and this variation takes place both in the number of the joints,
and their form and circumstances. The first case has been observed
only with regard to certain species of _Cryptophagus_ Herbst, as _C.
fumatus_, &c. in which the female is _pentamerous_, or having _five_
joints in all the tarsi; and the male _heteromerous_, or having
_five_ joints in the two _anterior_ pairs, and only _four_ in the
_posterior_[862]. With respect to the form of the tarsal joints, the
sexes more frequently differ; and by inspecting this part, especially
in the predaceous and carnivorous _Coleoptera_, you may often,
without further examination, ascertain whether any individual is male
or female. Even in the slender-footed _Cicindelidæ_, the three first
joints of the anterior tarsus of the male are more dilated than the
two last, and covered underneath with a brush of stiffish hair; in
the female all are equally slender, and not so hairy. In _Carabus_,
_Feronia_, &c. Latr. the _four_ first joints of these tarsi in the
males are dilated, and furnished with a brush or cushion: in the
_Silphidæ_, also, the same circumstance takes place. In _Harpalus_
Latr., and _Silpha americana_, the _four_ anterior ones are similarly
formed in this respect. But one of the most remarkable sexual
characters, in this tribe of insects, that distinguish the males,
are those orbicular patellæ, furnished below with suckers of various
sizes, and formed by the three first joints of the tarsus, which are
to be met with in the _Dytiscidæ_, &c.; but as I shall have occasion
to treat of these more fully in another Letter, I shall only allude
to them now. The second pair of tarsi have in these also the three
first joints dilated and cushioned[863]. In _Hydrophilus piceus_,
another water-beetle, the fifth joint of the tarsus is dilated
externally, so as to form nearly an equilateral triangle[864].
Christian, a German writer on the _Hymenoptera_, has described
some very singular appendages which he observed on the first joint
of the four posterior tarsi of _Xylocopa latipes_ F. These were
battledore-shaped membranaceous laminæ, with a reticulated surface,
of a pale colour; which were fixed in pairs by the intervention of
a footstalk to the above joint, on which they sometimes amounted
to more than a hundred: the use of which, he conjectures, is the
collection of pollen[865]. I possess two specimens of this bee;
one has none of these appendages, and on the other I can discover
them only in one of the tarsi--from which circumstance I am led to
conjecture that, like the supposed _Clavariæ_ that were imagined to
grow on some humble-bees, but which are now ascertained to be the
anthers of flowers--these also belong to the kingdom of Flora, and
are spoils which the bee in question has filched from the blossom
of some plant. The individuals that have been thus circumstanced
are males; whether the female is guilty of similar spoliations is
not known. In my specimen there are no traces of them. In many
bees, the first joint of the posterior tarsi is much larger in the
females and workers than in the males; but in the hive-bee this
joint is largest in the latter[866]. In _Beris clavipes_ and _Empis
nigra_, two flies, the joint in question is large and thick in the
male, but slender in the female. The penultimate tarsal joint in the
posterior legs is dilated internally, and terminates in a mucro in
one sex of _Anoplognathus Dytiscoides_ of Mr. W. MacLeay[867]. In
some insects the anterior tarsus of the males has been supposed to
be altogether wanting: I allude to the petalocerous genus _Onitis_
F.; but I have a specimen of _Onitis Apelles_ of this sex, or a
species nearly related to it, in which one of these tarsi is to be
found[868]; which, though very slender, consists of five joints,
and is armed with a double claw: from which circumstance it may, I
think, be concluded, that although, as in _Phanæus_, these tarsi are
very minute, they are not wanting. What renders this more probable
is, a circumstance which every collector of insects, who has many
specimens of Mr. W. MacLeay's _Scarabæidæ_ in his cabinet, must have
noticed: namely, that in all, except _Copris_ and _Onthophagus_, the
anterior tarsi are usually broken off. Out of seventeen individuals
of _Scarabæus_ MacLeay in my own, not a single one has a relic of
an anterior tarsus; and scarcely one in a much greater number of
_Phanæi_. The tarsus in question in the nobler sex in _Crabro_, at
least in _C. cribrarius_ and its affinities, is also very short,
especially the three intermediate joints; but at the same time very
broad and flat. In the species just named, the external claw forms
a kind of hook; and in the rest it is considerably longer than the
other[869]. The _claws_, indeed, occasionally vary in the sexes in
other _Hymenoptera_: thus in _Melecta_ Latr., a kind of bee, in the
female they are intire, but in the male they are furnished with an
internal submembranaceous tooth or process[870]. In _Cœlioxys conica_
and others, those of the latter sex are bifid at the apex, but those
of the former acute[871]. In _Megachile_, the male claw is as in the
instance just mentioned, while the female has a lateral tooth[872];
and a similar character distinguishes the sexes in the hive-bee[873].
