THE KLAN BEFORE CONGRESS
Congress was not in session when the _World_ began the publication of its
articles, and did not resume its sessions until the close of September,
1921. Many of the members of both houses were in Washington, however, and
they followed the exposure of the Kluxes with close attention. Senators
and Representatives expressed themselves as being gratified that the work
was being carried on, and it became evident that when Congress resumed its
session, there would be several resolutions introduced demanding an
investigation of the Ku Klux organization. This proved to be true, and
resolutions were introduced immediately after the two houses assembled by
Representatives James A. Gallivan, of Massachusetts, Thomas J. Ryan of New
York, Leonidas C. Dyer, of Missouri, and Peter F. Tague, of Massachusetts.
As these resolutions were very much alike, the following, introduced by
Representative Tague will be the only one reproduced:
"WHEREAS, There is being organized within the United States an
anti-American organization known as the Ku Klux Klan, the objects and
purposes of which are the exile and suppression of persons, members
of certain races and religious sects, and
"WHEREAS, The accomplishment of such objects and purposes is in
direct contravention of Articles I, XIII and XV of the Constitution
of the United States, and
"WHEREAS, The organization known as the Ku Klux Klan has in more than
one hundred instances been charged with unlawful seizure, abduction,
trial and punishment of certain free citizens and residents of the
United States, and
"WHEREAS, Such seizure, abduction, trial and punishment is a
usurpation of legally constituted authority and in direct
contravention of Articles IV, V and VI of the Constitution of the
United States; therefore be it
"RESOLVED, That the Speaker of the House of Representatives be
directed to appoint a special committee of five members of the House
of Representatives, which committee is authorized and directed to
proceed at once with an investigation of the organization, purposes
and all matters connected with the Ku Klux Klan and to report its
findings to the House of Representatives at the earliest practical
day, together with such recommendations as it may see fit to make
concerning the Ku Klux Klan, if any, and for this purpose the
committee is authorized to send for persons, books and papers; to
administer oaths; to employ a stenographer at a cost not exceeding
$1.00 per printed page to report such hearings as may be had in
connection with any subject which may be pending before said
committee, the expenses thereof to be paid out of the contingent fund
of the House of Representatives, and that said committee may sit
during the sessions or recess of the House of Representatives."
All of the resolutions were referred to the Rules Committee of the House
for the purpose of making a preliminary examination as to the advisability
of appointing a special committee to investigate the Klan. This committee,
of which Representative Philip P. Campbell, of Kansas was Chairman, met
on Tuesday, November 11, 1921, for the purpose of examining witnesses.
"Emperor" Simmons had been previously invited, and appeared with counsel.
Rowland Thomas, appearing in behalf of the _New York World_, was the first
witness examined. He placed before the committee the entire facts that had
been collected by the paper, showing specifically that the Ku Klux
organization in some portions of the country had been guilty of
circulating anti-religious and anti-racial propaganda; that in some cases
acts of violence had been admitted by the local Klans; and that the
proposition was in all essentials a money-making scheme. Covering every
phase of the system, Mr. Thomas concluded his statement as follows:
"We found also that they boasted or declared that they were setting
up an invisible empire here in the United States. We found that their
chief man had taken the title of emperor and that he issued imperial
and secret decrees from an imperial palace. We found also, having
secured a copy of their oath, that every man who joined this order
pledged himself to obey without question all the instructions of the
emperor, who had been elected for life. We found that severe
penalties were threatened to him if he failed ever in obedience. We
found that part of this oath was a pledge of impenetrable secrecy
surrounding all the doings of the Klan. We found that each member
promised to keep at all costs, even that of life, in the face of any
coercion, persecution, or punishment, all secrets of the Klan and all
knowledge of the Klan committed to him, with only four exceptions. He
was not obliged to keep to himself a violation of the oath of the
Klan, treason against the United States of America, malicious murder,
and rape. Those four secrets, apparently, he could give up to other
persons, three of them the crimes, supposedly, he was at liberty to
reveal to peace officers and judicial officers of the United States
Government. All others, as far as the phraseology of the oath can be
read, he was to keep to himself. They belong to the Klan and to the
invisible empire and not to the United States of America.
"We found them boasting that they had succeeded in securing as
members bound by this oath and made citizens in this invisible empire
many men who are also officials of the visible, constituted
Government of the United States.
