GLOSSARY

A

ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109,

135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3)

in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.

āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi,

_terror_, + lāc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_;

hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433,

593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_;

of Sigemund, 894; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), 1513; of Bēowulf and the

drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, 2593.

āglǣc-wīf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's

mother, 1260.

aldor. See ealdor.

al-wealda. See eal-w.

am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_:

nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgār, 336.

ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant,

man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's servant, 674.

an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at,

upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248.

Elsewhere on, which see.

ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.

ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.

and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39,

40, etc. (See Appendix.)

anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrāðum on andan, 709,

2315.

and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.

and-hātor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rēðes

and-hāttres, 2524.

and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up

high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers

Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne dæg, 2116, _the whole

day_; andlonge niht, 2939.

and-lēan, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-,

hond-lean, MS.).

and-risno, st. f. (see rīsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be

observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum,

_according to etiquette_, 1797.

and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.

and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times

hond-slyht).

and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an

address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494,

1841.

and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swīn ofer helme and-weard

(_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288.

and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690.

an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001.

an-sȳn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_,

251: ansȳn ȳwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect,

appearance_, 929; on-sȳn, 2773.

an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note.

atelīc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelīc egesa, 785.

atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of

Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl.

atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597,

2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.

attor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom.,

2716.

attor-sceaða, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg.

-sceaðan, 2840.

āwa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of ā, which

see), _ever_: āwa tō aldre, _fōr ever and ever_, 956.

Ā

ā, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931,

1479: ā syððan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_,

780.--Comp. nā.

ād st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. ād, 3139; dat. sg. āde, 1111, 1115.

ād-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on ād-fære, 3011.

ādl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849.

āð, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath

of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.

āð-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_:

nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.

āðum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84.

āgan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg.

āh, 1728; inf. āgan, 1089; prt. āhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald,

to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nāh hwā

sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253.

āgen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677.

āgend (prs. part. of āgan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. āgendes, _of

God_, 3076.--Compounds: blǣd-, bold-, folc-, mægen-āgend.

āgend-frēa, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, 1884.

āhsian, ge-āhsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret.

part. ge-āhsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. āhsode, 1207;

pl. āhsodon, 423.

āht, st. n. (contracted from ā-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: āht

cwices, 2315.

ān, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative

character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned

before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2)

_one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb

āne niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh ānes cræft, 700; þāra ānum, 1038; ān

æfter ānum, _one for the other_ (Hrēðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ān

æfter eallum, 2269; ānes hwæt, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se ān

lēoda duguðe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; ānes willan,

_for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone,

distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article:

ān ... fēond, 100; gen. sg. ānre bēne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ān ... draca,

2211--5) gen. pl. ānra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; ānra

gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; ānra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the

dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, _except a few single ones_,

1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form,

145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, _alone of the

warriors of the Gēatas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see

ǣn.--Comp. nān.

ān-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. ānfealdne

geþōht, _simple opinion_, 256.

ān-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449.

ān-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369.

ān-hȳdig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rād-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm

resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.

ānga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. āngan dōhtor,

375, 2998; āngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. āngan brēðer, 1263.

ān-pæð, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. ānpaðas, 1411.

ān-rǣd, adj. (cf. under ān-hȳdig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530,

1576.

ān-tīd, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores,

_about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours),

219.--ān stands as in ān-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same

disposition_.

ānunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635.

ār, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784.

ār, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: ārum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296;

similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. āre, 1273,

2607; dat. sg. āre, 2379; gen. pl. hwæt ... ārna, 1188.--Comp. worold-ār;

also written ǣr.

ār-fæst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hunferð (with reference to

588). See fæst.

ārian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nǣnegum

ārað; of Grendel, 599.

ār-stæf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid ārstafum,

317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for ār-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382,

458. See stæf.

āter-tēar, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. īren āter-tēarum fāh (steel which

is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.

Æ

æðele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Bēowulf, 198, 1313; of Bēowulf's father,

263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical

sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. æðelan cynnes, 2235.

æðeling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the

appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of

Scyld, 33; of Hrōðgār, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bēowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597,

1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn,

2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men:

Æschere, 1295; Hrōðgār's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremōd's courtiers, 907;

Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bēowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born

in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-æðeling.

æðelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of

noble lineage: acc. pl. æðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning æðelum gōd, _the king,

of noble birth_, 1871; æðelum dīore, _worthy on account of noble lineage_,

1950; æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.), 332.--Comp. fæder-æðelu.

æfnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf.

ellen-weorc æfnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht æfnde,

_perpetrated wrong_, 1255.

ge-æfnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. þæt geæfndon

swā, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. āð wæs geæfned, _the oath was

sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geæfned, 3107. See

efnan.

æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea

of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341,

1390, 2155.--ic him æfter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word

æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b)

prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter

beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; æfter

māððum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as

proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in

consequence of, conformably to_: æfter rihte, _in accordance with right_,

1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944,

2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swāte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_,

1607; æfter wælnīðe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance

with, on account of, after, about_: æfter æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.)frægn,

_asked about the descent_, 332; ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, _ask not after my

welfare_, 1323; æfter sincgyfan grēoteð, _weeps for the giver of treasure_,

1343; him æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear

man_, 1880; ān æfter ānum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local),

_along_: æfter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945;

sōhte bed æfter būrum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the

castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlāt, _looked

along the hall_, 1573; stone æfter stāne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289;

æfter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068,

1317, etc.

