proceed so earnestly as though they had not a moment to lose, is the
work of a few hours, of others about two or three days,--after a
certain interval it casts its last skin, which is usually suffered to
remain in the cocoon (but which one moth, _Geometra lacertinaria_,
ejects through an opening purposely left in its bottom), and the pupa
makes its appearance[556]. This interval is exceedingly various. Most
larvæ assume the pupa state within a few days after they have formed
their cocoons; but some not for several weeks, or even months. The
caterpillar of _Bombyx cæruleocephala_, according to Rösel, lies
three weeks in the cocoon before this change is effected; those of
many _Pupivora_ and _Diplolepariæ_ Latr., according to Reaumur,
six months[557]; that of _Phalæna urticata_ nine months[558]; and
that of _Cimbex lutea_, according to De Geer, sometimes eighteen
months[559]. Brahm observes, that such larvæ of the double-brooded
moth, _Hepialus Testudo_, as form their cocoons in autumn, do not
become pupæ until the following spring; while those which form them
in summer undergo this change in a few days[560]. From this fact
it might be conjectured, that the degree of heat prevailing at
the time the insect incloses itself determines the period of the
pupa's appearance; but this supposition seems contradicted by what
Reaumur observed of a brood of the larvæ of _Phalæna urticata_, just
mentioned, which, though they formed themselves cocoons in September,
did not become pupæ till the June following[561]. I am unable,
therefore, to assign any plausible cause for these extraordinary
variations. The difficulty of comprehending how animals before so
voracious can live so long without food may be partly surmounted, by
adverting to the circumstance of its having attained its full growth,
and laid up a store of nutriment for the development of the perfect
insect. It is consequently no more wonderful that it should not have
need of any further supply without casting off its upper integument,
than that it should not eat after having done so and become a pupa.
FOOTNOTES:
[206] De Geer vii. 197.
[207] De Geer vii. 197.
[208] Ibid. 85.
[209] _Epist._ lxvii. 1694. 390.
[210] _Enum. Ins. Austr._ 575.
[211] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 74.
[212] De Geer vii. 576.
[213] Ibid. 584.
[214] _Considerat. Géner._ 21. _Horæ Entomolog._ 353.
[215] De Geer, _Ibid._ Mr. W. MacLeay observes of the _Chilopoda_, or
Centipedes, that they moult in the manner of _Crustacea. ubi supr._ 352.
[216] De Geer iii. 549. The figure of the forceps in De Geer (Ibid.
_t._ xxv. _f._ 21) is not quite correct. The styles do not taper to a
point, but are filiform and acute.
[217] Compare De Geer iii. _t._ xviii. _f._ 2 and 12. _q._
[218] See above, VOL. II. p. 401.
[219] PLATE XVI. FIG. 4. _c._ Reaum. v. _t._ xix. _f._ 16. De Geer
_ubi supr._ _t._ xxxii. _f._ 26. According to Reaumur, the larva as
well as the pupa of _Chermes Ficus_ has wing-cases (iii. 353).
[220] These are in the female sex of some _Coleoptera_, as
_Lampyris_, &c. which retain in the perfect state nearly the same
form which they had when larvæ. The larvæ of some _Staphylini_ are
not very dissimilar in form to the perfect insect.
[221] The larvæ described in the first Section, which resemble the
imago, are usually covered with a skin not materially different from
that of the insect in that state.
[222] Huber _Fourmis._ 73; _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 250.
[223] Reaum. v. 40. _t._ vi. _f._ 4-15.
[224] Müller, the Danish zoologist, relates, that he once met with a
papilio which, with the true wings of the genus, had a head without
antennæ or tongue, furnished with mandibles; and, in short, that of a
true caterpillar. It was a female, which deposited eggs that proved
barren. If this solitary instance was not a mistake, is it possible
that some parasitic larva had devoured only the inclosed head of the
butterfly, or so injured it that it could not reject the hard skin of
the larva, and yet not be destroyed?
[225] The only larvæ which have a visible distinct neck are those
of some _Dytisci_, _Staphylini_, and a few others, in which this
part is quite distinct: proving the erroneousness of the opinion of
those German entomologists, who consider the thorax as analogous to
the neck of other animals, and hence call it _Halsschild_. In some
lepidopterous larvæ, however, as in that of _Pieris Brassicæ_, though
no visible neck presents itself, one is very perceptible when the
insect stretches the head forward considerably. Reaum. i. 460.