"'Emperor' Simmons more than once made statements that Members of the
Congress of the United States--both Representatives and
Senators--belonged to his invisible empire, and therefore were under
his imperial orders. He boasted that governors, mayors, and other
administrative officers, members of city councils, were citizens of
this invisible government, and that sheriffs, policemen, police
chiefs were citizens of the invisible empire and that judges on the
bench were members of it.
"The statement has been made publicly in print that it amused a
Klansman when he read in the press that a judge had charged a grand
jury to investigate the Klan, because all Klansmen knew that a
substantial part of the membership of that grand jury would be
Klansmen; that the judge was a joke in making such a suggestion of
investigation."
C. Anderson Wright, who had formerly been a King Kleagle, was also
examined and verified in many instances the facts that had been presented
by the _World_, although his testimony in some respects lost its value by
exaggeration of financial estimates of the Imperial Palace. He assisted,
however, in verifying the fact that the Atlanta organization had never
undertaken any charitable or public work, and appeared to be more of a
financial scheme for the benefit of the insiders of the movement.
Post-Office Inspector O. B. Williamson furnished the committee facts and
figures relating to the financial and business side of the organization.
Mr. Williamson had been to Atlanta, talked with Clarke and Mrs. Tyler, and
had gone through the books of the Klan. Among the first bubbles to burst
was that of the purchase of Simmons $25,000 home on Atlanta's fashionable
Peachtree Street. It had been claimed by Simmons & Company that this home
had been presented the "Emperor" by admiring members of the Klan, the
money constituting the purchase price having been "donated" in small
amounts ranging from twenty-five cents to one dollar. According to the
real facts, Mr. Williamson showed the arrangements for payments to have
been as follows:
"Ten thousand dollars was paid in cash, and one note maturing October
15, 1921, was given for $15,500. The deed was made in the name of E.
Y. Clarke. The ten thousand dollar cash payment consisted of $1000
secured by subscription from Klansmen, $5000 from the Klan treasury,
and $5000 advanced by Clark and Mrs. Tyler."
It appeared from a statement of E. Y. Clarke, quoted by Mr. Williamson,
that this use of Klan funds for private purposes was part of a
press-agent scheme to add to the dignity and apparently high standing of
Simmons, as the latter was living in an unpretentious part of the city in
a house not in keeping with his important position as "Emperor," and it
was "therefore in the interest of the Klan to put him in a better home and
one that would reflect credit on the organization."
Mr. Williamson also showed how Klan funds were diverted for private
purposes in the purchase of Lanier University, introducing a statement of
Clarke as follows:
"The Lanier University has existed for only a few years. It has been
a Baptist institution of learning, operating under a charter granted
by the State of Georgia and controlled by a board of trustees of
fifteen men. Some time in July, this year, representatives of this
university approached Colonel Simmons and myself with a proposition
to purchase the university outright and assume, of course, its debts,
which amounted to $50,000. We had our attorney to investigate the
matter fully and we found the indebtedness much larger than claimed.
We therefore rejected the proposition to purchase and submitted a
counter proposition. The counter proposition was accepted and was in
substance as follows: First, that the managing board elect Colonel
Simmons president of the university. Second, that they agree to make
it nonsectarian. Third, that the present existing board elect new
trustees, as named by Colonel Simmons, the present board resigning in
their favor.
"Now, following that is other information, the material part of which
is that the Klan paid to this university $22,474.32, a part of which
was out of the Klan treasury and which is not secured in any way."
Mr. Williamson testified that he had gone over the books of the
organization and had found that while the financial records of the
organization had been accurately kept since June 15, 1921, there had been
no accurate record kept prior to that time, embracing a period of one year
during which time the Klan had been propagated under the contract of E. Y.
Clarke, printed in a previous chapter. The gross receipts of the
organization, according to Mr. Williamson were $1,148,710.97; the books
showed 85,126 members; and statements of Clarke placed the membership at
126,000. The Post-Office Inspector stated that prior to June 15, 1921,
about $151,000 had been spent by the organization, but that he had been
unable to secure any statement as to the manner in which it had been
disbursed. In utter disproof of the claim that the organization had been
established for benevolent purposes, it is interesting to follow a part of
the testimony of Mr. Williamson in detail:
"MR. CAMPBELL. The ritual of the order and the proclamation hold out
the order as one for benevolent and high purposes?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Yes, sir; and not for selfish profit.
