When the notorious Prince of Corleone died without much ceremony in a
small second-class hotel in Nice, and was buried with no ceremony at all
worth mentioning, at the expense of the hotel keeper, his titles and
what was left of his lands and other belongings went to his brother's
children, since his brother was dead also. The Corleone people were
never long-lived, nor had their alliances as a rule conduced to long
life in others, who had been their wives and husbands. Superstitious
persons said that there was upon the whole family the curse of a priest
whom they had caused to be shot as a spy in order to save themselves
during the wars of Napoleon in Italy. It was even said that they saw, or
thought they saw, this priest when they were about to die. But as
priests are plentiful in the south of Italy, it might very well be that
their vision was not a vision at all, but simply some quite harmless
living ecclesiastic who chanced to be passing at the time. It is true
that they were said to notice always a small red hole in his forehead
and another in his left cheek, but this also might have been only an
effect of imagination. Nevertheless they were unfortunate, as a race,
and several of them had come to violent or otherwise untimely ends
within the century.
The name, Corleone, was only a title, and the town from which it was
taken had long ago passed into other hands. The family name was Pagliuca
d'Oriani. As often happens in Italy, they went by whichever one of the
three names happened to be most familiar to the speaker who mentioned
them.
At the time of the Prince's death there were living his brother's widow
and four children, consisting of three sons and one daughter; and there
was another branch of the family, calling themselves Pagliuca di Bauso,
with whom this history is not at present concerned.
The widowed lady was known in Sicily as Donna Maria Carolina Pagliuca.
Her eldest son was Tebaldo, to whom came from his uncle the title,
Prince of Corleone; and his two brothers were named Francesco and
Ferdinando. Their sister, a girl seventeen years of age, was Vittoria,
and was the youngest.
In the ordinary course of events, being of the south, the three sons as
well as their father and mother would have each borne a distinctive
title. Corleone, however, had begun life by quarrelling with his younger
brother; and when the latter had died, and the property had been divided
according to the code introduced after the annexation of Naples and
Sicily, he had absolutely refused to allow his brother any title
whatsoever. He could not prevent the division of the lands, of which,
however, he had by far the larger share; but he could keep the titles,
with which the law of succession does not concern itself, and he did so
out of spite. Moreover, he injured and defrauded his brother by every
means in his power, which was at that time considerable; and the result
was that the said brother and his family became very poor indeed, and
retired to live in a somewhat barbarous region of Sicily, very much in
the manner of farmers and very little in the style of gentlefolks. He
died of the cholera when his eldest son, Tebaldo, was barely of age, and
Vittoria was a little girl at a convent in Palermo.
The three young men lived almost in the surroundings of Sicilian
peasants, but with the pride and more than the ordinary vanity of a race
of nobles. There might not have been much difference had their uncle
been generous to them, instead of at once transferring and continuing to
them his hatred of their father. But as they were placed, and with their
characters, the result was inevitable. They grew up to be at once idle
and vindictive, grasping and improvident, half cunning and half fierce,
physically brave and morally mean. The many faults and the few virtues
were not evenly distributed among them, it is true, for each had some
greater or less share of them all. Tebaldo was the most cunning,
Francesco the most licentious, Ferdinando was the boldest and the most
rash of them all,--perhaps the best, or, at all events, the least bad.
The house which remained to them, with a little land around it, was
known as Camaldoli to the peasants and the people of the neighbourhood,
though its original name had been Torre del Druso--the Tower of the
Druse, or of the fiend, as one chooses to interpret it. It was a
good-sized, rambling, half-fortified old monastery, looking down from a
gentle elevation in the high valley on one side, and having a deep gorge
at the back, through which a torrent tumbled along over dark stones
during three-quarters of the year. There was a sort of rampart above
this chasm, and at one end rose a square tower with ruined
crenellations, built of almost black tufo. It was evidently this tower
which had given the place its more ancient name, before the monks had
built their white plastered building against it and the rampart, with
the little church in the inner court. The village of Santa Vittoria was
about three-quarters of a mile distant, hidden by the spur of the hill,
and separated from Camaldoli by a barren stretch of burnt lava and
scoriæ, which had descended long ago from some lower crater of the
volcano.
