age is shown in Figure 23_a_. In the head region the section is
nearly median, while the posterior part of the body is cut slightly
to one side of the middle line. At the tip of the now well-developed
snout is seen one of the nostrils (_an_), cut through the edge; its
connection with the complicated nasal chamber (_n_) is not here seen,
nor is the connection of the nasal chamber with the posterior nares
(_pn_). The pharynx (_ph_), is anteriorly connected with the exterior
through the mouth (_m_) and the nares, while posteriorly it opens into
the œsophagus (_oe_); the trachea (_ta_), though distinct from the
œsophagus, does not yet open into the pharynx. In the lower jaw two
masses of cartilage are seen, one near the symphysis (_mk_) and one
near the wall of the trachea, doubtless the rudiment of the hyoid. The
deep groove back of the Meckel’s cartilage (_mk_) marks the tip of the
developing tongue, which here forms the thick mass on the floor of
the mouth cavity. Dorsal to the pharynx a mass of cartilage (_se_) is
developing in the sphenethmoid region. This being a median section, the
ventricles of the fore- (_fb_), mid- (_mb_), and hindbrain (_hb_) are
seen as large cavities, while the cerebral hemispheres (_ch_) appear
nearly solid, only a small portion of a lateral ventricle showing. The
paraphysis (_epi_) is cut a little to one side of the middle and so
does not show its connection with the brain. At the base of the brain
the infundibulum (_in_) is seen as an elongated cavity whose ventral
wall is in close contact with a group of small, darkly staining alveoli
(_p_), the pituitary body. Extending posteriorly from the pituitary
body is a gradually thickening mass of cartilage (_bp_), which
surrounds the anterior end of the notochord (_nt_) and may be called
the basilar plate. In its anterior region, where the section is nearly
median, the spinal column shows its canal, with the enclosed spinal
cord, while toward the posterior end of the figure the vertebræ are cut
to one side of the middle line, and hence show the neural arches (_na_)
with the alternating spinal ganglia (_sg_). Near the posterior end of
the figure the pelvic girdle (_pl_) is seen. The largest organ of the
embryo, as seen in this section, is the heart, of which the ventricle
(_vn_) seems to be closely surrounded, both in front and behind, by the
auricles (_au_). The liver (_li_) is the large, reticular mass back of
the heart. Dorsal and anterior to the liver is the lung (_lu_), now of
considerable size and development. The enteron is cut in several places
(_oe_, _i_) and its walls are beginning to show some differentiation,
though this cannot be seen under the magnification here used. One of
the Wolffian bodies is seen as a huge mass of tubules (_wt_) extending
from the pelvic region, where the mass is greatest, to the region of
the lungs. The Wolffian tubules stain darkly and the whole structure
forms a very striking feature of the section. Dorsal to the posterior
end of the Wolffian body is a small, oval mass of very fine tubules
(_k_), which do not stain so darkly as do the Wolffian tubules;
this mass is apparently the beginning of the permanent kidney, the
metanephros. Its tubules, though their origin has not been determined,
seem to be entirely distinct from the tubules of the Wolffian body.
A single vertical section through the anterior part of the head of an
embryo of this age has been represented in Figure 23_b_. On the right
side the plane of the section cut through the lens of the eye (_ln_);
on the left side the section was anterior to the lens. The upper (_ul_)
and lower (_ll_) eyelids are more evident here than in the surface
view. Owing to the hardness of the lens, its supporting structures
were torn away in sectioning. The vitreous humor is not represented
in the figure. The superior (_ur_) and inferior (_lr_) recti muscles
are well shown on the right side; they are attached to the median
part of a Y-shaped mass of cartilage (_se_), which may be termed
the sphenethmoidal cartilage. Between the branches of this Y-shaped
cartilage the anterior ends of the cerebral hemispheres (_ch_)--better
called, perhaps, the olfactory lobes--are seen. Between the lower end
of the sphenethmoidal cartilage and a dorsally evaginated part of
the pharynx are two small openings (_pn_); when traced forward these
tubes are found to open into the convoluted nasal chamber, while a
short distance posterior to the plane of this figure they unite with
each other and open almost immediately into the pharynx. The rather
complicated structures of the nasal passages of the alligator have been
described by the writer in another paper (57). In the lower jaw the
cartilage (_mk_) is seen on either side and several bands of muscle
are developing in the mesoblast. Two deep grooves give form to what
may be called the rudimentary tongue (_tn_). In both jaws one or two
tooth rudiments (_to_) may be distinguished as small invaginations of
ectoderm.
STAGE XXI
FIGURE 24 (PLATE XXVII.)
In this stage the curvature of the body and tail is less marked than
was seen in the last surface view. The body has increased greatly in
size, so that the size of the head is relatively not so great. The
size of the eye in relation to that of the head is much diminished
also. The five anterior and four posterior digits are well formed, and
their claws are of considerable size, though of course not present on
all the digits. The outlines of scales may be traced from the tip of
the tail to the skull; they are especially prominent along the dorsal
profile. The skin is just beginning to show traces of pigment, which
is, however, not shown in the photograph. The umbilical stalk is seen
projecting with a loop of the intestine from the abdominal wall; this
is shown more clearly in the next stage. The embryo now begins to
exhibit some of the external characteristics of the adult alligator.
STAGE XXII
FIGURE 25 (PLATE XXVIII.)
This embryo needs no particular description. It has reached in its
external appearance practically the adult condition, although there is
still considerable yolk (not shown in the figure) to be absorbed, and
the embryo would not have hatched for many days. Pigmentation, begun in
the last stage, is now complete. The umbilical stalk is clearly seen
projecting from a large opening in the body wall. The long loop of the
intestine that extends down into the yolk sac is here evident, and it
is hard to understand how it can all be drawn up into the body cavity
when the umbilical stalk is withdrawn. No sharp shell-tooth at the tip
of the snout, such as is described by Voeltzkow (78) in the crocodile,
is here seen.
STAGE XXIII
FIGURE 26 (PLATE XXVIII.)
This figure shows the relative sizes of the just-hatched alligator and
the egg from which it came. It also shows the position of the young
alligator in the egg, half of the shell having been removed for that
purpose. The blotchy appearance of the unopened egg is due chiefly to
stains produced by the decayed vegetation of the nest. At hatching the
young alligator is about 20 cm. long, nearly three times the length of
the egg; but the tail is so compressed that, though it makes up about
half of the length of the animal, it takes up very little room in the
egg.
SUMMARY
Owing to the fact that the embryo may undergo considerable development
before the egg is laid, and also to the unusual difficulty of removing
the very young embryos, the earlier stages of development are very
difficult to obtain.
The mesoderm seems to be derived chiefly by proliferation from the
entoderm, in which way all of that anterior to the blastopore arises.
Posterior to the blastopore the mesoderm is proliferated from the lower
side of the ectoderm in the usual way. No distinction can be made
between the mesoderm derived from the ectoderm and that derived from
the entoderm.
The ectoderm shows during the earlier stages a very great increase in
thickness along the median longitudinal axis of the embryo.
The notochord is apparently of entodermal origin, though in the
posterior regions, where the germ layers are continuous with each
other, it is difficult to decide with certainty.
The medullary folds have a curious origin, difficult to explain without
the use of figures. They are continuous posteriorly with the primitive
streak, so that it is impossible to tell where the medullary groove
ends and the primitive groove begins, unless the dorsal opening of the
blastopore be taken as the dividing point.
The amnion develops rapidly, and entirely from the anterior end.
The blastopore or neurenteric canal is a very distinct feature of all
the earlier stages up to about the time of closure of the medullary
canal.
Preceding the ordinary cranial flexure there is a sort of temporary
bending of the head region, due apparently to the formation of the
head-fold.
During the earlier stages of development the anterior end of the embryo
is pushed under the surface of the blastoderm, and is hence not seen
from above.
Body torsion is not so definite in direction as in the chick, some
embryos lying on the right side, others on the left.
Of the gill clefts, three clearly open to the exterior and probably a
fourth also. A probable fifth cleft was seen in sections and in one
surface view.