"MR. CAMPBELL. What did you discover with respect to the use of money
for beneficial purposes to the public?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Well, when I went to Atlanta I found that the
imperial palace itself, which had been bought in part with Klan
funds, was in the name of Mr. Clarke. I found that the home of Mr.
Simmons, which had been bought in part with Klan funds, was in Mr.
Clarke's name. I found also that some $21,000 of Klan funds had been
given the Lanier University without security. And in that connection
I might say this: That whenever anybody pays his $10 for the purpose
of joining this Klan, he is given a receipt which says that this
money is received in trust for the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
(Inc.). That is printed on each and every receipt.
"MR. CAMPBELL. What is the amount that has been paid out for salaries
of officers in Atlanta--out of the money that has been collected, if
you know?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Well, I can tell you that, from the propagation
department alone, $15,247 has been paid as executive salaries.
"MR. CAMPBELL. To whom has that been paid?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Well, I take it, from the word "executive," that it
must be Mr. Clarke, and Mrs. Tyler, because they are the two
executives of that department. Then the field men--they are the
Kleagles--have been paid, in round numbers, $464,000. That would be
$5 out of the $10, of which $4 would go to the Kleagle and $1 would
go to the King Kleagle. That uses up $5. Then 50 cents goes to the
Grand Goblin. And it is all used up but $4.50 and $2 goes to the
Klan.
"MR. CAMPBELL. And all of the $8, then, is used up in paying officers
or agents of the Klan?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. That is true.
"MR. CAMPBELL. How much of the remaining $2 has been spent, if you
know, for the benefit of needy people, or for helpful purposes in
communities--charitable purposes?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Well, if you call Mr. Simmons a needy person, then
some thousands of dollars have been spent for him. But general
charity, I do not think, has received any of it; at least it does not
appear on the accounts.
"MR. CAMPBELL. What is Mr. Simmons' salary, if you know?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Mr. Simmons at present gets $1,000 a month. He has
been getting that since the first of August."
When questioned as to the activities of Mrs. Elizabeth Tyler, Mr.
Williamson described her as a business woman who was engaged in the work
of propagating Ku Kluxism as she would in any other mercantile pursuit,
without any altruistic motives whatever. This is brought out in the
following colloquy:
"MR. CAMPBELL. It is purely a business proposition, so far as she is
concerned?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. Absolutely.
"MR. CAMPBELL. She is using the mysticism, the regalia, the
paraphernalia, the masks, and all of the literature of the order for
the purpose of making money out of it? Is that correct?
"MR. WILLIAMSON. That is correct. In fact, she told me at least twice
that she was in the business for the purpose of making money, just
like she was in any other business for that same purpose."
William J. Burns, Director of the Bureau of Investigation of the
Department of Justice, was called as a witness, but stated that his
department was still investigating the Ku Klux Klan and that he had
nothing to offer at the present time.
His Majesty William Joseph Simmons, "Emperor" of the "Invisible Empire,"
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was the last witness examined.
Having a good conception of the theatrical, he had arranged to be
introduced to the committee by Congressman W. D. Upshaw, of Georgia. In
spite of the remark from Chairman Campbell that Simmons did not need an
introduction to the committee, the "Cracker" Congressman cleared his
throat and delivered the following "spread-eagle" speech:
"Knowing his sterling character, as I do, I am prepared to underwrite
his every utterance as the truth of an honest patriotic man. I do not
know "what all" Colonel Simmons has been doing behind closed doors,
but I do know that, as a sturdy and inspiring personality, as a
heroic veteran of the Spanish-American War, as an honored Knight
Templar and member of something like a dozen other honored and
well-known fraternities, as a consecrated churchman, and a
God-fearing citizen, he is as incapable of an unworthy, unpatriotic
motive, word or deed, as the chairman of this committee, the Speaker
of the House of Representatives, or the President of the United
States.
"I have known this good man to use his great influence to stop an
incipient race riot. I have known him to dispense benevolence to a
negro educational institution. I have known him to prevent negroes
from being mobbed for crime, even as they were recently mobbed for no
crime by white men in Omaha, in Chicago, in Indiana and even here in
the Nation's capital.
