the throat in vertebrate animals, lies between the cheeks; from which
it may usually be distinguished by being more lubricous and tumid, and
often separated by an impressed line. It is particularly conspicuous
and elevated in the Lamellicorn beetles, and calculated by its
lubricity for easy motion in the lower side of the cavity of the chest.
Its apex is the base in which the _mentum_ sits. It is not necessary to
enlarge further upon it, as it seldom exhibits striking characters.
III. _Collum_[1580].--In a large proportion of insects the head
inosculates in the trunk without the intervention of a neck, or
a constriction of the head behind. In the Orders _Orthoptera_,
_Trichoptera_, _Lepidoptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_, no
instance of it that I recollect occurs: in the _Coleoptera_ there
are many. In the Predaceous beetles, though several have no distinct
neck, yet others, as _Anthia_, &c. have a short and thick one;
and some few, as _Colliuris_, _Agra_, &c. one more pronounced.
Latreille has named a tribe in this Order _Trachelides_, from the
circumstance of their having a neck: in this tribe you will find the
blister-beetles (_Cantharis_ and _Mylabris_) both of the moderns and
the ancients. In the _Hemiptera_ order the water-scorpions _Nepa_,
&c. have a thick short neck; and _Zelus_, (a kind of bug,) one
longer and more slender; and, like _Raphidia_, the snake's-head fly,
which is similarly circumstanced, has the air of a serpent. Other
_Neuroptera_, likewise, have a neck; as _Hemerobius_, _Corydalis_,
&c. This part presents no other features that merit notice.
IV. _Myoglyphides_[1581].--The _Myoglyphides_, or muscle-notches, are
sinuses, some shallow and some deeper, in the posterior margin of the
upper side of the head, to which the levator muscles are affixed.
They seem principally confined to the _Coleoptera_; though, in some
cases at least, they may be traced in the Heteropterous _Hemiptera_.
These notches vary in number and depth in different insects. Thus
in _Buprestis_ there is only _one_ deep one[1582]: in _Copris_
there are _two_ shallow ones, in a deep sinus separated by a small
prominence[1583]: in _Elater_ and _Lamia_ there are also two not in a
sinus; and in _Calandra Palmarum_ there are four, two on each side,
with a prominent lobe between them[1584]. To each of these notches,
at its under margin, below the ligament that unites the occiput to
the trunk, a muscle to raise the head is usually attached.
FOOTNOTES:
[1151] See above, p. 86, 110, 243--.
[1152] Many species of _Hister_, _Curculio_ L., _Doryphora_ Illig.
are extremely hard, while _Cantharis_ Geoffr., _Meloe_ F., and
_Telephorus_ Geoffr., are very soft.
[1153] Thenard _Traité de Chimie Elémentaire_, iii. 637. n. 2005.
The other products he mentions are--a green oil, a yellow substance,
a black ditto, acetic acid, uric acid, phosphate of magnesia. The
vesicant matter consists of little micaceous laminæ soluble in
boiling alcohol and oil, but insoluble in water.
[1154] Coquebert _Illustr. Icon._ ii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 14, 15.
[1155] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 16.
[1156] This name I would give to _Locusta_ F., reserving, with Dr.
Leach, the latter name to the true _locust_ (_Gryllus_ F.). The name
_Conocephalus_, by which _Locusta_ F. has been distinguished, is
better restricted to those with a conical head.
[1157] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 1, 2.
[1158] Huber _Nouv. Obs._ ii. 317.
[1159] VOL. I. p. 502--.
[1160] Hair, in the Holy Scriptures, is used as the symbol of
_strength_ or _power_. Judges xvi. 17--. 1 Cor. xi. 10.
[1161] _Anat. Compar._ ii. 624.
[1162] _Anat. Compar._ i. 119.
[1163] _Ibid._ ii. 540.
[1164] _Ibid._ 547.
[1165] _Ibid._ 553.
[1166] _Anat. Compar._ ii. 553.
[1167] _Ibid._ 557.
[1168] _Ibid._ 560.
[1169] PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 2. _a´´´._
[1170] _Anat. Compar._ ii. 557.
[1171] A _harmonic suture_ is when the margins of two flat bones
simply touch each other, without any intermediate substance; and a
_squamose_, when the thin margin of one covers that of the other.