[226] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13.
[227] Reaum. v. _t._ vi. _f._ 7. _i. c._
[228] In fact, in almost all Lepidopterous larvæ the head may be
regarded as divided into two lobes or eye-shaped portions, which
include in the angle formed by their recession anteriorly from each
other, the nasus (_clypeus_ F.), the labrum, and other instruments of
manducation. Posteriorly these lobes generally come into contact; but
I have a specimen in which there is a narrow space between them.
[229] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xvii.
[230] _Ins. Surinam. t._ liii.
[231] _Ibid. t._ xxxii.
[232] _Ibid. t._ viii.
[233] _Ibid. t._ xxiii.
[234] _Ibid. t._ xiv.
[235] I purchased this singular caterpillar from the collection of
the late Mr. Francillon, with his other exotic larvæ; but without any
indication of the fly to which it belonged.
[236] De Geer vi. 352.
[237] De Geer iv. 66. ii. 922.
[238] De Geer v. 170.
[239] De Geer says, he could not make out the number of eyes of
the larva of the whirlwig (_Gyrinus_): probably, as in that of
_Dytiscus_, there are six. iv. 362. 385.
[240] Pez. 188.
[241] ii. 923, _t._ xxxvi. _f._ 1, _b b._ Fabr. _Philos. Ent._ 60.
[242] Lyonnet 41. _t._ ii. _f._ 1. c.
[243] De Geer vi. 307.
[244] Ibid, ii. _t._ xvi. Comp. _f._ 2 _a a_ with _f._ 14 _a a_.
[245] In the larva of _Cicindela_ there are _six_ palpi, as in the
perfect insect.
[246] Lyonnet, _t._ i. _f._ 7. E. In the larva of _Callidium
violaceum_, however, this part is of a singular shape, being
orbicular. Kirby _Linn. Trans._ v. _t._ xii. _f._ 12. _a_.
[247] It is affirmed (_N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 333) that the
larvæ of those _Coleoptera_ that live in carcases have mandibles
almost membranous: those, however, of that of _Silpha rugosa_ are
horny and hard.
[248] Lyonnet, _t._ ii. _f._ 1. D D, and _f._ 2, 3, 4.
[249] Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ v. _t._ xii. _f._ 7 _b._
[250] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ iii. 322.
[251] Reaum. vi. 340.
[252] The larva of _Cicindela campestris_ has mandibles of this
description. PLATE XVII. FIG. 13. _c´._
[253] See above, VOL. II. 275--.
[254] Reaum. v. 9. _t._ i. _f._ 4. _c c._ _l l._
[255] _Traité Anatom._ _t._ ii. _f._ 1. H H.
[256] Reaum. ii. _t._ 40. _f._ 4.
[257] De Geer v. 229.
[258] Ibid. iv. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _p p._
[259] _Linn. Trans_. v. _t._ xii. _f._ 10.
[260] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ iii. 323.
[261] De Geer iv. _t._ xv. _f._ 9. _b b._ The exterior and interior
palpi are both represented in this figure.
[262] Reaum. vi. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 5. _e e._
[263] Ibid. i. 125.
[264] PLATE XXI. FIG. 9. The organ with which the larvæ of
_Hemerobius_, _Myrmeleon_, and _Hydrophilus_, spin their cocoons, is
situated in the _anus_. The spinneret of the _Cossus_ is figured by
Lyonnet _Anatom._ _t._ ii. _f._ 1. I. and _fig. 9_.
[265] De Geer vi. 370. This species (_Tipula Agarici seticornis_ De
Geer) has two separate spinnerets. _t._ xx. _f._ 8. _m m._
[266] Lyonnet 55--.
[267] Reaum. iv. 166.
[268] Reaum. v. 155.
[269] Ibid. vi. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 7. _b p._
[270] Ibid. _m e e_.
[271] Ibid. _f._ 6. _p._
[272] Ibid. Compare _f._ 4 with _f._ 6, 7.
[273] Ibid. _t._ xxxvi. _f._ 12. _s u e_.
[274] Ibid. _n e_, and xxxviii. _f._ 7, _d c._; De Geer ii. _t._ xix.