"Not for one minute would I stand for personal or organized
wrongdoing by any man or any friend. More than any other Congressman,
because of my relationship to this district, I want to know the light
and I want the world to know the light and I want the country to know
the light concerning this organization and other secret organizations
whose deeds are questioned by many and whose memberships are limited
by race, creed, or color.
"I have the privilege, gentlemen of the committee, of presenting to
you my long-time, personal friend and constituent, Col. William
Joseph Simmons."
Simmons, no doubt, expected great applause from the committee, but,
instead, was met with the cold remark often used by the police
authorities: "You are notified that whatever you may say will be used
against you."
The "Emperor" was on the stand for three days and his testimony before the
committee with its accompanying exhibits fill over a hundred printed pages
of the record of the proceedings. Analyzing his statements, I should say
that in many respects he was an excellent witness who verified completely
the charges made against his organization by the _New York World_ and
myself.
Denouncing me for repudiating my oath of allegiance to his "Invisible
Empire" by exposing its secrets, he proceeded to go much farther than I
had done, by turning over to the committee his ritual, oath and many other
documents to which I had never had access.
His testimony can be classed partly as confession and avoidance; partly as
denial of facts that were clearly proven by the _World_; partly as
attempted cheap wit that had no element of humor whatever in it;
considerable denunciation of the _World_ and of myself; many wild and
erratic statements without foundation of fact; and a great deal of praise
both for himself and for the organization he represented.
Among his denials, for example, he stated that Mrs. Elizabeth Tyler had no
connection with the organization except as an assistant of Clarke in his
publicity work. This statement was made in the face of the fact that less
than thirty days previously he had issued a "ukase" making the Queen of
South Pryor Street his "Grand Chief of Staff." He denied that the Klan at
Beaumont, Tex., had perpetrated the outrages against Doctor Paul, when it
had been proven under the official seal of that Klan that it had
maltreated Paul. He denied responsibility in the Pensacola and Mobile
cases, in spite of the fact that he had taken official action himself. He
denied that he had given the interview to the _Searchlight_ previously
mentioned, in which he predicted direful things would happen to the
enemies of the Klan. These are merely a few denials of previously
established facts, facts so well established that any jury in the country
would accept them.
He was particularly bitter against the _World_, and lost no opportunity of
denouncing it. Included in some of his choicest attacks on the paper were
the following:
"The attacks against the Klan were originated and started by the _New
York World_, which is owned or controlled by a Jew, Mr. Pulitzer,
whose main purpose is circulation and revenue. The circulation
manager of this paper stated to one of the newspaper trade
publications, the editor and publisher of New York which published
this statement, that the Ku Klux attacks had added a hundred thousand
circulation to the _World_ and additional advertising.
"The _World_, according to their own statement, spent over four
months, with unlimited resources at their command, in an
investigation of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, using trained
investigators, newspaper men, and covering every section of the
country. In the face of this careful investigation the _World_ has
not been able to prove anything detrimental to the Klan except their
own colored views of unfounded rumor and expressing the attitude of
its Jewish ownership.
"The _World_ saw that the Klan was the fastest growing purely
Protestant, non-political organization in the United States. The
_World_ knew that when you strike at a man's religious and fraternal
organizations you are striking at the very fiber of his being and
that then all political affiliations and party lines are forgotten.
"The _World_ is the stronghold of the Democratic newspapers and the
Democratic Party, and it has been said by those in a position to know
that if the _World_ could, by shrewd propaganda and untruthful
slanders, force a Republican Congress and administration to throttle
or destroy a purely local American Protestant fraternal organization,
as is the Ku Klux Klan, that its hundreds of thousands of members,
friends, and those who think as does the Klan, would at the polls
three years from now forget party lines and preference and vote the
Democratic ticket.
"I wish to notify the chairman of this committee that there are plans
on foot at the present time whereby one of the representatives of the
_New York World_ is to be tarred and feathered in the name of the
Klan, and that this plan has been originated and its details worked
out by representatives of the _New York World_ so that it will appear
that the Klan did this in a spirit of revenge. Furthermore, through
this plan the _World_ hopes to be able to secure additional
circulation and advertising for their paper in keeping alive this
matter. The congressional investigating committee that I want to
investigate the Klan will receive the sworn proof of this plan of the
representatives of the _World_ to further try to discredit or harm
the Klan."