The first trace of the urinary system is seen as a dorsally projecting,
solid ridge of mesoblast in the middle region of the embryo, which
ridge soon becomes hollowed out to form the Wolffian duct.
The origin of the hypophysis and paraphysis is clearly seen; the latter
projects backward.
No connection can be seen between the first rudiments of the
sympathetic nerves and the central nervous system.
The lumen of the œsophagus is for a time obliterated as in other forms.
The choroid fissure is a very transitory but well-marked feature of the
eye.
LETTERING FOR ALL FIGURES ON PLATES VI.-XXVIII.
_a_, head-fold of amnion.
_aa_, anterior appendage.
_ac_, anterior cardinal vein.
_al_, allantois.
_an_, anterior nares.
_ao_, aorta.
_aop_, area opaca.
_ap_, area pellucida.
_ar_, aortic arch.
_au_, auricle.
_b_, bulbus arteriosus.
_bc_, body cavity.
_blp_, blastopore.
_bp_, basilar plate.
_bv_, blood-vessel.
_c_, centrum of vertebra.
_ca_, caudal artery.
_ch_, cerebral hemisphere.
_cl_, cloaca.
_cn_, cranial nerve.
_cp_, posterior choroid plexus.
_cv_, cardinal veins.
_dc_, ductus Cuvieri.
_e_, eye.
_ec_, ectoderm.
_ec′_, thickening of ectoderm,
_en_, entoderm.
_en′_, endocardium.
_ent_, enteron.
_ep_, epidermal layer of ectoderm.
_epi_, paraphysis.
_es_, embryonic shield.
_f_, fronto-nasal process.
_fb_, forebrain.
_fg_, foregut.
_g¹⁻⁵_, gill clefts.
_gf¹⁻⁶_, gill folds.
_gl_, glomerulus.
_h_, head-fold.
_hb_, hindbrain.
_ht_, heart.
_i_, intestine.
_i′_, stomach.
_in_, infundibulum.
_ir_, iris.
_it_, iter.
_k_, kidney (metanephros).
_l_, remains of groove between secondary folds.
_la_, larynx (cartilages of).
_li_, liver.
_ll_, lower lid of eye.
_ln_, lens.
_lr_, inferior rectus muscle of eye.
_lu_, lungs.
_lv_, lens vesicle.
_m_, mouth.
_ma_, manus.
_mb_, midbrain.
_mc_, medullary canal.
_me′_, tip end of medullary canal.
_md_, mandibular fold.
_mes_, mesoderm.
_mes′_, myocardium.
_mf_, medullary fold.
_mg_, medullary groove.
_mk_, Meckel’s cartilage.
_mp_, muscle plate.
_ms_, mesentery.
_mv_, meatus venosus.
_mx_, maxillary fold.
_myc_, myocœl.
_n_, nasal invagination or cavity.
_na_, neural arch of vertebra.
_nc_, neurenteric canal.
_nl_, nervous layer of ectoderm.
_nt_, notochord.
_o_, ear vesicle.
_oc_, optic cup.
_oe_, œsophagus.
_on_, optic nerve.
_os_, optic stalk.
_ov_, optic vesicle.
_p_, pituitary body.
_pa_, posterior appendage.
_pan_, pancreas.
_pc_, posterior cardinal vein.
_pe_, pes.
_pg_, primitive groove.
_ph_, pharynx.
_pl_, pelvis.
_pn_, posterior nares.
_pr_, pericardial cavity.
_ps_, primitive streak.
_pt_, pecten.
_rt_, retina.
_s_, somites.
_sc_, spinal cord.
_se_, sphenethmoid cartilage.
_sf_, secondary fold.
_sg_, spinal ganglion.
_sm_, splanchnic mesoblast.
_sn_, spinal nerve.
_so_, somatic mesoblast.
_st_, stomodæum.
_sy_, sympathetic nervous system.
_t_, tail.
_ta_, trachea.
_tg_, thyroid gland.
_th_, thickening and posterior limit of _sf_.
_tn_, tongue.
_to_, tooth anlage.
_tr_, truncus arteriosus.
_tv_, third ventricle of brain.
_tv′_, third ventricle of brain.
_u_, umbilical stalk.
_ul_, upper lid of eye.
_ur_, superior rectus muscle of eye.
_v′-″-‴_, first, second, and third cerebral vesicles.
_va_, vascular area.
_vm_, vitelline membrane.
_vn_, ventricle of heart.
_vv_, vitelline blood-vessels.
_wd_, Wolffian duct.
_wdo_, opening of Wolffian duct.
_wr_, Wolffian ridge.
_wt_, Wolffian tubules.
_y_, yolk.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES 1-26 ON PLATES VI.-XXVIII.
All of the figures, with the exception of the photographs and those
copied by permission from S. F. Clarke, were drawn under a _camera
lucida_.
The magnification of each figure, except those from Clarke, is
indicated below.
The photographs were made by the author, and were enlarged for
reproduction by the photographic department of the Smithsonian
Institution. The other surface views were made, under the author’s
direction, by Miss C. M. Reese.
With the exception of Stage III., all of the figures of any one stage
are given the same number, followed where necessary by a distinguishing
letter, so that it is possible to tell at a glance which section and
surface views belong together. The transverse sections are all cut in
series from anterior to posterior.
FIGURE 1. Surface view of egg. × ²⁄₃.
1_a_. Egg with part of the shell removed to show the chalky band in
the shell membrane. × ²⁄₃.
FIGURES 2 and 2_a_. Dorsal and ventral views respectively of the
blastoderm before the formation of the notochord, medullary folds,
etc. After Clarke.
2_b_-2_f_. Transverse sections of an embryo of the age represented in
Figures 2 and 2_a_. × 43.
3 and 3_a_. Ventral and dorsal views respectively of an embryo a few
days older than that represented in Figures 2 and 2_a_. After Clarke.
3_b_-3_m_. Transverse sections of an embryo of the age shown in
Figures 3 and 3_a_. × 43.
FIGURES 3_n_ and 3_o_. Two sagittal sections of an embryo of the same
stage as Figures 3 and 3_a_. × 43.
4 and 4_a_. Dorsal and ventral views respectively of a slightly older
embryo than the one shown in Figures 3 and 3_a_. Figure 4_a_ shows
only the head region. After Clarke.
5 and 5_a_. Dorsal and ventral views respectively of an embryo of
almost the same age as the preceding, to show the further development
of the medullary folds. After Clarke.
FIGURE 6. Dorsal view of an embryo only a day or two older than the
preceding. After Clarke.
FIGURES 6_a_-6_i_. A series of transverse sections of this stage. ×
43.
FIGURES 7_a_-7_h_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo
slightly older than the one shown in Figures 4-6. × 43. (No surface
view of this stage is figured.)
8 and 8_a_. Dorsal and ventral views respectively of an embryo with
five pairs of mesoblastic somites. × 20. (Drawn by transmitted
light.)
8_b_ and 8_c_. Two sagittal sections of an embryo of this stage. × 43.
FIGURES 8_d_-8_j_. A series of transverse sections of the embryo
represented in Figures 8 and 8_a_. × 43.
9_a_-9_m_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo somewhat more
advanced in development than the one represented in the last series.
× 43.
FIGURES 10 and 10_a_. Dorsal and ventral views respectively of an
embryo with eight pairs of mesoblastic somites. × 20. (Drawn chiefly
by transmitted light.)
FIGURE 11. Dorsal view of an embryo with fourteen pairs of
mesoblastic somites. The area pellucida and the developing vascular
area are shown, the latter having a mottled appearance. The pushing
of the head under the blastoderm is also shown. × 20. (Drawn chiefly
by transmitted light.)
FIGURES 11_a_-11_k_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo of
this stage. × 43.
FIGURE 12. Dorsal view of an embryo with about seventeen pairs of
mesoblastic somites. Part of the area pellucida is represented. (Both
transmitted and reflected light were used in making the drawing.) ×
13.
FIGURES 12_a_-12_g_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo of
this stage. × 43.