_f._ 17. _d g._
[275] Reaum. vi. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 4-6. 8.
[276] Ibid. _t_. xxxviii. First joint _f._ 8. _b f p._; jaws _f._ 7.
_c d._; opening _o_, Ligula, _f._ 6. _l._
[277] De Geer ii. _f._ 17. Jaws _g g_; claw _d_; tooth _h_.
[278] Ibid. 674.
[279] Ibid. ii. 674.
[280] Reaum. iv. 376.
[281] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xii. 64.
[282] _Anat. Comp._ iii. 322.
[283] At first in the _Dytisci_ they appear to have five joints;
but, as I before observed, the first joint must be regarded as
representing the maxilla.
[284] Lyonnet _Anatom._ 55, 58.
[285] De Geer v. 203.
[286] De Geer iv. 5. Legs of this kind are figured PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7.
[287] In the larva, however, of _Sialis_, or some kindred genus, in
which, like those of _Scolopendra_, the prolegs are jointed, a pair
distinguishes each abdominal segment. See Reaum. iv. _t._ xv. _f._ 1,
2. Compare De Geer ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 11.
[288] See above, VOL. II 286--.
[289] Ibid. 288.
[290] Lyonnet _Anatom._ _t._ iii. _f._ 8. _Coxa_ B. _Trochanter_ C.
_Femur_ D. _Tibia_ E. _Tarsus_ F. _Claw_ G.
[291] De Geer iv. _t._ xiii. _f._ 20; and _t._ xv. _f._ 16.
[292] Ibid. ii. _t._ xvi. _f._ 5, 6, 7. _d e_: and _t._ xix. _f._ 4.
_c f g h_.
[293] The larva of a scarce moth (_Stauropus Fagi_. See PLATE XIX.
FIG. 4) is an exception to this. The first pair of its legs are of
the ordinary stature, but the two next are remarkably long, and so
thin and weak as to be unable to bear the body. Pezold. 119. Another
minute caterpillar described by Reaumur has the third pair of the
legs apparently fleshy and singularly incrassated at the apex into a
pyriform figure, terminated by a pair of claws. This conformation is
for some particular purpose in the economy of the animal, since they
are the most busily employed of all in arranging the threads of her
web. Reaum. ii. 258. In the larva of a geometer (_Geometra lunaria_)
the third pair are remarkably long. Illig. _Mag._ 402. In that of
another moth, according to Kuhn (_Naturf._ xvi. 78. _t._ iv. _f._
3), the third pair of the fore-legs is remarkably incrassated, being
twice as thick and long as the other pair, though consisting of the
same number of joints, the last of which has claws.
[294] On the legs and prolegs see also what is said above, VOL. II.
p. 286--.
[295] In some few instances these legs are dorsal. Ibid. 281.
[296] The claws or crotchets, though general, are not universal, in
Lepidopterous larvæ. An exception is furnished to the rule by the
singular _limaciform_ ones of _Hepialus Testudo_ and _Asellus_ of
Fabricius, two moths forming Haworth's genus _Apoda_, which have no
distinct prolegs, but in their stead a number of small transparent
shining tubercles without claws. The larva also of one of the
subcutaneous moths first discovered by De Geer in the leaves of the
rose (i. 446), but whose history is fully given by Goeze, _Naturf._
xv. 37-48, (who has satisfactorily ascertained that it is the true
larva of a _Tinea_ of Linné, but of a different habit from that of
most subcutaneous ones), has no true legs, and eighteen prolegs
without any claws. Another subcutaneous larva, for the history of
which we are indebted to M. Godeheu de Riville, is according to him
entirely deprived of legs of any kind (Bonnet ix. 196--.); as is
another of the same tribe that feeds on the poplar, an account of
which is given by Goeze _Naturf._ xiv. 105.
[297] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. See also below, p. 137.
[298] Lyonnet _Anatom._ 84. _t._ iii. _f._ 11, 12.
[299] _Hist. Vermium_, 130.
[300] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.
[301] PLATE XXIII. FIG. 18.
[302] _Account of Locust-tree Insects_, 69.
[303] Reaum. iv. 443. _t._ xxx. _f._ 6. _l l._ _t._ xxii. _f._ 6. _l l._
[304] De Geer vi. 383. and 137. _t._ viii. _f._ 8, 9.
