 383

Kelly, General, U.S.A., i 184, 190

Kemper, General, C.S.A., ii 178, 179, 272

Kenly, Colonel, U.S.A., i 316–9, 321, 323–6, 328, 342, 412

Kernstown, battle of, chapter viii, i 273, 276, 337, 405, 407; ii 32,

103, 175, 247, 302, 332, 341, 348, 370, 379, 483–5, 487

Kershaw, General, C.S.A., ii 271

Kimball, General N., U.S.A., i 238, 242–3, 251, 252

King, General, U.S.A., i 349, 355–6, 400; ii 79, 99, 140, 143–6, 150–1,

163, 190, 193, 195

Kirby Smith, General, C.S.A., i 135, 150–1

Knapsacks, i 222; ii 125

Königgrätz or Sadowa, battle of, i 422; ii 197

Kriegsakademie, i 410

Lander, General, U.S.A., i 201–2, 213, 227

Lane, General, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 309–10, 316–7, 366–7, 449, 456, 487

Law, General, C.S.A., ii 26, 35, 37–8, 272,

Lawley, Hon. F., special correspondent of the “Times,” ii 280, 390,

461, 477, 478

Lawrences, the, i 4

Lawton, General, C.S.A., i 391, 393, 408; ii 26, 32, 35, 40, 42, 90,

119, 145, 147, 153, 159, 161, 172–3, 177, 208, 220–2, 235, 242, 244–5,

247, 255, 259, 269, 271, 275, 287

Lee, General Fitzhugh, C.S.A., i 333; ii 7, 114, 116, 133, 207–8, 227,

241–2, 294, 331, 413, 418, 420–2, 430, 432–3, 435–6, 472, 491

Lee, General Robert Edward, C.S.A., i 13, 31, 36, 37, 58, 86, 88, 90,

125–6, 130, 131, 141, 173, 204, 207–8, 215, 225, 280–4, 295, 305–8,

352, 388–93, 397–8, 407–12, 419, 429, 431–3, 436; ii 1, 3–6, 8–19,

21–3, 25–6, 28, 29, 30, 35, 39, 41, 43–8, 54, 57–62, 65, 67, 69, 70,

72–4, 75, 77–81, 84, 88, 109, 111–7, 122–5, 128, 131–4, 135, 138, 139,

142, 150–1, 156, 162–3, 167–9, 176–8, 183, 185–90, 192–4, 196, 199,

200, 202, 205–13, 216–7, 220, 223–4, 226–8, 236, 239, 242–3, 250–1,

254, 258–9, 262–9, 273–4, 276–80, 289–93, 295–9, 300, 303, 305, 307–8,

312, 322, 324–5, 330, 332–4, 336, 341–5, 348, 353–4, 358–60, 364, 369,

370, 373–6, 382, 387, 390, 392–3, 398–9, 404–10, 413–9, 424–35, 437–9,

446, 455, 457–64, 468–70, 472–5, 477–80, 483–4, 486, 488–90

Lee, B. E., Esq., C.S.A., ii 473

Lee, General Stephen D., C.S.A., ii 168, 175, 208, 244, 246, 249, 252,

263–7, 272

Lee, General W. H. F., C.S.A., i 333; ii 120, 291, 331, 413, 438

Leigh, Captain, C.S.A., ii 451, 453

Leipsic, campaign and battle of, i 418; ii 192, 493

Letcher, Governor, i 205, 210

Leuthen, battle of, ii 470

Ligny, battle of, i 259; ii 59

Lincoln, Abraham, i 81, 86, 97–8, 101, 105, 120, 158, 171–2, 208, 215,

216, 226, 231, 233–5, 249–50, 252, 260, 265, 277, 279, 289, 293–4,

305–6, 314–5, 344, 349–50, 358, 386, 399, 401, 405–9, 411, 415; ii 5,

73, 75, 77, 80, 83, 210, 213, 273, 276, 289, 295–7, 302, 320, 334–5,

337, 341, 392, 408, 468, 485

Little Sorrel, i 198; ii 209, 256, 281, 311, 442, 450

Long, General, C.S.A., ii 54, 188, 327, 359, 360

Longstreet, General, C.S.A., i 50, 139, 265, 397; ii 9, 12, 14, 18, 24,

26, 28–31, 36, 42, 45, 47–9, 53–7, 59, 61–2, 65, 69–71, 100, 111, 137,

144, 150–3, 156–7, 162–3, 165–6, 168–70, 171, 173, 175–7, 179, 181,

183, 187–90, 193, 208, 210, 212–3, 217–8, 224–7, 230, 233, 236, 238,

241, 244, 249, 257–61, 276–7, 280, 286, 293, 298–301, 304, 308–9, 311,

313, 316, 320–2, 336, 341, 351, 404, 406–7, 414, 455, 469, 486

Loring, General, C.S.A., i 185, 187–9, 193–7, 199–201, 205, 211; ii

370, 489

Louis XIV, ii 283

McCall, General, U.S.A., i 349, 386; ii 10, 48

McClellan, General, U.S.A., i 50, 58, 155, 171, 174–5, 184, 187, 196,

202–3, 213, 215, 216, 218–20, 227, 231–2, 235–6, 247–50, 252, 259,

265–7, 269–72, 274, 277–80, 292–3, 304–6, 314, 344–5, 386–91, 393, 398,

400–1, 404–5, 407–9, 411, 413, 415, 420, 429; ii 2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14,