FIGURE 13. Surface view of an embryo with about twenty pairs of
mesoblastic somites. × (about) 15. (Drawn with both reflected and
transmitted light.)
FIGURES 13_a_-13_f_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo
slightly more developed than the one shown in Figure 13. × 20.
FIGURE 13_g_. A sagittal section of an embryo of about the age of the
one represented in Figure 13. × 20.
14. Head of an embryo with one pair of gill clefts; ventro-lateral
view. × 13.
15. Profile view of the head of an embryo with three pairs of gill
clefts. × 13.
FIGURES 15_a_-15_e_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo of
about the age of the one represented in Figure 15. × 20.
FIGURE 15_f_. A horizontal section through the anterior region of an
embryo of the age of that shown in Figure 15. × 20.
16. Surface view in profile of an embryo with four pairs of gill
clefts. × (about) 12.
FIGURES 16_a_-16_f_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo of
the approximate age of the one represented in Figure 16. × 20.
FIGURE 16_g_. A sagittal section of an embryo of the age (possibly
slightly younger) of the one represented in Figure 16. × 20.
17. Surface view in profile of an embryo at the time of origin of the
limbs. × (about) 5.
FIGURES 17_a_-17_g_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo of
the age of the one represented in Figure 17. × 7.
FIGURE 18. Surface view in profile of the head of an embryo slightly
larger than, though of about the same state of development as, the
one represented in Figure 17. Reproduced here chiefly to show the
gill clefts. × (about) 3.
19. Surface view of an embryo somewhat more developed than the one
just described. × (about) 3.
FIGURE 20. Surface view of an embryo older than the one represented
in Figure 19; with well-developed manus and pes. × (about) 5.
FIGURES 20_a_-20_j_. A series of transverse sections of an embryo of
the age of the one represented in Figure 20. × 7.
FIGURE 21. A photograph of a living embryo in the egg, showing the
allantois, yolk mass, etc. The embryo is somewhat more developed than
the one shown in Figure 20. × ²⁄₃.
22. A photograph of a still larger embryo, removed from the shell and
freed from the fetal membranes. × (about) 1.
23. A photograph of a still more advanced embryo, in which the digits
are quite evident and the scales are beginning to show. × (about) 1.
23_a_. A sagittal section of an embryo of the age of the one
represented in Figure 23; the tail has not been shown in this figure.
× (about) 3.
23_b_. A vertical section through the head of an embryo of about the
size (perhaps slightly smaller) of the one shown in Figure 23. ×
(about) 3.
24. A photograph of an older embryo in which the pigmentation of the
scales is evident, though not shown in the figure. × (about) 1.
25. A photograph of an embryo in which the pigmentation and the
development of the body form are practically complete. The
allantois, unabsorbed yolk, etc., have been removed. × (about) ³⁄₄.
26. A photograph of a just-hatched alligator, of an alligator egg,
and of a young alligator in the egg just before hatching. × (about)
³⁄₇.
[Illustration: PLATE VI. _1_, _1a_, THE EGG; _2_, _2a_, STAGE I.]
[Illustration: PLATE VII. _2b_-_2f_, STAGE I. _3_, _3b_, STAGE II.]
[Illustration: PLATE VIII. _3a_-_3g_, STAGE II.]
[Illustration: PLATE IX. _3h_-_3o_, STAGE II.]
[Illustration: PLATE X. STAGE III.]
[Illustration: PLATE XI. _6_-_6i_, STAGE III; _7a_, STAGE IV.]
[Illustration: PLATE XII. _7b_-_7h_, STAGE IV; _8_, _8a_, STAGE V.]
[Illustration: PLATE XIII. STAGE V.]
[Illustration: PLATE XIV. _8i_-_8j_, STAGE V; _9a_-_9g_, STAGE VI.]
[Illustration: PLATE XV. _9h_-_9m_, STAGE VI; _10_, STAGE VII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XVI. _10a_, STAGE VII; _11a_-_11d_, STAGE VIII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XVII. STAGE VIII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XVIII. _11i_-_11k_, STAGE VIII; _12_-_12b_, STAGE
IX.]
[Illustration: PLATE XIX. _12c_-_12g_, STAGE IX; _13a_-_13c_, STAGE
X.]
[Illustration: PLATE XX. STAGE X.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXI. _13g_, STAGE X; _14_, STAGE XI; _15_-_15c_,
STAGE XII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXII. _15d_-_15f_, STAGE XII; _16_-_16d_, STAGE
XIII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXIII. _16c_-_16g_, STAGE XIII; _17_, STAGE XIV.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXIV. _17a_-_17g_, STAGE XIV; _18_, STAGE XV;
_19_, STAGE XVI.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXV. STAGE XVII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXVI. STAGE XVII.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXVII. STAGE XVIII; _22_, STAGE XIX; _23_-_23b_,
STAGE XX; _24_, STAGE XXI.]
[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. _25_, STAGE XXII, ALLIGATOR EMBRYO; _26_,
STAGE XXIII, ALLIGATOR JUST HATCHED AND RELATIVE SIZE OF EGG.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ADAMS, A. L., _The Wanderings of a Naturalist in India_.
Edinburgh, 1867.
2. ANDERSON, A., “An Account of the Eggs and Young of the Gavial (_G.
gangeticus_),” _Proc. Zoöl. Soc._, 1875, p. 2.
3. BALFOUR, F. M., _Comparative Embryology_, vol. 2.
4. BATTERSBY, J., “Crocodile’s Egg with Solid Shell,” _Nature_, vol.
48, no. 1237, p. 248.
5. BISCHOFF, “Über den Bau des Crocodilherzens, besonders von _C.
lucius_,” J. Müller’s _Archiv_, 1836.
6. BOAKE, BANCROFT, “The Nest of the Crocodile,” _Zoölogist_, vol. 5,
1870, pp. 2002-4.
7. BOETTGER, O., _Katalog d. Reptilien-Samml. im Museum d.
Senckenbergischen Gess., Frkft._, 1893.
8. BOUTAN, LOUIS, _Le Crocodile des Marias (C. palustus), Mission
Scientifique Permanente d’Exploration en Indo-China Décades
Zoologique_, Hanoi, 1906.
9. BRANDT, , “Sur le ductus caroticus du Caiman,” _Bull. Acad.
St. Petersburg_, vol. 17, p. 307, 1872.
10. BREHMS, _Thierleben_, vol. 4, pp. 498-572, 1912.
11. BRONN, H. G., _Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs_, vol. 63,
“Reptilien 2, Eidechsen und Wasserechsen.”
12. BRÜHL, C. B., _Das Skelet der Krokodiliner, dargestellt in 20
Tafeln_, 1862.
12a. BUTLER, G. W., “On the Subdivision of the Body Cavity in
Lizards, Crocodiles, and Birds,” _Proc. Zoöl. Soc., London_, pt. 4,
1889.
13. BUTTMANN, H., _De musculis Crocodili_, Diss. inaugur., Hallæ,
1826.
14. _Cambridge Natural History_ (Gadow), vol. on _Amphibia and
Reptiles_, pp. 430-472, 1901.
15. CHAFFANJON, M. J., “Observations sur l’_Alligator
Mississippiensis_,” _Ann. de la Soc. Linn. de Lyon_, vol. 28, pp.
83-96, 1881.
16. CLARKE, S. F., “The Nest and Eggs of the Alligator, _A. lucius_,
Cuv.,” _Zool. Anz._, II. jahrg., no. 290, pp. 568-70, 1888.
17. ---- “The Habits and Embryology of the American Alligator,”
_Jour. Morph._, vol. 5, pp. 182-214, 1891.
18. CLAUS and SEDGWICK, _Elementary Textbook of Zoölogy_. 1884.
19. COPE, E. D., _Checklist of North American Batrachia and
Reptiles_. Washington, 1875.
19a. DAVENPORT, C. B., “Note on the Carotids and Ductus Botalli of
the Alligator,” _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl._, Harvard, vol. 24, pp.
45-51, 1893.
