THE VERMONT PEOPLE.
In the years of peace that have passed since the great national
conflict, many changes have taken place in the commonwealth. The
speculative spirit which arose from the inflation of values during that
period in some degree affected almost every one, and still survives,
when all values but that of labor have sunk to nearly their former
level. Too great a proportion of the people sought to gain their living
by their wits as speculators,--go-betweens of the producer and consumer,
agents of every real or sham business and enterprise, largely increasing
the useless class who really do nothing, produce nothing, and add
nothing to the wealth of a State. This class is largely drawn from the
greatly predominant agricultural population.
Farmers, who in the years before the war could only bring the year
around by the strictest economy, suddenly became rich men, as farmers
count wealth, by the doubled or trebled value of their land, and the
same increase of price of all its products, and fell into ways of
extravagance that left them poorer than before, when prices went down,
and withal more discontented with their lot. Men bought land at the
prevailing extravagant prices, and a few years later found themselves
stranded, by the subsiding tidal wave, on the barren shores of hopeless
debt, and many such became ready recruits for the insane army of
Greenbackers.
The extravagance of their employers infected the wage-earners, and led
them to the same silly emulation of display beyond their means, rather
than to the founding of comfortable homes,--the ambition for something
not quite attainable, which brings inevitable unrest and discontent.
Sheep husbandry, the old and fostered industry of the State, with which
it was so long identified, deserves more than a passing mention. As has
been said in a former chapter, early in the century Vermont flocks were
greatly improved by the introduction of the Spanish merinos. During 1809
and 1810, William Jarvis, our consul at Lisbon, obtained about 4,000
merinos from the confiscated flocks of the Spanish nobles, and imported
them to this country. The flocks of pure blood bred on Mr. Jarvis's
beautiful estate at Weathersfield "Bow," lying on the western bank of
the Connecticut, and half inclosed by the river, were not excelled by
any in this country. From the Jarvis importation, and from a small flock
of the Infantado family imported about the same time by Colonel
Humphreys, our minister to Spain, the most valued merinos are descended.
From various causes the value of sheep and wool has exhibited remarkable
fluctuations. During the years 1809 and 1810, half-blood merino wool
sold for seventy-five cents a pound, and full blood for two dollars, and
during the war with England rose to the enormous price of two dollars
and a half a pound; full-blood rams sold for sums as great as the price
of thoroughbred stallions, even ram lambs bringing a thousand dollars
each: but such a sudden downfall followed the peace that, before the end
of 1815, full-blooded sheep sold for one dollar each.
During the next ten years the price of wool continued so low that nearly
all the flocks of merinos were broken up, or deteriorated through
careless breeding. At that time an increase in the duties on fine wool
revived the prostrate industry, but unhappily led to the general
introduction of the Saxon merinos, a strain bearing finer but lighter
fleeces, and far less hardy than their Spanish cousins. The cross of the
puny Saxon with these worked serious injury to the flocks, but was
continued for twenty years, and then abandoned so completely that all
traces of the breed have disappeared. The Spanish sheep again became the
favorites, or rather their American descendants, for these, through
careful breeding by a few far-sighted shepherds, now surpassed in size,
form, and weight of fleece their long neglected European contemporaries,
if not their progenitors from whom in their best days the importations
had been drawn.
Sheep-husbandry became the leading industry of Vermont, so generally
entered upon that even the dairyman's acres were shared by some number
of sheep, till every hillside pasture and broad level of the great
valleys, rank with clover and herdsgrass, was cropped by its half
hundred or hundreds of these unconscious inheritors of mixed or
unadulterated blue blood of the royal Spanish flocks.
Along all thoroughfares, from the Massachusetts border to the Canadian
frontier, the traveler, as he journeyed by stage or in his own
conveyance, saw flocks dotting the close-cropped pastures with white or
umber flecks, or huddled in the comfort of the barnyard, and the
quavering bleat of the sheep was continually in his ears; nor was the
familiar sound left quite behind as he journeyed along the lonely
woodland roads, for even there he was like to hear it, and, chiming with
the thrush's song, the intermittent jangle of the tell-tale bell that
marked the whereabouts of the midwood settler's half-wild flock.
