CHAPTER XXIV

THE KINGDOM OF MAN

The greatest zoologist of his time, Sir E. Ray Lankester, has said

that man has differed from all other inhabitants of the animal

kingdom in being able to resist the pressure of circumstances which

have altered and destroyed them. In all the cases of the animals

which we have been considering, these creatures have been limited by

the conditions of geography; they have been killed by extremes of

heat and cold; they have been subject to starvation if one kind of

diet were unobtainable; and they have constantly altered in shape,

structure, and appearance, according to the requirements of the new

conditions in which they found themselves. But man's mind and will

have enabled him to cross rivers and oceans by rafts and boats, to

clothe himself against cold, to shelter himself from heat and rain,

to prepare an endless variety of food by fire, and to increase and

multiply as no other animal without change of form, and without

submitting to the terrible axe of selection wielded by ruthless

circumstance over all other living things on this globe. "And as

he has more and more obtained this control over his surroundings,

he has expanded that unconscious protective attitude towards his

mature offspring which natural selection had already favoured and

established among the mammals into a conscious and larger love for

his tribe, his race, his nationality, and his kind. He has developed

speech, the power of communicating, and, above all, of recording from

generation to generation his thought and knowledge. He has formed

communities, built cities, and set up empires; and at every step of

his progress man has receded farther and farther from the ancient

rule exercised by nature over the lower animals."

Whence comes this power? When and how did it arrive? That we do not

know. For the early beginnings of man we can only grope among the

relics of his progress which he has left for the speculation of his

more intelligent descendants, in the shape of the rude implements and

dwellings which he used in the childhood of the race.

From time to time actual remains of early man are found buried

among the uppermost strata, and from them we can make some guesses

at his age. Virtually three links have been found in the chain of

human ancestry. The earliest is represented by the "Trinil Man"

of Java, found by Dubois in 1890, and named the _Pithecanthropos

erectus_, in reference to its likeness both to man as we know him

and to the great anthropoid apes, although it had a much more erect

carriage than any of them. This relic, man or some other creature

as it may have been, stands midway between the chimpanzee and the

more typical "Neandarthal Man," the skull of which was found in a

cave of the Neander Valley, near Dusseldorf, in 1856. Thirty years

later the skulls of the "Spy men" of the same type as this were

found in Belgium. This type lived in what we call the early Stone

Age, and was a low type of meat-eating hunter. The next higher type,

the third type of man, is that identified with what geologists and

anthropologists call the "Gibraltar skull," from the place where

the skull was found. But all we know of these types of man we must

judge from their skulls and from the stone implements and the animals

found near them. The skulls of primitive men and of modern men show

a certain difference in shape. If we take two skulls, that of a man

and a monkey, and draw a line from the region just over the nose to

the place at the back of the skull just above where it joins the

backbone, there is left above the line a great dome in the human

skull, whereas in the monkey the place left above is much flatter

and much shallower. Now the skull of the _Pithecanthropos erectus_

found in Java resembles the monkey's skull in this shallowness; and

the skulls of the Neandarthal and the Spy men also had shallower

brain-pans than the men of to-day. They may, therefore, be either

different creatures or they may merely have had smaller brains. We

can only say that the creature called Man suddenly appears among

the lower animals with a brain some five or six times the bulk (in

proportion to his size and weight) of that of any surviving ape.

Great as is the difference, it is one of the most curious facts in

the history of man's development that the bulk of his brain does not

seem to have continued to increase in any very marked degree since

the early Ages of Stone.

What were the Stone Ages? In the long years before primitive man

learned to weld iron or bronze he formed his weapons and his tools

from stone and flint; and geologists and antiquarians have discovered

several of these "Ages of Stone" of different periods. For example,

the Stone Age which our grandfathers spoke of is now called the

Neolithic Age; and in the second quarter of the last century it

became gradually admitted that man had existed earlier than that and

had swung hammers and chipped edges in what we now call Palæolithic

times. That would put man back to the age of the Mammoth. But in the

last quarter of last century a new claim arose. The Palæolithic stone

weapons and tools were made 150,000 years ago, and were manufactured

with great skill and even artistic feeling. Within the last ten years

much rougher flint implements of peculiar types have been found in

gravels which are 500 to 700 feet above the level of the existing

rivers--in the drift of which Palæolithic implements were found. To

these older, clumsier weapons and tools--if, indeed, implements they

be--the name Eoliths was given by Mr. J. Allen Brown. These Eoliths

of the south of England and of Belgium indicate a race of men of

less developed skill than the makers of the Palæoliths, and carry

the antiquity of man at least as far back beyond the Palæoliths as

these are from the present day. So much for speculation. But are the

Eoliths truly implements, or are they, as a determined school of

anthropologists assert, merely flints which fortuitously resemble

the rougher variety of true Palæolith? The strongest attack made on

their authenticity comes from Professor Boule and M. Laville, of the

French School of Mines, who say that in the flint waste of a cement

factory at Mantes they have discovered "pseudo-Eoliths" which are

made by the action of the water of the mill, and which resemble every

known variety of the so-called "Eolith." Their suggestion is that

Eoliths were not made by man at all but were produced by the action

of running water. To which the Eolithic anthropologists retort that

Eoliths ought surely to be produced by running water now, and that

some Seine-made Eoliths would be more convincing. The differences

between the Mantes specimens and the "true" Eolith cannot be detected

by the untrained eye; but, spite of the French sceptics, the school

of believers in the genuineness of the Eolith is growing.