æf-þunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502.

ge-æhtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geæhted,

1866.

ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high

esteem_: gen. sg. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, _seem worthy of the

high esteem of the noble-born_, 369.

æglǣcea. See āglǣcea.

æl-fylce (from æl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective

form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. wið ælfylcum,

2372.

æl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se

æl-mihtiga, 92.

æl-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. æl-wihta

eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.

æppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl.

æppel-fealuwe mēaras, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166.

ærn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þrȳð-,

win-ærn.

æsc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Bēowulf in this sense), _lance,

spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quā instr.) æscum

and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773.

æsc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg,

_the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330.

æsc-wiga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg.,

2043.

æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something,

hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): æt hȳðe, in _harbor_,

32; æt symle, _at the meal_, 81, æt āde, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115;

æt þē ānum, _with thee alone_, 1378; æt wīge, _in the fight_, 1338; æt

hilde, 1660, 2682; æt ǣte, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_

(motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271;

gehēton æt hærgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175.

c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an

object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþēon, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic

gebād grynna æt Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; æt mīnum fæder genam, _took

me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time

of_: æt frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; æt ende, _at an end_, 224;

fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791;

similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; æt sīðestan,

_finally_, 3014.

æt-grǣpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270.

æt-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658.

Ǣ

ǣdre, ēdre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Bēow.), _vein_ (not in

Bēow.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, _the

blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blōd ēdrum dranc, _drank the blood in

streams_(?), 743.

ǣdre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107.

ǣðm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreðer ǣðme wēoll, _the

breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594.

ǣfen, st. m., _evening_, 1236.

ǣfen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. ǣfen-grom,

of Grendel, 2075.

ǣfen-lēoht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413.

ǣfen-ræst, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -ræste, 647, 1253.

ǣfen-sprǣc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce,

_thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760.

ǣfre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative

sentences, ǣfre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. nǣfre.

ǣg-hwā (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwër), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. ǣghwǣm, 1385.

The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: ǣghwæs

untǣle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; ǣghwæs unrīm, _entirely innumerable

quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.

ǣg-hwæðer (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. hæfde

ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, _each of the two_ (Bēowulf and the drake) _had

reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. ǣghwæðrum wæs brōga fram ōðrum, _to each

of the two_ (Bēowulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg.

ǣghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora

ǣghwæðrum, 1637.

ǣg-hwǣr, adv., _everywhere_, 1060.

ǣg-hwilc (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used

as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the

partitive genitive: nom. sg. ǣg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, 1051.

b) without gen.: nom. sg. ǣghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe,

_each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166.

ǣg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. ǣg-wearde, 241.

ǣht (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1)

_possession, power_: acc. sg. on flōdes ǣht, 42; on wæteres ǣht, _into the

power of the water_, 516; on ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, _passed over into

the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions,

goods_: acc. pl. ǣhte, 2249.--Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht.

ǣht (O.H.G. āhta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum,

segn Higelāce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Swēonas,

(their) banner to Hygelāc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during

their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelāc), 2958.

ǣled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016.

ǣled-lēoma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. lēoman, 3126. See lēoma.

ǣn (oblique form of ān), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. þone ǣnne þone..., _the

one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, _much oftener than one

time_, 1580; forð onsendon ǣnne, _sent him forth alone_, 46.

ǣne, adv., _once_: oft nalles ǣne, 3020.

ǣnig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ...

0nige þinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lȳt ǣnig mearn, _little

did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: næs se

folccyning ... ǣnig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. nǣnig.

ǣn-līc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: ǣnlīc ansȳn,

_distinguished appearance_, 251; þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, _though she be

beautiful_, 1942.

ǣr (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15,

656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swā ǣr, _again as

formerly_, 643; ǣr nē siððan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; ǣr and sīð,

_sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; nō þȳ ǣr (_not so much the sooner_),

_yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a)

with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr

fēran, _before you travel farther_, 252; ǣr hē on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819;

ǣr þon dæg cwōme, _ere the day break_, 732; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr

hē feorh seleð, aldor an ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather)

_leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3)

prepos. with dat., _before_ ǣr dēaðe, _before death_, 1389; ǣr dæges hwīle,

_before daybreak_, 2321; ǣr swylt-dæge, _before the day of death_, 2799.

ǣror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655.

ǣrra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., ǣrran mǣlum, _in former times_,

908, 2238, 3036.

ǣrest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2)

as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft

gesægde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of

mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note.

ǣr-dæg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat.

sg. mid ǣrdæge, 126; samod ǣrdæge, 1312, 2943.

ǣrende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345.

ǣr-fæder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swā his ǣrfæder,

2623.

ǣr-gestrēon, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc

sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, _much of such old treasure_,

2233. See gestrēon.

ǣr-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta ǣr-geweorc,

_the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's

water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.

ǣr-gōd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or

_advantages_: æðeling ǣrgōd, 130; (eorl) ǣrgōd, 1330; īren ǣrgōd

(_excellent sword_), 990, 2587.

ǣr-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg.

ǣrwelan, 2748. See wela.

ǣs, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. ǣse, of Æschere's corpse,

1333.

ǣt, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hū him æt ǣte spēow, _how he fared well

at meat_, 3027.