The "merino fever" again raged, and fabulous prices were paid for
full-bloods, while unscrupulous jockeys "stubble sheared" and umbered
sheep of doubtful pedigree into a simulation of desired qualities that
fooled many an unsuspecting purchaser. Breeders and growers went to the
opposite extreme from that which had been reached during the Saxon
craze, and now sacrificed everything to weight of fleece, and Vermont
wool fell into ill-repute. Prices went down again, and again the
descendants of the Paulars and Infantados went to the shambles at prices
as low as were paid for plebeian natives.
The wool-growing industry of the East now began to find a most
formidable rival in the West, the Southwest, and Australia, in whose
milder climates and boundless ranges flocks can be kept at a cost far
below that entailed by the long and rigorous winters of New England, and
in numbers that her narrow pastures would scarcely hold. At the same
time lighter duties increased the importation of foreign wools, so there
was nothing apparently for Vermont shepherds to do but to give up the
unequal contest, and most of them cast away their crooks and turned
dairymen.
But gifted with a wise foresight, a few owners of fine flocks kept and
bred them as carefully as ever, through all discouragements, and in time
reaped their reward, for it presently became evident that the flocks of
milder climates soon deteriorate, and frequent infusions of Eastern
blood are necessary to obtain the desired weight of fleece, so that
sheep-breeding is still a prosperous industry, though, as has been
stated, wool-growing has become insignificant.
Dairy products have largely increased, so that now they are far more
important than wool among the exports, and almost everywhere the broad
foot of the Jersey, the Ayrshire, the Shorthorn, and the Holstein has
usurped the place of the "golden hoof."
The butter and cheese of the State were in good repute even in the
primitive days of the earthen milkpan, the slow and wearisome
dash-churn, and the cheese-press that was only a rough bench and lever,
as rude in construction as the plumping-mill, and when a summer store of
ice was a luxury that the farmer never dreamed of possessing. The
simplest utensils and means were in vogue, and modern devices and
improved methods were unknown. The good, bad, and indifferent butter of
a whole township went as barter to the village store, where with little
assorting it was packed in large firkins, and by and by went its slow
way to the city markets, in winter in sleighs, in the open seasons on
lumbering wagons or creeping boats, with cargoes of cheese, pork,
apples, dried and in cider sauce, maple sugar, potash, and all yields of
farm and forest. Even after such long journeying, the mixed product of
many dairies retained some flavor of the hills that commended it to the
palates of city folk, and was in favor with them.
Cheeses were not packed, as now, each in its own neat box, but four or
five together in a cask made especially for the purpose, whose
manufacture kept the cooper busy many days in the year. His wayside
shop, with its resonant clangor of driven hoops and heaps of fresh
shavings piled about it, distilling the wholesome odor of fresh wood,
was a frequent wayside landmark, now not often seen. Cheese was the
chief product of the dairy, and was always home-made, while now it is
almost entirely made in factories, to which the milk of neighboring
dairies is brought, but by far the larger part of the milk goes to
creameries for the making of butter.
As the carding, spinning, and cloth-making went from the household in
the day of a former generation, and the title of "spinster" became only
the designation of unmarried women, so the final labor of the dairy is
being withdrawn from the farm to the creamery and cheese factory, to
make an even product, better than the worst, if never so good as the
best, of that of the old system, and the buxom dairymaid will exist for
coming generations only in song and story.
The enormous mineral wealth of the State lay for years hidden or
unheeded, copper and copperas in the hills of Vershire and Strafford,
granite in the bald peaks of Barre, slate in long lines of shelving
ledges here and there, and marble cropping out in blotches of dull white
among the mulleins and scrubby evergreens of barren sheep pastures. Some
of these resources developed slowly to their present importance, others
have flourished and languished and flourished again, and others sprang
from respectable existence into sudden importance.