[305] See above, VOL. II. p. 278. De Geer _ubi supr._ 376.
[306] Reaum. iv. 184. _t._ xv. _f._ 12. _c c._
[307] De Geer v. 203.
[308] See above, p. 110, 114.
[309] Some few subcutaneous larvæ have more, as that, before
mentioned, observed by De Geer in the leaves of the rose; which has
eighteen prolegs, and no true ones.
[310] De Geer ii. _t._ xl. _f._ 15, 16. Bergman has added to these
four classes of the larvæ of saw-flies, a fifth; the insects
belonging to which, he affirms, though they have sixteen prolegs,
are without the anal pair. Ibid. 931. But as neither De Geer nor
Reaumur ever met with one of this description, it is probable he was
mistaken. Reaumur thought he had seen one with eighteen prolegs upon
_Erysimum alliaria_ (v. 91), but he does not speak positively.
[311] De Geer v. 288.
[312] De Geer iv. 157.
[313] Ibid. v. 36. _t._ ii. _f._ 11.
[314] See above, VOL. I. p. 171.
[315] De Geer v. 228.
[316] Ibid. 233.
[317] See above, VOL. II. p. 281.
[318] De Geer vi. 388.
[319] Ibid. 389.
[320] Reaum. v. _t._ v. _f._ 10.
[321] Ibid. 31. This larva has also a pair of pediform processes at
the anus, surrounded at the end with claws (_t._ v. _f._ 4, 5, _s
s_), which he saw the animal use in locomotion; but which he suspects
to be respiratory organs (Ibid. 33), which Latreille asserts they
are. _Gen. Crust. et Ins_. iv. 249.
[322] De Geer Ibid. _t._ xxiv. _f._ 15-17.
[323] Ibid. 383.
[324] Ibid. 111. _t._ vi. _f._ 14-16.
[325] Merian _Ins. Sur. t._ xx.
[326] _Ibid. t._ xxxiv.
[327] I have a caterpillar, I believe from Georgia, in which this
horn is nearly an inch long, filiform, slender, and tortuous.
[328] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 12. _c._
[329] That of _Sphinx Iatrophæ_ L. appears to be jointed, at least it
is moniliform. Merian _Surinam. t._ xxxviii. Compare also _t._ iii.
[330] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 252.
[331] Schellenberg _Entomolog. Beytr. t._ 1.
[332] Smith's _Abbott's Insects of Georgia, t._ xiii.
[333] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _m n. t._ xiv. _f._ 7.
[334] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 256.
[335] See above, VOL. II. p. 244--.
[336] PLATE XIX. FIG. 1. _a._
[337] Reaum. i. _t._ xxx. _f._ 2. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiv. 490,
497--.
[338] Ray says he found it feeding on common fennel, about Middleton
in Yorkshire: _Lett._ 69. The indefatigable Mr. Dale recently found
many in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere, feeding on _Selinum
palustre_. It will also eat the wild carrot.
[339] This gentleman was remarkable for the admirable manner in which
he prepared caterpillars, so as scarcely to differ from life.
[340] Reaum. i. 92.
[341] Bonnet ii. 84--. iii. 1.
[342] See above, VOL. II. 251--.
[343] Bonnet ii. 88.
[344] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. _c._
[345] Rös. iv. 162.
[346] De Geer i. 322--. See PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. _a a._
[347] Reaum. ii. 275. _t._ xxii. _f._ 3.
[348] Ibid. 276. _t._ xxii. _f._ 4, 5.
[349] _Ins. Surinam. t._ vii. _Nymphalis Amphinome_ xxiii. _Morpho
Teucer t._ xxxii. _Papilio Cassiæ_.
[350] This is not, however, universally the case, for the caterpillar
of a Geometer described by Reaumur (ii. 363. _t._ xxix. _f._ 8.) (_G.
amatoria_) has a pair of fleshy anal horns, terminating, it should
seem from his figure, in a minute hook that the animal uses as a
forceps; which has at the same time the anal legs, of which indeed
these horns seem to be appendages.
[351] Sepp. iv. _t._ l. _f._ 6-8.
[352] PLATE XIX. FIG. 5. _a b._ Sepp. iv. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4-7.
[353] Rös. iii. 69.
[354] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13. _c._
[355] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 95.