3. The _abdomen_. This part affords many external sexual characters,
whether we consider its general shape; the number of segments that
compose it; its base, middle, or extremity.
In general _shape_ it often differs in the sexes. Thus, the abdomen
of female _Tipulæ_ is lanceolate; that of the male cylindrical, and
thickest at the extremity[874]. In _Molorchus_ F. it is convex above
in the former, and flat in the latter,--the female of this beetle not
unaptly representing some female _Ichneumons_ in this respect, and
the male their males[875]. In _Andrena_ it is oblong in the one, and
lanceolate in the other. In the hive-bee the drones have a thick,
obtuse, and rather long abdomen; in the females it is long, and
nearly represents an inverted cone; and in the workers a three-sided
figure, or prism.
The _number of segments_, also, is generally different in the two
sexes--the male having one more than the female; but in _Dytiscus
marginalis_, &c. the reverse of this takes place: the female, if you
reckon the bipartite half-concealed anal segment as one, having seven
ventral segments, and the male only six. She has also eight dorsal, and
the male seven.--In the ant tribes (_Formica_ L.), the little vertical
scale, at the _base_ of the abdomen in one description of them, or the
double knot in another, is less in the male than in the female. In a
very singular male insect belonging to the _Vespidæ_, and related to
_Synagris_, (which I purchased from the late Mr. Drury's cabinet,)
the second ventral segment sends forth from its disk two remarkable
parallel very acute and rather long spines. The same sex of _Chelostoma
maxillosa_ has likewise on the same segment a concave elevation,
opposite to which on the fifth is a cavity which receives it, when the
animal rolls itself up to take its repose[876]. In another species, _C.
Campanularum_, the segment in question has only a tubercle[877].
On the second segment of the abdomen of some specimens, probably
males, of the remarkable African genus _Pneumora_ before alluded
to[878], there are thirteen little elevated ridges, placed rather
obliquely in an oblique series; and gradually, though slightly,
diminishing in size towards the belly: on their upper side they
are flat, forming nearly a horizontal ledge, but on the lower they
slope to the abdomen. The posterior thigh in its natural position
covers the three first of them, and, if moved downwards, would strike
them all[879]. I conjecture, therefore, that these are the animal's
instruments of sound, imitating the harp or violin rather than the
drum; and that the thigh acts the part of the hand or bow. The
abdomen of these insects being blown out like a bladder, and almost
empty[880], must emit a considerable sound when the thigh of the
animal passes briskly over these ridges; and their different length
would produce a modulation in the sound. When struck with a pin, they
emit a grating noise.
In _Staphylinus splendens_, the _penultimate_ ventral segment is very
deeply cleft, and the antepenultimate emarginate in one sex, and intire
in the other. In _S. laminatus_, an allied species, the penultimate
segment is cleft, less deeply, however; but the antepenultimate is
very short and intire; while the fourth is extremely long, and rounded
at the margin, appearing as if it was only an elevated part of the
last-mentioned segment; for which it was mistaken by Gravenhorst[881],
while it is of the usual form in the other sex.
The _extremity_ of the abdomen or its _anal_ segments and organs
furnish a variety of sexual characters. Sometimes the last dorsal
segment is emarginate in the male, and not in the female; as
in _Megachile ligniseca_, one of the leaf-cutter bees, _Cimex
hæmorrhoidalis_, &c.[882] At other times little lateral teeth
are added to this notch, as in another of the same tribe, _M.