Copper ore was discovered in Orange County about 1820,[117] and was
afterwards mined and smelted in Vershire, in a small way, by a company
formed of residents of the neighborhood and styled the "Farmers'
Company." In 1853 the mine was purchased by residents of New York, who
were granted a charter under the title of "Vermont Copper Mining
Company," and they began more extensive operations under the direction
of a skilled Cornish miner. In the years which have elapsed since then,
the work has at times been actively carried on with excellent results,
and fifty tons or more of superior copper produced each month; at times
it has languished, till the populous mining village was almost deserted,
and neighboring hill and vale, scathed by the sulphurous breath of
roast-bed and furnace, became more desolate than when the primeval
forest clothed them; again it has seasons of prosperity, when the
Vershire vale is as populous with Pols, Tres, and Pens as a Cornish
mining town.[118] Granite, upheaved from the core of the world, is found
in immense masses in the central portions of the State. At Barre there
are mountains of it; though there so overtopped by the lofty peaks of
Mansfield and "Tah-be-de-wadso," they bear such humble names as Cobble
Hill and Millstone Hill. The pioneer hunters who trapped beaver and
otter in the wild streams,[119] and the settlers who here first brought
sun and soil face to face, little dreamed that greater wealth than
fertile acres bear was held in these barren hills. Yet something of it
became known more than half a century ago, and the second State House
was built of this Barre granite, hauled by teams nine miles over the
hilly roads. For many years the working of the quarries increased only
gradually, but within comparatively a few years it has become an immense
business. The hills are noisy with the constant click of hammer and
drill, the clang of machinery, and the sullen roar of blasts, and the
quiet village has suddenly grown to be a busy town, with two railroads
to bear away the crude or skillfully worked products of the quarries. In
a single year a thousand Scotch families came to this place, bringing
strong hands skilled in the working of Old World quarries to delve in
those of the New, and a savor of the Scotch highlands to the highlands
of the New World.
Slate of excellent quality exists in Vermont in three extensive ranges,
one in the eastern part of the State, another in the central, and
another in the western. Each is quarried to some extent at several
points, but the last named most extensively in Rutland County. Slabs
taken from the weathered surface rock were long ago used for tombstones,
and may be seen among the sumacs and goldenrods of many an old
graveyard, still commemorating the spiritual and physical excellences of
the pioneers who sleep beneath them. No quarries were opened until 1845,
nor was much progress made for five years thereafter, when an
immigration of intelligent Welshmen brought skilled hands to develop the
new industry, and made St. David a popular saint in the shadow of the
Taconic hills.
The existence of marble in Vermont was known long ago. On the Isle La
Motte, a quarry of black marble was worked before the Revolution; and
early in the present century, quarries were opened in West Rutland, and
worked in rude and primitive fashion, the slabs so obtained being mostly
used for headstones. A quarry was opened in Middlebury, and it is
claimed that the device of sawing marble with sand and a toothless strip
of iron was invented by a boy of that town, named Isaac Markham, though
in fact it was known to the ancients and used by them centuries ago. But
little more than fifty years ago, the site of the great quarries of West
Rutland was a barren sheep-pasture, shaggy with stunted evergreens, and
the wealth it roofed was undreamed of, and so cheaply valued that the
whole tract was exchanged for an old horse worth less than one of the
huge blocks of marble that day after day are hoisted from its depths.
The working of these quarries was begun about 1836, and within ten years
thereafter three companies were formed and in operation. But the growth
of the business was slow, for there were no railroads, and all the
marble quarried had to be hauled by teams twenty-five miles to
Whitehall, the nearest shipping-point. Furthermore, its introduction to
general use was difficult, for though its purity of color and firmness
could not be denied, its durability was doubted. Fifty years of exposure
in our variable and destructive climate have proved Vermont marble to
exceed in this quality that of any foreign country. In 1852 a line of
railroad running near at hand was completed, and the marble business of
Rutland began to assume something of the proportions which now
distinguish it as the most important of the kind on the continent.
One of the most remarkable changes in the commerce of Vermont has been
in the lumber trade, which no longer flows with the current of Champlain
and the Richelieu to Canada, but from the still immense forests of the
Dominion up these waterways to supply the demands of a region long since
shorn of its choicest timber. Of this great trade Burlington is the
centre, and one of the busiest lumber marts in New England.
The pine-tree displayed on the escutcheon of Vermont is now no more
significant of the products of the commonwealth than is the wheat sheaf
it bears; for almost the last of the old pines are gone with the century
that nursed their growth, and the ponderous rafts of spars and square
timber that once made their frequent and unreturning voyages northward
have not been seen for more than half a century. The havoc of
deforesting is not stayed, nor like to be while forest tracts remain.