We need not enter further into these controversies, and we need only

say that flint implements of various kinds are found all over the

world, in Egypt before the Pharaohs, in Australia, in South Africa,

and indeed in every continent. They are being made even to-day by

aborigines in Australasia, and there is even a "flint knapping"

industry which survives to-day at Brandon, in Suffolk, though these

flints are not intended for use as spear-heads or arrow-heads or

anything so primitive. There is little geological evidence to show

the place where man first appeared; but what we know of his frame

and constitution induces us to believe that somewhere in the warm

climate of Southern Asia was his first habitation. From this, or

from some similar tract in that quarter of the globe, there seems to

have been four great migratory movements. These were complicated by

reverse movements, by cross migrations, and by wanderings, which we

shall probably never altogether understand; and so we can only sum up

briefly the chief features of them.

The greatest movement appears to have been north-eastward between

the great desert and mountain tract of Central Asia on the one hand,

and the Pacific on the other, attended by divergences eastward to

many islands (as they are now) of the Pacific. When the emigrants

got too far north to wish to explore further, they spread out to

east and west, forming a belt below the Arctic regions and sending

a branch down the whole length of the American Continent. This

movement embraced the Mongoloid races, and included the old American

Indians and the Malayan races. Before the disturbing influences of

man's later development, this branch had three notable centres of

civilisation: the Chinese in Asia, the Mexican in North America, and

the Peruvian in South America.

A second and much less numerous band of emigrants struck out to the

south-east, and reaching the southern hemisphere gave rise to the

Australian and New Zealand aboriginal races--all peoples who never

rose very much or developed notable power.

To a third movement to the south-west is assigned the peopling of

Africa south of the Sahara with the negro and similar races, which

have become very numerous but never very powerful or intelligent.

The fourth movement was north-westward across or around the barriers

of desert and mountain to Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa.

These emigrants were the true adventurers, hardy, progressive, and

energetic; and their descendants have developed into the strongest

and most vigorous of the human family. The less progressive of them

remain still on the further side of the mountains of Western Asia.

The three passage-ways used by the original emigrants seem to have

been (1) the Red Sea Nile-Valley path, in which the dusky white and

the Ethiopian races mingled; (2) the Euphrates Valley, down which

the Semitic races moved; and (3) the tracts of the more northerly

plateau, across which moved the ancestral Aryan races. It is also

quite certain that some races moved backwards by this route and

returned to India to give rise to the Brahmins, the most learned race

of that country.

We have thus traced, so far as our limited knowledge will allow

us, the geographical spread of man's dominance. But we cannot

associate him with the history that in previous chapters we have

roughly traced, of the development of the lower members of the

animal kingdom. The qualities which have developed in Man are of

such an unprecedented power and so far dominate everything else in

his characteristics and surroundings that they justify the view that

he forms a new departure in the gradual unfolding of this world's

predestined scheme. Knowledge, Reason, Self-consciousness, Will,

are the attributes of Man. He goes on from strength to strength,

and in the Divine purpose which created him may lie the possibility

that in the future he may attain a fuller knowledge than any he yet

possesses. The great poet of the Victorian Age wrote of Knowledge:--

Flower in the crannied wall

I pluck you out of the crannies;

I hold you there, root and all, in my hand,

Little flower--but if I could understand

What you are, root and all, and all in all,

I should know what God and man is.

The nearer approach to that understanding is the greatest and truest

aim of scientific investigation.

The End

INDEX

Adelsberg, Caverns of, 195

_Æpyornis_, The, 252

"Age of Lakes," The, 257

Air, how it may become solid, 84

Aleutian Islands, Volcanoes of the, 97

Algæ, 103

Alluvium, 54

America in the Devonian Period, 217;

in the Glacial Period, 271

Ammonites, 210

Amœba, The, 100

Andes, Volcanoes of the, 97

Andesite, 184

Andromeda, 92

Animal Life, The first, 104

Animal Species of the Carboniferous Period, 229

Ant, White, The work of the, 44

Anthracite, 133

Apes, The first, 268

_Apteryx_, The, 252

Archæan Era, 129, 199

_Archæopteryx_, The, 243

_Archelon, The_, 249

Arches, The strain on, 25

Aristotle and Earthquakes, 176

Armadillos, 275

Arrhenius, Prof., Theory of, 88

_Arsinoitherium_, The, 266

Assam, Earthquake in, 155

Atmosphere, has the Moon one? 123;

of Mars, 126

Atmospheric pressure, 80, 101

Attraction of bodies, 102

Austen, Sir W. R., his experiment, 85

Avalanches, 69

Babylon, 45

Bacteria in Devonian Period, 217

Baikal, Lake, effects of earthquake, 140

Baltic, Ice in the, 74

Barometer, The use of the, 24

Basalt Rocks, 132

"Beds of Passage," 236

Birds of the Jurassic Period, 243

Bogoslof Islands, 162

Borings, Deep, 79

Boulder-clay deposited by glaciers, 73

_Brachiosaurus_, The, 241

Brahmaputra, The delta of the, 60

Britain in the Silurian Period, 211;

in the Mesozoic Period, 231

British Isles, Ice in the, 75

_Brontosaurus_, The, 240

Cainozoic Period, The, 199

Calabria, Earthquake in, 149

_Calamites_, 222

Calumet and Hecla Mine, Temperature of, 82

Cambrian Hills, The, 200

Cambrian Period, 117;

life in the, 202;

surface of the globe in, 205

Carbonate of Lime, 40, 48

Carbonic Acid, The action of, 47

Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, 218

Carboniferous Period, The atmosphere of, 219;

insects, mollusca, vegetation, 220;

fish, 224;

strata, 226;

animal species, 229

Carboniferous System, Extent of the, 227

_Cariama_, The, or Screamer, 251

Carinthia, Earthquake in, 141

Carrara marble, 134

Cephalopod types, 207

_Ceratosaurus_, The, 240

Chalk, what it is, 21, 248

_Chelonians_, The, 233

Climate, The changes of, 33

Coal, 219

_Coccosteus_, The, 215

Collision of planets, A, 93

Constructive work of earthquakes, 181

Coral Islands, 66

Coral reefs, 63

Coral reefs in the Silurian Age, 210

_Coryphodon_, The, 259

Cracks in the crust of the Earth, 97

Crater Lakes, 109

_Crinoids_, The, 210

Crustacea, 131, 202

Crust of the Earth, The study of the, 198

Cyclones, 42

Dead Sea, The, 58

Deltas of rivers, 20

Deposits, how they are made, 20, 45

Depths of the sea, 189

Devonian Period, 212; fishes of the, 216;

vegetation, 216;

insects, 216;