Far above all, Etna's enormous cone rose against the dark blue eastern
sky like a monstrous, streaked sugar loaf. On each side of the great
burnt strip between Santa Vittoria and Camaldoli, the woods and fields
stretched north and south towards Messina and Catania, and westwards
beyond the valley rose a great range of mountains covered high with
forests of chestnut trees. No houses were visible from Camaldoli, nor
any shed nor hut which could have served for a human habitation, for it
was a wild and lonely country.
The three brothers lived with their mother at Camaldoli, and were served
in a rough fashion by three men and four women, almost all of whom were
expected to do almost anything, from stable work to cooking and waiting
at table. There was a sort of slovenly abundance of coarse food and
drink, but there was little else, and many a well-to-do peasant lived
better than the sister-in-law and the nephews of Prince Corleone. Donna
Maria Carolina scarcely ever left the house in winter or summer. She had
been married from a convent, a mere child, had enjoyed a brief taste of
luxury and something of happiness at the beginning of life, and had
spent the years of subsequent poverty between spasmodic attempts to make
gentlemen of her wild sons, bitter outbursts of regret for her marriage,
and an apathetic indifference such as only comes upon women of southern
races when placed in such hopeless situations as hers. She was a thin,
dark woman, with traces of beauty, dressed generally in shabby black,
but strangely fond of cheap and tasteless ornaments, which contrasted
horribly with her worn-out mourning. As her sons grew up they acquired
the habit of contradicting everything she said. Sometimes she argued her
point, whatever it might be, and generally in total ignorance of the
subject. Her arguments frequently ended in a passionate appeal to the
justice of Heaven, and the right feeling of the saints, though the
matter under discussion might not be more important than the planting of
a cabbage, or the dressing of a dish of greens. Or else, as sometimes
happened, she silently bent her brows, while her once handsome mouth
curled scornfully, and from her scarcely parted lips one word came in an
injured and dramatic tone.
'Villani!' she would exclaim.
The word may be translated 'boors,' and the three boys did not like it,
for it is an outrageous insult from a man to a man. But it is worth
noting that such rudeness to their mother did not go beyond flat
contradiction in argument, and when she called her sons boors, they bore
it in silence, and generally went away without a retort. There are no
Italians without some traces of manners and of that submission to
parents which belonged to the old patriarchal system of the Romans. It
must be remembered, too, so far as this and the rest of their behaviour
may be concerned, that although their father died when they were young,
he had lived long enough to give them something, though not much, in the
way of education, chiefly by the help of the parish priest of Santa
Vittoria, and to teach them the rudimentary outward manners of young
gentlemen. And these they were quite able to assume when they pleased.
He had succeeded in having them taught at least enough to pass the very
easy examination which entitles young men to serve but a year and a few
weeks in the army, instead of the regular term; and he had taken first
Tebaldo, then Tebaldo and Francesco, and then all three in successive
years to Messina and Palermo for a fortnight at a time, so that they
were not wholly ignorant of the world beyond Camaldoli, Santa Vittoria,
and the one or two larger towns which lay within a day's ride of their
remote abode.
It must not be forgotten, either, in order to understand how the
brothers were able afterwards to make a tolerably decent appearance in
Rome, that Italians have great powers of social adaptation; and,
secondly, that the line between the nobility and the people is very
clearly drawn in most parts of the country, especially in the matter of
manners and speech, so that what little the young men learned from their
father and mother belonged distinctively to their own class and to no
other. Even had they been outwardly less polished than they really knew
how to appear, their name alone would have admitted them to society,
though society might have treated them coolly after a nearer
acquaintance.