Willughbiella_[883]. Again, in other males, both the ventral and dorsal
anal segment are armed each with a pair of teeth or mucros, as in
_Chelostoma maxillosa_[884]. In _Anthidium manicatum_, another bee,
the anus terminates in five spines[885]. In _Cœlioxys conica_ of the
same tribe, in which this part in the female is very acute, that of
the male is armed with six points[886]. In that singular Neuropterous
genus _Panorpa_, while the abdomen of the female is of the ordinary
form, with a pair of biarticulate palpiform organs attached to the
last retractile joint, or ovipositor, that of the male terminates in
a jointed tail, not unlike a scorpion's, at the end of which is an
incrassated joint armed with a forceps[887]. In the common earwig
(_Forficula auricularia_) the two sexes differ considerably in their
anal forceps: in one it is armed with internal teeth at the base, and
suddenly dilated, above which dilatation it is bent like a bow: in the
other it is smaller, without teeth, grows gradually narrower, is very
minutely crenulate from the base to the end, and is straight, except at
the very summit, where it curves inwards. Misled by these and similar
differences, Mr. Marsham has considered them (the sexes both of _F.
auricularia_ and _F. minor_) as distinct species.
The tail of some species of the genus _Ephemera_ is furnished with
three long, jointed, hairy bristles. We learn from Reaumur with
respect to one, that though in the female these are all equal in
length, yet in the male there is only a rudiment of the third. On
the belly near the anus these males have four fleshy appendages, the
posterior ones setaceous and long, and the anterior pair filiform and
shorter. They are supposed to represent the anal forceps of other
insects[888]. In _Ephemera vulgata_, described by De Geer, both sexes
have three bristles, but those of the male are the longest; and he
describes the forceps as consisting of only a pair of jointed pieces,
forming a bow not unlike the forceps of an earwig[889].
v. All the differences I have hitherto noticed between the sexes
of insects occur in their _bodily_ structure; but there are others
of a somewhat higher description observable in their _character_.
You may smile at the idea of character in beings so minute; but if
you recollect what I formerly related to you when treating upon the
societies of insects, you will allow that something of this kind does
take place amongst them. In general the males are more fitted for
locomotion and more locomotive; and the females, on the contrary, are
necessarily more stationary. And this for an obvious reason:--the law
is, that the male shall seek the female, and therefore he is peculiarly
gifted for this purpose, both in his organs of sensation and motion:
while his partner in many cases has very simple antennæ, he has very
complex ones; and while she has either no wings or only rudiments
of them, he is amply provided with them. Again: amongst the insects
that suck the blood of man or beast, such as the gnat (_Culex_) or
horse-flies (_Tabanidæ_), it is the female alone that is bloodthirsty,
the males contenting themselves with the nectar of flowers[890]. But
the difference of character in the sexes is most conspicuous, at least
it has been more noticed, in those that live in societies, and is quite
the reverse of what takes place in the human species. While the females
and workers (which are now generally considered as sterile females, in
which the ovaries are not developed) are laborious and active, diligent
and skilful, wise and prudent, courageous and warlike;--the males, on
the contrary, take no part in promoting the common weal, except merely
a sexual one. Though till a certain period they are supported at the
expense of the community, they take no part in its labours, either in
collecting and forming the public stores, or in feeding and attending
the young. They are idle, cowardly, and inactive; have neither art
nor skill of any kind, and are unprovided with the usual offensive
weapons of their species. These observations in their full force
apply particularly to the hive-bee, and partially to the other social
insects; amongst which, if you consult my former communications, there
are some exceptions to this slothful character in the males[891].
II. _Age._ There is less diversity in the duration of the lives of
insects in their perfect than in their larva or pupa state. Some,
like several species of _Ephemeræ_, live only a few hours; some never
even see the sun[892]: others, as flies, moths, and butterflies,
and indeed the majority of insects, a few days or weeks; and a
comparatively small number, such as some of the larger _Coleoptera_,
_Orthoptera_, &c., six, nine, twelve, or fifteen months--a period
beyond which the life of perfect insects rarely extends. Some,
however, certainly enjoy a longer existence in the perfect state.