_Anat. Compar._ i. 124. With regard to the flat portions of the
integument of insects, they have some motion; whereas a suture is an
articulation without movement. _Ibid._
[1172] Their connexion by means of a ligament classes them under
_Synneurosis_ (Monro _On the Bones_, Dr. Kirby's edit. 29), but even
this not strictly, since a common ligament connects them all. Those
of the trunk, as admitting a slight degree of motion, belong to
_Amphiarthrosis_ (_Anat. Compar._ i. 126), and those of the abdomen,
which are capable of larger movements, to _Diarthrosis_ (_Ibid._ 127).
[1173] See above, p. 309--.
[1174] In the _hornet_ and other wasps, this line on the inside of the
head furnishes a foundation for a septum, which in the sides of the
nose is very high, and connects also with the hind part of the head.
[1175] _Anat. Compar._ i. 445--.
[1176] _Ibid._ 447.
[1177] _Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i, 11--. Comp. _Anat.
Compar._ iii. 314--.
[1178] It is probable that M. Cuvier took his idea of this first kind
of articulation, by contact of solid parts, from this individual
insect; since, besides its very prominent throat, there is on each
side of the _lower_ part of the occiput a small elevation, or
approach to a tubercle.
[1179] _Gen. des Crustac. et Ins._ ii. 246. _Regne Anim._ iii. 325.
[1180] This was written directly after the experiment recommended in
the text had been tried, with the result there stated.
[1181] Reaum. iv. 40. Latreille _Fourmis_, 328--.
[1182] PLATE VII. FIG. 2. k´´.
[1183] Clairville (_Ent. Helvet._ i. 44) appears to have been the first
who classed insects according to their mode of taking their food.
[1184] PLATE VI. VII. XXVI. a´.
[1185] In _Lucanus_, _Lamprina_, &c. the labrum seems to form the
under-side of the nose, and to be connate with it.
[1186] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ v. _Apis_ *. b. _f._ 18. _b._
[1187] _Ibid. t._ ii. _Melitta_ **. b. _f._ 4, 5. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 30.
[1188] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 31. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ x. _Apis_ **. c.
2. δ. _f._ 13. _c._
[1189] PLATES VI. VII. and XXVI. b.
[1190] De Geer iv. 124. _t._ iv. _f._ 12. iii. 415. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4.
[1191] Ibid. iv. 281--. _t._ xi. _f._ 7.
[1192] Ibid. 329. _t._ xii. _f._ 3.
[1193] Ibid. ii. 775--. _t._ xxvi. _f._ 10. b c, b c.
[1194] _Philos. Entom._ 18.
[1195] _Syst. Eleuth._ i. Præf. iv.
[1196] _Gen. Crustac. et Ins._ i. 180.
[1197] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 246.
[1198] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. b´. a´´.
[1199] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. b´. a´´.
[1200] Kirby _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 8. _f_.
[1201] Ibid. _t._ xxi. _f._ 10. _d_. MacLeay _Hor. Entomol._ i. _t._
iii. _f._ 26, 27.
[1202] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 35.
[1203] Ibid. FIG. 34.
[1204] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. b´.
[1205] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24. b´.
[1206] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. a´´.
[1207] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiv. 171.
[1208] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. e´.
[1209] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. i´´.
[1210] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. e´.
[1211] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. b´.
[1212] Ibid. FIG. 12. b´.
[1213] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. b´´.
[1214] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. b´´.
[1215] _Hor. Entomolog._ i. _t._ i. _f._ 1. _g_.
[1216] _Ibid. t._ ii. _f._ 18. _g._
[1217] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _neut._ _f._ 1. _g._ _c._
[1218] _Ibid._ 93. 103--. _t._ vi. Apis **. b. _f._ 3. _b._ _c._
[1219] _Ibid._ _t._ i. *. a. _f._ 3. _b._
[1220] _Ibid._ _t._ ix. _Apis_ **. c. 2. γ. _f._ 3. _b._
[1221] _Clairv. Ent. Helvet._ ii. _t._ xxiv. _f._ 1. _c._
[1222] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24, 28. b´´.
[1223] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ii. _Melitta_ **. b. _f._ 2. _c._
[1224] PLATE XIII. FIG. 2. _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 6. _b._
[1225] This is the case with _Oxyporus_ F. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4.
[1226] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. b´´. Latreille, _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._
xvii. 545, seems not to regard these as palpi; but from their tubular
form, and insertion in the socket of the labium, it is clear that
they ought to be so considered.
[1227] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. c´.