Vittoria, their sister, remained at the convent in Palermo after their
father's death. He, poor man, seeing that his house did not promise to
be a very fit place for a young girl, and especially not for one
delicately organised as his daughter seemed to be, had placed her with
the nuns while still a young child; and under the circumstances this was
by far the wisest thing he could do. The nuns were ladies, and the
convent was relatively rich. Possibly these facts had too much weight
with Pagliuca, or perhaps he honestly believed that he should be able to
pay regularly for Vittoria's education and living. Indeed, so long as he
lived he managed to send small sums of money from time to time, and even
after his death Donna Maria Carolina twice remitted a little money to
the nuns. But after that nothing more was sent for a long time.
Fortunately for herself, Vittoria was extremely unlike her turbulent
brothers and her disappointed mother, and by the time she was ten years
old she was the idol of the religious household in which she had been
placed. Even had she been very different, of low birth, and of bad
temper, the nuns would have kept her, and would have treated her as
kindly as they could, and would have done their best by her, though they
would very justly have required her to do something towards earning her
living under their roof when she grew older. But apart from the child's
rare charm and lovable disposition, being of an old and noble name, they
would have considered her unfit for menial work, though cast adrift and
helpless, and they would have thought her quite as worthy of their
sympathy as though she had belonged to the family of one among
themselves. All this, however, was quite forgotten in their almost
exaggerated affection for the child. They showed their love for her as
only such women could; for though there were a dozen other daughters of
nobles under their care, of ranging ages, the nuns let no one know that
Vittoria was brought up by their charity after her father's death. They
gave her all she needed of the best, and they even gave her little
presents which she might think had been sent from home. They told her
that 'her mother desired her to have' a Book of Hours, or a
writing-case, or a silk handkerchief, or any such trifles. Her mother,
poor lady, doubtless did desire it, though she never said so. It was a
pious and a gentle fraud, and it prevented the other girls from looking
down upon her as a charity scholar, as one or two of them might have
done. In dress there was no difference, of course, for they all dressed
alike, and Vittoria supposed that her parents paid for her things.
She was a very lovely girl as she grew up, and exquisite in all ways,
and gentle as she was exquisite. She was not dark as her brothers were,
nor as her mother. It is commonly said that all the region about Palermo
is Saracen, but that the ancient Greek blood survives from Messina to
Catania; and the girl certainly seemed to be of a type that differed
from that of her family, which had originally come from the other side
of the island. Vittoria had soft brown hair and clear brown eyes of
precisely the same colour as the delicate, arched eyebrows above them, a
matching which always helps the harmony of any face. There was a
luminous clearness, too, in the skin, which both held and gave back the
light like the sheen of fine satin in shadow. There was about all her
face the dream-like softness of well-defined outline which one
occasionally sees in the best cut gems of the Greeks, when the precious
stone itself has a golden tinge. The features were not faultless by any
standard of beauty which we call perfect, but one would not have changed
the faults that were there to suit rule and canon. Such as they were,
they will appear more clearly hereafter. It is enough to say now that
Vittoria d'Oriani had grace and charm and gentleness, and, withal, a
share of beauty by no means small. And she was well educated and well
cared for, as has been seen, and was brought up very differently from
her brothers.
The existence of the Pagliuca at Camaldoli was not only tolerably wild
and rough, as has been seen; it was, in a measure, equivocal; and it may
be doubted whether all the doings of the three brothers, as they grew
up, could have borne the scrutiny of the law. Sicily is not like other
countries in this respect, and, at the risk of wearying the reader, it
is better that something should be said at the outset concerning
outlawry and brigandage, in order that what follows may be more clearly
understood.
Brigandage in Sicily has a sort of intermittent permanence which
foreigners cannot easily explain. The mere question which is so often
asked--whether it cannot be stamped out of existence--shows a total
ignorance of its nature. You may knock off a lizard's tail in winter
with a switch, as most people know, but you cannot prevent the tail from
growing again in the spring and summer unless you kill the lizard
outright.