[356] De Geer v. 170-- _t._ v. _f._ 19-23. Compare Reaum. iii. 235--.
[357] PLATE XIX. FIG. 11. _a._ De Geer vi. 137. Reaum. iv. 482.
[358] Reaum. iv. _t._ xiv. _f._ 9, 10.
[359] Reaum. v. 32. _t._ v. _f._ 3-5. Latr. _Gen. Crust. et Ins._ iv.
249.
[360] De Geer ii. 1031. _t._ xl. _f._ 13, 14. _k k._
[361] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ x. 430.
[362] De Geer ii. 697. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4, 5. _b b b._
[363] Reaum. v. _t._ vi. _f._ 7. _n._
[364] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2.
[365] Reaum. ii. _t._ xxv. _f._ 20.
[366] See above, VOL. II. p. 245--.
[367] Reaum. iii. 384. vi. 366. _t._ xxxii. _f._ 7, 8.
[368] Rös. iii. _t._ lxviii. _f._ 1. Meinecken _Naturf._ vi. 120.
[369] Ibid. xiii. 175.
[370] In the larva of _Tenthredo Cerasi_ L., and some others, no
traces of segments are to be seen; and in many coleopterous and
dipterous ones the folds of the skin prevent the segments from being
distinctly perceptible.
[371] Reaum. ii. 361. In the larva of a small common moth often met
with in houses (_Aglossa pinguinalis_), every segment is divided
into two parts, and underneath has two deep folds, by means of which
these two parts can separate to a certain point, or approach again,
according to circumstances. Thus Providence has enabled them to
prevent their spiracles from being stopped by the greasy substances
on which they often feed. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ i. 208.
[372] See above, p. 110.
[373] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xvii. 329.
[374] _Hor. Entomolog._ 285. 397--. 422. 462--. &c.
[375] _Ibid._ 399-401.
[376] _Hor. Entomolog._ 423.
[377] See above, p. 23.
[378] The _Intestinaux cavitaires_ of Cuvier, and the _Epizoaria_ of
Lamarck. See _Hor. Entomolog._ 286--.
[379] _Hor. Entomolog._ 422. comp. 463. Mr. MacLeay's idea of the
larva of _Meloe_ is taken from the animal which Frisch, Goedart, and
De Geer imagined to be such; but upon this opinion there rest great
doubts. (See Kirby _Mon. Ap. Angl._ ii. 168, and Latreille _N. Dict.
d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 109.) At p. 464 he gives also _Mordella_ and many
_Heteromera_ as having Thysanuriform larvæ. He thinks, that probably
that of _Clerus_ is of the same description; to which he suspects
that many of Latreille's _Malacoderma_ likewise belong.
[380] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 1. as to the thoracic shield.
[381] _May_ 27, 1822. This day, T. Allen, Esq. F.L.S. brought me in a
phial a vast number of the little insect which Goedart, Frisch, and De
Geer took for the larva of _Meloe Proscarabæus_, which he found on the
leaves of _Achillea Millefolium_. These little animals were coursing
each other with wonderful velocity over the sides of the phial. To
assist them in their motions, they applied to the surface of the glass
the end of their abdomen, using it, like many larvæ of _Coleoptera_,
as a seventh leg. This circumstance excited a suspicion in the minds
of both Mr. MacLeay sen., then visiting me, and myself, that after all
they might be _coleopterous_ larvæ. One, amongst other circumstances,
however, seemed to militate strongly against this opinion; namely, that
in this infinite number none appeared to differ in _size_.
[382] PLATE XVII. FIG. 13.
[383] Ibid. FIG. 12.; PLATE XVIII. FIG. 4, 11, 13, &c.
[384] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 3, 9.
[385] PLATE XIX. FIG. 8.
[386] _Ibid._ FIG. 3. Reaum. v. 97. _t._ xii. _f._ 17, 18.; De Geer
ii. 1004. _t._ xxviii. _f._ 12.
[387] See above, p. 110, 114, 138, 142.
[388] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 7.
[389] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 5.
[390] PLATE XIX. FIG. 9.
[391] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2.
[392] _Hor. Entomolog._ 465.
[393] De Geer iv. 66. _t._ ii. _f._ 5-8.