ǣttren (see attor), adj., _poisonous_: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt, ǣttren

ellorgāst, se ǣr inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the

demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618

B

bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan

Ongenþēowes, of Hygelāc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþēow (2965

ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wæs ecg bona, 2507; wearð

wracu Wēohstānes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gāst-, hand-, mūð-bana.

bon-gār, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032.

ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command,

to bid_: inf., 74.

bād, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nȳd-bād.

bān, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bāne (on the bony skin of the drake),

2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum (here of the teeth of the

drake), 2693.

bān-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan,

1446.

bān-fāg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of

bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrōðgār's hall,

781. The last meaning seems the more probable.

bān-fæt, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bān-fatu, 1117.

bān-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire

wið halse ... bānhringas bræc (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568.

bān-hūs, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bānhūs gebræc, 2509;

similarly, 3148.

bān-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bāt

bānlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bānlocan, _the body burst_

(of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.

bāt, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sǣ-bāt.

bāt-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat.

sg. -wearde, 1901.

bæð, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bæð, _over the diver's bath_

(i.e. the sea), 1862.

bærnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. hēt ... bānfatu bærnan,

_bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bærnan,

_began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314.

for-bærnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston ...

brondefor-bærnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead

Æschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127.

bǣdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bǣdde

byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

ge-bǣdan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebǣded, _distressed

by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send

forth_: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, _the storm of arrows sent with

strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebǣded, _the dragon ...

overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827.

bǣl (O.N. bāl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, _passed

(through the air) with fire_, 2309; hæfde landwara līge befangan, bǣle and

bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the

funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; ǣr hē bǣl cure, _ere he

sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hātað ... hlǣw gewyrcean ... æfter

bǣle, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Bēowulf's

words), 2804.

bǣl-fȳr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. bǣlfȳra

mǣst, 3144.

bǣl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bǣl=stede,

3098.

bǣl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113.

bǣr, st. f., _bier_, 3106.

ge-bǣran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen

ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself

better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; hē on eorðan geseah þone

lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, _saw the best-beloved upon the

earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless

situation), 2825.

ge-bǣtan (denominative from bǣte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in

the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre hors

gebǣted, 1400.

be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one

direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_

(rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_

(upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, _held by the

hand_ (Bēowulf held Grendel), 815; be sǣm tweonum, _in the circuit of both

the seas_, 859, 1686; be mæste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fȳre, _by the

fire_, 2220; be næsse, _at the promontory_, 2244; sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum

twǣm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle

swā bið mægða cræft be wǣpnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is

the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2)

also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object,

_on, upon, by_: gefēng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; ālēdon

lēofne þēoden be mæste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse

genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wǣpen hafenade be

hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is

connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic þis gid

be þē āwræc, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; þū

þē lǣr be þon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fæder lāre,

_according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_:

be þē lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bī.

bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792;

dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deað-, hlin-, læger-, morðor-, wæl-bed.

ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde sēcan ewēn tō gebeddan,

_wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_,

666.--Comp. heals-gebedde.

bēgen, fem. bā, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bā healfa,

_on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bām, 2197; and

in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum

bām, 2661; gen. n. bēga, 1874, 2896; bēga gehwæðres, _each one of the two_,

1044; bēga folces, of _both peoples_, 1125.

ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_:

w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had

bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540;

(gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original

meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.

ā-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þæt hyne ān ābealh mon on mōde,

_till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. ābolgen, 724.

ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.

benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189,

1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.

benc-swēg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the

benches_, 1162.

benc-þel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches

stand_: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the

bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches),

1240.

bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_,

1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fȳr-, hell-, hyge-, īren-, oncer-,

searo-, wæl-bend.

ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato,

1122.

bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera.

beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone

māððum byreð, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj.

bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þā se

hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran,

2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fǣted wǣge, _brought

the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bǣron, 213, 1636, etc.; bǣran, 2851;

pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic

paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde,

2654; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; ic gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes

hringnet beran, 2755; wīgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bǣron, 240

(conjecture); scyldas bǣran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of

the man with his weapons.

æt-beran, _to carry to_: inf. tō beadulāce (_battle_) ætberan, 1562; pret.

þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up ætbær, _the sea bore him up to

the Heaðorǣmas_, 519; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær _brought Bēowulf the

mead-cup_, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær cyninge mīnum, _bore the

great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hī hyne ætbǣron tō brimes

faroðe, 28.--2) _bear away_: æt līc ætbær, 2128.

for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm forberan ne

mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878.

ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. þæt lā mæg secgan sē þe

sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wǣre geboren betera (_that

may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_),

1704.

oð-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbær on Finna land, 579.

on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre,

_to carry off, to take away_: inf. īren ǣrgōd þæt þæs āhlǣcan blōdge

beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody

hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, _the

treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the

pres. part.: helm-, sāwl-berend.

berian (denominative from bær, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_:

pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the

benches), 1240.

berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bānlocan, 819;

bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras

burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Bēowulf's gripe), 761.

for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Nægling forbærst, _Nægling_

(Bēowulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681.

betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.

bet-līc, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hrōðgār's hall, 781;

of Hygelāc's residence, 1926.

betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca,

1110; neut. nū is ofost betost, þæt wē ..., _now is haste the best, that

we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrūda betst, 453;

acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872.

bēcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon

beadu-rōfes bēcn (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.

bēg. See bēag.

bēn, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bēne, 428, 2285.

bēna, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swā þū bēna eart (_as thou

entreatest_), 352; swā hē bēna wæs (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hȳ

bēnan synt, 364.

ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac þū Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan

wihte gebēttest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known

afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, _removed

all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan

fǣhðe gebētan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466.

beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in

combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bād beadwa ge-þinges, _waited for the combats_

(with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710.

beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.

beado-grīma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grīman, 2258.

beado-hrægl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552.

beadu-lāc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat.

sg. tō beadu-lāce, 1562.

beado-lēoma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524.

beado-mēce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, 1455.

beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca,

1110.

beadu-rōf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rōfes, of Bēowulf, 3162.

beadu-rūn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rūne, _solved

the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.

beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705.

beadu-scrūd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl.

beaduscrūda betst, 453.

beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg.

brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings),

2756.

beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh

beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300.

beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald.

bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode gōdum dǣdum

(_through brave deeds_), 2178.

bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia

bealdor, 2568.

bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl.

bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-,

hreðer-, lēod-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wīg-bealu.

bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sār hafað befongen

balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978.

bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266.

bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_:

gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.

bealo-hȳdig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of

Grendel, 724.

bealo-nīð, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg.,

2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh þē þone bealonīð, _beware of

destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on

brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the

dragon's poison), 2715.

bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom.

sg. ēagena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeāton,

gūðhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432.

bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc.

sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan

bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because

things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on

bearm licgan, ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumfæt mǣre, _came

into his possession_, 2405.

bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.;

Ecglāfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat.

pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_:

nom. sg. Ongenþēow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn,

70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga

bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150;

gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.--Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn.

bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod

ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a

son_ (i.e. as Bēowulf), 947.

bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree,

especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl.

hrīmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364.

bēacen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht bēacen godes, _of

the sun_, 570; gen. pl. bēacna beorhtost, 2778. See bēcn.

ge-bēacnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-bēacnod, 140.

bēag, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. bēah (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg.

bēah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bēg

(collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under

gyldnum bēage, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden

diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bēagas (rings

in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.--

Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.

bēag-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan,

1103.

bēag-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg.

bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps with reference to her

diadem (cf. 1164, 624.

bēah-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg.

bēah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. bēah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. bēah-horda weard, of

King Hrōðgār, 922.

bēah-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_:

nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.

bēah-þegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. æfter bēah-þege,

2177.

bēah-wriða, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the

form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, 2019.

bēam, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glēo-bēam.

bēatan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede bēateð, _the

steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with

his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-bēaten, _died, struck by the

battle-axe_, 2360.

beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges,

2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg.

biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat

(cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp.

stān-beorh.

beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. hēafod-beorh.

beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to

shield_: inf. wolde fēore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294;

here-byrne ... sēo þe bāncofan beorgan cūðe, _which could protect his

body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.

be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care,

to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep

himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þē þone bealontð, 1759.

ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_:

pret. sg. þæt gebearh fēore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wēl gebearg

līfe and līce, 2571.

ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring ūtan ymb-bearh,

1504.

beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg.

beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold,

998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tō þǣre

byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897;

beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314.

Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg.

beorhtre bōte, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.

beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518.

beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swēg, 1162.

beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 1881,

(Bēowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg.

beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and his companions), 211,

(Hrōðgār's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bēowulf's liege-men),

2405.--Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.

beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake),

2273.--Comp. un-byrnende.

for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668;

for-born, 2673.

ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698.

beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as

voc.), 2149.

bēodan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. bīodan,

2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in

direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo

budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. þā wæs ǣht boden

Swēona lēodum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic

þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas bēodan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_,

385.

ā-bēodan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne ābēad, _made known the

words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hǣl ābēad,

_wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hǣlo ābēad, 2419; eoton

weard ābēad, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669.

be-bēodan, _to command, to order_: pret. swā him se hearda bebēad, _as the

strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swā se rīca bebēad, 1976.

ge-bēodan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes

hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given

to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebēad hord and

rīce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gūðe

gebēodan, _to offer battle_, 604.

bēod-genēat, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. genēatas, 343,

1714.

bēon, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I.

gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike

deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wā bið þǣm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183;

so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gād (_no wish will be

denied thee_), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the

warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, _is not becoming, honorable to

a woman_, 1941; eft sōna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768,

etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð

sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei

qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748;

bēo wið Gēatas glæd, _be gracious to the Gēatas_, 1174.

bēor, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. æt bēore, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr.

sg. bēore druncen, 531; bēore druncne, 480.

bēor-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl.

bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they served the

Gēatas at meals), 1241.

bēor-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in

(on) bēorsele, 482, 492, 1095; bīorsele, 2636.

bēor-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. æfter bēorþege,

117; æt þǣre bēorþege, 618.

bēot, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be

undertaken_: acc. sg. hē bēot ne ālēh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; bēot

eal ... gelǣste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.

ge-bēotian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's

self_: pret. gebēotedon, 480, 536.

bēot-word, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum spræc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dōð swā ic bidde!