Brigandage is not a profession, as most people suppose. A man does not
choose it as a career. It is the occasional but inevitable result of the
national character under certain conditions which are sure to renew
themselves from time to time. No one can change national character. The
success of brigandage, whenever it manifests itself, depends primarily
upon the almost inaccessible nature of some parts of the island, and,
secondly, upon the helplessness of the peasants to defend themselves in
remote places. It is manifestly impossible to arm a whole population,
especially with weapons fit to cope with the first-rate repeating rifles
and army revolvers which brigands almost invariably carry. It is equally
impossible to picket troops all over the country, at distances not
exceeding half a mile from station to station, in every direction, like
cabbages in a field. No army would suffice. Therefore when a band is
known to have formed, a large force is sent temporarily to the
neighbourhood to hunt it down; and this is all that any government could
do. The 'band,' as it is always called, may be very small. One man has
terrorised a large district before now, and the famous Leone, when at
last surrounded, slew nearly a score of men before he himself was
killed, though he was quite alone.
Almost every band begins with a single individual, and he, as a rule,
has turned outlaw to escape the consequences of a murder done in hot
blood, and is, in all probability, a man of respectable birth and some
property. It is part of the national character to proceed instantly to
bloodshed in case of a quarrel, and quarrels are, unfortunately, common
enough. The peasants break one another's heads and bones with their hoes
and spades, and occasionally stab each other with inefficient knives,
but rarely kill, because the carabineers are constantly making search
for weapons, even in the labourers' pockets, and confiscate them without
question when found. But the man of some property rarely goes abroad
without a shot-gun, or a revolver, or both, and generally knows how to
use them. He may go through life without a serious quarrel, but should
he find himself involved in one, he usually kills his man at once, or is
killed. If there are witnesses present to prove beyond doubt that he has
killed in self-defence, he may give himself up to the nearest station of
carabineers, and he is sure of acquittal. Otherwise, if he can get away,
his only course is to escape to the woods without delay. This seems to
be the simple explanation of the fact that such a large proportion of
brigands are by no means of the lowest class, but have often been
farmers and men of property, who can not only afford good weapons, but
are able to get licenses to carry them. Brigands are certainly not, as a
rule, from the so-called criminal classes, as foreigners suppose, though
when a band becomes very large, a few common criminals may be found in
the whole number; but the brigands despise and distrust them.
These things also account for the still more notable fact that the
important bands have always had friends among the well-to-do landed
proprietors. Indeed, they have not only friends, but often near
relations, who will make great sacrifices and run considerable risks to
save them from the law. And when any considerable number of brigands are
caught, they have generally been betrayed into an ambush by these
friends or relations. Sometimes they are massacred by them for the sake
of a large reward. But to the honour of the Sicilian character, it must
be said that such cases are rare, though a very notable one occurred in
the year 1894, when a rich man and his two sons deliberately drugged six
brigands at a sort of feast of friendship, and shot them all in their
sleep, a massacre which, however, has by no means ended the existence of
that particular band.
As for the practices of the bandits, they have three main objects in
view: namely, personal safety, provisions wherewith to support life, and
then, if possible, money in large sums, which, when obtained, may afford
them the means of leaving the country secretly and for ever. With regard
to the first of these ends, they are mostly young men, or men still in
the prime of strength, good walkers, good riders, good shots, and not
rendered conspicuous marks at a distance by a uniform. As for their
provisions, when their friends do not supply them, they take what they
need wherever they find it, chiefly by intimidating the peasants. In the
third matter they have large views. An ordinary person is usually quite
safe from them, especially if armed, for they will not risk their lives
for anything so mean as highway robbery. It is their object to get
possession of the persons of the richest nobles and gentlemen, from whom
they can extort a really large ransom. And if they once catch such a
personage they generally get the money, for the practice of sending an
ear or a piece of nose as a reminder to relations is not extinct. Few
Sicilian gentlemen who have lands in the interior dare visit their
estates without a military escort when a 'band' is known to be in
existence, as happens to be the case at the present time of writing.
It chanced that such a band was gathered together, though not a large
one, within a few years of Pagliuca's death, and was leading a
precarious and nomadic life for a time not far from Santa Vittoria. It
was said that the Pagliuca men were on good terms with these brigands,
though of course their mother knew nothing about it. In the
neighbourhood no one thought much the worse of the brothers for this.