Mr. Baker kept one of the darkling beetles (_Blaps Mortisaga_) alive
under a glass upwards of three years. The rose-beetle (_Cetonia
aurata_), Rösel informs us he fed with fruit and moist white bread
for as long a period[893]. Esper kept our most common water-beetle
(_Dytiscus marginalis_) in water in a large glass vessel, feeding
it with meat, for three years and a half[894]. With regard to the
_Arachnida_, from the very slow growth of _Scorpio europæus_,
Rösel suspects that it must live two or three years; and Audebert
is stated to have kept a spider for several[895]. In this respect
insects follow a law very different from that which obtains amongst
vertebrate animals. In these the duration of their life is in
proportion to the term of their growth: those which attain to
maturity the latest, in almost every case living the longest. In
insects, on the contrary, we often meet with the very reverse of this
rule. Thus the larva of the great goat-moth (_Cossus ligniperda_)
is three years, that of the cabbage-butterfly (_Pieris Brassicæ_)
not three months, in attaining maturity; yet the perfect insects
live equally long. _Melolontha vulgaris_, which in its first state
lives four years, as a beetle lives only eight or ten days[896]. And
some _Ephemeræ_, whose larvæ have been two years in acquiring their
full size, live only an hour; while the flesh-fly, whose larva has
attained to maturity in three or four days, will exist several weeks.
There is yet another anomaly in the duration of the life of perfect
insects. This is not, as in larger animals, a fixed period liable
to be shortened only by accident or disease, and incapable of being
prolonged; but an indeterminate one, whose duration is dependent on
the earlier or later fulfilment of a particular animal function--that
of propagation. The general law is, that a few days, or at most weeks,
after the union of the sexes, both perish, the female having first
deposited her eggs. If, therefore, this union takes place immediately
after the disclosure of the insect from the pupa, their existence
in the perfect state will not exceed a few _days_ or _weeks_, or in
some cases _hours_, as in that of the _Ephemera_, and likewise of
the _Phalænæ Attaci_ L. &c., which fall down dead immediately after
oviposition[897]. But if by any means it be put off or prevented, their
life may be protracted to three or four times that period. Gleditsch
asserts, that by keeping apart the sexes of a grasshopper, their lives
were prolonged to eight or nine weeks, instead of two or three, their
ordinary length; and under similar circumstances _Ephemeræ_, which
usually perish in a day, have been kept alive seven or eight. It is
in consequence of this very curious fact, which has not received from
physiologists the attention that it merits, that many butterflies and
other insects, which, when excluded from the pupa in summer, perish in
less than a month, live through the winter, if excluded late in the
autumn, and the union of the sexes does not ensue. It is probable that
the great age to which Baker's _Blaps_, Rösel's _Cetonia_, and Esper's
_Dytiscus_ attained, was owing to their being virgins when taken, and
subsequently kept from any sexual intercourse. A parallel case happens
in the vegetable kingdom:--if annual plants are kept from seeding, they
will become biennial; as, likewise, if they are sown too late in the
year to produce seeds.
In the case, however, of the earlier or later exclusion of the imago,
another agent has probably some influence. Buffon found that, other
circumstances being alike, the silkworm-moths placed in a _northern_,
lived longer than those exposed to a _southern_ aspect: whence it
appears that the stimulus of heat shortens the lives of insects, and
consequently that cold tends to lengthen them.
It must be observed too, that as the death of the female insect does
not take place until all the eggs are excluded, the term of her life,
though usually short in the majority of species, which lay their
whole number at once, is proportionably long in those which, like
the queen-bee, have a longer period assigned them for this important
office. Huber affirms, that he had certain proofs that she was
engaged for two years in laying eggs, all impregnated by a single
sexual union[898]; and in the females of most insects that live in
society, several months are required to mature the last eggs that are
in the ovary. There is one tribe of insects, however, the females
of which are affirmed to survive this operation: I mean _Dorthesia_
Bosc; after which they even moult, though not so often as before[899].
I formerly related to you the singular fact, that the drones in a
beehive at a certain period are without mercy slaughtered by the
workers[900]. A fact the reverse of this is recorded by Morier with
respect to the locusts: he affirms that the female, when she has done
laying her eggs, is surrounded and killed by the males. He says that
he never himself witnessed this extraordinary circumstance; but that
he heard it from such authority that he gave full credit to it[901].