The devouring locomotive, spendthrift waste thoughtless of the future,
the pulp-mill, and kindred wood consumers gnaw with relentless
persistence upon every variety of tree growth that the ooze of the swamp
or the thin soil of the mountain side yet nourishes.
In 1808, only a year after Fulton's successful experiment on the
Hudson, a steamer was launched at Burlington on Lake Champlain, and
astonished her spectators by her wonderful performance as she churned
her way through the waters at the rate of five miles an hour. In 1815 a
company was granted the exclusive right of the steam navigation of Lake
Champlain, but the unjust monopoly was presently canceled. In later
years the steamers of the lake were celebrated for the excellence of
their appointments and superior management, a reputation which they
still maintain, though the railroads that skirt their thoroughfare on
either side have drawn from them the greater share of the patronage
which they once enjoyed.
All the various industries have been given an impetus by the railroad
system which now meshes the State, and knits it closer to the others of
the Union.
With these changes in business and methods, and this constant
intercourse with all inhabitants of the republic, the quaint
individuality of the earlier people is fast dissolving into commonplace
likeness, so that now the typical Green Mountain Boy of the olden time
endures only like an ancient pine that, spared by some chance, rears its
rugged crest above the second growth, still awaiting the tempest or the
axe that shall lay it low; yet as the pine, changing its habit of growth
with changed conditions, is still a pine, so the Vermonter of to-day,
when brought to the test, proves to be of the same tough fibre as were
his ancestors.
From the turbulent day of her birth through the period during which she
maintained a separate and independent existence, and during the hundred
years that she has borne her faithful part as a member of the great
republic, the history of Vermont is one that her people may well be
proud of. Such shall it continue to be, if her sons depart not from the
wise and fatherly counsel of her first governor, "to be a faithful,
industrious, and moral people," and in all their appointments "to have
regard to none but those who maintain a good, moral character, men of
integrity, and distinguished for wisdom and abilities." So may the
commonwealth still rear worthy generations to uphold and increase her
honorable fame, while her beautiful valleys continue, as in the
long-past day of their discovery, "fertile in corn and an infinitude of
other fruits."
FOOTNOTES:
[117] _Geology of Vermont._
[118] _Hearth and Home_, October, 1870.
[119] One of the first of these, named Stevens, was found in his cabin
near the mouth of the stream which bears his name, dead on his piled
treasure of rich peltry, with a kettle of unavailing medicinal herbs
hanging over the ashes of his burned-out fire.
INDEX.
Abercrombie, General, 29, 32.
Abolitionists, 335.
Academy, military, 314.
Adams, Secretary J. S., 311.
Alien and sedition laws, 261.
Allen, Ebenezer, captures Mount Defiance, 179;
frees Dinah Mattis, 183;
at New Haven Fort, 187, 225.
Allen, Ethan, 63, 68, 69, 76, 78, 84;
outlawed, 86, 103, 109, 113, 115, 119;
petition to king, 99;
attempt to take Montreal by, 121;
capture of, 122;
return to Bennington of, 192;
pamphlets written by, 198;
receives letter from B. Robinson, 204, 207, 212, 226;
quells rebellion in Guilford, 239;
sent to Cumberland County, 196;
death of, 258.
Allen, Herman, 140.
Allen, Ira, 68, 70, 78;
secretary of Council of Safety, 165, 167, 199, 201;
commissioner with Fay, 206;
commissioner to Isle aux Noix, 208-220, 224, 265, 313.
Allen, Parson, at Bennington, 172.
Amherst, General, 28, 32, 33, 41, 42, 44.
Arnold, Benedict, 103, 107, 112, 114;
expedition to Canada of, 125, 128, 130;
naval battle of, 134;
retreat of, 136.
Baker, Remember, 71, 72, 111, 119;
at Otter Creek Falls, 78;
outlawed, 86.
Barnum, Lieut. Barnabas, 188.
Baum, Colonel, 170, 176.
Beach, Major Gershom, 105.
Bees, 294.
Bennington, 54; convention at, 64, 67, 80;
legislature at, 193.
Big Bethel, First regiment at, 344.
Bills of credit, 249.
Boundary line, settlement of, 252.
Bowker, Joseph, 116.
Bradley, Stephen R., pamphlet of, 198, 201.
Brattleboro, 16, 54.