Europe and America, 217

Diamonds, how they are produced, 132

_Dinoceras_, The, 266

_Dinosaurus_, The, 240

_Diplodocus_, The, 241

_Dolichosaurs_, 249

Dover, The chalk cliffs of, 21

Dredging, The necessity for, 20

_Dryopithecus_, The, 268

_Dryptosaurus_, The, 253

Dwina, Fossils in the banks of the, 232

Dykes, 105

Earth, The, not so solid as it looks, 23;

its resemblance to a golf ball, 25;

its uneven surface, 31

Earth, Weighing the, 88

Earthquake districts, 171

Earthquake, The sensation of an, 137;

the cause of an, 166, 170

Earthquake waves, 174

Earthquakes, 23;

San Francisco, 140;

New Madrid, 140;

Lake Baikal, 140;

Iceland, 141;

Carinthia, 141;

Japan, 141;

Ocean, 143;

Lisbon, 148;

Sicily, 149;

Chili, 150;

Assam, 156;

Jamaica, 157;

the Mississippi, 158;

Sonora, 160;

Yakutat Bay, 160

Earthquakes, "Great" and "Small," 172;

their constructive and destructive work, 181

Earthworm, The work of the, 44

_Edentata_, The, 275

"Egg-stone," 236

Eifel District, Crater Lakes of the, 109

_Elasmotherium_, The, 265

Elephant, The, 260

_Elephas Imperator_, 280

Emu, The, 260

Encroachment of the sea on the shores of the British Isles, 17

Eocene Period, The, 257

_Eohippus_, The, 263

Eoliths, 287

Era of the First Plants, 103

Erosion, Sea, 19

"Erratic" blocks deposited by glaciers, 72

Eulalie, Lake, effect of earthquake on, 142

Europe in the Devonian Period, 217

Evolution, 115

Excavations and what they reveal, 34

"Faults," 167

Fish in the carboniferous period, 224

Flint, 248

Flint implements, 288

Florida, Encroachment of the sea on the coast of, 18

Flying Reptiles, 242

"Foliated" rocks, 200

_Foraminifera_, 247

Forests covered by the sea, 19

Fossils, 131;

in the banks of the Dwina, 232

Fossil records, 56

Fumaroles, 185

Ganges, The Delta of the, 20

Gases, How metals may be converted into, 84

"General Metamorphism," 133

Geologist, The work of the, 37

Geology, 37

Germany, Sand-dunes in, 46;

Ice in, 74

Geysers, 141

Giant's Causeway, 132

"Gibraltar Skull," The, 286

Ginkgo Tree, 228

Glacial Period, The, theories concerning, 272

Glaciers, 69, 270

_Globigerina bulloides_, 247

_Glyptodon_, The, 275

Gneiss, 200

Grand Cañon of the Colorado, 54

Graphite, 133

Great Barrier Reef, 66

Great Salt Lake, 57

_Hadrosaurus_, The, 253

Harwich, Encroachment of the sea at, 17

Hawaii, Lava eruptions in, 105, 187

Heat and Cold, 68

Heligoland, Encroachment of the sea on, 18

_Hesperornis_, The, 249

Horse, The, 259, 264

Hurricanes, 43

Ice in Scandinavia, Scotland, Germany, 74, 270

Iceland, Eruptions in, 106;

Earthquakes in, 141, 154

_Ichthyornis_, The, 250

_Ichthyosaurs_, The, 234, 239

Igneous rocks, 104

_Iguanodon_, The, 245

_Inostransevia_, The, 233

Insect life in the Ordovician Period, 206;

in the Devonian Period, 216

"Inter-glacial epochs," 273

Interior of the Earth, Theories concerning the, 87

Isle of Wight, Encroachment of the sea in, 17

Jamaica, Earthquake in, 157

Japan, Earthquake in, 141, 153

Jupiter, 91;

as an abode of life, 119

Jupiter Serapis, The Temple of, 181

Jurassic Period, Reptiles of the, 237

Kelvin, Lord, Theory of, 87;

concerning Life, 113

Kern, River, Effect of earthquake on, 141

Kingston, Jamaica, Earthquake at, 176

Kipling, Rudyard, 62

_Kiwi_, The, 252

Krakatoa, The eruption of, 45

Lago di Tolfilo, 152

Lakes, Deposits in, 56

Lakes produced by earthquakes, 152, 159

Land and Water, The distribution of, 31

_Lariosaurus_, The, 234

Laurentian Rocks, 133, 201

Lava eruptions, 105;

in N. America, 106;

plains, 107

Layers of strata which show the history of a place, 37

Leakage of the sea bottom, 190

Leonids, Lyrids, or Perseids, 99

Lias formation, The, 235, 237

Life, The simplest forms of, 111;

theories concerning its origin, 113;

early forms, 114;

in the Cambrian Period, 202;

in the Silurian Period, 203;