15, 18–9, 28, 30, 32, 39, 40, 43–8, 57, 60, 65–74, 75–7, 81, 83–4, 102,

109–11, 113, 116–7, 122–5, 135–6, 142, 145, 152, 167, 185, 187, 194,

198–9, 205, 210–3, 216–8, 224–7, 230–4, 236–7, 241, 243, 245–8, 250,

253–4, 256, 258, 260, 263, 267–8, 270, 273–5, 277–9, 289, 291–7, 299,

332–3, 341, 343, 371–2, 392, 413, 485

McDowell, battle of, chapter ix, i 263, 412, 424–5, 446; ii 484

McDowell, General, U.S.A., i 50, 131–3, 135–6, 138–9, 144, 147, 150,

152, 154–5, 158–9, 171, 248–50, 279–80, 289, 292–4, 304, 314–5, 325,

344–6, 349–53, 358, 364, 386–91, 395, 398–401, 404, 408, 412–3, 415,

420; ii 3, 5, 10, 60, 79, 84, 97, 99, 101, 103, 116

McGuire, Dr. Hunter, C.S.A., i 260, 369, 439; ii 30, 51, 55, 57–8, 69,

86, 123, 164, 193, 257, 324–5, 373, 391, 451, 453–4, 471

McLaws, General, C.S.A., ii 62, 111, 122, 169, 204, 208, 213, 216–21,

223–5, 233–4, 238, 243, 250, 250–6, 271, 329, 413, 421–2, 431–3, 446,

459, 462–3, 467

Magruder, General, C.S.A., i 32–3, 36–7, quoted 39, 42, quoted 47, 50,

278–9; ii 9, 11, 12, 14, 44–5, 47, 53, 55, 59, 61–3, 65

Mahan, Captain, U.S.N., quoted, ii 332

Mahone, General, C.S.A., i 411; ii 272

Malvern Hill, battle of, chapter xiv, ii 43, 75, 80, 201, 274, 330,

341, 483, 488

Manassas, first battle of, chapter vi, i 135, 173–4, 198, 209, 216,

255, 425; ii 274, 348, 483, 491

Manassas, second battle of, chapters xvi, ii 108 and xvii, 167, 187–8,

192, 202, 212, 228, 231, 253, 311, 341, 344, 370, 468, 487

Mansfield, General, C.S.A., ii 237, 241–3, 247–8, 250, 255, 261, 272

Maps, i 136, 183, 416–7, 440; ii 46, 59, 110, 431–2

Marches. (See under _Jackson_)

Marcus Aurelius, i 21

Marengo, battle of, i 255; ii 493

Marlborough, Duke of, i 75, 215

Marmont, Marshal, ii 187, 492

Mars-la-Tour, battle of, i 259

Mason and Dixon’s Line, i 82–4

Masséna, Marshal, ii 482, 491

Meade, General, U.S.A., ii 155, 181, 188, 244–5, 247, 275, 314–9, 321,

323, 328, 416

Meagher, General, U.S.A., ii 40, 43

Mechanicsville, Virginia, engagement at, chapter xii, 404; ii 486

Medicines, i 112; ii 205, 346, 405

Meigs, General, U.S.A., ii 337

Merrimac, the, i 278, 301

Metaurus, battle of, ii 196

Mexico, city of, i 26, 30, 35

Mexico, evacuation of, i 53

Mexico, occupation of city of, i 51–2

Mexico, Republic of, i 26

Mexico, surrender of city of, i 45

Mexico, valley of, i 30, 34

Middletown, engagement at, chapter x, 304, i 328–30

Miles, Colonel, U.S.A., ii 457

Military Academy,(See _West Point_)

Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia, i 55–8, 60, 63–4, 68, 71, 76,