Breckenridge, James, 65.
Breyman, 171, 175; retreat of, 176.
Brown, John, 102, 119, 179.
Burgoyne, Sir John, at the Bouquet, 151;
proclamation of, 152, 162;
sends Baum to Bennington, 170, 177;
retreat of the army of, 182.
Burlington, 54;
lumber trade at, 364;
steamer launched at, 365.
Canada, expeditions against, 7, 13, 21;
conquest of, 46;
invasion of, 115-131.
Canal, Champlain, 325;
Erie, 325;
ship, 265.
Carleton, General, 124, 136;
at Crown Point, 138;
threatens Ticonderoga, 142.
Carpenter, Isaiah, 66.
Catamount Tavern, 54, 83, 103.
Champlain, Lake, 4;
Waubanakee name of, 6;
Iroquois name of, 19;
seigniories on, 19.
Champlain, Sieur Samuel, 1.
Charlestown, 24; legislature at, 232.
Charlotte, County of, 89.
Chimney Point, 19.
Chittenden, Gov. Martin, 278, 284.
Chittenden, Thomas, president of Council of Safety, 165, 182, 184;
appointed governor, 189;
his letter to Washington, 195, 205, 230, 239;
answer to Congress of, 242, 244;
letter of, 247, 254;
death of, 259;
anecdote of, 321;
counsel of, 366.
Church, Timothy, 239, 240.
Clark, Col. Isaac, at St. Armand, 276, 282.
Clay, Capt. James, 195.
Clinton, Governor, 225, 226, 230.
Cockran, Robert, 71, 72.
Cognahwaghnah Indians, claims of, 260.
Colden, Governor, 98.
Colleges, 313.
Commissioners of Sequestration, 167.
Committees of Safety, 67, 73, 75, 77;
decrees of, 82;
answer of, to New York resolutions, 85;
"Association" of, 141.
Conger, Captain, captures raiders, 352.
Congress, vacillating course of, 236, 242.
Connecticut, letters from, 238.
Constitution adopted, 146.
Controversy between New Hampshire and New York, 56-67.
Copper mines, 360.
Council of Safety, 150, 170;
acts of, 181, 184, 187.
Crown Point, fort built by Amherst at, 41, 84, 100.
Cumberland County, 90.
Cummings, 346.
Dairying, 358.
Debeline's attack on Number Four, 23.
Declaration of Independence, 143.
Deerfield, destruction of, 11.
Delaplace, Captain, 110, 111.
Dellius, Godfrey, 47.
Derby, raid on, 277.
Dorset, convention at, 139.
Dummer, Fort, built, 17;
truck house at, 18.
Dummerston, 91.
Eaton, Capt. William, 358.
Election day, 254;
customs of, 301.
Enos, General, 216.
Equivalent lands, 16.
Fairbanks, Gov. Erastus, proclamation of, 341.
Fay, Dr. Jonas, 201, 211, 213.
Fay, Major Joseph, 206, 211, 214.
Fay, Capt. Stephen, 75.
Fees for grants, 81.
First Brigade, 345.
Forts, Bridgman's, 22;
Crown Point, 41, 84, 100;
Number Four, 23;
Ranger, 194;
St. Anne, 19;
St. Frederic, 19, 20, 101;
Ticonderoga, 26;
Vengeance, 194;
Warren, 194.
Francis, Colonel, 157;
death of, 159.
French Canadians, 328.
French River, 11.
French, William, murder of, 95.
Frontenac, expeditions by, 4, 10.
Fugitive Slave Law, 337.
Galusha, Gov. Jonas, 268, 333.
Gates, General, 132, 137.
Granite quarries, 361.
Green Mountain Boys, 68.
Green Mountains, Republic of, 248.
Gregg, Lieutenant-Colonel, 171.
Growler and Eagle, loss of, 274.
Guilford, 238.
Haldimand, General, 83;
correspondence of, 203-221.
Hale, Colonel, 158.
Hampton, Gen. Wade, inaction of, 275.
Hay, Col. Udney, 183.
Headee, Mrs., 228.
Henry, John, 269.
Herrick, Captain, captures boats at Skenesborough, 112;
colonel, 167, 187;
receives thanks of council, 183.
Hobbs, Capt. Humphrey, scout of, 25.