[1228] A corresponding articulation takes place between the tibia and
thigh of some of the _Scarabæidæ_, which will be hereafter described.
See PLATE XXVII. FIG. 8-11.
[1229] _Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des_ Orthoptères, 2.
[1230] _Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des_ Orthoptères, 2.
[1231] See above, p. 407. note b.
[1232] _Ubi supra_, 4.
[1233] _Ibid._
[1234] _Ibid._ 5.
[1235] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 66. _Prionus. t._ xiii. _f._ 54.
[1236] _Ibid._ no. 83. _Curculio. t._ iv. _f._ 37.
[1237] _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 12.
[1238] For Mandibles of _Locusta_ see PLATE VI. FIG. 6. c´. of
_Lampyris_ Oliv. _Ins._ no. 28. _t._ i. _f._ 1. of _Buprestis_,
_Ibid._ no. 32. _t._ iii. _f._ 17. of _Lucanus_, _Ibid._ no. 1. _t._
i-v. and of _Prionus_, _Ibid._ no. 66. _t._ ii. _f._ 8.
[1239] _Gomphosis_ is, when one bone is immoveably fixed in another
as a nail in a board.
[1240] Marcel de Serres _ubi supra._ 7.
[1241] See PLATE XIII. FIG. 7. Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiii.
_f._ 13. and _t._ xii. _neut. f._ 10.
[1242] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 19.
[1243] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 42. _t._ i. _f._ 1. and no. 2. _t._ i. _f._
1. b.
[1244] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 16, 18.
[1245] Ibid. FIG. 21.
[1246] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ iv. _Melitta. f._ 5-8.
[1247] Drury _Ins._ ii. _t._ xlviii. _f._ 3. See above, p. 315.
[1248] Oliv. no. 1. _t._ v. _f._ 16. &c. _t._ iii. _f._ 7.
[1249] _Comparaison des Organes_, &c. 7--.
[1250] PLATE VI. FIG. 6. and XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.
[1251] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. and XIII. FIG. 5. b´´´.
[1252] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 16.
[1253] I was not aware that Knoch had observed this part, till some
time after the publication of my paper _On Mr. William MacLeay's
Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy_ (see _Linn. Trans._ xiv. 105--),
when I happened to meet with it in a letter from a friend, received
more than thirteen years ago; but without any reference to the work
of Knoch, in which it was stated. It was doubtless taken from his
_Beiträge zur Insektengeschichte_.
[1254] _Anat. Comp._ iii. 321--.
[1255] One of those mandibles is represented in PLATE XXVI. FIG. 20.
a´´´. incisive teeth d´´´. molary plate. Comp. _Linn. Trans._ ubi
supr. _t._ iii. _f._ 4. _c a b._
[1256] VOL. II. p. 275--.
[1257] In the _Myrmeleon_, or ant-lion, the suction is promoted by
the action of a piston, that pumps up the juices. Reaum. vi. 369.
[1258] De Geer iv. 386--. _t._ xv. _f._ 10. See above, p. 121.
[1259] PLATE XIII. FIG. 7. _c´´._
[1260] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 42. _Staphylinus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. b.
[1261] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. d´.
[1262] PLATE VI. FIG. 3, 6, 12. VII. FIG. 3. c´´.
[1263] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. a´´. e´´. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiii.
_f._ 1. _e._
[1264] _Ibid._ _f._ 3. _a._
[1265] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. 146. _t._ xxiii. _f._ super. _b._
[1266] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 243.
[1267] In _Anoplognathus_, however, though it has neither teeth nor
spines, it is as hard as the mandibles.
[1268] See above, p. 317.
[1269] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 10, 11. d´´´. e´´´.
[1270] Ibid. FIG. 9. d´´´. e´´´.
[1271] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. d´´´. e´´´. Oliv. _Ins._ no. 45.
_Meloe._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. c. These are what Fabricius calls _galeate_
maxillæ, on which he founded his class _Ulonata_.
[1272] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 11. d´´´. e´´´.
[1273] PLATE VI. FIG. 3. d´´´.
[1274] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ _t._ i. _t._ xviii. _f._ super. _b._
[1275] Ibid. _t._ xix. _b._ This genus may be the analogue of some
heteromerous one yet undiscovered, as _Calosoma_ is of _Adelium_
(Kirby _Linn. Trans_. xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 2.)
[1276] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. _t._ xxiv. _f._ super. _b._
[1277] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 11.