1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē

biddan wille ānre bēne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swā hē selfa bæd,

_as he himself had requested_, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre

bēorþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þē lange

bæd þæt þū..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd

hlāford sīnne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of

thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum

bǣdon þæt..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian ... worda

geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay

the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558;

instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40;

gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, wīg-bil.

bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the

bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound

with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold

chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg.

heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, _where I had bound

five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand sōðe gebunden, _the

king's man found_ (after many had already praised Bēowulf's deed) _other

words_ (also referring to Bēowulf, but in connection with Sigemund)

_rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming

to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_,

i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel

gūðwīga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed),

2112.

on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. īs-gebind.

bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite

īrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. æfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp.

lāð-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting

in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strǣle,

1747; instr. pl. biteran bānum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated,

furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.

bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near,

at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, _in the circuit of

both seas_, 1957; ārās bī ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539;

bī wealle gesæt, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big

stōdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_

(motion): hwearf þā bī bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; gēong

bī sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.

bīd (see bīdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þǣr wearð Ongenþīo on bīd

wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.

bīdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nō on

wealle leng bīdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the

drake), 2309; pret. in þȳstrum bād, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota

stille bād, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād,

_where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þǣr se snottra bād, _where the wise man_

(Hrōðgār) _waited_, 1314; hē on searwum bād, _he_ (Bēowulf) _stood there

armed_, 2569; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground

the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, _some

remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of

that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, _wished to await

the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wīges

bīdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, _would await

no answer_, 1495; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the

battle_, 710; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its

owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan līges (the poet probably means

to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a

fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but

which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

ā-bīdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bīdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, _wait ye on the

mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden

hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in

the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w.

acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne

wēnde ... bōte gebīdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935;

fela sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, _experience much good and much

affliction_, 1061; ende gebīdan, 1387, 2343; pret. hē þæs frōfre gebād,

_received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebād wintra worn,

_lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930,

1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tō gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, _to await

another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre

rīde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_,

2446; pret. drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., _joyless he experienced it, that

he_..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., _for this, that I, in my

old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.

on-bīdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce oð þæt ǣfen

cwōm, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.

bītan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bītan, 1455, 1524;

pret. bāt bānlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bāt unswīðor, _cut

with less force_ (Bēowulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much

of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.:

sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair,

_gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792;

blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe,

1595.

blæc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blāc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blācne lēoman, _a brilliant

gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblāc.

blǣd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen

(of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay

slain, 1125; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne hwīle, _now the fulness of thy

strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with

stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18;

(þīn) blǣd is ārǣred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.

blǣd-āgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blǣd-āgende, 1014.

blǣd-fæst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg.

blǣdfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329, 1300.

blēat, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wæl-blēat.

blēate, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.

blīcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222

blīðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blīðne, 618.--2)

_gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blīðe, 436.--Comp. un-blīðe.

blīð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.

blōd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blōde, 848;

æfter dēorum men him langað beorn wið blōde, _the hero_ (Hrōðgār) _longs

for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is

not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blōde, 486, 935, 1595,

etc.

blōd-fāg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.

blōdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blōdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blōdig, 448;

instr. sg. blōdigan gāre, 2441.

ge-blōdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part.

ge-blōdegod, 2693.

blōdig-tōð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blōdig-tōð (of

Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

blōd-rēow, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe

grēow brēost-hord blōd-rēow, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty

feeling_, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret.

hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced

joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp.

hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flān-, horn-boga;

bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks

which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan,

231.

bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998;

(Hygelāc's residence), 1926; (Bēowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp.

fold-bold.

bold-āgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum

boldāgendra, 3113.

bolgen-mōd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brǣded

wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_,

1241.--Comp. hlēor-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-,

wǣg-bora.

bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda

gebræc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord.

bord-hæbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. hæbbende,

2896.

bord-hrēoða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its

cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu,

1244.

botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tō botme (here of the bottom of the

fen-lake), 1507.

bōt (emendation, cf. bētan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281;

acc. sg. bōte, 935; acc. sg. bōte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a

giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bōte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þā sceal brond fretan

(_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mōston ... bronde

forbærnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; hæfde

landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_,

2323.--2) in the passage, þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton,

1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r).

The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old

helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were

mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the

helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in

the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our

text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be

intended as a designation of Hrōðgār (perhaps _son_), has not up to this

time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves:

acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brād, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brāde rīce, 2208.--2) _broad_:

nom. sg. hēah and brād (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brādne

mēce, 2979; (seax) brād [and] brūnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright

edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brād gold, 3106.

ge-bræc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebræc, 2260.

geond-brǣdan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part.

geond-brǣded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bānhringas bræc,

(the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr

ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101;

pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene ... āð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of

the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon

something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum

heresyrcan bræc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the

shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it

was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah

... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_,

2547; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... brecan ofer bordweal,

_caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4)

figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, _curiosity

tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bānhūs gebræc, _broke in pieces his

body_ (Bēowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), 2509.

tō-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tō-brocen, 998.

þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord brēosthord þurh-bræc,

_the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out

from his breast, 2793.

brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. mōdes brecða

(_sorrow of heart_), 171.

ā-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret.

ābredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf.

under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of

shadows_, 708; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brægd

feorh-genīðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her

down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with

your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part.

brōden (brogden) mǣl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot,

to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, _to weave a

waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for

another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brōden, _a

woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together),

552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

ā-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up ā-bræd, _swung, raised his hand_,

2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, _swung the ringed sword_,

1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, _an old heavy sword

that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc.

wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the

sheath_: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit,

to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, 1444.

on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbræd þā recedes mūðan,

_had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because

the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rōf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength _: nom. sg.

m., 1926.

brego-stōl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him

gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stōl, _seven thousand_ see under

sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þǣr him Hygd

gebēad ... brego-stōl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lēt

þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, _gave over to Bēowulf the chief power_ (did

not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

brēme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

ā-brēatan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. ābrēot

brimwīsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See brēotan.

brēost, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc.