in the Ordovician Period, 204

Lisbon, Earthquake at, 148

Llama, The, 273

London, What excavations have revealed concerning the site of, 35

Luray, Caverns of, 196

_Lycopods_, 222

_Lyginodendrons_, 223

Mammals, The development of, 234, 258

Mammoth, The, 279

Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 196

Man, 284

Marble, how it is produced, 133

Marl in lakes, 57

Mars, 91;

as an abode of life, 119;

atmosphere, 126

Marsupials, 237

Martinique, Devastation of, by volcano, 186

_Mastodon_, The, 260

_Megatherium_, The, 275

Mercury as an abode of life, 118

_Meritherium_, The, 261

Mesozoic Period, The, 199, 231

Metals may be converted into gases, 84

Meteorites, 96

Microbes and Bacteria, 111

_Microlestes_, 237

Migrations of the human race, 290

Miller, Hugh, 213

Millstone Grit, 218

Miocene Period, The, 257

Mississippi, The Delta of the, 20;

sediment deposited, 51;

earthquake in region of, 159

_Moa_, The, 252, 260

Monsoons, 42

Moon, The, 90;

its birth, 100, 120;

volcanoes in, 106;

as an abode of life, 119;

weight, 120;

temperature, 124

Moraines, 70

Moraine-stuff, 70

Mountain formation, 167

Mud-banks, how they are made, 19

Mussels, 210

_Mylodon_, The, 276

Myths concerning earthquakes, 177

_Naosaurus_, The, 230

Neandarthal man, 285

Nebulæ, 92

Negroes, Nature's reason for the dark pigmentation of, 116

Neolithic Age, The, 287

Neptune, 119

New Chum Mine, Temperature of, 83

New Madrid, Earthquake at, 140

Niagara Falls, The work of the, 52

Nile, The Delta of the, 20

Nineveh, 45

North America, Ice in, 76

North Garden Gully Mine, Temperature of, 83

North Sea, The, how it was formed, 19

North Sea, Ice in the, 75

Ocean deposits, 61;

life, 114

Oceanic Era, The, 101

Old Red Sandstone, 212

Oolite, 66, 238

Ordovician Period, Life in the, 204;

surface of the earth in the, 206;

insect life in the, 206;

fish in the, 207;

the Trilobite, 207

Ordovician rocks, 202

_Oreopithecus_, The, 268

Organisms, Multicellular and Unicellular, 111

Orion, 92

_Ostracoderm_ group, The, 215

Ostrich, The, 260

Oxygen, The action of, 47

Palæolithic Age, The, 287

_Palæomastodon_, The, 261

Palæozoic Period, The, 199

Palæozoic Alps, The, 219

_Pareiasaurus_, The, 232

Parsons, Hon. Charles, on the difficulties of deep boring, 79

"Pea-grit," 238

Peak Cavern in Derbyshire, 195

Pearl-oyster, The, 210

Peat-water, The action of, 48

Pelée, Mount, 86, 108;

the obelisk, 184

Permian or Dyas formation, 227

Peroxide of Iron, 40

Perseids, 99

_Pharorachus_, The, 251

_Pithecanthropos erectus_, 285

Planetismals or Meteorites, 99

Plant life in the Silurian Period, 210

Plants, Era of the first, 103

Pleiades, The, 91

Pleistocene Period, The, 269

_Plesiosaurus_, The, 234, 239

Pliny on the upheaval of land, 192

Pliocene Period, The, 257

Po, Sediment deposited by the River, 20

Polyps, Coral, 65

"Pot-holes" in Yorkshire, 195

Pre-Cambrian, 201

Pressure, of air, 80;

of the ocean, 190

Pressure and weight of rocks, 85;

astounding effects of, 134

Pribylof Islands, 164

_Proboscideans_, The, 273

_Proterozoic era_, The 130

Pteraspes, The, 215

_Pterichthyds_, The, 215

_Pterodactyls_, 242

_Pterosaurs_, The, 255

Quartzite, 200

Quaternary Period, The, 199

Quebec, Collapse of the bridge of, 25

Rag-stone, 238

Rain, The influence of, 47

Rainfall on the British Isles, 128

Raised Beaches, 151

Red clay deposit in the ocean, 61

Red Sandstone Formation, 212

Reptiles and Amphibians of the Triassic Period, 232;

of the Jurassic Period, 237

Reptiles in the Carboniferous Period, 229

Rhinoceros, The, 265

Rhizopods, The, 224

Rhætic beds, 237

Rivers and Streams in the Silurian Age, 209

River Terraces, 55

Rivers, Work done by, 20;

records left by, 50

Rocks, how they are made, 79;

igneous and sedimentary, 104, 129;

"foliated," 200

Rocks, Pressure and weight of, 85

Roestone, 238

Romney Marsh, 60

Rorqual, The, 275

Royal Commission on Sea Erosion, 19

Sabre-toothed Cat, The, 273

Saharan desert, The, 22

St. Pierre, Destruction of, by volcano, 186

Salt Lakes, 57

Sambon, Dr., 116

_Samotherium_, The, 266

San Francisco, Earthquake at, 140, 161

San Gabriel River, effect of earthquake on, 141

Sand-banks and mud-banks, how they are made, 20

Sand-dunes, how they are made, 45

Saturn as an abode of life, 119

Scaly Saurians, 248

Scandinavia, Ice in, 74

Schist, 200

Scotland, Ice in, 74

Sea, depths of the, 189;

in the Silurian Age, 210

Sea, The, encroachment on land, 17;

Isle of Wight, 17;

British Isles, 17;

Florida, 18;

Heligoland, 18;

Erosion, 19;

its work, 19

Seaquakes, 143;