20. DITMARS, R. L., _The Reptile Book_. New York, 1907.
21. ---- _Reptiles of the World_. New York, 1910.
22. DUMERIL, A., and BOCOURT, ... _études sur les reptiles et les
batraciens du Mexique_. Paris, 1870-82.
23. DUVERNOY, , “Note sur le structure du cœur des
Crocodiliens,” _Jour. de l’Institute_, 1838.
24. EISLER, P., “Zur Kenntniss der Histologie des Alligatormagens,”
_Archiv. f. Mik. Anat._, vol. 34, pp. 1-10, T. I., 1889.
25. FAUVEL, , An account of the Chinese alligator (title of
paper not known), _J. China Asiat. Soc._, vol. 13, pp. 1-36, 1879.
26. FEILDEN, H. W., “The Nest of the Alligator,” _Zoölogist_, 2 sr.,
vol. 5, pp. 2090-92, 1870.
27. FELIX, W., _Head-Kidney in the Crocodile_. 1897.
28. GADOW, HANS, “On the Modification of the First and Second
Visceral Arches, with Especial References to the Homologies of the
Auditory Ossicles,” _Phil. Trans._, vol. 179B, pp. 451-85, T. 71-74.
29. ---- “Untersuchungen über die Bauchmuskeln der Crocodile,
Eidechsen u. Schildkröten,” _Morph. Jahrb._, vol. 7, pp. 57-100, 1881.
29a. GEOFFROY, E., “Observations anatomiques sur le Crocodile du
Nil,” _Ann. Mus. Nat._, vol. 2, pp. 45-47, 1803.
30. GIEBEL, C. G., “Das Skelet des westafrik. _Crocodilus
cataphractus_,” in dessen _Zeitschrift f. d. ges. Naturw._, p. 105,
1877.
31. HAIR, , A thesis in the Univer. of Edinburgh (title not
known), referred to by Haughton in _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._, below.
32. HASSE, C., “Das Gehörorgan der Crocodile,” in seine _Anat.
Studien_, p. 679, 1871.
33. ---- “Das Gehörorgan der Crocodile,” in dessen _Anat. Studien_,
p. 679, 1873 (possibly same as no. 32).
34. HAUGHTON, S., “On the Muscular Anatomy of the Crocodile,” _Proc.
of the Royal Irish Acad._, vol. 9, pt. 3, Dublin, 1866.
35. ---- “On the Muscular Anatomy of the Alligator,” _Annals and Mag.
of Nat. Hist._, 4th sr., vol. 1, pp. 282-92, 1868.
36. HERRICK, C. L., “The Brain of the Alligator,” _Cincinnati Acad.
Nat. Hist._, 1890.
36a. HERTWIG, O., _Handbuch der vergleichenden und experimentellen
Entwickelungslehre der Wirbelthiere_, vol. 2, Jena, 1906.
37. HORNADAY, W. T., _The American Natural History_, pp. 317-22, 1904.
38. HOWES, G. B., “On the Probable Existence of a Jacobson’s Organ
among the Crocodilia,” _Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London_, pp. 148-59, Feb.,
1891.
39. HUXLEY, THOS., “On the Dermal Armor of Jacare and Caiman, with
Notes on the Specific and Generic Characters of Recent Crocodilia,”
_Jour. of the Proc. of the Linn. Soc._, 1859.
40. JACQUART, H., “Sur plusieurs points du système veineux abdominal
du Caiman à museau de brochet (_Alligator lucius_),” _Compt. Rendus
Acad. Sc. Paris_, T. 47, pp. 829ff, 1858.
41. KINGSLEY, J. S., _Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates_. Phila.,
1912.
42. v. KLEIN, F., “Beiträge zur Osteologie der Crocodilenschädel,”
_Jahreshefte des Vereins f. vaterländ. Natur. in Württemberg_, 19
Jahrg., p. 10, 1863.
43. KÜKENTHAL, W., “Zur Entwickelung des Handskelettes des
Krokodiles,” _Morph. Jahrb._, vol. 19, pp. 42-55, 1892-93.
43a. LYDEKKER, RICH., _New Natural History_, vol. 5, 1901.
44. MAYER, , “Bemerkungen über den Schädel von _Gavialis
Schlegelii_ u. _Crocodilus raninus_,” _Archiv. f. Naturg._, p. 312,
1858.
45. MEEK, ALEX., “On the Occurrence of a Jacobson’s Organ, with Notes
on the Development of the Nasal Cavity, the Lachrymal Duct, and
Harderian Gland in _Crocodilus porosus_,” _Jour. Anat. and Physiol._,
London, vol. 27, pp. 151-160, T. 10, 1892.
45a. MEEK, ALEX., “On the Morphogenesis of the Head of the
Crocodile,” _Jour. Anat. and Physiol._, vol. 45, pp. 357-77, 1911.
45b. MILANI, A., “Beiträge zur Kentniss der Reptilienlunge (alligator
and crocodile),” _Zool. Jahrb._, vol. 10, pp. 133-56, 1897.
45c. MILLER, W. S., “The Structure of the Lung,” _Jour. Morph._, vol.
8, p. 171, 1893.
46. OLDENBURG, HY., “Giving some Account of the Present Undertakings,
Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious in many considerable parts of
the World,” _Philos. Trans._, vol. 1, Anno 1665 and 1666, p. 703.
47. PANIZZA, , “Sulla struttura del cuore e della circolazione
del sangue del _Crocodilus lucius_,” _Biblioteca Italiana_, vol. 60,
1887 (?).
48. PARKER, W. K., _On the Structure and Development of the Skull in
the Crocodile_, London, 1882; rev. _Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London_, vol.
11 or 12, pp. 263-310; _Nature_, vol. 26, pp. 252-54, 1882.
49. PARKER and HASWELL, _Text-book of Zoölogy_. 1897.
50. PETERS, W., “Über das Gehörknöchelchen und den Meckel’schen
Knorpel bei den Crocodilen,” _Monatsb. der königl. preuss. Akademie
der Wiss. zu Berlin_, p. 529, 1868.
51. ---- “Über die Höhlen des Unterkiefers bei den Crocodilen,”
_ibid._, p. 15, 1870.
52. POELMANN, C., “Note sur le système circulatoire des
Crocodiliens,” _Bull. de l’Acad. Belgique_, vol. 21, pp. 67-72, 1854;
_L’Institute_, vol. 23, p. 213, 1854.
53. RABL-RÜCKHARD, “Das Centralnervensystem des Alligators,”
_Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Zool._, vol. 30, pp. 336-73, 1878.
54. RATHKE, C., _Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung und den
Körperbau der Crocodile_. Braunschweig, 1866.
55. REESE, A. M., “The Nasal Passage of the Florida Alligator,”
_Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci._, pp. 457-64, 1901.
56. ---- “Artificial Incubation of Alligator Eggs,” _Amer. Nat._,
vol. 35, no. 411, pp. 193-95, March, 1901.
57. ---- “A Double Embryo of the Florida Alligator,” _Anat. Anz._,
vol. 28, nos. 9 and 10, pp. 229-31, 1906.
58. ---- “The Development of the American Alligator,” _Smithsonian
Misc. Coll._, no. 1791, pp. 1-66, 1908.
59. ---- “The Breeding Habits of the Florida Alligator,” _ibid._, no.
1696, pp. 381-86, 1907.
60. ---- “The Home of the Alligator,” _Pop. Sc. Monthly_, pp. 365-72,
Oct., 1910.
61. ---- “Development of the Digestive Canal of the American
Alligator,” _Smith. Misc. Coll._, no. 1946, pp. 1-25, 1910.
62. ---- “The Development of the Brain of the American Alligator: The
Paraphysis and Hypophysis,” _Smith. Misc. Coll._, no. 1922, pp. 1-20,
1910.
63. ---- “The Histology of the Enteron of the Florida Alligator,”
_Anat. Record_, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 105-29, April, 1913.
64. ---- “The Vascular System of the Florida Alligator,” _Proc.
Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc._, pp. 413-25, 1914.