[1278] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 19. _Trogosita._ _t._ 1. _f._ d. no. 41 bis.
_Dryops. t._ i. _f._ 1. c.
[1279] See above, VOL. I. p. 238.
[1280] Oliv. _Ins_. no. 17. _Ptinus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. c.
[1281] _Ibid._ no. 60. _Blaps t._ i. _f._ 2. c.
[1282] _Ibid._ no. 88. _Languria. t._ i. _f._ 2. c.
[1283] _Ibid._ no. 89. _Erotylus. t._ ii. _f._ 12. c.
[1284] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 41. _Gyrinus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. e.
[1285] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 13. _Hor. Entomolog._ i. _t._ iii. _f._ 29,
30. E.
[1286] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ii. _Melitta_. **. a. _f._ 2. _t._ v.
_Apis_. *. b. _f._ 4. &c.
[1287] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 48. _Cerocoma_. _t._ i. _f._ 1. c.
[1288] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 10-12.
[1289] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. _Cicindela_. _t._ xxiv. _f._ super.
_b._ for _Carabidæ_, _Dytiscidæ_, his other plates.
[1290] _Hor. Entomolog._ i. _t._ ii. _f._ 13. E.
[1291] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. f´´´.
[1292] _Hor. Entomolog._ _t._ i. _f._ 3. E.
[1293] _Ibid._ _f._ 4. E.
[1294] Oliv. _Ins._ no. 7. _Hexodon_. _t._ i. _f._ 1. e.
[1295] _Ibid._ no. 3. _Scarabæus_. _t._ l. _f._ 1. f.
[1296] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xiv. 102. _t._ iii. _f._ 4. d.
[1297] De Geer v. 417. _t._ iv. _f._ 12.
[1298] PLATES VI. VII. h´´.
[1299] See above, p. 443.
[1300] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ix. 2. c. 2. β. _f._ 2. _d. g._ 4.
_t._ xii. _neut. f._ 6. _d._ _t._ xiii. _f._ 3. _b._
[1301] Clairv. _Ent. Helv._ ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 1.
[1302] PLATE VII. FIG. 3. b´´. h´´.
[1303] PLATE VI. FIG. 12. b´´. f´´´.
[1304] Ibid. FIG. 13. h´´. Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ l. i. 29--.
_t._ i.-iii. ȯ.
[1305] De Geer vi. _t._ xix. _f._ 4. _d._
[1306] Ibid. _t._ ix. _f._ 8. _b b._ t. xii. _f._ 20. _b._ _t._ xiv.
_f._ 15. _i i._
[1307] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 6.
[1308] Ibid. FIG. 5.
[1309] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ x. _Apis._ **. c. 2. δ. _f._ 3.
_a._ and **. d. 1. _f._ 1. _d._
[1310] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. _t._ xxxi. _f. super. b. Mon. Ap.
Angl._ i. _t._ xiv. _f._ 1. _h. f._ 3, 5. _c._
[1311] See above, p. 317.
[1312] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1. As the very remarkable maxillary palpi of
that extraordinary Coleopterous genus _Atractocerus_ seem not to have
been so fully described as they deserve, I shall give here a minute
detail of their composition. They consist of _four_ joints: the first
is wide and short, and somewhat platter-shaped; the second is much
smaller and shorter: the third is concavo-convex, or shaped like a
shallow bowl: towards the breast this joint is elevated, and on the
elevated edge sits the last joint, which is longer than all the rest
taken together. In my specimen it points towards the breast; its
under side is entire and slightly curved, but in the upper side are
two rows of lamellæ (_b_), placed alternately _nine_ on each side,
with an odd one at the end: these lamellæ are full of minute papillæ,
and furrowed on the side next the mouth. From between the first pair
a slender exarticulate hairy branch or appendage emerges (_a_), which
forms nearly a right angle with the main stem. The _labial palpi_
appear to consist of _three_ joints; the two first very short, and
the last large, ovate, and acute. This description is not taken from
_A. necydaloides_, but from a Brazilian species more than five times
its size, which I have named _A. grandis_.
[1313] PLATE VI. VII. XXVI. e´.
[1314] PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´. Cuvier _Anat. Compar._ iii. 347.
[1315] Cuvier _Ibid._
[1316] Huber _Fourmis_, 4--.
[1317] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ iii. 304.
[1318] See above, p. 440.
[1319] Reaum. v. 309--.