98–100, 104

Militia, American, i 17, 56, 79, 101, 105

Milroy, General, U.S.A., i 269, 275, 284, 288, 291–2, 295, 297–8, 300,

315, 375, 412, 414–5, 431, 446; ii 155–6, 414

Molino del Rey, battle of, i 39, 45

Moltke, Field-Marshal Count, i 8, 25, 357, 430, 433; ii 11, 19, 58,

187, 197, 342, 347

Monitor, the, i 278

Monterey, battle of, i 27, 28

Moore, Captain, C.S.A., i 370

Moore, General Sir John, ii 363

Morell, General, U.S.A., ii 122, 174, 175

Morrison, Captain J. G., C.S.A., ii 422, 451

Morrison, Miss A. M., i 59

Moscow, i 109; ii 493

Mule battery, i 378

Munford, Colonel, C.S.A., i 310, 321, 391–3, 398, 421; ii 49, 55–6,

129, 181, 208, 224–5, 242, 294

Murat, Prince, i 259

Napier, General Sir Charles, i 4; quoted, ii 359

Napier, General Sir William, i 4; quoted, i 419, 423, 427; ii 345, 478

Napiers, the, i 4

Napoleon, i 22–3, 48, 57, 75, 78, 109, 110, 182, 186, 193, 197, 221,

232, 247, 250–1, 259, 336, 347, 357, 406, 409, 410, 413–4, 416, 417–9,

422–3, 433–4; ii 19, 109, 138, 170, 187, 196, 197, 199, 260, 338, 340,

343, 362, 370, 372, 391, 394–5, 426, 428, 429, 486, 491, 493, 495

Naval and military expeditions (see also _Transport by Sea_), i 28,

213, 233–6, 249–50, 252, 279

Navy, U.S., i 27, 106, 112, 124, 305

Nelson, i 75, 157, 197; ii 370, 371, 482

Newton, General, U.S.A., ii 316, 318, 328

Ney, Marshal, i 75–6; ii 191–2, 492

North Anna, battle of, ii 228

North Anna, position on, ii 301, 303, 305, 329–30, 332–3, 410, 488

Northern soldier, i 132, 137, 139, 152–3, 158–60; ii 75, 148, 180, 229,

244–5, 247, 274–5, 279, 331–2, 341–2, 344–8, 381

Officers, corps of, ii 348

Officers, U.S. Army, i 178–8, 25, 50, 104, 136; ii 480–1

“Old Dominion,” the, i 2, 98

O’Neal, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 441–3

Ord, General, U.S.A., i 344, 354, 355–6, 386

“Order, the lost,” ii 217, 238, 277–8

Orderlies, i 322; ii 150

Orders (see also under _Jackson_), ii 20, 24, 30, 33, 57, 63, 87–8,

94–5, 105, 113–4, 140, 144, 149, 189, 191, 217, 219, 359, 432

Organisation and recruiting, i 17–8, 33, 104–11, 115, 117–8, 120, 123,

136–8, 154–5, 158–9, 161, 169–70, 215, 225–6, 231, 248–9, 254, 273,

312, 322, 333, 405–6, 427–9; ii 30, 203–6, 231, 273, 275–6, 280, 289,

331, 348, 410, 412, 468

Ox Hill. (See _Chantilly_)

Palfrey, General, U.S.A., ii 229, 252, 261

Palo Alto, battle of, i 27, 28, 32

Patrick, General, U.S.A., ii 146, 246

Patterson, General, U.S.A., i 126, 128–9, 131–3, 135, 139, 227

Patton, Colonel, C.S.A., i 377, 384

Paxton, General, C.S.A., ii 465

Pelham, Major John, C.S.A., ii 147, 314, 316, 323

Pender, General, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 153, 158, 160, 271, 309, 318, 322,

452

Pendleton, Lieutenant Colonel A. S., C.S.A., i 369; ii 57, 403, 454–5,

471

Pendleton, Reverend Dr., General, C.S.A., i 123, 146; ii 208, 230, 251,

269, 276, 473

Peninsular campaign, 1862, ii 86, 109, 186, 200, 331, 348

Peninsular War, 1808–14, i 170, 221, 419; ii 200, 201, 492

Pickett, General, C.S.A., i 50; ii 329, 356, 405, 407, 425, 455

Pierce, General, U.S.A., i 33

Pillow, General, U.S.A., i 33, 36–7, 46

Pleasonton, General, U.S.A., ii 293, 418, 427, 435, 439, 446–7

Plevna, battle of, i 232; ii 174

Plunder, ii 352–4

Poague, Colonel, C.S.A., i 370

Pope, General, U.S.A., i 401; ii 78–85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 97–100, 102–3,

106–7, 109–11, 113–25, 127–9, 131–2, 134, 136–42, 145, 149–51, 157,

161–2, 165–6, 167–73, 176–7, 181–3, 185, 187–96, 199, 203, 205, 207,

210, 229, 235, 295–6, 300, 341, 343–5, 469, 479, 483–6, 488

Population of North and South, i 106–7

Port Republic, battle of, chapter xi, 357, i 365, 424, 425, 441; ii

247, 341, 484

Porter, General FitzJohn, U.S.A., i 51; ii 10, 12–3, 16, 19, 25, 27–9,

36, 38–9, 48, 61, 64, 66, 122, 140, 157, 162–3, 170, 171–3, 175–8, 180,

228, 243, 268–70, 272, 341, 344

Presbyterian Church, i 53, 59, 61

Prescott, W. F., the historian, i 26

Preston, Colonel, C.S.A., i 187

Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, General, ii 196

Prussia, i 75, 110; ii 196

Puritans, the, i 73, 83

Quatre-Bras, battle of, i 414; ii 59, 192, 468, 492

Raglan, Field-Marshal Lord, ii 355

Railroads in war, i 107–9, 120–1, 135, 150, 235, 266, 277, 286–7, 391,

393, 395; ii 10, 78–80, 101–2, 111, 121, 124, 129, 133, 140, 182, 192,

291, 297, 397, 404, 480

Ramseur, General, C.S.A., ii 441, 444

Ransom, General, C.S.A., ii 272, 329, 405

Rebel Yell, i 340; ii 482

Reconnaissance. (See _Tactics_)

