_Bizygomatic_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 110-164 145.7 5.0 3.4
Interior 154 110-163 145.8 6.3 4.3
East 120 137-161 146.7 4.3 2.9
Coast 210 128-164 145.2 4.9 3.4
N.W. 79 136-156 145.1 4.3 3.0
Fiji (Howells) 132 130-159 144.05 5.05 3.5
Solomons (Howells) 84 115-149 138.0 5.5 4.0
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 131-159 143.5 5.9 4.1
Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total
average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are
closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight
superiority in bizygomatic breadth.
Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan
average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.
_Cephalo-Facial_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 82-108 93.5 5.7 6.1
Interior 154 84-108 96.0 4.8 5.0
East 120 82-102 93.3 3.2 3.4
Coast 210 85-103 92.5 5.7 6.2
N.W. 79 80-104 92.6 6.4 7.3
Fiji (Howells) 132 85-111 93.7 3.5 3.7
Solomons (Howells) 84 85-111 95.4 3.8 4.0
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 85-103 92.8 3.5 3.7
Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all
Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the
interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there
is general similarity in the several provinces.
_Zygo-Frontal_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 64-100 75.5 3.0 3.9
Interior 154 64-98 75.4 3.2 4.2
East 120 68-99 75.5 2.5 3.3
Coast 210 66-100 75.5 3.1 4.1
N.W. 79 66-93 75.4 2.9 3.8
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-84 73.1 4.2 5.8
The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional
averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the
Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the
breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.
_Total Face Height_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 100-147 122.5 6.0 4.9
Interior 154 103-137 121.3 5.6 4.6
East 120 110-147 124.7 5.8 4.7
Coast 210 107-142 122.6 6.1 5.0
N.W. 79 100-143 121.7 6.8 5.6
Fiji (Howells) 133 105-159 121.8 6.9 5.7
Solomons (Howells) 85 100-129 116.4 6.6 5.7
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 112-147 128.2 6.8 5.3
Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly
shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total
face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is
close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as
definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other
direction with decidedly shorter faces.
_Total Facial Index_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 68-104 84.1 4.6 5.5
Interior 154 73-96 83.2 4.4 5.3
East 120 75-101 85.0 4.4 5.2
Coast 210 73-97 84.5 4.6 5.4
N.W. 79 68-104 83.9 5.6 6.7
Fiji (Howells) 132 74-105 84.7 5.0 6.0
Solomons (Howells) 84 74-97 84.5 4.4 5.2
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 78-102 89.3 4.4 5.0
Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness,
although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather
than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest
values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.
The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas
the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.
_Upper Face Height_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 56-84 70.2 5.1 7.3
Interior 154 59-79 69.1 3.9 5.6
East 120 64-83 71.7 4.0 5.6
Coast 210 59-84 70.4 6.6 9.4
N.W. 79 58-80 69.4 4.8 6.9
The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.
_Upper Facial Index_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 37-65 48.2 3.7 7.7
Interior 154 41-65 47.4 3.3 7.0
East 120 42-59 48.9 2.9 5.9
Coast 210 40-59 48.5 4.8 9.9
N.W. 79 39-56 47.8 3.5 7.3
The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.
_Bigonial_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 95-146 109.7 5.1 4.6
Interior 154 95-146 109.8 6.0 3.6
East 120 97-125 110.6 5.1 4.6
Coast 210 95-129 109.9 5.3 4.8
N.W. 79 99-119 109.1 4.5 4.1
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 92-119 104.8 5.8 5.5
Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a
tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the
subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.
_Fronto-Gonial_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 80-122 99.9 5.5 5.5
Interior 154 84-122 100.0 6.0 6.0
East 120 86-115 99.9 5.3 5.3
Coast 210 80-114 100.3 6.0 6.0
N.W. 79 85-113 99.8 4.8 4.8
Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much
the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.
_Zygo-Gonial_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 65-86 75.3 4.1 5.4
Interior 154 67-86 75.4 6.0 8.0
East 120 65-82 75.4 3.5 4.6
Coast 210 66-83 75.7 3.4 4.5
N.W. 79 68-83 75.2 3.4 4.5
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-87 73.2 4.6 6.2
Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little
geographic variation.
_Nasal Height_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 42-65 53.9 3.4 6.3
Interior 154 45-65 53.2 3.5 6.6
East 120 48-62 54.7 3.1 5.7
Coast 210 46-63 54.1 3.4 6.3
N.W. 79 45-61 52.9 3.5 6.6
Fiji (Howells) 133 44-63 52.4 3.9 7.4
Solomons (Howells) 85 40-59 49.9 3.8 7.7
Tonga (Sullivan) 117 47-65 57.4 3.9 6.8
The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur
in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern
groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the
short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower
in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one
suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.