These statements are fairly good examples of the misinformation and
erratic statements the "Emperor" gave the committee. He probably did not
know that Ralph Pulitzer is a communicant of St. Thomas Episcopal Church,
and that the exposure of his political-financial scheme was no more Jewish
in origin than Simmons is himself. That the circulation of the _World_
increased 100,000 copies a day is the truth, but it was due to the fact
that the American people wanted to find out the facts about Ku Kluxism,
and it is significant that, in New York City, from which all this gain in
circulation came, Ku Kluxism has been unable to make any progress since
the exposure was made.
Among the exhibits, presented by Simmons to the Rules Committee was his
secret constitution, which up to that time had been a private document.
This revealed the fact that Simmons has created for himself a life-time
position at a good salary. The Constitution, Article 8, Section 2, reads:
"The Imperial Wizard shall hold office for life or during good
behavior. He may be removed for just cause by an unanimous vote of
the Imperial Kloncilium, or after charges have been preferred and a
trial upon three-fourths vote of said body in session assembled."
This unusual section did not appear to the "Emperor" to be anything
extraordinary, his comment being: "As long as the old horse is pulling
well, it is no use to take him out of the harness when you have him
harnessed up. He cannot do you any harm."
Simmons modestly stated to the committee that he had no vision of turning
the United States into an Empire. He stated, among other things:
"If tomorrow morning our great President Harding should resign, and
all the functioning faculties of our great American Government would
become instantly paralytic and if the American people should rise up
and proclaim me the monarch of America, I would die before I would
accept it."
While modestly laying aside the Imperial crown, Simmons, however, placed
himself in the distinguished company of Julius Caesar, Jesus Christ and
George Washington, as he gave utterance to the following choice outburst:
"Julius Caesar had his Brutus, Jesus Christ had his Judas, and our
great and illustrious Washington had his Benedict Arnold. Sir, I can
state to you that I can enter the fellowship of all three of those
because I have suffered in my soul as a result of the treasonous and
treacherous conduct of traitors. I refer to one in the beginning of
my statement this morning. Right recently, those who have furnished
material to the outside world and whose names have been put across
the page, are one man by the name of Craven, of North Carolina;
another man by the name of Fry, who hails from Tennessee; another man
by the name of Wright, who hails, so far as I know, from New York.
Mr. Craven was a disgruntled office seeker who tried to have me
appoint him as State head of the State of North Carolina. When I had
not made any appointments along that line, and had not gotten to
that, I understood he was trying to get the appointment to use it for
political purposes. The appointment was not made at the time he
wanted it, and he sent threatening letters, and because he did not
get it, or because he could not get that appointment, he became a
disgruntled office seeker in this Order and proved a traitor to his
sacred trust. Mr. Fry, or Captain Fry, as he is called, was in our
field force. He also proved a traitor, and violated as solemn an oath
as a man can take."
Simmons admitted, in discussing his ritual that he had appropriated
without any credit the immortal poem of Josiah G. Holland entitled "God
Give Us Men," but made no effort to defend himself against the charge of
plagiarism, frankly stating that he had taken the poem and but slightly
paraphrased it.
The climax of Simmons testimony was a highly theatrical and emotional
"break down," which some observers have declared to have been deliberately
staged for the effect it produced, although Simmons claims that it was
caused by an illness from which he was suffering at the time. After
concluding his long-winded statements and verbose testimony he turned to
the committee and cried:
"Again I want to express to you, Mr. Chairman, my deep gratitude and
thanks for the courtesies you have extended to me. I want to say to
all those men and women who have given assurance, with your
permission, of their belief in me that they have my thanks, and I
want to say to my persecutors and the persecutor of this organization
in all honesty and sincerity no matter to what creed or race you may
belong in your persecutions, through the medium of the press or
otherwise, that you do not know what you are doing. You are ignorant
of the principles as were those who were ignorant of the character
and work of the Christ. I cannot better express myself than by
saying to you who are persecutors of the Klan and myself, 'Father,
forgive you, for you know not what you do,' and 'Father, forgive
them, for they know not what they do.'
"Mr. Chairman, I am done."
He then fell forward, face downward on the table.