Regimental life in 1851, i 57

Reno, General, U.S.A., i 50; ii 113, 116, 137, 140, 156–9, 161, 184

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, i 27, 32

Revolution, American, and War of Independence, i 6, 57, 91–2, 95–6,

106, 113, 221, 425; ii 340

Reynolds, General, U.S.A., ii 44, 122, 140, 143, 155–7, 162, 171, 173,

180, 195, 428, 465

Richardson, General, U.S.A., ii 53, 251, 257

Richepanse, General, ii 466

Ricketts, General, U.S.A., i 386, 401; ii 79, 84, 92, 140, 143, 150,

171, 173–4, 176, 179, 244, 247

Ripley, General, C.S.A., ii 271

Rivoli, battle of, i 429

Roads, American, i 108

Roads, Virginian, i 211, 232, 237, 426; ii 198, 203

Robertson, General, C.S.A., ii 116–7, 208, 224, 235

Rodes, General, C.S.A., ii 38, 271, 331, 412, 432, 437, 440–2, 444,

447–9, 455, 460

Romney, expedition to, chapter vii, 171

Ropes, John C., i 92; ii 101

Rosecrans, General, U.S.A., i 186, 189, 294

Rupert, Prince, i 83

Russia, i 79, 108, 109

Sadowa. (See _Königgräts_)

Salamanca, battle of, i 428; ii 187, 188, 426, 490, 491

Santa Anna, President of Mexico, i 27, 28–31, 39, 45

Sauroren, battle of, i 427

Savage’s Station, engagement at, ii 47

Saxton, General, U.S.A., i 345–6, 355–6, 372, 413, 425

Schenck, General, U.S.A., i 269, 295, 298, 375, 446; ii 155–6

Schurz, General, U.S.A., ii 155–6, 401

Scotland, i 3, 11, 93, 102; ii 332

Scott, Colonel, C.S.A., i 309, 337, 339, 385

Scott, General Winfleld, U.S.A., i 27–30, 36–9, 46–50, 52, 111, 132,

136, 171

Sea, command of. (See _Strategy_)

Sea power, i 112–3. (See _Sea, Command of_)