Horses, Morgan, 298.
Houghton, Daniel, 95.
Howe, Caleb, 22.
Hubbardton, battle of, 158.
Indians, forays of, 5;
routes of, 11;
St. Francis, 33.
Iroquois, 2;
Montreal sacked by, 5.
Isle aux Noix, 33;
taken by Haviland, 44;
conference with British at, 208.
Izard, General, 283.
Johnson, Sir John, 225.
Johnson, Sir William, 26.
Kent, Cephas, innholder, 139.
Land embargo, 266.
Legislature, acts of, 255-257;
promptcalls for troops, 340.
Libraries, early, 315;
endowment of, 317.
Lincoln, Abraham, President, 339;
action of, 342.
Lincoln, General, 169, 181.
Liquor drinking, 364.
Louisburg, capture of, 21, 29.
Lumbering, 364.
Lydius, John Henry, 47.
Macdonough, 273;
builds fleet at Vergennes, 279;
fleet of, enters the lake, 281;
naval victory of, 285.
McIntosh, Donald, 54, 79.
Manchester, jail at, 142;
Stark at, 168;
Lincoln at, 169;
Warner's regiment left at, 169.
Marble quarries, 362.
Massachusetts, claims of, 197.
Monro, Esquire, 66, 69.
Monroe, Colonel, 27.
Montcalm, 26, 31.
Montgomery, General, 117, 127;
killed, 128.
Montpelier, the capitol at, 264;
early library of, 315.
Montreal, taken by Amherst, 46;
attempt on, by Ethan Allen, 123;
taken by Montgomery, 128.
Mott, Captain, 103, 105.
Mount Defiance, 153;
occupied by British, 156;
taken by Ebenezer Allen, 179.
Mount Independence, 132;
evacuation of, 156;
ibid. by British, 182.
New Connecticut, 144.
New Hampshire, controversy of, concerning boundaries, 56;
obedience of, to king, 60, 80;
prompt action of, to repel invasion of Burgoyne, 166;
sixteen towns of, join Vermont, 201, 232, 235.
New Hampshire Grants, 57-67, 143.
New York, claims of, 58, 60;
frontiers of, protected by Allen's treaty, 223;
appoints commissioners to treat concerning boundary, 251;
draft riots of the city of, quelled by Vermont troops, 346.
Newspapers, early, 317.
Number Four, 22;
defense of, 23;
road from, to Crown Point, 43.
Otter, Great, mills destroyed at First Falls of, 78;
fort at, 187;
Macdonough's fleet winters in, 279;
boats built at, 279;
British attack at mouth of, 280;
arsenal at, 341.
Papers, 318.
Petowbowk, 6.
Phelps, Charles, 240, 246.
Phelps, Col. John W., 342;
his treatment of fugitives, 344;
his proclamation and resignation, 348.
Phipps, Sir William, 9.
Plattsburgh, raid on, 275;
battle of, 288.
Plumping-mill, 250.
Point a la Chevalure, 19, 48.
Political parties, 261, 270, 333.
Postal service, 248.
Prevost, Sir George, 283;
defeat of, 290.
Printers and printing, 317.
Putnam, Gen. Israel, 30.
Quebec, 3, 9;
fall of, 42;
trade with, 265.
Ransom, Truman B., 338.
Reid, Col. John, 76, 79, 88.
Religious societies, 307.
Robinson, Col. Beverly, 204, 207.
Robinson, Moses and Samuel, 211.
Robinson, Samuel, 62.
Rogers, Major Robert, expedition of, 34-41.
Royalton, Indian massacre at, 227.
Sancoick, 171, 177, 233.
Savage's Station, Vermonters at, 345.
Schools, support of, 309-311;
laws concerning, 311;
grammar, state, normal, 312.
Schuyler, General, 115, 117, 162;
favors claims of Vermont, 231.
Schuyler, Capt. John, 8.
Schuyler, Major, 9.
Scott, General, 343.
Seigniories, 19.
Sheep, 251;
importation of merino, 355;
breeding of, 358.
Shelburne, British attack on block-house at, 188.
Sherwood, Captain, 205, 206.
Skene, Colonel, 88, 105, 170;
supposed charter of, 219.
Skene, Major, 112.
Slate quarries, 362.