It is a fact, however, that seems to require further evidence to
entitle it to such credit. These are instances in which, by a law of
nature, the life of these insects is shortened by violence. It does
not appear to have been ascertained how long those drones live that,
under particular circumstances, as stated in a former letter[902],
are exempted from the usual slaughter.
I am, &c.
FOOTNOTES:
[683] See above, VOL. II. p. 346.
[684] Reaum. i. _Mem. ult._ De Geer i. 73. Swamm. _Bibl. Nat._ i. 184.
[685] Swamm. _Ibid._
[686] Jurine _Hymenopt._ 16.
[687] iv. 342. Herold also attributes the rapid expansion of the wing
to the flow of an aqueous fluid, which he calls _blood_, into the
nervures, the orifices of which open into the breast. _Entwickelungs.
der Schmetterl._ 101. sect. 106.--M. Chabrier, in his admirable
_Essai sur le Vol des Insectes_ (_Mém. du Mus._ 4ieme, ann. 325),
having observed a fluid in the interior of the nervures of the
wings of insects, thinks it probable that they can introduce it
into them and withdraw it at their pleasure: the object of which,
he conjectures, is either to strengthen them and facilitate their
unfolding, or to vary the centre of gravity in flight, and increase
the intensity of the centrifugal force.
[688] _Ibid._ 340.
[689] Brahm. _Insek._ ii. 423.
[690] Reaum. vi. 505--. _t._ xlvi. _f._ 9. Comp. De Geer ii. 627--.
[691] Reaum. iii. 378.
[692] Ibid. 385.
[693] Insects of the beetle tribe, especially such as undergo their
metamorphosis under ground, in the trunks of trees, &c., are often
a considerable time after quitting the puparium before their organs
acquire the requisite hardness to enable them to make their way to
the surface. Thus, the newly-disclosed imago of _Cetonia aurata_
remains a fortnight under the earth, and that of _Lucanus Cervus_,
according to Rösel, not less than three weeks.
[694] See above, VOL. I. p. 34--.
[695] Jurine _Hymenopt._ 9. Note 1.
[696] Oliv. N. i. _t._ i. _f._ 1. _c. f._ N. 3. _t._ iii. _f._ 22. _a
b c._ _t._ v. _f._ 33. _t._ vi. _f._ 5. _t._ xiii. _f._ 124. _a b._
[697] Reaum. vi. 423.
[698] Kirby Mon. _Ap. Angl._ ii. _t._ xvi. _f._ 12, 13. _t._ xvii.
_f._ 10-12.
[699] Reaum. iv. 393.
[700] See above, VOL. I. 473--.
[701] De Geer vii. 304.
[702] Reaum. iv. 30.
[703] Ibid. _t._ iv. _f._ 15.
[704] See above, VOL. II. 36.
[705] De Geer iii. 25.
[706] _Linn. Trans._ iv. 54--.
[707] ix. 65. _n._ 110.
[708] vi. 423.
[709] _Entomologische_, &c. 224.
[710] De Geer ii. 847. 850. Jurine _Hymenopt._ 100.
[711] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ ii. 296. 264.
[712] _Ibid._ ii. 142--. 144, 147, 148, &c.
[713] A remarkable anomalous exception to this rule sometimes occurs
in the female of _D. marginalis_, which has smooth elytra like the
male (Gyll. _Ins. Suec._ i. 467-). I have this variety from the Rev.
Mr. Dalton, of Copgrove, Yorkshire.
[714] De Geer i. _t._ vii. _f._ 11.
[715] See above, VOL. II. 125, Note^b.
[716] _Melitta_ ** c. Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. 140.
[717] _Ibid._ _t._ iv. _f._ 10. _a. b. f._ 14.
[718] _Ibid._ _t._ xiii. _f._ 20. _a._
[719] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xi. Apis **. d. 2. α. β. _f._ 18
_a. b. c. d._
[720] Coquebert _Illustr. Icon._ i. _t._ vi. _f._ 6.
[721] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _Apis_ **. _c._ 1. α. **. c. 1. β.