Sebastopol, i 422

Secession, i 78–9, 81–2, 86–7, 90–102

Sedan, campaign and battle of, i 427; ii 332

Seddon, Hon. Mr., ii 404, 406, 407

Sedgwick, General, U.S.A., i 235; ii 53, 251–3, 255–6, 408–10, 416,

418–9, 421, 425–8, 430, 434, 438, 458, 462–3

Semmes, General, U.S.A., ii 252, 271

Seven Days’ Battles, chapters xiii, xiv, ii 109, 201

Seven Pines, battle of, i 443; ii 3, 5

Seymour, General, U.S.A., ii 155

Sharpsburg, battle of, chapter xix, i 169; ii 288, 289, 335, 341, 356,

370, 380, 483

Sheridan, General, U.S.A., i 426, 428; ii 394, 479, 485, 487

Sherman, General, U.S.A., i 58, 144, ii 479, 485, 487, 489

Shields, General, U.S.A., i 38, 213, 230, 235–6, 238, 242–3, 248, 251,

259–60, 262, 263, 277, 279, 283, 290, 293–4, 298, 314–5, 344, 346,

349–56, 358–60, 363–5, 367–9, 371–2, 375–6, 378, 381, 384, 386, 391,

400, 424, 426, 429, 431; ii 19, 73, 75, 101, 199, 247, 341, 393, 484–5

Sickles, General, U.S.A., ii 318, 328, 401, 427, 434–5, 438–40, 446–7,

456, 486

Sigel, General, U.S.A., ii 79, 97–9, 101, 103, 116, 137, 140, 143, 149,

155–6, 173, 179, 195

Signalling, i 143, 363, 368; ii 87, 111, 137, 218, 279, 418–9, 425, 480

Skobeleff, General, i 197, 255; ii 174

Slave owners, i 79–81, 84–8, 90–1, 95, 124

Slavery, i 79–80, 82, 84–96, 98, 102

Slaves, i 61, 79, 81, 85–90

Slocum, General, U.S.A., ii 27, 39, 53–4, 254, 401, 416, 427

Smith, Captain (Reverend Dr.), C.S.A., ii 315, 327, 331, 352, 380,

451–3, 462

Smith, General G. W., C.S.A., i 388

Smith, General, U.S.A., i 174–6, 388

Smolensko, i 109

Soldier, American (see also _Northern_ and _Southern Soldier,_ and

_Volunteer_), i 106; ii 345–8, 382

Solferino, battle of, i 422

Southern soldier, i 104–5, 115, 117, 123, 161, 166, 174, 178, 193, 200,

254–5, 273, 299, 303, 333, 335, 394–5, 435–8; ii 126–7, 133, 204, 209,

229, 235–6, 263, 273, 279–85, 331, 344, 346–61, 363, 381, 386–7, 398–9,

440–1, 444–5, 469, 477, 480, 487, 497

South Mountain, battle of, chapter xix xix, ii 488

South, the, i 76, 79–81, 83–6, 90, 93–9, 100–2

Spicheren, battle of, i 259, 430

Spies, i 290, 421; ii 89

Spotsylvania, battle of, i 433; ii 201

Staff, i 105–6, 111, 115, 136, 153, 154, 165, 169, 179–83, 212, 215,

227, 229, 237, 388, 392, 421, 425, 430–1, 438, 440–1; ii 20–1, 26, 34,

41–2, 57, 59, 62, 68, 71, 89, 143, 150, 169, 178, 236, 252, 264, 269,

283, 327, 345, 364, 384, 386–7, 389–91, 423, 446, 486

Stafford, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 95–6, 97

Starke, General, C.S.A., ii 145, 153, 159, 177, 184–5, 244, 246, 271

States’ rights, i 79, 86, 92–4, 96, 98–102

Stanton, Hon. Mr., i 155, 208, 265, 275, 277, 281, 292, 294, 304,

314–6, 325–6, 344, 348, 351, 360, 386, 388–9, 400, 401, 406–7, 409,

447; ii 5, 83, 113, 299, 392, 404

Steinwehr, General von, U.S.A., ii 82, 155–6, 159, 401

Steuart, General, C.S.A., i 310, 328, 331–2, 334, 341–2, ; ii 370

Stevens, General, U.S.A., ii 179

Stoneman, General, U.S.A., ii 408–9, 417–8, 464, 468

“Stonewall Brigade,” i 162, 165–7, 178–9, 183, 194–5, 197, 209, 220,

241, 252–4, 262, 295, 299, 309, 334–5, 338, 340, 345, 347, 349, 351,

355, 383; ii 26, 35, 76, 93–5, 104, 145, 148, 173, 235–6, 271, 437,

465, 482

Stores, ii 30, 129, 131–2, 136

Straggling, i 138, 150, 152–3, 313, 428–9; ii 50, 180, 185, 204, 227,

235, 249, 262, 273, 275–7, 303, 358, 411, 432

Strategist, qualities of, i 48, 75–6, 409, 413–4

Strategy. (See also under _Jackson_)

Application of principles of, i 409, 415

Art of, i 25, 75–6, 406, 409, 432–3; ii 391

Factors of, i 75; ii 391, 393–4

Importance of, i 401, 406, 409; ii 338

Problems of, i 75; ii 391

Rules of, i 406, 409; ii 138, 430

Study of, i 227; ii 391, 394, 396

Training in, i 74–6, 409–10; ii 396

_Practice and Elements of:_

Action of weaker belligerent, i 154, 174–5, 418; ii 199

Activity, i 418–9

Audacity, ii 11

Base of operations, i 44, 109; ii 295

Civilian strategy, i 172–3, 206–8, 252, 406–8

Command of the sea, i 27, 112–3, 124, 213, 217; ii 31, 207, 406

Compelling the enemy to make mistakes, i 270

Concealment of movements, i 412, 421–3; ii 79, 80, 83, 126, 137–42, 190

Concentration of effort, i 173, 187–8, 418; ii 135, 207, 407, 416

Concentration of superior force at decisive point, i 418, 420, 423; ii

407–8, 423

Concentration on the battlefield, i 131, 390, 418, 420, 422–3; ii 10,

37, 90, 127, 187, 196, 277, 297

Converging columns, i 359, 372, 412, 419; ii 16–7, 19, 22, 46, 48,

58–9, 85, 139, 423

Counterstroke, i 173, 293; ii 200–1, 414, 469

Dealing with enemy in detail, i 189–90, 418; ii 84–5, 89, 102, 125,

199, 213, 298, 408–9, 416

Deceiving the enemy, i 282, 391–3

Defensive, the, i 172–3, 401, 418; ii 199, 200, 231, 332, 413

Demonstrations, ii 408–9

Detached force, duties of, i 75, 281; ii 406–7

Dispersion, i 131, 219, 231, 277, 314, 358, 418, 433; ii 79, 85,

149–51, 187, 195–7, 207, 212–3, 307, 404–5, 418

Dividing to unite, i 411, 423; ii 124, 138, 187, 192, 196–7, 295, 307,

416

Exterior and interior lines, i 293; ii 83–4, 113, 122, 124–5, 135, 151,

195, 213, 217, 226, 408–9

Finance as a factor, i 234

Forcing the enemy out of a strong or intrenched position, i 308–9, 391;