[1320] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 23.
[1321] Clairv. _Ent. Helvet._ ii. Pref. xxii.
[1322] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiv. (1) 2. _b._
[1323] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24. e´.
[1324] Clairv. _ubi supr._ _t._ xx. _c._
[1325] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 28. e´.
[1326] Kirby _ubi supr._ fig. (8) 1. _c c._ The lateral pieces in the
tongue in _Vespa_ (_Ibid. c c._) have been regarded as lobes of it,
but they are rather _Paraglossæ_.
[1327] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 29. e´.
[1328] Clairv. _ubi supr. t_. xxx. _c._
[1329] Kirby _ubi supr._ no. 2. _f._ 1, 3.
[1330] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 24. _b._
[1331] Kirby _ubi supr. t._ x. _Apis_. c. 2. δ. _f._ 5. _t._ xii.
_neut. f._ 2, 3. _t._ xiii. _f._ 1. _h._
[1332] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 26, 29.
[1333] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 28. i´´.
[1334] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _neut._ _f._ 1. _h h._
_t._ xiii. _f._ 1. _f f._
[1335] _Ibid._ _t._ x. **. d, 1. _f._ 2. _b b._
[1336] See above, p. 425.
[1337] PLATE VII. FIG. 14. f´.
[1338] Reaum. v. 317.
[1339] _Organisation exterieur des Ins._ 184.
[1340] _Ubi supra._
[1341] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 12.
[1342] De Geer ii. 778--. _t._ xxvi. _f._ 11. _m._ PLATE VII. FIG. 2.
k´´.
[1343] _Ubi supra._
[1344] See above, p. 455.
[1345] _Organisation_ &c. 182.
[1346] Under this name M. Savigny includes the _Myriapoda_,
_Arachnida_, and _Crustacea_. _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 40.
[1347] _Ibid._ 43.
[1348] VOL. II. p. 275--. Also see above, p. 121--.
[1349] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. _t._ ii. _f._ 2. a. a´.
[1350] PLATE VII. FIG. 13. c´.
[1351] Ibid. d´.
[1352] _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 106. PLATE VII. FIG. 13. b´.
[1353] _Ubi supr._ 45--.
[1354] PLATE VII. FIG. 11. _f´_, _a´´_.
[1355] _Ubi supra_, 45.
[1356] Ibid. 44--.
[1357] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 275--. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. c´.
[1358] De Geer _t._ xl. _f._ 4. _t._ x. _f._ 7, 8.
[1359] See above, p. 18, 30.
[1360] Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 62.
[1361] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 277.
[1362] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ii. 276.
[1363] _Ibid._
[1364] _Ubi supr._ 58.
[1365] PLATE XV. FIG. 7.
[1366] PLATE VI. FIG. 7-9. a´, b´, c´, d´.
[1367] _Magaz._ 1806.
[1368] PLATE VI. FIG. 7. a´.
[1369] Ibid. Labium b´. Mandibulæ c´. Maxillæ d´.
[1370] Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i. 37.
[1371] De Geer iii. 137--. _t._ ix. _f._ 4.
[1372] Reaum. iii. 335. _t._ xxviii. _f._ 8-14.
[1373] De Geer iii. 117. _t._ viii. _f._ 22. _b._
[1374] PLATE VII. FIG. 5, 6. a´, b´, c´, d´.
[1375] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 253.
[1376] PLATE VII. FIG. 5, 6. a´.
[1377] Ibid.
[1378] Reaum. iv. _t._ XVI. FIG. 13. z.
[1379] Authors are not agreed as to the precise number of lancets
contained in a gnat's proboscis. Swammerdam affirms there are _six_,
including the labrum. i. 156. b. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 3. Reaumur could
find only _five_. iv. 597--. _t._ xlii. _f._ 10. And Leeuwenhoeck
only _four_.
[1380] PLATE VII. FIG. 5.
[1381] PLATE VII. FIG. 5. This figure is copied from Reaumur, and was
engraved before this discovery was made.
[1382] M. Savigny is of opinion that the central lancet or lancets
represent the _Epipharynx_ and _Hypopharynx_; for which he does not
state his reasons: but as these are properly covers of the pharynx,
the idea seems incorrect. _Ubi supr._ 15.
[1383] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 489. and iv. 253--.
[1384] _Ubi supr._ 36.
[1385] Ibid. _t._ iv. _f._ 1. o. _o._
[1386] VOL. I. p. 48, 110--.