Chilian coast, 144;

the _Florence Nightingale_, 145;

sensation of, 145;

origin of, 147

Sea-water, The action of, 65

Sediment deposited by rivers, 20, 51

Sedimentary rocks, 104, 129

See, Dr. J. J., his theory concerning the interior of the earth, 88

Seismology, 23;

in Japan, 153

Seismometers, 24, 153

Shape of the Earth, The, 31

Sharks, 216

Shingle, how it accumulated, 60

Shells found on dry land, 19;

forests covered by, 19

Shells in lakes, Deposit of, 57;

in the ocean, 63

Shetland Islands, Action of the sea on the, 59

_Sigillarias_, 222

Silchester, 45

Silica, 40

Silurian Period, Scorpions and insects in the, 203;

surface of the earth in the, 208;

rivers and streams, 209;

coral reefs, 210;

fish, 210;

plant life, 210;

Britain, 211

Silurian rocks, 202

_Sivatherium_, The, 266

Snail-shells in lakes, 57

Snakes, First appearance of, 255

Snow and Ice Age, 68

Sonora, Earthquake at, 160

Sperm Whale, The, 274

_Sphenodon_, The, 230

"Spy men," 286

Stars, The, 91

Steam a cause of earthquakes

_Stegosaurus_, The, 242

Stone Age, The, 287

Stones smoothed by water, 55

Strata, The earth's, 78

_Strokkur_ geyser in Iceland, 141

Submarine volcanoes, 187

Subterranean caves, how caused, 195

Sun, The, 90;

as an abode of life, 118

Tapir, The, 273

Temperature of borings, The, 83;

of the Moon, 124;

of Mars, 126

Temperature, Changes of, 33

Terminal moraines, 76

Tertiary Period, The, 257

_Tetrabelodon Mastodon_, The, 260

Thames, Sediment deposited by the, 21

Tides, 87, 102

_Titanotherium_, The, 265

Tornadoes, 43

Torrents, The action of, 52

Torridonian Sandstones, 130

Trade Winds, 42

Triassic Period, The, 231

_Triceratops_, The, 253

Trilobite, The, 204;

in the Ordovician Period, 207

"Trinil Man," The, 285

Typhoons, 43

_Ultima Speranza Cave_, The, 276

Upheaval of land, 151, 181

Uranus, 119

Valais Mountains glacier, 72

Valparaiso, Earthquake at, 160

Vegetation on the Moon, 124;

of the Devonian Period, 216;

of the Carboniferous Period, 220;

of the Jurassic Period, 245

Venus as an abode of life, 118

Vertebrates, Evolution of the, 225

Volcanoes of the Andes, 97;

in the Moon, 106

Water, The action of, 47;

its power, 51

Water, The formation of, 109

_Wateree, The_, carried inland by a vast wave, 144

Waterspouts: how they are caused, 44

Waves caused by earthquakes, 143, 144, 145;

the Chilian coast, 144;

Hakodate, 144;

the ship _Wateree_, 144;

Arica, 144;

Samoa, 145;

N. Zealand, 145;

Japan, 145;

speed of, 145;

Lisbon, 148

Weather, The influence of the, 40

Whales, 267

Weighing the earth, 88

Wind-stakes for stopping sand, 46

Wind, The work of the, 40

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| by | by |

| | |

| ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS | H. COUPIN, D.Sc, & J. LEA, B.A. |

| B.A., F.R.G.S. | |

| | _With twenty-seven illustrations_|

| _With thirty illustrations_ | |

| | "A charming subject well set |

| "A genuinely fascinating book." | forth." |

| _Liverpool Courier_ | _Athenæum_ |

| | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| MODERN EXPLORATION | EARLY EXPLORATION |

| | |

| by | by |

| | |

| ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS | ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS |

| B.A., F.R.G.S. | B.A., F.R.G.S. |

| | |

|_With twenty-six illustrations_ | _With sixteen illustrations_ |

| | |

| "A mine of information and | "Vivid and vigorous." |

| stirring incident."--_Scotsman_ | _Glasgow Herald_ |

| | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| MODERN ELECTRICITY | MISSIONARY HEROISM |

| | |

| by | by |

| | |

| CHARLES R. GIBSON, A.I.E.E. | JOHN C. LAMBERT, B.A., D.D. |

| | |

| _With forty-five illustrations_ | _With thirty-nine illustrations_ |

| | |

|"Admirable ... clear and concise."| "A most entrancing volume." |

| _The Graphic_ | _Expository Times_ |

| | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| INSECT LIFE | PLANT LIFE |

| | |

| by | by |

| | |

| EDMUND SELOUS | G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A., B.Sc. |

| | |

| _With twenty illustrations_ | _With thirty-four illustrations_ |

| | |

| "Well merits its alluring title."| "Intensely interesting." |

| _Daily Telegraph_ | _Leeds Mercury_ |

| | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| EARLY BRITISH LIFE | OF THE ANIMAL WORLD |

| | |

| by | By EDMUND SELOUS |

| | |

| G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A., B.Sc. | _With sixteen full-page |

| | illustrations_ |

| _With thirty illustrations_ | |

| | "A very fascinating book." |

| | _Graphic_ |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| BIRD LIFE | OF MODERN GEOLOGY |

| | |

| by | by |

| | |

| JOHN LEA, M.A. | E. S. GREW, M.A. |

| | |

| _With thirty illustrations_ | _With twenty-five illustrations_ |

| | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

SEELEY & COMPANY LIMITED

_Each volume profusely Illustrated. Ex. Crown 8vo. 5s._

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| SAVAGE LIFE | THE WORLD'S FISHERIES |