When brigands were about every man had to do the best he could for
himself. The Corleone, as many of the peasants called them, were well
armed it is true, but they were few, and could not have resisted any
depredations of the brigands by force. On the other hand, they had the
reputation of being brave and very reckless young men, and even against
odds might send a bullet through anyone who tried to carry off a couple
of their sheep, or one of their mules. They knew the country well, too,
and might be valuable allies to the carabineers, which meant that they
could be useful friends to the outlaws if they chose. Everyone knew that
they were poor, and that it would not be worth while to take one of them
in the hope of a ransom, and no one was surprised when it was hinted
that they sold provisions to the brigands for cash when they could get
it, and for credit when the brigands had no money, a credit which was
perfectly good until the outlaws should be taken.
There was very little direct proof of this alliance, and the Pagliuca
denied it in terms which did not invite further questioning. To make a
brilliant show of their perfect innocence, they led a dozen carabineers
about for two days through a labyrinth of forest paths and hill passes,
and brought them three times in forty-eight hours to places where a fire
was still smouldering, and remains of half-cooked meat were scattered
about, as though the brigands had fled suddenly at an alarm. It was very
well done, and they received the officer's thanks for their efforts,
with sincere expressions of regret that they should have been
unsuccessful. In one of the camps they even found the skin of a sheep
which they identified as one of their own, with many loud-spoken curses,
by the brand on the back. It was all very well done, and the result of
it was that the carabineers often applied for news of the brigands at
Camaldoli, a proceeding which of course kept the d'Oriani well informed
as to the whereabouts of the carabineers themselves.
It was certainly as well in the end that Vittoria should have stayed at
the convent in Palermo during those years, until the death of the old
Corleone suddenly changed the existence of her mother and brothers.
He died, as has been said, without much ceremony in a small hotel at
Nice. He died childless and intestate, as well as ruined, so far as he
knew at the time of his death. The news reached Camaldoli in the shape
of a demand for money in payment of one of his just debts, from a
money-lender in Palermo who was aware of the existence of the three
Pagliuca brothers, and knew that they were the Prince's heirs-at-law.
It took a whole year to unravel the ruin of the dead man's estate. What
he had not sold was mortgaged, and the mortgages had changed hands
repeatedly during the tremendous financial crisis which began in 1888.
There were debts of all kinds, just and unjust, and creditors by the
hundred. The steward of the principal estate absconded with such cash as
he happened to have in hand as soon as he heard of Corleone's death. An
obscure individual shot himself because the steward owed him money, and
this also was talked of in the newspapers, and a good deal of printed
abuse was heaped upon the dead rake. But one day Ferdinando Pagliuca
entered the office of one of the papers in Palermo, struck the editor in
the face, forced him into a duel, and ran him through the lungs the next
morning. The editor ultimately recovered, but the Pagliuca had asserted
themselves, and there was no more scurrilous talk in the press about
poor dead Corleone.
Things turned out to be not quite so bad as he had imagined. Here and
there a little property had escaped, perhaps because he hardly knew of
its existence. There was a small house in Rome, in the new quarter,
which he had bought for a young person in whom he had been temporarily
interested, and which, by some miracle, was not mortgaged. The mortgages
on some of the principal estates in Sicily had found their way to the
capacious desk of the Marchese di San Giacinto, whose name was Giovanni
Saracinesca, and who represented a branch of that family. San Giacinto
was enormously rich, and was a singular combination of old blood and
modern instincts; a man of honour, but of terrible will and a good
enemy; a man of very large views and of many great projects, some of
which were already successfully carried out, some in course of
execution, some as yet only planned. In the great crisis, he had neither
lost much nor profited immediately by the disasters of others. No one
called him grasping, and yet everything worth having that came within
his long reach came sooner or later into his possession. When land and
houses lost value, and everything in the way of business was dull and
dead, San Giacinto was steadily buying. When all had been excitement and
mad speculation, he had quietly saved his money and waited. And in the
course of his investments he had picked up the best of the Corleone
mortgages, without troubling himself much as to whether the interest
were very regularly paid or not. Before long he knew very well that it
would not be paid at all, and that the lands would fall to him when
Corleone should have completely ruined himself.