65. RÖSE, C., “Über die Zahnentwickelung der Krokodile,” _Verhandl.
d. anat. Gesellsch._, Jena, vol. 6, pp. 225-27, 1892; also _Morph.
Arb._, Jena, vol. 3, pp. 195-228, 1893-4.
66. ---- “Über die Verwachsung von retinierten Zähnen mit den
Kieferknochen,” _Anat. Anz._, pp. 82-89, 8 Jahr, 1893.
67. ---- “Über das rudimentäre Jacobsonschen Organ der Krokodile und
des Menschen,” _Anat. Anz._, pp. 458-72, 8 Jahr, 1893.
68. ---- “Über die Nasendrüse und die Gaumendrüsen von _Crocodilus
poroso_,” _Anat. Anz._, vol. 8, pp. 745-51, 1893.
69. ---- “Über die Zahnleiste und die Eischweile der Sauropsiden,”
_Anat. Anz._, vol. 7, pp. 748-64, 1892.
70. SCHWALBE, G., “Über Auricularhöcker bei Reptilien, ein Beitrag
zur Phylogenie des Äusseren Ohres,” _Anat. Anz._, vol. 6, pp. 43-53,
1891.
71. SCLATER, W. L., _List of the Reptiles and Batrachians of S.
Africa_. 1898.
72. SLUITER, E. P., “Das Jacobsonsche Organ von _Crocodilus porosus_
(Schn.),” _Anat. Anz._, vol. 7, pp. 540-45, 1892.
73. SMITH, H. M., “Notes on the Alligator Industry,” _Bull. U. S.
Fish Com._, vol. 11, pp. 343-45, 1891.
74. STEVENSON, C. W., “Utilization of the Skins of Aquatic Animals;
Leather from Alligator Skins,” _Report of Com. Fish and Fisheries for
1902_, pp. 342-46, 1904.
75. TENNENT, Sir J. E., _Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon_.
London, 1861.
76. VAN BEMMELEN, J. F., “Die Visceraltaschen und Aortenbogen bei
Reptilien und Vögeln,” _Zool. Anz._, vol. 9, pp. 528-32, 543-46, 1886.
76a. VIRCHOW, HANS, “Ueber die Alligatorwirbelsäule,” _Archiv. fur
Anat._, parts 2 and 3, pp. 103-142, 1914.
77. VOELTZKOW, A., “On the Oviposition and Embryological Development
of the Crocodile,” translated in _Ann. Nat. Hist._, vol. 9, pp.
66-72, 1891.
78. ---- “Biologie und Entwickelung der äusseren Körperform von
_Crocodilus madagascariensis_ Grand,” _Abhandl. Senckenberg Naturf.
Gesell._, vol. 26, part 1, pp. 1-149, 1889.
79. VOELTZKOW, M. (?), “Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Reptilien, I-IV (_Crocodilus madagascariensis_ und _Podocnemis
madagascariensis_),” _ibid._, vol. 26, 1889.
80. VROLIK, , “Sur le cœur du Caiman à museau de Brochet
(_Crocodilus lucius_),” _Het Instituut_, 1841.
81. WAYTAILINGAM, S., “Notes on the Breeding of _Crocodilus
Palustris_,” _Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London_, pp. 186-87, 1880.
82. WIEDERSHEIM, R., _Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates_. 1899.
83. ---- “Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des
Urogenitalapparatus der Krokodile und Schildkröten,” _Verhndl. der
10. internat. Med. Cong. Berlin_, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 132-34, 1891;
_Anat. Anz._, 5 Jahrg., pp. 337-44, 1890.
84. WILLISTON, S. W., _Water Reptiles of the Past and Present_.
Chicago, 1914.
85. ZIEGLER, H. E., _Lehrbuch der vergleichenden
Entwickelungsgeschichte der niederen Wirbelthiere_. Jena, 1902.
86. ZUCKERHANDL, E., “Zur Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Arterien des Unterschenkels und des Fusses,” _Anat. Hefte_, pt. 1,
vol. 5, pp. 207-91, 1895 (?).
87. ---- “Zur Anatomie des Vorderarmes” (2d part), _ibid._, pp.
157-205, 1895.
88. ---- “Description anatomique de trois crocodiles envoyés de
Siam par les Pères Jésuites,” _Mémoires de l’académie Royale des
sciences_, vol. 3, part 2, p. 266.
89. ---- _Description anatomique d’un crocodile_, _ibid._, part 3, p.
173.
INDEX
Abdominal aorta and branches, 212
Abdominal ribs, 80
Acetabulum, 85
Air chamber of egg, 228
Albumen of egg, 229, 230
Allantois, 299, 300, 328
Alligator, 6
abundance of, 8
American, 3
and cane rat, 28
and muskrat, 28
attack from, 14
bellowing of, 18
catching of, 34
cave of, 12
Chinese, 38
Cynocephalus, 110
daylight hunting of, 33
dealers in, 34
derivation of name of, 40
differs from crocodile, 7
digging from cave, 33
distribution of, 10
economic importance of, 26
eggs used as food, 35
feeding of, 12
fire hunting of, 32
habitat of, 8
hatching of, for sale, 35
hibernation of, 12, 13
hides, annual output of, 28
for card cases, etc., 30
chief centers for, 27
damaged in removal, 31
Floridian, 28, 29
highest priced, 32
length and width of, 30
from Louisiana, 28, 29, 30
methods of cutting, 31
Mexican, 29, 30
removal of, 31
salting of, 31
shipment of, 31
from South and Central America, 27, 28
from Southern States, 28
varieties of, 29
value of different sizes of, 28, 29
value to hunter of, 28
hole, 11
hunting, 32
Joe, 9
killing of, 33
for sport, 27
laws for protection of, 28
leather, first used, 26
for shoes, 27
imitation, 32
present use of, 32
meat, preparation of, 35
smoking of, 36
use as food, 35
mississippiensis, 3, 7
raw hides, selling of, 32
sale of live, 34
sinensis, 3, 16
the stuffing of, 34
swimming of, 13, 14
tanned hides, sale of, 32
teeth, sale of, 34
value of, 34
trail, 11, 13
unknown to ancients, 40
use of tail, 14
value of live, 34
Alligatoridæ, 1
Amnion, 236, 247, 251, 259, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 274, 275, 278,
290, 334
Ampullæ, 149
Ancestry, 4
Annulus tympanicus, 149
Aortic arches, 203, 296, 299
Appendages, development of, 308, 315, 317, 327, 328
Appendicular skeleton, 81
Area opaca, 233
Area pellucida, 233
Arkansas Alligator Farm, 201
Arterial system, 212
first reference to, 44
Arteries, of anterior region, 215, 216
brachial, 218
caudal, 216
cervical, 220
cloacal, 316
cœliac, 212
collateralis colli, 217, 219
common carotid, 219, 221
crural, 216
dorsal aorta, 212
fibular, 214
first hæmorrhoidal, 216
gastric, 212
gastro-hepatico-intestinal, 212
iliac, 214
inferior dental, 223
injection of, 201
internal carotid, 70, 221
internal mammary, 217
ischiadicæ, 214
lingual, 220
lumbar, 213
mandibular, 220
mesenteric, 213
œsophageal, 217
pancreo-intestinal, 212
pelvic, 214, 216
pleural, 217
of posterior region, 213
primary carotid, 203, 218, 220
pulmonary, 203
radial, 218
rectal, 216
right subclavian, 203, 216
sciatic, 214
second hæmorrhoidal, 216
spleno-intestinal, 212
subclavian, left, 219
subscapular, 217
superior dental, 223
thoracic, 218
thyroid, 217
tibial, 214
ulnar, 218
urogenital, 214
vertebral, 217
Arytenoid cartilage, 147
Atlantosaurus, 4
Atlas, 53
Auditory capsule, 72
Auditory vesicle, 274, 277, 286, 294, 297, 302, 309, 320, 322
Auricles, 204
Axis, 54
Bartram’s account, 8
Basilar plate, 331
Belly skin, 31
Belodon, 5
Bile duct, 154