| | |

| Describing the Habits, Customs, | With descriptions of the Many and|

| Everyday Life, Arts, Crafts, | Curious Methods of Fishing in all|

| Games, Adventures and Sports of | parts of the world |

| Primitive Man | |

| | By SIDNEY WRIGHT |

| By Prof. G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT | |

| | _With twenty-four illustrations_ |

| M.A. (CANTAB.), B.SC. (EDIN.), | |

| F.R.G.S., F.L.S., &C. | |

| | |

| _With forty illustrations_ | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| MODERN SIEGES | MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY |

| | |

| Describing the Personal |Its Discovery and its Applications|

| Adventures, Resource and Daring | |

| of Besiegers and Besieged in all | By CHARLES R. GIBSON, A.I.E.E. |

| parts of the world | Author of |

| | "The Romance of Modern |

| By the Rev. EDWARD GILLIAT | Electricity" &c., &c. |

| | |

| Sometime Master at Harrow School,| _With sixty-three illustrations_ |

| Author of "In Lincoln Green," &c.| |

| | |

| _With sixteen illustrations_ | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| MODERN INVENTION | MODERN ENGINEERING |

| | |

| Containing interesting | Containing interesting |

| descriptions in non-technical | descriptions in non-technical |

| language of Wireless Telegraphy, | language of the Nile Dam, the |

| Liquid Air, Modern Artillery, | Panama Canal, the Tower Bridge, |

| Submarines, Dirigible Torpedoes, | the Brooklyn Bridge, the Trans- |

| Solar Motors, Airships, etc. etc.| Siberian Railway, the Niagara |

| | Falls Power Co., Bermuda |

| | Floating Dock, etc. etc. |

| | |

| By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS | By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS |

| B.A., F.R.G.S. | B.A., F.R.G.S. |

| | |

| With twenty-five illustrations | _With many illustrations_ |

| | |

| "There is no boy but will keenly | "Graphic and absorbing |

| enjoy this admirable volume." | descriptions of the wonderful |

| _Standard_ | inventions of our day." |

| | _Graphic_ |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| MODERN LOCOMOTION | MINING |

| | |

| Containing interesting | Containing interesting |

| descriptions of the rise and | descriptions of the Methods of |

| development of the railroad | Mining for Minerals in all parts |

| systems in all parts of the world| of the World |

| | |

| By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS | By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS |

| B.A., F.R.G.S. | B.A., F.R.G.S. |

| | |

| _With twenty-five Illustrations_ | _With twenty-four illustrations_ |

| | |

| "Crisply written, brimful of | "We cannot praise this book too |

| incident. To intelligent lads | highly."--_British Weekly_ |

| should be as welcome as a | |

| Ballantyne story." | |

| _Glasgow Herald_ | |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

| THE ROMANCE OF | THE ROMANCE OF |

| POLAR EXPLORATION | THE MIGHTY DEEP |

| | |

| Adventures Arctic and Antarctic, | A popular account of the Ocean, |

| from the Earliest Times to the | the Laws by which it is ruled, |

| Voyage of the "Discovery" | its wonderful powers and strange |

| | inhabitants |

| By G. FIRTH SCOTT | |

| | By AGNES GIBERNE |

| _With twenty-four illustrations | |

| Extra Crown 8vo. 5s._ | _With illustrations_ |

| | |

| "Thrillingly interesting." | "Most fascinating; admirably |

| _Liverpool Courier_ | adapted for the young." |

| | _Daily News_ |

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

SEELEY & COMPANY LIMITED

=THE ROMANCE OF SAVAGE LIFE=

DESCRIBING THE HABITS, CUSTOMS, EVERYDAY LIFE, &c., OF PRIMITIVE MAN

By Prof. G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A., B.Sc., &_c._

_With Thirty Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s._

"Mr. Scott Elliot has hit upon a good idea in this attempt to set

forth the life of the primitive savage. On the whole, too, he has

carried it out well and faithfully.... We can recommend the book as

filling a gap."--_Athenæum._

"A readable contribution to the excellent series of which it

forms a part. Mr. Scott Elliot writes pleasantly...he possesses a

sufficiently vivid imagination to grasp the relation of a savage to

his environment."--_Nature._

"There are things of remarkable interest in this volume, and it makes

excellent reading and represents much research."--_Spectator._

=THE ROMANCE PLANT LIFE=

DESCRIBING THE CURIOUS AND INTERESTING IN THE PLANT WORLD

By Prof. G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A., B.Sc, &_c._

_With Thirty-four Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s._

"The author has worked skilfully into his book details of the facts

and inferences which form the groundwork of modern Botany. The

illustrations are striking, and cover a wide field of interest, and

the style is lively."--_Athenæum._

"In twenty-nine fascinating, well-printed, and well-illustrated

chapters, Prof. Scott Elliot describes a few of the wonders of plant

life. A very charming and interesting volume."--_Daily Telegraph._

"Mr. Scott Elliot is of course a well-known authority on all that

concerns plants, and the number of facts he has brought together

will not only surprise but fascinate all his readers."--_Westminster

Gazette._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE ROMANCE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD=