þæt mīne brēost wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl

brōden on brēostum læg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart,

the bosom_: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, _his breast

heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt

faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.

brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl.

-gehygdum, 2819.

brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_,

of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

brēost-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast,

heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

brēost-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom.

sg. brēost-net brōden, 1549.

brēost-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg.

brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives

from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173,

presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her

husband Hygelāc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe),

which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.

brēost-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc.

sg, 1878.

brēotan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. brēat

bēodgenēatas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.

ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, _whom she

killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þā þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine

sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's

mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hī hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, _had killed

him_ (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tō brimes

faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; æt brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804;

nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu,

222.

brim-lād, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þāra þe mid Bēowulfe

brimlāde tēah, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.

brim-līðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -līðende, 568.

brim-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer

brim-strēamas, 1911.

brim-wīsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the

Gēatas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg.

sēo brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna

bringe tō helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830;

inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and luftācen, _shall bring

gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505;

pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's

head), 1654.

ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on

ādfære, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs.

sg. III. herepād ... brosnað æfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to

pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.

brōðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brēðer, 1263; gen.

sg. his brōðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brōðrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brōðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm,

_sat by the two brothers_, 1192.

brōga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa

brōgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brōga.

brūcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe

hēr worolde brūceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives

long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, _make use of many rewards, give good

rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, _could

enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac

līfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954.

With the genitive to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, 1488; imp. brūc þisses

bēages, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends

the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf.

hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles

well, 2163.

brūn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sīo ecg brūn, 2579.

brūn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brād

[and] brūnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.

brūn-fāg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brūnfāgne helm, 2616.

bryne-lēoma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg.,

2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. brēotan), w. v., _to

bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e.

ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg.

sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. bēaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488;

sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg.

III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_,

1727.

brȳd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brȳd, 2931; brȳde, 2957, both

times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of

Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēaware, 2032.

brȳd-būr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. ēode ... cyning of

brȳdbūre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which,

according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_:

nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc.

pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523;

dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: frēo,

freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the

castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelāc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city

stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden

hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, 3101.

burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, _the bubbling of

the spring_, 2547.

būan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif hē weard onfunde

būan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_,

2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld būan, _to inhabit the

mead-house_, 3066.

ge-būan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hēan

hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, _how the Danes, after

their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it),

117.--With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-,

lond-būend.

būgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III.

bon-gār būgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned

down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, _that the armed

hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly,

2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the

earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, _turned to the bench_, 327,

1014; hȳ on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.

ā-būgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc

monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.

be-būgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swā (_which_) wæter

bebūgeð, 93; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige weallas, _as far as the

sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.

ge-būgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah,

_sank on the floor_, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þā

se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_),

2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake),

2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste

gebēah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242.

būr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. būre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. būrum,

140.--Comp. brȳd-būr.

būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is

without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: būtan his

līc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: būton

hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, _but it_ (the

sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561.

After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne

wiston būton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at

all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton

þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head

alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē,

658; ealle būton ānum, 706.

bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt hīe on bā

healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, _that was no good transaction, that

they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay

with the lives of their friends_, 1306.

be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde

feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.

ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr ǣnige ...

frōfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his,

MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes

fēore bēagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to

brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on bēorsele byldan wolde (by

distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe on gebyrd

hruron gāre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrūd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg.,

2661.

byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl.

byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bǣdde byre

geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mægen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.

byrht. See _beorht_.

byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.;

hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg.

byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde

byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on

byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e.

the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum,

_with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-,

īsern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu,

281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig.

bȳme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. bȳman

gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.

bȳwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan

sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Bēowulf's

with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun,

1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata

cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mǣre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa,

2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hūga cempan,

2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fēðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan

cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned,

_to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal

one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, _prove yourself by your strength_,

1220.

ā-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs

ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know

his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born

to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cēnðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697.

cēne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl.,

acc. pl. cēnoste, 206.--Comp.: dǣd-, gār-cēne.

ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum

cearsīðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera

cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs.

sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.

cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sīð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e.

a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf's expeditions against

Ēadgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg.

[ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu.

cear-wælm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat.

pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-būend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a

castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār's

castle, 769.

cēap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe

cēap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre

gebohte, heardan cēape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear

purchase_, 2483.

ge-cēapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrīme grimme gecēapod,

_gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Bēowulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and

instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, _cut off his head_,

1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909;

dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum

ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202,

416, 1592.

cēol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg.

cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807.

cēosan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedōm cīosan

wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ǣr hē

bǣl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.

ge-cēosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne

(sēlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos,

_choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē

ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for

this undertaking_, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_,

i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl.

hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þæs wealdendes

[willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858;

pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_,

2971.

ā-cīgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas

syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat.

pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible

claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Gēata clifu,

1912.--Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.

ge-cnāwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce

gecnāwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.

on-cnāwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde,

_distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.

cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_

(Hrōðgār's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine

cūðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt

gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne

... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other,

stormed_ (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon

thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others,

high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of

Wīglāf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þā wæs ...

Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_

(of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_,

3122.

costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, _tried me_, 2085.

cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bān-cofa.

cōl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow

become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wīflufan ... cōlran

weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.

cræft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical

strength_: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh

ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983,

1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum

cræfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes

cræfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, _by devil's

art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft,

2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.

cræftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða

cræftig, 1963. Comp. wīg-cræftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp.

lagu-cræftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig.

cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of

those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, _would sink into death,

would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, _fell under his

shield_, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; hēo on flet

gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single

combat_, 2506.

cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.:

cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, _if thou

comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23;

pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281,

1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419,

2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361.

Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian,

721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239;

cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc.

be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becōm,

_after the night had come_, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, _that had come over

the people_, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn

in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes

nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of

pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, _when this time of battle came over him_,

2884.

ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm,

_thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora ... ofercōmon,

700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp.

hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or

depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile,

_I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const,

_thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, _knows no

worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_,

2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, _men do not know

whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, _knew him_, 372; cūðe hē duguð

þēaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the

acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., _he himself did not know through

what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234.

With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe

cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.--2) with inf.

following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend

himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg.

cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, _could not

praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund

cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan

higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode,

_tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the

flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cūð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cūð,

150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte,

1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.--2) _renowned_:

nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly,

dear, good_ (see un-cūð).--Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.

cūð-līce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon

lind-hæbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_

(the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. dēað-cwalu.

cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret.

cwehte mægen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt

bēore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð,

315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð,

92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.--d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning

sēcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811,

2940.

ā-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þæt word ācwyð, _speaks the

word_, 2047; pret. þæt word ācwæð, 655.

ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swā þū gecwǣde,

2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit

þæt gecwǣdon, 535.--c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þū

Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

ā-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ǣr

māne ācwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn

ācwealde, 2122.

cwēn, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62;

(Hrōðgār's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen:

nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mǣru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces

cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn.

cwēn-līc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw

(_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm

gewræc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mǣndon mondryhtnes

cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, dēað-,

gār-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates

murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793,

2786; gen. sg. āht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98;

cwico wæs þā gēna, _was still alive_, 3094.

cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-,

word-cwide.

cwīðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe

cwīðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of

his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, _lament their cares_, 3173.

cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre cyme syndon, _whence

your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.

cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage:

nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena

cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811,

915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen.

sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes,

2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum,

98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of

etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dōm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning,

620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl.

kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-,

lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom.

pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þā cyning ... þegen betstan,

_kissed the best thane_ (Bēowulf), 1871.

cyst (_choosing_, see cēosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing,

good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803,

1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. īrena

cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, _known through excellent

qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cȳð. See on-cȳð.

cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg.

mægen-ellen cȳð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan,

1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696.

ge-cȳðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_:

inf. andsware gecȳðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan

ēowre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sōð is

gecȳðed þæt ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be

true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, _the arrival of B.

was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in

pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (_my father was known to

warriors_), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed,

924.

cȳð (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f.,

_home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cȳð.

ge-cȳpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf þæt hē ... þurfe

wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, _had need to buy with treasures no

inferior warrior_, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (_to fight_), 2849.

ge-dāl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedāl, _his

separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, līf-gedāl.

dæg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400;

andlangne dæg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (_the whole

morning_), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm

dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601,

2321; hwīl dæges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; dæges and nihtes, _day

and night_, 2270; dæges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, _in ten

days_, 3161.--Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lǣn-, līf-,

swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.

dæg-hwīl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwīla gedrogen hæfde

eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_

(appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)

dæg-rīm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dōgera

dægrīm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.

dǣd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585; dōmlēasan dǣd,

2891; frēcne dǣde, 890; dǣd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dǣda, 195; gen. pl.

dǣda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-,

fyren-, lof-dǣd.

dǣd-cēne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, 1646.

dǣd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dǣd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel,

275.

dǣdla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla.

dǣl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl.

dǣlas, 1733.--Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality

which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan

oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance

increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bīowulfe

wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, _to Bēowulf his part of the splendid

treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were

allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the

dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dǣlan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg.

III. mādmas dǣleð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, _that

he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the

drake), 2535; inf. hringas dǣlan, 1971; pret. bēagas dǣlde, 80; sceattas

dǣlde, 1687.

be-dǣlan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret.

part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of

Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dǣlan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_);

bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde,

_distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2)

_to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce,

_separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra

gehwylces līf wið līce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes

denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swā hit

gedēfe wæs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good,

kind, friendly_; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, _be friendly to my

son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained

to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.

dēman (see dōm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mǣrðo

dēme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his

ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_,

3176.

dēmend, _judge_: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum dealle,

494.

dēad, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dēadne, 1310.

dēað, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, dēað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dēað,

2169; dat. sg. dēaðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dēaðes

wylm, 2270; dēaðes nȳd, 2455.--Comp. gūð-, wæl-, wundor-dēað.

dēað-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, 2902.

dēað-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tō

dēað-cwalum, 1713.

dēað-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.

dēað-dæg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. æfter dēað-dæge (_after

his death_), 187, 886.

dēað-fǣge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) dēað-fǣge dēog,

_had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.

dēað-scūa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg.

deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160.

dēað-wērig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dēað-wērigne,

2126. See wērig.

dēað-wīc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwīc

sēon (_had died_), 1276.

dēagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to

hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, 851.--Leo.

deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat.

pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc

dēað-scūa, 160.

dēofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. dēofles, 2089; gen. pl. dēofla, of

Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

dēogol, dȳgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information,

unknown_: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond,

_inaccessible land_, 1358.

dēop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.