[1387] PLATE VI. FIG. 13. a´, b´, c´, d´.
[1388] VOL. I. p. 394--.
[1389] PLATE VI. FIG. 13. a´. Savigny _Anim. sans Vertèbr._ I. i.
3--. _t._ i.-iii. a.
[1390] _Ibid._ i. PLATE VI. FIG. 13. c´.
[1391] Ibid. FIG. 13. h´´. Savigny _ubi supr. o._
[1392] PLATE VI. FIG. 13. d´. Savigny _ubi supr. t._ 1-3. _o._
[1393] Ibid. _ö._ PLATE VI. FIG. 13. b´.
[1394] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvii. 467.
[1395] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ iv. 253.
[1396] PLATE VII. FIG. 8. c´, d´, e´, h´´.
[1397] Ibid, c´.
[1398] Ibid, d´.
[1399] Ibid, h´´.
[1400] Ibid. e´.
[1401] Rösel. ii. _t._ iii. _f._ 15. Latreille _Gen. Crust. et Ins._
iv. 365.
[1402] Swammerdam _Bibl. Nat. t._ ii. _f._ 4.
[1403] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxviii. 266.
[1404] _Ibid._ xvi. 432. De Geer vii. _t._ vi. _f._ 4. Not quite
accurate.
[1405] PLATES VI. VII. XXVII. a.
[1406] _Organisat. Extér. des Ins._ 196.
[1407] In the _Transactions of the Royal Society_, this part in
_Anobium tessellatum_ is so called. xxxiii. 159--.
[1408] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 4. a.
[1409] PLATE VII. FIG. 2. a.
[1410] _Observ. Nouv. sur les Hyménoptères_ (_Ann. du Mus._) 5.
[1411] Those beetles whose posterior pair of tarsi have only _four_
joints, and the two anterior _five_, are so called.
[1412] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xii. 464. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 6.
[1413] Ibid. xiii. _t._ i. _f._ 1. _b._
[1414] PLATE VI. FIG. 10. g´.
[1415] Ibid. FIG. 7. a.
[1416] Ibid. g´.
[1417] PLATE VI. FIG. 4. g´.
[1418] PLATES VI. VII. b.
[1419] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ i. _Melitta._ *. b. _f._ 3.
[1420] PLATE VI. FIG. 4. b.
[1421] PLATES VI. VII. c.
[1422] VOL. II. p. 317--.
[1423] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.
[1424] Stoll _Punaises_, _t._ xxxix. _f._ 279, 280.
[1425] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. d.
[1426] PLATES VI. VII. e.
[1427] PLATES VI. VII. f.
[1428] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 4. f.
[1429] Cuv. _Regne Animal._ iii. _t._ xiii. _f._ 4.
[1430] This insect was taken both at Matlock and Exmouth. The body
and thighs are of a light-brown, wings testaceous, legs pale; antennæ
between setaceous and filiform, two-thirds the length of the body;
first joint not much thicker than the rest.
[1431] PLATE VI. VII. g.
[1432] De Geer iii. 561. _t._ xxvii. _f._ 1.
[1433] PLATES VI. VII. XXVI. h.
[1434] PLATE VII. FIG. 8, 9. XXVI. FIG. 43. h.
[1435] Viz. one on each side above, and one below.
[1436] Walckenaer _Aranéïdes_, _t._ v. _f._ 50, 52. _t._ viii. _f._ 82.
[1437] Treviranus (_Arachnid_. 4.) says that _Scorpio Europæus_
has only _two_ eyes. He appears to have overlooked the two on the
anterior side of a tubercle at each angle of the head, where they are
large, but not conspicuous, at least in my specimen.
[1438] De Geer vii. _t._ iii. _f._ 8, 9, 12.
[1439] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43., h.
[1440] Walck. _Aran._ _t._ i. _f._ 3.
[1441] _Ibid._ _t._ v. _f._ 42-48.
[1442] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. _f._ 41.
[1443] Walck. _Aran._ _t._ i. _f._ 2.
[1444] _Ibid._ _t._ i. _f._ 7.
[1445] _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 18, 20.
[1446] VOL. I. p. 323.
[1447] De Geer vii. 138. _t._ viii. _f._ 15. _y y_.
[1448] Ibid. _t._ xl. _f._ 3. _o o_, _y y_.
[1449] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43. h.