DESCRIBING THE CURIOUS AND INTERESTING IN NATURAL HISTORY

By EDMUND SELOUS

_With Sixteen full-page Illustrations_

"Mr. Selous takes a wide range in Nature, he has seen many wonders

which he relates. Open the book where we will we find something

astonishing."--_Spectator._

"It is in truth a most fascinating book, as full of incidents and as

various in interest as any other work of imagination, and, beyond

the pleasure in the reading there is the satisfaction of knowing

that one is in the hands of a genuine authority on some of the most

picturesque subjects that natural history affords. Mr. Selous method

is strong, safe, and sound. The volume has numerous illustrations

of a high order of workmanship and a handsome binding of striking

design.--_School Government Chronicle._

"This is a very fascinating volume, full of picturesquely written

descriptions of the life, habits, and customs of a number of birds

and beasts, including beavers, seals, bears, penguins, crocodiles,

and a host of other creatures."--_Graphic._

"A fund of information and amusement will be found in the pages of

this handsomely bound book. From the lowest animals of all, the

Infusoria, to the lion and the elephant, all come within the range of

Mr. Selous' observation, and he builds up out of the vast material

at his disposal a very readable narrative. The illustrations are

carefully drawn, and are very true to nature."--_Education._

"The volume would make an excellent present for an intelligent boy,

being full of interesting and sometimes thrilling stories from the

wide field of natural history. It is well written in a clear, easy

style which is to be commended. Mr. Edmund Selous has made a most

interesting collection of striking facts, and the book has one of the

prettiest covers that I have seen."--_Daily News._

=THE ROMANCE OF MODERN EXPLORATION=

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF CURIOUS CUSTOMS, THRILLING ADVENTURES, AND

INTERESTING DISCOVERIES OF EXPLORERS IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD

By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.

_With Twenty-six Illustrations_

"A mine of information and stirring incident."--_Scotsman._

"Mr. Williams is most catholic in his choice, taking his readers to

soar in a balloon with the luckless Andree, to wander in African

forests and Australian deserts, to seek for the North Pole with

Nansen, and even to note such an up-to-date expedition as that of the

'Discovery' in the Antarctic Regions, to cite but the most prominent.

Mr. Williams has done this work most judiciously,...a book which will

delight both young and old alike."--_Graphic._

"The book unites strong natural attractiveness with valuable

geographical information to a degree probably unequalled by any other

that might be offered as appropriate for the purpose of a gift book

or the recreative library."--_School Government Chronicle._

"It is a kind of epitome of the best travel books of our time, and is

exceedingly well done."--_Academy._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE ROMANCE OF INSECT LIFE=

DESCRIBING THE CURIOUS & INTERESTING IN THE INSECT WORLD

By EDMUND SELOUS

AUTHOR OF "THE ROMANCE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD," ETC.

_With Sixteen Illustrations._ _Extra Crown 8vo._ _5s._

"An entertaining volume, one more of a series which seeks with much

success to describe the wonders of nature and science in simple,

attractive form."--_Graphic._

"Offers most interesting descriptions of the strange and curious

inhabitants of the insect world, sure to excite inquiry and to

foster observation. There are ants white and yellow, locusts and

cicadas, bees and butterflies, spiders and beetles, scorpions

and cockroaches--and especially ants--with a really scientific

investigation of their wonderful habits, not in dry detail, but in

free and charming exposition and narrative. An admirable book to put

in the hands of a boy or girl with a turn for natural science--and

whether or not."--_Educational Times._

"Both interesting and instructive. Such a work as this is genuinely

educative. There are numerous illustrations."--_Liverpool Courier._

"With beautiful original drawings by Carton Moore Park and Lancelot

Speed, and effectively bound in dark blue cloth, blazoned with

scarlet and gold."--_Lady._

"Admirably written and handsomely produced. Mr. Selous's volume shows

careful research, and the illustrations of insects and the results of

their powers are well done."--_World._

=THE ROMANCE OF MODERN MECHANISM=

INTERESTING DESCRIPTIONS IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE OF WONDERFUL

MACHINERY, MECHANICAL DEVICES, & MARVELLOUSLY DELICATE SCIENTIFIC

INSTRUMENTS

By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.

AUTHOR OF "THE ROMANCE OF MODERN EXPLORATION," ETC.

_With Twenty-six Illustrations._ _Extra Crown 8vo._ _5s._

"No boy will be able to resist the delights of this book, full to the

brim of instructive and wonderful matter."--_British Weekly._

"This book has kept your reviewer awake when he reasonably expected

to be otherwise engaged. We do not remember coming across a more

fascinating volume, even to a somewhat blasé reader whose business

it is to read all that comes in his way. The marvels, miracles they

should be called, of the modern workshop are here exploited by Mr.

Williams for the benefit of readers who have not the opportunity

of seeing these wonders or the necessary mathematical knowledge to

understand a scientific treatise on their working. Only the simplest

language is used and every effort is made, by illustration or by

analogy, to make sufficiently clear to the non-scientific reader

how the particular bit of machinery works and what its work really

is. Delicate instruments, calculating machines, workshop machinery,

portable tools, the pedrail, motors ashore and afloat, fire engines,

automatic machines, sculpturing machines--these are a few of the

chapters which crowd this splendid volume."--_Educational News._

"It is difficult to make descriptions of machinery and mechanism

interesting, but Mr. Williams has the enviable knack of doing so, and

it is hardly possible to open this book at any page without turning

up something which you feel you must read; and then you cannot stop

till you come to the end of the chapter."--_Electricity._

"This book is full of interest and instruction, and is a welcome

addition to Messrs. Seeley and Company's Romance Series."--_Leeds

Mercury._

"A book of absorbing interest for the boy with a mechanical turn, and

indeed for the general reader."--_Educational Times._

"An instructive and well-written volume."--_Hobbies._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE ROMANCE OF MODERN ELECTRICITY=

DESCRIBING IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT ELECTRICITY

& MANY OF ITS INTERESTING APPLICATIONS

By CHARLES R. GIBSON, A.I.E.E.

AUTHOR OF "ELECTRICITY OF TO-DAY," ETC.