Bird and crocodile, 40, 41
Blastopore, 233, 234, 235, 236, 240, 246, 249, 250, 252, 257, 263,
264, 272
Body cavity, development, 279, 281, 287
Body flexure, 307, 317, 318
Bones, alisphenoid, 68
angular, 76
of anterior limb, 82
articular, 75
basilingual plate, 76
basioccipital, 67, 68, 72
basisphenoid, 67
calcaneum, 88
centrale, 84
clavicle, 82
coracoid, 81, 82
coronoid, 75
dentary, 74
epiotic, 73
epipubis, 86
episternum, 82
exoccipital, 70
fibula, 87
fibulare, see calcaneum
of foot, 88
frontal, 60
humerus, 82
hyoid, 76
ilium, 84
integumental, 50
interclavicle, 81
ischium, 85
jugal, 62, 67
lachrymal, 62
malar, 62
maxilla, 61, 64
mesethmoid, 72
metacarpals, 84
nasal, 60
opisthotic, 73
palatine, 65
parietal, 59
of pelvic girdle, 84
pisiform, 83
of posterior limb, 84
postfrontal, 59
prefrontal, 60
premaxilla, 61, 63
pro-otic, 73
pterygoid, 66, 70
pubis, 86
quadrate, 62, 69
quadratojugal, 64, 67
radius, 83
scapula, 81
splenial, 75
squamosal, 59
supra-angular, 75
supraorbital, 62
suprascapula, 81
tarsalia, 88
tibia, 87
tibiale-centrale, 88
transpalatine, 66
ulna, 83
ulnare, 80
vomer, 72
Brain, 132
Breeding habits of alligator, 18
Bronchial rings, 199
Buttons, 27
Caiman, 36
of Amazon, 37
banded, 3
black, 3, 36
latirostris, 3
niger, 3, 7
palpebrosus, 3
round-nosed, 3
sclerops, 3
species of, 37
spectacled, 3, 37
teeth of, 36
trigonotus, 3
ventral armor of, 36
Capitulum of rib, 78
Carpus, 83
Cauda equina, 131
Cement, 65
Centrum, development of, 325
Cerebellum, 132, 133
Cerebral hemispheres, 132, 133, 134
development of, 302, 309, 310, 332
Cerebral peduncles, 133, 134
Cerebral vesicles, 266, 273, 319
Cervical cord, 132
Chalky band of egg, 229
Chewing muscles, 90
Chinese alligator, 3
Chorda, tympani, 137
Choroid, 147
Choroid fissure, 321, 322, 337
Clarke, S. F., 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236, 243, 247, 250,
274, 293, 317, 318
Classification, 1
Claws, 46, 84
development of, 333
Cleavage of mesoblast, 263
Clitoris, 196
Cloaca, 155
embryonic, 316, 327
Cloacal glands, 156
Cocoa, Fla., 27
Columella, 74, 149
Conjunctiva, 136
Conjunctival gland, 146
Conus arteriosus, 203
Copulation of crocodile, 195
Copulatory organs, 194
Cornea, 146
development of, 321
Corn marks, 29, 30
Cornua of hyoid, 76
Corpora cavernosa, 194
Cranial cartilages, 320
Cranial flexure, 273, 276, 283, 291
Cranial nerves, 132, 135, 302, 320, 325
Cranium, 58
Cricoid cartilage, 197
Crocodile--Crocodilus, 6
African, 39
caves of, 41
distribution of, 40
egg laying of, 41
held sacred, 40
in Madagascar, 40
mentioned by Herodotus, 40
Voeltzkow’s account, 40
American, 2, 37
colors of, 39
distribution of, 38
Ditmars’ experience, 38
range of, 37
cataphractus, 2
Cuban, 2, 39
derivation of name of, 40
Guatemala, 2
intermedius, 2, 39
johnstoni, 2
Madagascar, 2
eggs of, 228
hatching of, 41
nest of, 41
man-eating, 40, 43
marsh, or mugger, 42
moreletti, 2
Nile, 21, 39
niloticus, 2, 39
Orinoco, 2, 39
palustris, 3, 42
migration of, 42
porosus, 2
rhombiferus, 2, 39
robustus, 2
rough-backed, 3
salt-water, 2, 42
in captivity, 43
habitat, 43
size of, 42
skeleton of, 51
sharp-nosed, 2
Siamese, 2
swamp, 3
Crocodilia, 1
Crocodilidæ, 1, 2, 3
Deaths by crocodiles in Africa, 40
in India, 43
Deltoid ridge, 83
Dentine, 65
Dermal skeleton, 47
Diaphragm, 115
Digestive system, 152
Digestive tract, fixation of, 159
histology of, 189
outline of, 158
Digits, development of, 329, 332
Dinosauria, 4
Dorsal aorta, development of, 277, 278, 327
Dorsal fissure, 131, 132, 133
Dorsal shield, 47
Drum, 148, 149
Ductus Cuvieri, 312
Ear, 147, 148
Ectoderm, 233
Eggs, 227, 231
artificial incubation of, 24
incubation of, 22
number of, per nest, 21, 22, 23
shape of, 228
shell of, 228
size of, 25, 227, 228
taken from oviduct, 24
variation in size of, 26
weight of, 25
Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund, 226
_El lagarto_, 40
Embryo, development of, 231
earliest stages of, 232, 233
position of, 230
removal of, from egg, 231
stages:
I., 233;
II., 235;
III., 240;
IV., 247;
V., 249;
VI., 257;
VII., 266;
VIII., 267;
IX., 273;
X., 282;
XI., 293;
XII., 293;
XIII., 300;
XIV., 307;
XV., 316;
XVI., 317;
XVII., 318;
XVIII., 328;
XIX., 328;
XX., 329;
XXI, 333;
XXII., 334;
XXIII., 334
Embryology, summary of, 335
Enamel, 65
Endoskeleton, 50
Enteron, development of, 261, 262, 269, 271, 278, 287
Entoderm, 234
Epidermal skeleton, 46
Epiglottis, 197
Episternum, 81
Epitrichial cells, 48
Eustachian tube, 72, 149
Everglades, 10, 220
External auditory meatus, 70, 73, 148
External mandibular foramen, 75
Extracolumellar cartilage, 74
Eye, 144
glands of, 144
Eyeball, 146
Eyelids, 144
development of, 329, 332
Feeding of alligators, 15
Fenestra ovalis, 73
Fissura ventralis, 131
Food of alligators, 15
Foramen ovale of skull, 68
Forebrain, 274, 276, 284, 291, 294, 302, 308, 319
Foregut, 240, 248, 252, 297
Foreskin, 195
Fort Pierce, Fla., 27
Fourth ventricle, 132
Fronto-nasal region, 318
Fundic region of stomach, 152
Gastroliths, 44, 45, 153
Gavial, 6
food of, 44
Indian, distribution of, 43
eggs and nest of, 44
meaning of, 44
Gavialidæ, 1, 3
Gavialis gangeticus, 2
character of, 43, 44
size of, 43
Genital ducts, 156
Geographical distribution of Crocodilia, 6
Gescmackwärzchen, 165
Gharial, 44
Gill clefts, 277, 283, 285, 293, 294, 299, 301, 302, 303, 316, 317,
318, 323, 336
Gizzard, 153
Glans penis, 195
Glenoid cavity, 81
Glomeruli, 304
Glottis, development of, 324
Growth of alligators, 16
Hallux, 88
Harderian gland, 136, 145
Head-fold, 233, 236, 237
Heart, 202, 204
development of, 267, 270, 279, 283, 287, 297, 303, 310
Hindbrain, 277, 284, 294, 308, 319
Histology of enteron, 157
of integument, 48
Horn alligator, 31
Horny layer, 48
Hyoid, 151
development of, 330
Hyomandibular cleft, 286, 307, 309, 322
Hypophysis, 53, 133
development of, 306, 320, 331, 337
Incubation, period of, 25
Infundibulum, 133, 134
development of, 330
Integument, histology of, 48
Internal auditory meatus, 73
Internal mandibular foramen, 76
Intestine, 154
development of, 289
Iris, 146
development of, 321
Jacksonville, Fla., 34
Kidneys, 192
Kissimmee, Fla., 27
Labyrinth, 148
Lachrymal canal, 145
Lachrymal gland, 144, 145
Lake Kissimmee, 10
Lake Worth, 37
Large intestine, epithelium of, 187
histology of, 186
_see_ Rectum
Larynx, 197
development of, 323
Lateral disks of stomach, 153
Lateral ventricle, developing, 319
Laying season of alligator, 18
Lens, 147