[1450] _Segestria perfida_, Walck. _Aran._ _t._ v. _f._ 52. &c.
[1451] _Tetragnatha_ and _Latrodectes_, _Ibid._ _t._ vii. _f._ 64.
and _t._ ix. _f._. 84.
[1452] _Nyssus coloripes_, _Ibid._ _t._ vi. _f._ 58.
[1453] _Dolomeda_, _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 18, 20.
[1454] _Sphasus_, _Ibid._ _t._ iii. _f._ 24.
[1455] _Mygale avicularia_, _Ibid._ _t._ i. _f._ 3.
[1456] _Sparasus_, _Ibid._ _t._ iv. _f._ 41. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 37.
[1457] _Eresus_, _Ibid._ _t._ iii. _f._ 26.
[1458] _Storena_, _Ibid._ _t._ ix. _f._ 86.
[1459] _Argyroneta_, _Ibid._ _f._ 88.
[1460] _Pholeus_, _Ibid._ _t._ viii. _f._ 80.
[1461] PLATE XIII. FIG. 11.
[1462] PLATE XXIX. FIG. 11. h.
[1463] Ibid. _a._
[1464] PLATE XIII. FIG. 10.
[1465] See above, p. 117--.
[1466] Reaum. iv. 245.
[1467] _Microgr._ 176.
[1468] _Epist._ Mar. 6. 1717.
[1469] _Amœn. Academ._ vii. 141.
[1470] I possess a specimen in which the eye is partly black and
partly white: the lenses are invisible in the _black_ part, but very
visible in the white.
[1471] _Philos. Entomolog._ 19.
[1472] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 38.
[1473] Hooke _Microgr._ schem. xxiv.
[1474] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 3.
[1475] Cuvier _Anat. Compar._ ii. 442--. Compare Swammerdam _Bibl.
Nat._ i. 211. _t._ xx. _f._ 45.
[1476] VOL. II. p. 4, 364, &c.
[1477] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 36. h. Fabricius, and after him Olivier,
though both quote Forster, regard one of these eyes in _Lamia
Tornator_ as a spot; but they could not have examined it attentively.
_Saperda præusta_ F. has also four eyes.
[1478] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 39. h.
[1479] Latreille _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iii. 73.
[1480] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 479.
[1481] VOL. II. 320.
[1482] De Geer vii. 562.
[1483] VOL. II. p. 228.
[1484] _Ent. Helvet._ i. _t._ xii.
[1485] PLATE VI. FIG. 10.
[1486] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xi. _Apis._ **. e. 1. _f._ 2.
[1487] De Geer iii. _t._ xxxiv. _f._ 17, 18, 24. _o o._
[1488] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xiv. no. 11. _f._ 1. _f._ _Linn.
Trans._ xi. _t._ ix. _f._ 10. d.
[1489] PLATE XIII. FIG. 9. Fuessly _Archiv._ _t._ vi.
[1490] Schellenberg _Cimices_ _t._ xiii. ix. _f._ 1. _a._ De Geer ii.
_t._ xviii. _f._ 10.
[1491] Stoll _Spectres_, &c. _t._ iv. _f._ 14. _t._ x. _f._ 38, &c.
[1492] VOL. I. p. 261--.
[1493] _Linn. Trans. ubi supr._
[1494] Schellenberg _Mouches_, _t._ xxvii. _f._ 1, 2. _a, d._
[1495] _Ibid._ _t._ ix. _f._ 3. _a._
[1496] _Ibid._ _t._ ii. _f._ 2. _a._
[1497] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. 148.
[1498] PLATE XXVII. FIG. 4. h´.
[1499] This circumstance proves that Mr. W. S. MacLeay is correct in
considering this as a subgenus; but it militates against its being
connected with _Lamprima_.
[1500] PLATE VI. FIG. 4, 10. VII. FIG. 1, 2, 4. XXVI. FIG. 39-42. i.
[1501] _Bibl. Nat._ i. 214.
[1502] Reaum. iv. 245.
[1503] Ibid. v. 287--.
[1504] _Magas. der Entomolog._ iv. 410.
[1505] Latreille speaks of _Phasma_ as having no stemmata; but it
should seem that he examined only the _apterous_ ones, all the
_winged_ individuals, at least so far as I have examined them,
having three very visible ones. It may, I think, be laid down as a
rule, that the larvæ and pupæ of _Orthoptera_ have not these organs.
Probably their use is principally in flying?