Slavery prohibited, 147.
Smuggling, 267.
Smugglers, device of, 282.
Sobapsqua, 114.
Sons of Vermont, 327.
St. Albans, protest of, 267;
rebel raid on, 351;
Fenians at, 353.
St. Anne, Fort, building of, 19.
St. Clair, General, at Ticonderoga, 153;
retreat of, 161.
St. Frederic, Fort, 19;
Vaudreuil's expedition from, 20;
abandoned by French, 33.
St. John's, surrender of, 124.
St. Leger, General, 216;
abandons Ticonderoga, 217.
Stannard, General, colonel of 9th regiment, 348;
at Gettysburg, 349.
Stark, Gen. John, 43;
at Number Four, 166, 168;
at Bennington, 172.
Steele, Zadock, 229.
Stevens, Capt. Phineas, defense by, 23.
Stoddard, Col. John, 17, 23.
Sugar-making, 295.
Sunderland, Peleg, 71, 111.
Taverns, 321.
Taxes, payment of, 249.
Temperance, 322.
Ten Eyck, Sheriff, 65.
Tichenor, Governor, 260, 268.
Ticonderoga, Fort, 26;
Abercrombie's attack on, 29-32;
captured by Amherst, 32, 84;
ibid. by Green Mountain Boys, 100, 103, 183;
commanded by St. Clair, 153;
commissioners sent to, 154;
evacuation of, 156;
occupied by British, 161;
evacuated by British, 183.
Tryon, Governor, 73-76, 83;
proclamation of, 85.
Tupper, Sergeant, killed, 216.
Underground railroad, 34.
Union of New Hampshire towns, 193;
the west, 202.
Unions dissolved, 234, 235.
Valcour, Island of, 134, 135.
Vaudreuil, expeditions of, 20;
surrender of Canada by, 46.
Vergennes, 54, 76.
Vermont, 145;
its constitution, 147-187;
militia of, called out, 226;
agents appointed by, 231;
refusal of, to break the Unions, 232;
an independent republic, 238;
included in territory of the United States, 248;
admission of, to the Union, 253;
unpopularity of war with England in, 270;
raises troops, 272;
in the Mexican war, 338;
unprepared for war in 1861, 340;
characteristics of the people of, 365.
Vermontensium Res Publica, 248.
Walbridge, Colonel, and General Gansevoort, 233.
Warner, Seth, 70, 73, 78, 84, 86;
takes Crown Point, 111, 115;
appointed commander of Green Mountain Boys, 116, 124;
recalled to Canada, 128;
retreat covered by, 128, 130, 147;
New York demands recall of commission of, 144;
repels Indian invasion, 154;
letter of, 154;
at Hubbardton, 157;
at Bennington, 175-177;
death of, 258, 328.
Washington, General, letter from, 234;
opinion of, concerning Vermont, 244.
Waters, Constable Oliver, 245.
Waubanakee, name of, 2.
Wentworth, Gov. Benning, grants by, 52, 58, 60.
Westminster, 54; massacre at, 90, 240;
convention at, 98, 142;
declaration of independence at, 144, 179.
Wilderness, the, country of, 11, 18, 47, 49.
Wilkinson, General, movements of, 277.
Windsor, convention at, 146;
first legislature at, 191.
Winooski, 54.
Winthrop, John, 7.
Wohjahose, Rock Dunder, 6.
Wool-growing, 297;
insignificance of, 358.
Wright, Captain, scout of, 18.
Young, Dr. Thomas, 145.
Zooquagese, 34.
American Commonwealths.
Edited by Horace E. Scudder.
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| Transcriber's Note: |
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| Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the |
| original document have been preserved. |
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| Page 186 s^d denotes superscript |
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| Typographical errors corrected in the text: |
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| Page 69 Morter changed to Mortar |
| Page 105 Agreeably changed to Agreeable |
| Page 121 fusilade changed to fusillade |
| Page 127 Point au changed to Pointe aux |
| Page 156 impossibile changed to impossible |
| Page 166 unsheath changed to unsheathe |
| Page 181 comander changed to commander |
| Page 216 appearance' changed to appearance's |
| Page 255 brillant changed to brilliant |
| Page 275 succcessful changed to successful |
| Page 279 neverthless changed to nevertheless |
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