ii 10, 124, 183, 408–9, 417

Holding enemy fast, ii 142, 232, 408

Human factor, the, ii 297

Inducing enemy to divide, i 330, 386, 418; ii 392

Initiative, i 415, 418; ii 231, 305, 435

Invasion, i 107–10, 175, 185–6, 203, 305–6; ii 78, 199, 200, 202–4, 231

Knowledge of enemy’s character, i 50, 227, 276, 291, 325–6, 330, 376,

415; ii 4, 11, 28, 187, 188, 202, 220, 233, 243, 277

Lines of communication, i 34, 107–9, 112, 142, 164, 175, 188, 224, 272,

283, 389; ii 24, 30, 111, 114, 124, 132, 151, 199, 211–2, 305, 329,

404, 408, 413, 458

Lines of operation, i 27–8, 30; ii 393

Lines of supply, ii 79, 131, 295–7, 300, 408

Luring enemy into false position, i 267, 270, 272; ii 79, 83, 106, 110,

199, 307, 415

Moral factors, i 110, 155, 232, 270, 347, 351–2, 372, 415; ii 47, 201,

346–7, 349, 369–70, 395

Objectives, ii 391–4, 406

Obstacles, topographical, i 267–9, 365–7; ii 81–2, 87, 135, 196, 266–7

Offensive, i 418, 425; ii 102, 111, 123, 142, 231, 336, 413–4

Politics, i 206, 231, 234, 401; ii 289–90, 292

Prestige, ii 201

Pursuit, i 153–4, 420; ii 43, 45–6, 59, 77, 470

Recruiting-grounds, i 119, 164; ii 207

Retreat, i 213; ii 106, 125

Space, i 109

Stratagems, i 271, 391–4, 420–1

Strategical points, i 173, 199, 206, 233–4, 249–50, 408; ii 206, 392,

393

Surprise, i 398–9

Time, i 415; ii 19, 24, 231, 234, 307–8, 407

Topographical factors, i 75, 232, 416–7

Turning movements, i 35

Uncertainty, i 347, 350–2, 372, 384; ii 47, 193, 428

Vital points, i 219, 233–4, 408; ii 305, 406

Zone of manœuvre, ii 199

Strother, Colonel, U.S.A., i 325, 340

Stuart, General J. E. B., C.S.A., i 126–7, 129, 135, 146, 149, 165,

333; ii 6–9, 12, 14, 20–1, 31, 41, 44, 47, 55, 69, 72, 80, 98, 100,

114, 116, 118–21, 130, 133–4, 136, 141, 144–5, 147, 149, 152–3, 157,

165–6, 178, 181–5, 189, 193–4, 210, 213, 217, 224, 230, 235, 238,

241–2, 246, 249, 252, 255, 259–61, 264, 266–7, 270, 273, 282–3, 287,

291–2, 299, 308, 311, 322–3, 330–3, 336, 386–8, 398–9, 412, 414, 416,

418, 423, 427, 430, 454–5, 457–60, 473

Sturgis, General, U.S.A., ii 328

Summer, General, U.S.A., ii 170, 182, 186, 248, 250, 254, 256, 321

Sumter, Fort, i 100

Supply, i 30, 34, 44, 106–8, 111, 118, 138, 153–4, 173, 187, 203, 216,

265, 275, 288–9, 364; ii 30, 114, 125, 128, 131, 187, 204, 207, 209,

231, 333, 382, 405, 409, 412, 414, 417, 468

Supply by requisition, ii 81

Supply depôts and magazines, i 44, 107; ii 80, 125, 129, 199, 291, 408

Supply trains, ii 88, 90, 111, 140, 183, 231, 234, 297, 330

Suvoroff, Field-Marshal, i 197

Swinton, W. H., ii 101, 191, 411, 477–8

Sydnor, Captain J. W., C.S.A., ii 16

Sykes, General, U.S.A., ii 31–2, 53, 122, 174, 179, 180, 328, 421

Tactics. (See also under _Jackson_)