[394] Ibid. _t._ xiii. _f._ 16-19. A very singular larva, which preys
upon that of _Aleyrodes proletella_ Latr., if Reaumur's figure be
correct (ii. _t._ xxv. _f._ 18-20), is of a perfect _Chilopodiform_
type, the abdominal legs being represented by a tubercle crowned by
a bristle: yet even this, which turns to a minute beetle (Ibid. _f._
21), has some tendency to the _Anopluriform_ type.
[395] "Squilla _insectum a_ squilla _pisce parum differt_." Mouffet,
319.
[396] A remarkable difference obtains between the larva of the
wire-worm and that of _Elater undulatus_. In the former, the last
segment is longer than the preceding one, terminating in a small
acute mucro at the apex, with a deep cavity, perhaps a spiracle, on
each side, at the base. In the latter, this segment is shorter than
the preceding one, forming above a nearly circular plate; the margin
of which is a little elevated, and armed on each side with three
teeth, and at the apex with a pair of furcate recurved horns, and
without any basal spiracle. De Geer iv. 156. _t._ v. _f._ 25. I have
a similar larva, but not the same species.
[397] _Hor. Entomolog._ 397.
[398] _Ibid._ 399.
[399] _Ibid._ 438. Note *.
[400] _Traité Element._ ii. 35. _n._ 577.
[401] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vii. 66. _t._ vi. _f._ 3.
[402] Compare De Geer iii. _t._ xi. _f._ 3. and _t._ xvii. _f._ 14. &c.
[403] Ibid. _t._ i. _f._ 4, 9. _t._ ii. _f._ 15. _t._ ix. _f._ 4.
[404] See above, p. 125--.
[405] Compare PLATE VI. FIG. 6. with FIG. 12 _c_, _d_, _d_.
[406] De Geer ii. _t._ xxi. _f._ 4, 5.
[407] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat. t._ xiii. _f._ 1.
[408] _Hor. Entomolog._ 438.
[409] See above, VOL. II. p. 256.
[410] De Geer ii. _t._ xxiii. _f._ 9-14. Comp. Reaum. iv. _t._ xv.
_f._ 1, 2.
[411] De Geer ii. _t._ xiv. _f._ 7. &c. The caterpillar of _P. G.
Scratiotata_ L. like those of _Phryganeæ_, has these respiratory
threads. _Ibid._ i. _t._ xxxvii. _f._ 2-6. De Geer has described the
larva of a _Phryganea_ L. which is without any respiratory threads,
ii. 569. _t._ xv. _f._ 10.
[412] _Hor. Entomolog._ 401. Montagu in _Linn. Trans._ vii. 67.
[413] _Ins. Surinam. t._ xxviii. Compare _Ibid._ _t._ xix. right-hand
figure.
[414] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 10.
[415] Swamm. _Bibl. Nat. t._ xxxix. PLATE XIX. FIG. 13.
[416] Lyonnet 69--.
[417] _Surinam_, _t._ lvii. right-hand figure.
[418] Sepp iv. _t._ ii. _f._ 3. _t._ xvi. _f._ 2, 3.
[419] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 254.
[420] PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. One of these larvæ was taken at Melville
Island. See Parry's _Voyage_, Appendix No. x. 37.
[421] Sepp. iv. _t._ viii. _f._ 4. Some species have three, others
four, and others even five of these brushes. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._
vi. 255.
[422] _Ibid._ Merian _Eruc._ xxxiv. upper left hand figure.
[423] Merian _Ins. Surinam_. _t._ lx.
[424] _Ibid._ _t._ xl.
[425] See above, VOL. I. p. 238.
[426] De Geer iv. 207. _t._ viii. _f._ 4-6.
[427] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xix. right hand caterpillar.
[428] _Ibid._ xli.
[429] PLATE XVIII. FIG. 13.
[430] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xxix.
[431] _Ibid._ _t._ vii. liii.
[432] Smith's _Abbott's Ins. of Georg._ Pref. vi.
[433] _Prodromus Entomology._
[434] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xliii. The figure represents only the two
spines near the head as thus circumstanced.
[435] Reaum. v. _t._ xii. _f._ 8, 14. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.
[436] See above, VOL. II. p. 238. This, with _B. imperatoria_, &c. in
the modern system, should form a genus.
[437] _Ins. Sur._ _t._ xlviii. right hand figure.
[438] _Ibid._ _t._ xi.
[439] _Ibid._ _t._ xxiii.