The Pagliuca family moved to Rome before the settlement of the
inheritance was finished, and Vittoria was at last taken from the
convent and accompanied her mother. Ferdinando alone remained at
Camaldoli. The family established themselves in an apartment in the new
quarter, and began to live well, if not extravagantly, on what was still
a very uncertain income. Tebaldo, who managed all the business himself,
succeeded in selling the house in Rome advantageously. Through San
Giacinto he made acquaintance with a few Romans, who treated him
courteously and regarded him with curiosity as the nephew of the
notorious Prince Corleone. As for the title, San Giacinto advised him
not to assume it at once, as it would not be of any especial advantage
to him.
San Giacinto was on excellent terms with all his Saracinesca relations,
and very naturally spoke to them about the d'Oriani. In his heart he did
not like and did not trust Tebaldo, and thought his brother Francesco
little better; but, in spite of this, he could not help feeling a sort
of pity for the two young men, whose story reminded him of his own
romantic beginnings. San Giacinto was a giant in strength and stature,
and it is undoubtedly true that in all giants a tendency to good-nature
and kindliness will sooner or later assert itself. He was advancing in
years now, and the initial hardness of his rough nature had been
tempered by years of success and of almost phenomenal domestic felicity.
He was strong still in body and mind, and not easily deceived; but he
had grown kind. He pitied the Pagliuca tribe, and took his wife to see
Donna Maria Carolina. He persuaded the Princess of Sant' Ilario to
receive her and make acquaintance, and the Marchesa di San Giacinto
brought her to the palace one afternoon with Vittoria.
Corona thought the mother pretentious, and guessed that she was at once
bad-tempered and foolish; but she saw at a glance that the young girl
was of a very different type, and a few kindly questions, while Donna
Maria Carolina talked with the Marchesa, explained to Corona the
mystery. Vittoria had never been at home, even for a visit, during the
ten years which had elapsed since she had been placed at the convent,
and her mother was almost a stranger to her. She was not exactly timid,
as Corona could see, but her young grace was delicately nurtured, and
shrank and froze in the presence of her mother's coarse-grained
self-assertion.
'Shall we marry her in Rome, do you think, Princess?' asked Donna Maria
Carolina, nodding her head indicatively towards her daughter, while her
eyes looked at Corona, and she smiled with much significance.
Vittoria's soft brown eyes grew suddenly bright and hard, and the blood
sprang up in her face as though she had been struck, and her small hands
tightened quietly on her parasol; but she said nothing, and looked down.
'I hope that your daughter may marry very happily,' said Corona, with a
kind intonation, for she saw the girl's embarrassment and understood it.
The Marchesa di San Giacinto laughed quite frankly. Her laughter was
good-humoured, not noisy, and distinctly aristocratic, it is true; but
Vittoria resented it, because she knew that it was elicited by her
mother's remark, which had been in bad taste. Corona saw this also.
'You always laugh at the mention of marriage, Flavia,' said the
Princess, 'and yet you are the most happily married woman I know.'
'Oh, that is true!' answered the Marchesa. 'My giant is good to me, even
now that my hair is gray.'
It was true that there were many silver threads in the thick and waving
hair that grew low over her forehead, but her face had lost none of its
freshness, and her eyes had all their old vivacity. She was of the type
of women who generally live to a great age.
Donna Maria Carolina rose to go. In saying good-bye, Corona took
Vittoria's hand.
'I am sorry that it is so late in the season, my dear,' she said. 'You
will have little to amuse you until next year. But you must come to
dinner with your mother. Will you come, and bring her?' she asked,
turning to Donna Maria Carolina.
The Marchesa di San Giacinto stared in well-bred surprise, for Corona
was not in the habit of asking people to dinner at first sight. Of
course her invitation was accepted.