Lens vesicle, 276, 284, 294, 302, 309, 321, 332
“Leviathan” of Book of Job, 40
Liver, 154
development of, 304, 307, 312, 326
Lower jaw, 74
Lungs, 199, 200
capillaries of, 200
development of, 303, 304, 312, 331
Mandible, 74
Mandibular fold, 296, 301, 308, 317, 318
Manus, 84, 317, 318, 329
Mating season of alligator, 19
Maxillary process, 301, 308, 317, 318
Meatus venosus, 312
Meckel’s cartilage, 330
Medulla, 132
Medullary canal, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 275, 282, 291
Medullary folds, 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, 258, 265, 266, 291
origin of, 336
Medullary groove, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248, 250, 253,
255, 256, 263, 265, 313, 334, 336, 337
Medullary plate, 249
Melbourne, Fla., 27
Mesentery, development of, 299
Mesoderm, 234
Metanephros, 332
Miami, Fla., 27
Midbrain, 275, 276
Middle ear, 149
Mouth, 150
Muscles:
abdominal, 112
ambiens, 118
anconæus, 104
atlanti-mastoideus, 96
capiti-sternalis, 96
caput coraco-scapulare, 105
caput humerale mediale, 106
caput humerale posticum, 105
caput humeri laterale, 105
caput scapulare laterale, 104
carpo-metacarpalis, 111
carpo-metacarpalis V., 111
carpo-phalangei, 109, 110
carpo-phalangeus, 111
carpo-phalangeus primus digiti V., 111
caudali-ilio-femoralis, 120
caudi-femoralis, 121
cerato-hyoideus, 93
cervicalis adscendens, 96
collo-capitis, 94
collo-occipitis, 96
collo-scapularis superficialis, 97
collo-squamosus, 95
collo-thoraci-suprascapularis profundus, 98
coraco-antebrachialis, 101
coraco-brachialis, 101
coraco-ceratoideus, 92
costo-coracoideus, 93, 99
costo-scapularis, 94
costo-vertebralis lateralis, 94
costo-vertebralis medialis, 94
deltoideus scapularis inferior, 103
diaphragmatic, 115
dorsalis scapulæ, 103
of dorsal neck region, 94
dorso-humeralis, 102
dorso-scapularis, 97
episterno-ceratoideus, 92
epistropheo-vertebralis, 95
extensor hallucis proprius, 129
extensor ilio-tibialis, 118
extensor longus digitorum, 125
of eyeball, 146
femoro-tibialis, 119
flexor digitorum brevis, 128
flexor longus digitorum, 127
flexor tibialis externus, 122
flexor tibialis internus, 122
of forearm, 107
gastrocnemius, 126
humero-antebrachialis inferior, 102
humero-carpi-radialis, 108
humero-carpi-ulnaris, 108
humero-metacarpalis, 108
humero-radialis, 106
humero-radialis brevis, 108
humero-radialis internus, 107
humero-radialis lateralis, 109
humero-radialis longus, 107
humero-radialis medialis, 109
humero-ulno-phalangei, 110
ilio-femoralis, 120
ilio-fibularis, 119
ilio-ischio-caudalis, 130
intercostales, 115
intermaxillaris, 91
interosseus cruris, 128
ischio-femoralis, 123
latus colli, 92
maxillo-coracoideus, 93
maxillo-hyoideus, 93
metacarpo-phalangeus, 111
metacarpo-phalangeus I., digiti V., 112
obliquus abdominis externus, 112
obliquus abdominis internus, 113
occipito-cervicalis medialis, 94
occipito-epistropheus, 96
occipito-maxillaris, 91
pectoralis, 100
pectoralis minor, 100
peroneus anterior, 125
pisiformi phalangeus primus digiti V., 111
of posterior appendages, 118
pterygo-maxillaris, 91
pubi-ischio-femoralis externus, 123
pubi-ischio-femoralis internus, 124.
pubi-ischio-femoralis posterior, 124
quadratus lumborum, 115
rectus abdominis, 113
rectus internus, 115
rectus lateralis, 114
rectus ventralis, 113
retractor oculi, 137
rhomboideus, 99
of scapula, 96
scapulo-humeralis profundus, 103
sphincter colli, 91
squamoso-cervicalis medialis, 95
sterno-atlanticus, 97
subscapularis, 104
supracoracoideus, 100
of tail, 129
temporalo-maxillaris, 90
teres major, 103
tibialis anticus, 125
tibialis posticus, 128
transversus abdominis, 113
ulno-carpi-radialis, 109
ulno-radialis, 107
of ventral side of neck, 91
Muscle plates, 289, 297, 311, 325
Musk glands, 156
Myocardium, development of, 305
Myocœl, 256, 280, 281, 282, 311
Nasal passages, 151
Nasal pit, 294, 307, 310, 317, 322, 330
Nephrostome, 290
Nerves
abducens, 133, 134, 135, 137
acoustic, 133, 137
alveolar branch, inferior, 136
axillaris, 141
brachialis longus inferior, 141
brachialis longus superior (radialis), 141
brachial plexus, distribution of, 140
coraco-brachialis, 141
crural and ischiadic plexuses, 142, 143
cutaneus brachii et antebrachialis medialis, 141
cutaneus pectoralis, 141
dorsalis scapulæ (posterior), 141
facial, 133, 137
frontal branch, 136
glossopharyngeal, 134, 137
hypoglossal, 68, 134, 138
latissimi dorsi, 141
nasal branch, 136
oculomotor, 68, 133, 134, 135
olfactory, 135
optic, 68, 134, 135
pectoralis, 141
pneumogastric, _see_ vagus
postsacral, 142, 143
presacral, 142, 143
sacral, 143
scapulo-humeralis profundus, 141
spinal (1-4), 138, 139, 140
subscapularis, 141
supracoracoideus, 140
teres major, 141
thoraci inferiores, 140
trigeminal, 68, 133, 135, 136, 137
trigeminal, inferior maxillary branch, 136
trigeminal, ophthalmic branch, 136
trigeminal, superior maxillary branch, 136
trochlear, 133
vagus, 68, 134, 137
Nervous epithelium of ear, 149
Nervous layer of ectoderm, 259, 268
Nervous system, 131
Nest of alligator, compactness of, 21
construction of, 21
form of, 21
location of, 20
size of, 21
temperature in, 24
Neural arches, development of, 325, 331
Neural groove, _see_ Medullary groove
Neurenteric canal, 264, 267, 272, 275, 282, 336
New York Zoölogical Park, crocodilians in, 39
Nictitating membrane, 144
Notochord, 236, 238, 245, 248, 249, 251, 255, 256, 260, 263, 266, 269,
270, 285, 295, 306, 335
Nuchal shield, 47
Obex, 133
Oblique muscles, 146
Odontoid process, 52, 54
Œsophagus, 151, 152, 324, 330
cilia of, 174
epithelium of (feeding), 173
epithelium of (hibernating), 172
histology of, 168
transsections of (figures), 169, 170
Okefinokee, 10, 226
Olfactory bulb, 132, 133
Olfactory lobes, development of, 332
Olfactory tract, 132, 133, 134
Olivary enlargement of œsophagus, 151
Optic chiasma, 134
cup, 302, 309, 310, 321
lobes, 132, 133, 135
nerve, development of, 321
stalk, 302
tracts, 134
vesicle, 274, 276, 282, 294
Oral cavity, 150
Ora serrata, 147
Osteolæmus tetrapis, 3
Otic vesicle, _see_ Auditory vesicle
Outer ear, 148
Ova, 193
Ovary, 193
Oviducts, 156, 193, 194
Palm Beach, Fla., 9
Pancreas, 154
development of, 326
Papillæ of tongue, 150
Paraphysis, 132, 133
development of, 319, 320, 330
Pecten, 147, 321
Pectoral girdle, 81
Penis, shaft of, 194
Pericardium, 323
Periotic capsule, 73
Pes, 317, 318, 329
Petromyzon marinus, 157