[440] _Ibid._ _t._ xxix.
[441] Reaum. v. 95.
[442] Huber _Mœurs des Fourmis_, 79.
[443] See above, VOL. II. p. 276--.
[444] Reaum. v. 72. _t._ ix. _f._ 2-4.
[445] Rös. _t._ 211.
[446] See above, VOL. I. p. 29, 198--.
[447] De Geer iii. 111. Comp. 121. It would be as well to adopt the
French word _flocon_, instead of locks or flocks, which strictly mean
very different things.
[448] vii. 604. _t._ xliv. _f._ 26.
[449] _Fn. Germ. Init._ xxxvi. 21.
[450] _Syst. Rhyng._ 311. 29.
[451] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ ix. 554.
[452] _Natural History of the Slug-worm_, 7.
[453] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xv. xvii.
[454] The larvæ of _Carabus_ L. form one, being generally black.
[455] _Annales de Chimie_ ii.
[456] _Wien. Verz._ 219.
[457] _Wien. Verz._ 4.
[458] Reaum. v. 92.
[459] _Ins. Surinam._ _t._ xi.
[460] ii. 1017.
[461] De Geer i. 57.
[462] _Ibid._ 58. Reaum. i. _t._ xxxix. _f._ 13, 14.
[463] De Geer ii. 400.
[464] See above, VOL. I. _Letters_ xii. xiii.
[465] Bonnet (ii. 18) mentions, that the young larvæ of a butterfly
(_Pieris Cratægi_), after devouring the exuviæ of the eggs from which
they were hatched, gnawed those which were not so: not, however,
so as to destroy the included animal, but rather to facilitate its
egress. Those also of _Coccinella bipunctata_ which I lately bred
from the egg, as soon as hatched began to devour the unhatched ones
around them, which they seemed to relish highly. I am inclined to
believe, however, that this unnatural procedure was to be attributed
to the circumstance of the female not having had it in her power to
place her eggs in the midst of _Aphides_, their proper food.
[466] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 359.
[467] In the human species, after certain fevers a simultaneous
and total moult, if the term may be so applied, takes place. I
experienced this myself in my boyhood; when convalescent from
_Scarlatina_, the skin of my whole body, or nearly so, peeled off.
[468] The translator, more ignorant of natural history than his
author, has turned the "_linguis_ micat ore trisulcis" of Virgil,
into "darts his forky _sting_."
[469] VOL. I. p. 70.
[470] See above, p. 52--.
[471] Cuvier _Anat. Comp._ ii. 596. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxvi. 165.
[472] Cuvier _Ibid._ 624.
[473] Reaum. i. 182.
[474] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290.
[475] Those Diptera whose metamorphosis is coarctate (VOL. I. p. 67),
bees, the female _Cocci_, &c. do not cast their skin in the larva
state. Reaum. iv. 364. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 365.
[476] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 289. xx. 372. Cuvier _Anat. Comp._
ii. 548. M. Cuvier (_Ibid._ 547.) asserts, that most _Papiliones_ and
_Bombyces_ moult _seven_ times.
[477] _Œuvr._ ii. 71.
[478] Reaum. ii. 75.
[479] _Bibl. Nat. E. Trans._ i. 135. col. B. _t._ xxvii. _f._ 6.
[480] _Œuvres_, viii. 303.
[481] _Entwickelungsgeschichte_, &c. 34, 88. Swammerdam on the
contrary affirms, that "on the hinder part of the cast skin where
it is twisted and complicated, whoever accurately examines the skin
itself may still observe the coat that was cast by the _intestinum
rectum_." _Ubi supr._ 136. col. A.
[482] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290
[483] Reaum. iv. 604.
[484] Ibid. 364. _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xx. 365. Huber _Fourmis_ 78.
M. Huber does not say expressly that the grubs of ants do not change
their skin; but his account seems to imply that they change it only
previously to their metamorphosis.
[485] Lyonnet 11.
[486] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vi. 290.
[487] _De Bombycibus_, 68.
[488] _Opusc._ i. 27.
[489] _Linn. Trans._ x. 399.
[490] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ vii. 129.
[491] As the larvæ of Ephemeræ usually live in the submerged part of
the banks of rivers, perhaps they may be regarded as following the
economy of subterranean _terrestrial_ larvæ.