_Extra Crown 8vo._ _With 34 Illustrations and 11 Diagrams._ _5s._

"Everywhere Mr. Charles R. Gibson makes admirable use of simple

analogies which bespeak the practised lecturer, and bring the matter

home without technical detail. The attention is further sustained by

a series of surprises. The description of electric units, the volt,

the ohm, and especially the ampere, is better than we have found in

more pretentious works."--_Academy._

"Mr. Gibson's style is very unlike the ordinary text-book. It is

fresh, and is non-technical. Its facts are strictly scientific,

however, and thoroughly up to date. If we wish to gain a thorough

knowledge of electricity pleasantly and without too much trouble on

our own part, we will read Mr. Gibson's 'Romance.'"--_Expository

Times._

"A book which the merest tyro totally unacquainted with elementary

electrical principles can understand, and should therefore especially

appeal to the lay reader. Especial interest attaches to the

chapter on wireless telegraphy, a subject which is apt to 'floor'

the uninitiated. The author reduces the subject to its simplest

aspect, and describes the fundamental principles underlying the

action of the coherer in language so simple that anyone can grasp

them."--_Electricity._

"Contains a clear and concise account of the various forms in which

electricity is used at the present day, and the working of the

telephone, wireless telegraphy, tramcars, and dynamos is explained

with the greatest possible lucidity, while the marvels of the X-rays

and of radium receive their due notice. Now that electricity plays

such an all-important part in our daily life, such a book as this

should be in the hands of every boy. Indeed, older people would learn

much from its pages. For instance, how few people could explain

the principles of wireless telegraphy in a few words if suddenly

questioned on the subject. The book is well and appropriately

illustrated."--_Graphic._

"Mr. Gibson sets out to describe in non-technical language the

marvellous discoveries and adaptation of this pervasive and powerful

essence, and being a most thorough master of the subject, he leads

the reader through its mazes with a sure hand. Throughout he

preserves a clear and authoritative style of exposition which will be

understood by any intelligent reader."--_Yorkshire Observer._

"A popular and eminently readable manual for those interested in

electrical appliances. It describes in simple and non-technical

language what is known about electricity and many of its interesting

applications. There are a number of capital illustrations and

diagrams which will help the reader greatly in the study of the

book."--_Record._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE LIBRARY OF ADVENTURE.=

_With 16 Illustrations._ _Extra Crown 8vo._ _Each 5s._

"=Delightful books of adventure, beautifully printed and tastefully

got up.="--_Educational Times._

"=Among the more interesting of gift-books--the kind of material that

suits the manly boy."=--_Athenæum._

ADVENTURES ON THE HIGH MOUNTAINS. By Richard Stead, B.A.,

F.R.Hist.S., author of "Adventures on the Great Rivers," &c.

ADVENTURES IN THE GREAT FORESTS. By G. W. F. Hyrst, author of

"Adventures in the Great Deserts," &c.

ADVENTURES IN THE GREAT DESERTS. By G. W. F. Hyrst.

"Mr. Hyrst writes vigorously and well in this admirable book.

Thoroughly absorbing and extremely readable."--_Liverpool

Courier._

ADVENTURES ON THE GREAT RIVERS. By Richard Stead, B.A., F.R.Hist.S.

"Attractive and fascinating. From beginning to end the volume is

crowded with extraordinary stories of heroism and adventure. It

is capitally illustrated."--_Western Daily Press._

HEROES OF THE WORLD LIBRARY

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HEROES OF MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE. True stories of the intrepid

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HEROES OF PIONEERING. By the Rev. Edgar Sanderson, M.A., Scholar

of Clare College, Cambridge, author of "Outlines of the World's

History," &c.

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street.

=EVENTS OF OUR OWN TIME.=

_A Series of Volumes on the most Important Events of the last

Half-Century, each containing 320 pages or more, with Plans,

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THE WAR IN THE CRIMEA. By General Sir Edward Hamley, K.C.B. With

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THE INDIAN MUTINY OF 1857. By Colonel Malleson, C.S.I. With Three

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THE AFGHAN WARS OF 1839-1842 AND 1878-1880. By Archibald Forbes.

With Five Maps and Plans, and Four Portraits on Copper. Third

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THE REFOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. By Colonel Malleson, C.S.I.

With Five Maps and Plans, and Four Portraits on Copper.

THE LIBERATION OF ITALY, 1815-1870. By the Countess Martinengo

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OUR FLEET TO-DAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT DURING THE LAST HALF-CENTURY.

By Rear-Admiral S. Eardley Wilmot. With many Illustrations. New

Edition.

_Uniform with the above._

THE WAR IN THE PENINSULA. By Alexander Innes Shand. With Four

Portraits on Copper, and Six Plans. 5s.

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GREAT BRITAIN IN MODERN AFRICA. By Edgar Sanderson, M.A. With Four

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"Undoubtedly the best summary of modern African history that we

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SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street.

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are Grown. By Selina Gaye. With a Preface by Professor Boulger.

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SUN, MOON, AND STARS. A Book on Astronomy for Beginners. By Agnes

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WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Popularly Explained. By Richard Kerr, F.G.S.

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=WORKS BY C. J. CORNISH.=

THE NATURALIST ON THE THAMES. With Thirty-eight Illustrations. Demy

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ANIMALS OF TO-DAY: Their Life and Conversation. With Illustrations

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* * * * *

Transcriber Note

Minor typos have been corrected. To prevent illustrations from

splitting paragraphs, they were moved. Three very long paragraphs

(pp. 158, 170 and 185) were split to accommodate placement of

anillustration. The two pages of advertising which were placed at

the front of the printed volume have been moved just below the end

of the text with the remaining advertisements. Formatting within the

advertisements has been standardized.

The Romance of Modern Geology Describing in simple but exact language the making of the earth with some account of prehistoric animal life · 第 24 / 24 章