Advanced guards, i 240, 277, 317–8, 337, 364, 382; ii 60, 71, 90–1,

109, 119–20, 146, 184, 199, 202, 208, 269, 306–7, 421

Ambuscade, i 139, 226, 242, 259; ii 106

Ammunition columns, i 35, 374, 378, 426; ii 234, 330

Arms, i 105, 112, 140, 215, 220, 225, 292; ii 11, 205, 270, 346

Artillery, i 144, 146, 159, 220, 222, 225, 404; ii 28, 31–2, 36, 39,

51–3, 60–3, 66, 91–3, 95, 104, 148, 154–6, 172–3, 175–6, 179, 181, 190,

218–24, 230, 241, 245–7, 249–50, 253–5, 261, 264–6, 305–6, 310–1,

314–6, 320, 323–4, 330–1, 434, 446–7, 457, 459

Assault of second line, ii 36–8, 445

Attack, i 38, 138, 148, 160, 229, 239, 250, 296, 338–9, 347, 350,

370–1, 373–4, 380–3, 387, 420; ii 15, 56, 59, 62–3, 100, 114, 145, 147,

155, 158–60, 247, 250–3, 270, 277–9, 314–6, 320, 323, 340, 458

Attack, at dawn, i 345, 360, 379

Attack, night, ii 456

Attack, secondary, i 240, 339

Attack, signal for, ii 62, 441–2

Audacity, i 251

Cavalry and Mounted Riflemen, i 31, 36, 38, 49, 105, 127, 149, 161,

178, 215, 222–6, 237, 245–6, 264, 273, 290, 318–21, 329, 332–6, 339,

341–3, 360–3, 385, 394, 425; ii 5–6, 20, 36, 41, 70, 80, 82, 88, 90,

96, 105, 114, 117, 131, 133, 145, 149, 157, 179–81, 186, 188–9, 194,

208, 211, 223, 227, 230, 291, 301, 304, 323, 330–1, 412, 415, 418, 425,

428, 434, 436, 462–3, 468

Cavalry raids, ii 6–9, 48, 59, 120–2, 291–3, 336–7, 409, 418, 462–3,

468

Combination, i 311; ii 15–6, 29, 46, 62–3, 180, 187–8, 245, 278, 357,

362, 430, 457–8

Communication between columns, i 193, 195–6, 280–1, 440; ii 12, 20–3,

132, 134–5, 139, 154, 181

Concealment of force, ii 161, 168, 171–2, 187, 233, 240–1

Concentration of superior force, ii 357, 362

Counter-attack, i 37, 151, 239, 244–5, 255–6, 301, 374, 380; ii 32, 49,

66, 94–5, 104–5, 155–9, 161–2, 168, 176–7, 179, 187–8, 190–1, 200, 230,

241, 247–8, 250, 252–3, 256–61, 264, 267, 269–70, 305, 318–23, 325,

329–30, 332, 413, 427, 457–9, 463, 465

Counter-attack, time for, ii 168, 176–7, 252, 415, 429, 457, 465, 478

Counter-attack, unreadiness for, ii 15, 19, 65–6, 190

Defensive positions, i 145–6, 148, 160, 238–9, 267, 276, 296–7, 334,

345, 367–8, 372, 379; ii 10, 26–7, 52–3, 59–61, 72, 102, 123, 152–4,

200, 224–5, 239–41, 244, 248–9, 264–6, 304, 308–9, 330, 332, 341, 424,

427–8, 429–30, 439–40, 462–3

Defensive, the, i 106–7, 160; ii 14, 190–1, 199, 227–8, 332, 341,

425–7, 429

Demonstrations, i 243, 260, 329, 392; ii 53–4, 56, 119, 305, 408–9,

412, 433–4

Flank guards, i 329; ii 433, 435, 441

Formations for attack, ii 347–8, 440–1, 473–5

Front of defence, ii 104, 153–4, 310–1, 427

Hasty intrenchments, ii 347, 415–6, 420–1, 426, 429, 431, 439, 450,

457–8

Hour of marching, i 183; ii 87, 90, 116, 125, 182, 284

Initiative, ii 279, 342–3, 346, 362

Investment, ii 213, 216, 218–21

Marching to sound of cannon, ii 22–41, 58, 278

Mobility, ii 199

Musketry and marksmanship, i 136–7, 161–3, 220, 298, 373, 375, 404; ii

63–5, 339–40

Mutual support, ii 278–9

Offensive, the, i 136–7, 172; ii 229, 243, 340–1

Outposts, i 139, 161, 223, 265, 316–7, 368–9, 394, 396; ii 18, 203,

291, 347, 350–1, 362–3, 439–40, 442, 475

Panic, i 47, 153, 256, 340; ii 41, 356, 358, 449

Passage of rivers, ii 12, 44–6, 49, 116–8, 165–6, 230–1, 293, 304–8,

409, 415, 417

Patrolling, i 220–1, 223, 226, 394; ii 347, 357, 362

“Pivot of operation,” ii 14, 199

Preliminary arrangements for attack, ii 441

Pursuit, i 65, 153, 193, 251–2, 263, 299, 301–2, 318, 331–5, 340–3,

385, 420; ii 39–41, 59, 69, 106, 176, 182, 226, 293, 305, 330, 332,

422, 468, 470

Rapidity, i 311, 353, 419

Rear guards, i 239, 245, 332–4, 343, 360, 394; ii 59, 136, 268

Reconnaissance, i 116, 139, 223–4, 225; ii 104, 183–4, 186, 189, 234,

347, 423, 429, 439

Reconnaissance in force, i 128–9, 172, 297–8; ii 137–8, 163, 171, 184,

293, 433–4

Reserves, i 142, 299, 339; ii 38, 40, 64, 66, 103, 159, 161, 190, 250,

268, 310, 420, 440

Retreat, i 147, 213, 218, 239–40, 245, 256; ii 59, 60, 67, 69, 70, 106,

116, 170, 226–7, 230, 410

Skirmishing, i 221, 377; ii 160, 346, 357, 363