_Nasal Breadth_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 31-62 46.7 3.4 7.3
Interior 154 40-61 47.6 3.4 7.1
East 120 38-53 45.5 3.0 6.6
Coast 210 38-62 46.4 3.3 7.1
N.W. 79 31-57 47.4 3.6 7.6
Fiji (Howells) 133 37-54 46.19 3.0 6.0
Solomons (Howells) 85 34-51 44.6 2.8 6.3
Tonga (Sullivan) 117 38-55 44.4 3.0 6.8
Broad noses are common to most Fijians. The greatest contrast is between
the narrower-nosed eastern people and the interior people, among whom
the widest noses occur. The nose of the Solomon Islanders is somewhat
narrower, according to Howells' data, and the Tongan average is also
lower.
_Nasal Index_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 61-112 87.1 8.2 9.4
Interior 154 69-109 89.7 8.1 9.0
East 120 61-100 83.2 7.6 9.1
Coast 210 63-111 86.0 7.1 8.7
N.W. 79 63-110 89.9 8.6 9.6
Fiji (Howells) 133 68-123 88.8 8.3 9.3
Solomons (Howells) 85 68-119 87.1 8.9 10.2
Tonga (Sullivan) 117 61-98 77.6 7.6 9.8
Platyrrhini is the rule in Fiji, but individual and regional variations
are great. There are some leptorrine subjects in every province, and
there are some whose noses are broader than long. The interior people
and the northwestern groups have the relatively broadest noses, whereas
the eastern index is more moderate. The noses of Sullivan's Tongans are
relatively longer than the Lauans. The Solomon Island average is
identical with the Fijian.
_Nasal Depth_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 16-32 22.0 2.9 3.2
Interior 154 17-32 22.5 2.1 9.3
East 120 17-28 21.9 1.8 8.2
Coast 210 17-32 21.8 3.6 6.5
N.W. 79 16-29 22.3 1.9 8.5
Nasal depth averages 22 mm.; the regional variation is very small.
_Nasal-Depth Index_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 32-60 47.2 6.8 6.8
Interior 154 34-59 47.4 5.1 6.6
East 120 35-60 48.4 4.6 9.5
Coast 210 32-58 47.0 8.1 7.2
N.W. 79 34-58 47.2 5.5 6.7
_Mouth Breadth_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 29-72 57.6 4.7 8.2
Interior 154 34-72 59.6 4.4 7.4
East 120 33-66 56.5 3.9 6.9
Coast 210 29-67 57.3 4.0 7.0
N.W. 79 36-65 57.3 4.4 7.8
Mouth breadth averages show the interior groups to have widest mouths,
the eastern people least wide, and the coastal and northwestern people
intermediate.
_Lip Thickness_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 9-45 22.4 3.8 6.9
Interior 154 12-31 23.4 3.6 5.4
East 120 12-29 21.7 3.4 5.7
Coast 210 16-45 20.8 3.6 5.3
N.W. 79 10-29 22.0 3.9 5.7
Thick lips are characteristic of most Fijians. The interior average is
highest for this diameter, whereas the northwestern Fijians have
least-thick lips.
_Ear Length_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 55-83 66.6 4.5 6.8
Interior 154 53-83 66.0 4.8 7.3
East 120 55-80 67.2 5.0 7.4
Coast 210 55-77 66.7 4.9 7.3
N.W. 79 57-75 66.5 3.7 5.6
Tonga (Sullivan) 117 56-81 66.0 4.6 6.9
Fijian ears on the whole tend to be long, as the average 66.6 mm.
indicates. Regional differences are slight. Tongans closely resemble
Fijians.
_Ear Breadth_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 24-55 34.3 3.2 9.3
Interior 154 27-41 33.7 2.5 7.4
East 120 29-40 34.1 4.0 11.7
Coast 210 29-55 34.7 3.9 11.2
N.W. 79 25-42 33.8 2.9 8.6
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 25-42 34.5 2.6 7.6
Ear breadth is also generous, and regional differences hardly exceed 1.5
mm., including the Tongans.
_Ear Index_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 38-62 51.6 5.0 9.7
Interior 154 40-61 51.1 3.6 7.0
East 120 41-59 50.6 5.8 11.5
Coast 210 42-62 52.1 6.7 12.9
N.W. 79 38-59 50.9 4.0 7.9
Tonga (Sullivan) 116 41-62 52.4 3.9 7.5
Length-breadth ear ratios indicate that coastal groups have somewhat
broader, and the northwestern people the relative longest, ears.
_Bicanine Breadth_
No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
Total sample 815 24-72 39.8 11.7 19.4
Interior 154 37-49 39.9 10.7 16.8
East 120 36-68 41.8 7.4 7.7
Coast 210 24-72 39.0 13.4 14.3
N.W. 79 38-49 38.6 14.0 16.3
Bicanine breadth is characteristically great among Fijians, reflecting
the ample jaws and teeth. Widest diameters are seen in the east,
followed by the hill people of the interior. The northwestern groups
have the least bicanine diameter.