**. c. 2. α. **. c. 2. β. **. c. 2. γ. **. c. 2. δ.
[722] _Ibid._ _t._ viii. _f._ 28. _f. g._
[723] Christ. _Hymenopt._ _t._ iv. _f._ 3. _b._
[724] Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ iv. _Melitta_ **. c. _f._ 1. _a._
[725] Scheven _Naturfors._ stk. xx. 65. _t._ ii. _f._ 4. Compare
_Ibid._ x. 101.
[726] Reaum. iii. _t._ xv. _f._ 18, 19.
[727] Oliv. no. 84. _Brentus_, _t._ i. _f._ 1. _b. c. t._ ii. _f._
17. _a. b._
[728] Oliv. no. 3. _Scarabæus_, _t._ xviii. _f._ 169.
[729] Oliv. _Scarabæus_, _t._ xii. _f._ 114. _t._ xv. _f._ 138. _a._
[730] _Ibid._ _t._ v. _f._ 33.
[731] _Ibid._ _t._ xii. _f._ 112.
[732] _Linn. Trans._ vi. _t._ xix. _f._ 12. _t._ xx. _f._ 2.
[733] Oliv. no. 57. _Tenebrio_, _t._ i. _f._ 2.
[734] Oliv. _ubi supr._ No. 3. _t._ i. _f._ 1.
[735] Oliv. no. 3. _t._ iii. _f._ 20. _a._
[736] Ibid. no. 55. _Diaperis_, _t._ i. _f._ 3.
[737] Oliv. _Scarabæus_, _t._ xx. _f._ 185.
[738] As _Dynastes Actæon_, _Elephas_, _Typhon_, &c. differ from _D.
Hercules_, &c., not only in their general habits, horns, &c., but
also in their maxillæ and labium,--the former in _D. Actæon_ being
simple, and in _D. Hercules_ toothed, and the labium of the first
bilobed at the apex, and in the last entire and acute,--according to
the modern system they ought, therefore, to be considered as distinct
genera. I would restrict the name _Dynastes_ to _D. Hercules_ and its
affinities: _D. Actæon_, &c. I would call _Megasoma_.
[739] Oliv. _Scarabæus_, _t._ xvii. _f._ 156.
[740] _Ibid._ _t._ viii. _f._ 63.
[741] This insect is beautifully figured in M. Latreille's _Insectes
sacres des Egyptiens_, _f._ 11. See Luke xi. 15. Heb. בעלןבול
_Dominus stercoris_.
[742] Oliv. no. 83. 160. _t._ vi. _f._ 60. ♂. _t._ v. _f._ 45. ♀?
[743] _Ibid._ no. 36. _t._ ii. _f._ 12.
[744] _Ibid._ no. 6. _t._ vii. _f._ 61.
[745] See above, VOL. II. 224--.
[746] Coquebert _Illustr. Icon._ iii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 2.
[747] Stoll _Cigales_, _t._ xviii. _f._ A B C. _Grillons_ _t._ iv.
_f._ 16-18. This singular animal, which was found by Mr. Patterson
at the Cape of Good Hope, is stated to be an _aquatic_; and affords
the only known instance of an _Orthopterous_ insect inhabiting the
waters. The _Gryllotalpa_ loves the vicinity of water.
[748] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _Melitta_ **. b. 139. _t._ ii. _f._ 4-6.
[749] _Ibid._ **. a. _f._ 4, 5.
[750] _Ibid. Apis_ *. b. 190--. _t._ v. _f._ 18 _b._
[751] By Rösel, by a friend of De Geer's, and by M. Marechal. De Geer
iv. 331--. _Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xviii. 225.
[752] Oliv. no. i. _Lucanus_, _t._ ii. _f._ 3.
[753] _Ibid._ _t._ iii. _f._ 7.
[754] _Linn. Trans._ xii. 410. _t._ xxi. _f._ 12.
[755] _Ibid._ vi. 185. _t._ xx. _f._ 1.
[756] Oliv. _ubi supr._ _t._ ii. _f._ 4.
[757] _Regne Animal_, iii. _t._ xiii. _f._ 3.
[758] See VOL. I. PLATE I. FIG. 3.
[759] Christ. _Hymenopt._ _t._ xviii. _f._ 2.