Pharynx, development of, 277, 285, 292, 295, 299
Pigment, 333, 334
Pineal body, 132, 319
Pits in scales, 49
Pituitary body, _see_ Hypophysis
Plover and crocodile, 40
Posterior cardinal vein, development of, 298
Postorbital bar, 60
Prickle cells, 49
Primitive groove, 246, 249, 250, 256, 265, 267
Primitive spinal column, 326
Primitive streak, 233, 240, 246, 249, 250, 256, 265, 267, 275
Procœlia, 1
Pulp cavity of tooth, 65
Pupil, 146
Recessus cavi tympani, 149
Recessus scalæ tympani, 149
Rectum, 155
transsection of (fig.), 186
Rectus muscles of eye, 146
development of, 332
Respiratory organs, 197, 200;
(fig.), 198
Rete Malpighii, 48
Retina, 147
development of, 321
Retractor oculi muscle, 146
Ribs, 77
Rima auditoria, 148
Ring muscle, 157
Roof of mouth, 165
covering of (fig.), 166
glands of, 167
papillæ of, 167
Saccus naso-lachrymalis, 146
Scales, development of, 333
Sclera, 146
Scutes, 47
Semicircular canals, 149
Semilunar valves of stomach, 154
Sexual characteristics, 19
Sexual maturity, 17
Shell membrane, 228
Shell-tooth, 334
Sinus venosus, 202
Size of alligator, 16
at hatching, 16
Skeleton, 46, 50
Skin, 87
Skull, 58
dorsal aspect of, 59
lateral aspect of, 67
posterior aspect of, 70
sagittal section of, 72
ventral aspect of, 63
Smaller part of stomach, 153
Small intestine, 154
histology of, 179, 186
mucosa of (fig.), 184
transsection of (figs.), 181, 182, 183, 185
Smithsonian Institution, 226, 227
Somatapleure, 279
Somites, 251, 252, 256, 266, 267, 274, 282, 292, 300
Special sense organs, 144
Spinal cord, 131, 290, 291, 298, 311, 325
development of, 298
Spinal ganglion, development of, 299, 311, 312, 314, 331
Spinal nerves, 138
Splanchnopleure, 279
Stenosauria, 1
Sternum, 77, 80
Stomach, 152, 153
development of, 305, 326
glands of, 177, 179
histology of, 174
transsection of (fig.), 176
Stomodæum, 317, 322
Stratum corneum, 48
Supratemporal fossa, 57
Sympathetic nerves, 314, 325, 337
Systemic arch, 203
Tail, 317, 318, 329
Tailfold, 274
Tapetum lucidum, 146
Tarsus, 88
Taste papillæ, 165
Tear dots, 145
Teeth, 47, 64
Teleosauria, 1
Temperature range in swamps, 23
Tendon Achilles, 126, 127
Testes, 194
Thoracic ribs, 78
Thyroid gland, development of, 78, 269
Tomistoma schlegeli, 2
skeleton of, 51
Tongue, 150
covering of (fig.), 160, 161
development of, 333
epithelium of, 161
glands of, 160, 162, 163, 164
histology of, 157
papillæ of, 160, 165
Tooth, development of, 333
socket of, 64
structure of, 65
Torsion of body, 274, 336
Trachea, 197
development of, 324, 330
rings of, 198, 199
Trigeminal foramen, 78
Tuberculum of rib, 78
Tympanic cavity, 70, 73, 148, 149
Umbilical stalk, 300, 308, 317, 318, 333, 334
Ureter, 156, 193
development of, 290
Urogenital organs, 192, 196
Valves of outer ear, 148
Vasa deferentia, 156
Vascular system, 201
lettering for, 224
Veins, of anterior region (fig.), 209
anterior vena cava, 208
axillary, 210
brachial, 210
caudal, 207
coronary, 202
external jugular, 211
femoral, 206
hepatic, 202, 205
hepatic portal, 205
iliac, 206
inferior dental, 211
internal epigastric, 206
internal jugular, 208
internal mammary, 208
ischiadic, 207
lingual, 211
mesenteric, 205
muscular, 211
pancreatic, 205
of pes, 207
postbrachial, 210
postcaval, 202, 204
of posterior region, 204
precaval, 202, 208
pulmonary, 203
radial, 211
rectal, 207
renal portal, 207
subclavian, 210
subscapular, 210
superior dental, 211
thoracic, 210
vertebral, 208
Velum palatinum, 151
Venous system, 204
Ventricle, 203
Vertebræ, cervical, 51, 52
caudal, 57
lumbar, 56
sacral, 56
Vertebral column, 50
Vertebrarterial canal, 78
Vitelline blood-vessels, 267, 283
Vitelline veins, 270
Vitreous humor, 332
Vocal cords, 197
Voeltzkow, A., 228, 230, 231, 232, 334
Voice of alligator, 18
before hatching, 25
Warts, 49
Wolffian body, 289, 299, 304, 305, 307, 314, 316, 326, 331, 336
ducts, 280, 281, 289, 299, 314, 316
ridge, 299, 306, 314
tubules, 306, 313, 331
Xiphisternal horns, 81
Yolk of egg, 230
Transcriber’s Notes
Language inconsistencies and errors in spelling, capitalisation and
hyphenation and in the translations of terms have been retained,
except as mentioned under Changes below. The textual differences
between the list of illustrations and the illustration captions have
not been standardised.
Page 123, paragraph Pubi-ischio-femoralis Externus: (Plate III., Fig.
1, p. is. f. int., Plate IV., Fig. 1, p. is. f. int.) should possibly
read (Plate III., Fig. 1, p. is. f. ext., Plate IV., Fig. 1, p. is.
f. ext.).
Page 273-274: ... to the region of the midbrain (v²) ...: v² does not
occur in Plates XVIII. or XIX.; ... at the side of the forebrain (v′)
...: v′ occurs in Plate XVII.
Some of the numbers in round brackets refer to the bibliography at
the end of the text. In some bibliographical references the source
document shows blank spaces rather than first names.
Changes made
Footnotes and illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs;
some ditto marks have been replaced with the dittoed text.
The references to plates (for example those after page 130) have been
standardised regarding the use of commas and italicised abbreviations.
Some minor typographical and punctuation errors have been
corrected silently, as have some minor lay-out and typographical
inconsistencies.
Page vii, items 10 and 11: captions of individual photographs have
been added.
Page 3: repeated footnote marker [2] removed from last column of
Caiman niger.
Page 51: ... skeleton of Tomistoma schlegali ... changed to ...
skeleton of Tomistoma schlegeli ....
Page 72, caption with Fig. 24: supraangular changed to supra-angular.
Page 87, caption with Fig. 29: tb¹ changed to tb′ cf. illustration.
Page 107: entsprect changed to entsprecht.
Page 165: Gescmackwärzchen changed to Geschmackwärzchen.
Page 258: ... as shown in Figures 9 and 9b. changed to ... as shown
in Figures 9a and 9b.
Page 343, item 12: Das Skelet der Krokodiliner changed to Das Skelet
der Krokodilinen.
Page 345, item 36a: experimentallen changed to experimentellen; item
47: struttura del cruore changed to struttura del cuore.
Page 347, item 67: des Menchen changed to des Menschen; item 70:
Auricular höcker changed to Auricularhöcker; item 80: Het. Institute
changed to Het Instituut.
Index: some spellings corrected to reflect the spelling as used
in the text (coranoid to coronoid, Cyanocephalus to Cynocephalus,
Gescmackwärzchen to Geschmackwärzchen).