Slopes of positions, i 298; ii 240

Steadiness and precision of movement, ii 357, 359, 362

Surprise, i 239, 317, 348, 373; ii 12, 70–1, 113–4, 146, 430, 442

Turning movements, i 31, 160, 239, 251, 318, 418, 430; ii 99, 183, 185,

196, 200, 228

Wood fighting, i 329; ii 32–3, 93, 95–8, 148, 155–6, 159, 181–2, 184,

190, 195, 218–9, 227, 309–10, 316–7, 415–6, 423–4, 426–7, 442, 447–8,

466, 474–5

Talavera, battle of, ii 191, 228, 271

Taliaferro, Colonel A. G., C.S.A., ii 145, 244, 271

Taliaferro, General W. B., C.S.A., i 309, 339; ii 92–3, 95, 125, 131,

141–3, 145, 147, 149, 153, 304, 308, 310, 318, 320, 374

Tariff, i 83

Taylor, Colonel Frank, U.S.A., i 52, 55

Taylor, General R., C.S.A., i 309–11, 313–4, 327–8, 332–3, 336, 339–40,

352, 355, 375, 379–81, 383, 431, 434; ii 26, 69

Taylor, General, U.S.A., i 28–9, 48–9

Telegraph, i 108, 194, 202, 351; ii 7, 121, 291, 336–7, 419, 425, 428,

480

Tents, i 222; ii 203, 205

Theatres of war, i 107–8, 426

“Thinking bayonet,” the, ii 361–3

Thomas, General, C.S.A., ii 95, 153, 156, 158–9, 161, 271, 309, 434,

436

Thomas, General, U.S.A., ii 485, 487

Toombs, General, C.S.A., ii 272

Torres Vedras, i 221, 419; ii 330, 492

Toulouse, battle of, 1814, ii 197

Transport, i 30, 106, 108, 138, 154, 173, 190, 192, 213, 236, 266,

346–7; ii 31, 46

Transport of troops by sea, i 28, 233, 235, 250, 252, 278–9; ii 31, 73,

84, 109–11, 122, 194

Trimble, General, C.S.A., i 309–11, 328, 337–9, 341, 373–7, 384, 434;

ii 23–4, 26, 33, 38, 66, 91, 118, 145, 147–8, 153, 164, 184, 271, 414

Turenne, Marshal, i 108; ii 338

Twiggs, General, U.S.A., i 33

Tyler, General, U.S.A., i 142, 144, 150–1, 242–3, 251–2, 371, 379,

382–5, 431

Ulm, campaign of, i 418, 425; ii 197

Ulster, i 3, , 6, 93

Uniform. (See _Dress_)

Unionist feeling in the South, i 91, 95–6, 98, 102

Valley campaign, 1862, i 104, 110, 330–1, chapter xii 404; ii 19,

80–1, 186, 200, 204, 484–6

Valley of the Shenandoah, the, i 56, 119, 178, 267, 276, 317, 329,

366–7, 425

Valley of Virginia, the, i 56

Vera Cruz, siege of, i 27–9

Vimiera, battle of, ii 191

Vionville, battle of, ii 71

Vittoria, battle of, i 419; ii 196, 493

Volunteer officers, i 48, 104, 117, 254, 333; ii 203, 303, 348

Volunteers, American. (See also under _Northern_ and _Southern

Soldiers_), i 17–8, 33, 48–9; ii 109, 168, 354, 378

Walker, Colonel, C.S.A., ii 308–9, 317

Walker, General J. G., C.S.A., ii 123, 167, 204, 208, 213, 216, 218–21,

224, 233–4, 236, 238, 241–2, 250, 252–5, 257, 259, 272

Warren, General, U.S.A., ii 173, 177

Washington, General, President, U.S.A., i 6, 48, 75, 96, 101, 177, 224,

410; ii 343, 395, 494

Waterloo, battle of, i 208, 254, 418, 430; ii 59, 468, 491, 493

Weissembourg, battle of, 1870, ii 71

Wellington, i 4, 75, 146, 162, 170, 180, 208, 215, 221, 357, 414; ii

187, 191, 199, 201, 228, 330, 343, 347, 355, 371, 426, 468, 490–4

Western armies and campaigns, i 124, 213, 218, 224–5, 304; ii 15, 73–4,

206–7, 232, 330–1, 344, 397, 404

West Point, graduates of, i 104

West Point, Military Academy at, i 12–4, 16–9, 24

Wheeler, General, C.S.A., i 333

Whipple, General, U.S.A., ii 328, 434, 456

White, Dr. H. A., ii 18

White, General, U.S.A., ii 215, 223, 473

White Oak Swamp, engagement at, ii 49–57

White, Reverend Dr., i 155, 161, 164

Whiting, General, C.S.A., i 391, 393, 408, 439–40; ii 3, 18, 23, 24,

32, 34–5, 37–8, 42, 52, 61, 64–5, 79

Whittier, i 65

Wilbourn, Captain, C.S.A., ii 451

Wilcox, General, C.S.A., ii 178, 180–1, 272, 422, 462

Williams, General, U.S.A., i 235, 238, 248–9, 259–60, 263

Willis, Colonel, C.S.A., i 369

Winchester, battle of, chapter x 304, i 424, 427, 447; ii 202, 247, 341

Winder, General, C.S.A., i 295, 309, 345–6, 349, 351–2, 354, 380–5,

431; ii 18, 26, 32, 35, 40, 64, 90–3, 101, 287

Wolfe, General, i 4, 111; ii 494

Wolseley, Field-Marshal Lord, quoted, i 215, 413, 420; ii 280, 390, 489

Woodson, Captain, i 6

Wörth, battle of, i 256, 430; ii 239, 278

Worth, General, U.S.A., i 28, 33, 36

Wright, General, C.S.A., ii 52–4, 61, 63, 272, 422

Würmser, General, i 418