[760] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _Melitta_ *. a. _t._ i. _f._ 5. ♀. 7. ♂.
[761] _Ibid._ _Melitta_ **. a. _t._ ii. _f._ 6. ♀. 7. ♂. and **. b.
_t._ iii. _f._ 3. ♀. 4. ♂.
[762] _Ibid._ _t._ viii. _f._ 11. ♀. 12. ♂.
[763] _Ibid._ i. _t._ viii. _f._ 9. ♀. 10. ♂.
[764] _Ibid._ _Apis_ **. c. 2. β. _t._ ix. _f._ 6. ♀. 7. ♂.
[765] See above, VOL. II. 125. Note^b.
[766] _Mon. Ap. Angl_. ubi supr. _t._ xiii. _f._ 13. ♀. 14. ♂.
[767] MacLeay _Hor. Entomolog._ 4--.
[768] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxii. 488.
[769] _Linn. Trans._ xii. 425--. _t._ xxii. _f._ 6.
[770] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 2.
[771] _Ibid._ FIG. 3.
[772] Oliv. no. xxv. _Lymexylon_, _t._ 1. _f._ 1.
[773] De Geer vii. 249--. _t._ xiv. _f._ 20, 21. Treviranus
_Arachnid._ 36--. _t._ ii. _f._ 16. _a b c._ _t._ iv. _f._ 35-37.
[774] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. Apis **. c. 2. γ. _t._ ix. _f._ 7. ♀. 9. ♂.
[775] _Ibid._ _Melitta_ **. a. _t._ ii. _f._ 8. ♀. 9. ♂. and **. b.
_t._ iii. _f._ 6. ♀. 7. ♂. **. c. _t._ iv. _f._ 11. ♀. 12. ♂.
[776] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ 11. _f._ 2.
[777] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. Apis **. d. 1. _t._ x. _f._ 7.
[778] Oliv. no. 80. _Macrocephalus_, _t._ i. _f._ 2.
[779] Latr. _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iv. 156.
[780] Jurine _Hymenopt._ 61. _t._ vi. _f._ 8.
[781] Ibid. 289.
[782] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ ix. Apis **. c. 2. γ. _f._ 9.
[783] PLATE XI. FIG. 19.
[784] PLATE V. FIG. 3.
[785] PLATE XI. FIG. 18.
[786] Ibid. FIG. 17.
[787] PLATE XXV. FIG. 11. _Linn. Trans._ xii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4. _a._
[788] _Ibid._ _f._ 3.
[789] PLATE XXV. FIG. 22.
[790] De Geer i. _t._ xix. _f._ 11, 12.
[791] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ vi. _f._ 8.
[792] PLATE XXV. FIG. 25, 26.
[793] Ibid. FIG. 4.
[794] Reaum. iv. _t._ xl. _f._ 2. _a a._ ♂. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 3. ♀. In
the last the hairs are too conspicuous.
[795] PLATE XII. FIG. 24.
[796] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ vi. _f._ 3.
[797] PLATE XII. FIG. 25, 26. XXV. FIG. 17, 32.
[798] Ibid. FIG. 12.
[799] PLATE XI. FIG. 22.
[800] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xiv. 395.
[801] PLATE XII. FIG. 7.
[802] PLATE XXV. FIG. 1.
[803] Ibid. FIG. 21.
[804] _Linn. Trans_. xii. _t._ xxii. _f._ 8. _e._ ♂. _f._ ♀.
[805] _Hist. Nat. des Fourmis_, 195--. 270--.
[806] De Geer ii. 1094.
[807] Ibid. 650. _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xi. _Apis_ xx. _c._ 1. _f._
2. ♂. _t._ xii. _f._ 3. ♀.
[808] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 39. De Geer ii. 651. 659.
[809] Voet _Coleopt._ i. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 47, 48. ♂. 46. ♀.
[810] Oliv. no. 3. _t._ vi. _f._ 46. _a._ ♂. _b._ ♀.
[811] Ibid. _t._ i. _f._ 1. iv. x. _f._ 31. xi. _f._ 102. xii. _f._
114.
[812] Ibid. _t._ xxvi. _f._ 219.