dēop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. dēop wæter, 509, 1905.

dīope, adj., _deep_: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, _the

illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a

solemn spell upon it_, 3070.

dēor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor.

dēor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma (of Grendel),

2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-,

hilde-dēor.

dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren,

2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561;

dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore

(dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f.,

æðelum dīore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum

men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone

dēorestan, 1310.

dēor-līc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585. See dēor.

disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dīgan. See ge-dȳgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless

audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-līc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda dollīcra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dōgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntīd

ōðres dōgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres

dōgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual

sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore,

1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce,

1091; dōgera dægrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life),

824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, _in

later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dōgor.

dōgor-gerīm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen

dōgor-gerīmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.

dōhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982,

etc.

dōm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-,

wis-dōm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial

opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dōme, _according to the judgment of the

Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: æfter dōme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3)

_court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both

times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_,

hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sīnne sylfes dōm, _according to

his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) _might,

power_: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg.

drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm

unlȳtel, _not a little glory_, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his

dōm ālæg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting)

_that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, _make

renown for myself_, 1492; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _that thou let not

honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, _here he lost his

reputation_, 1471; dōme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg.

wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_,

1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, _the glory of the

saints_, 2821.

dōm-lēas, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dōmlēasan

dǣd, 2891.

dōn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic

bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl

dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde īsernbyrnan, _took off the iron

corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde,

_when he made a present to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords_, 1145;

dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_,

2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he

reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hī

on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and

ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec

mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly,

1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nū gīt dēð, _the creator ruled

over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.)

1135; pret. II. swā þū ǣr dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, 957;

similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, 1239; similarly,

3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē

wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, _I

believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often

did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrēðmen_, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ...

þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, _that the

neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed),

1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde,

_if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_,

1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44.

ge-dōn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god)

gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, _makes the parts of the world_

(i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. nē hyne on

medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, _nor would the leader

of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: hē mec

þǣr on innan ... gedōn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.

draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403,

3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fȳr-, lēg-, līg-,

nīð-draca.

on-drǣdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to

be afraid of_: inf. þæt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest

not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, _was not

afraid of the combat_, 2348.

ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_:

acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757.

drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genīðlan,

2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran strǣle, _struck in the

breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_),

2982.

drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drēfan, ge-drēfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewāt ...

drēfan dēop wæter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wæter under stōd

drēorig and gedrēfed, 1418.

drēam, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. hæleða drēam,

497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, _thou who livest in

rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr.

sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here

adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; drēamum bedǣled,

722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-,

sele-drēam.

drēam-lēas, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremōd,

1721.

drēogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret.

drēah æfter dōme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe

ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great

distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2)

_to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. drēoh

symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_,

1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte

drēah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361;

pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hī sīð drugon, _made the way,

went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo

drēogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, _bore

sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge

þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

ā-drēogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079.

ge-drēogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen

hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e.

that he was at his death), 2727.

drēor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. drēore,

447.--Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wæl-drēor.

drēor-fāh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.

drēorig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wæter stōd drēorig, 1418; acc.

sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-drēorig.

ge-drēosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. līc-homa lǣne

gedrēoseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þæt þū ne

ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.

drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom.

pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, _drank the blood in

streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234;

þǣr guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it

stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye

warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg

heorð-genēatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_,

i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg.

bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480.

drīfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas ofer flōda genipu

feorran drīfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness

of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē [ne] meahte on mere drīfan

hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.

to-drīfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf,

545.

drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom.

sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, _there was no employment

for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.

drūsian, w. v. (cf. drēosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of

water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drūsade (through the blood

of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in

comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mīnra

eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða)

gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_:

nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg.

dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.;

dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat.

sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441;

drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg.

drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer

dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār's warriors).

dryht-līc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble,

excellent_: dryhtlīc īren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an

acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-māðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl.

dryhtmāðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_:

acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485;

dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble

warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fæt, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg.,

2255; drinc-fæt, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain):

pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hūru se

aldor dēah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah,

_if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þē him selfa dēah, _who is capable

of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge,

_though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661,

2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself

well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra

wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret.

subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong

in battle_, 526.

duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_:

dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, _praised with

all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of

warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð,

1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frætwe

geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921;

lēoda duguðe on lāst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e.

after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, _the custom of the noble

warriors_, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða,

2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of

noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so

gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675;

duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þū dearst bīdan, _darest

to await_, 527; III. hē gesēcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre,

_seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469,

etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dūfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þæt sweord gedēaf (_the

sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dūfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wæter up

þurh-dēaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the

bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nō hine wiht dweleð, ādl

nē yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig,

1288.

dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu,

hrūse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg.

dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious,

hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, _with secret magic art_,

2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, _of malicious spirits_

(of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað,

_longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre,

_although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.

ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the

thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, _if thou

survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl

gedīgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf.

unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan,

_which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532;

ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, _could not endure the deep without

burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III.

ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dȳgol. See dēogol.

dȳre. See dēore.

E

ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg,

1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, _defended the

entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550;

mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting

weapon_: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sīo

ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword

snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and

ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141;

gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wæs īren, 1460.--Comp.: brūn-,

heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tō ecg-banan

āngan brēðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom.

sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce,

597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þā þǣr sōna wearð

edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. after Grendel's

mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the

time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him

edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil

should ever cease_, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden

torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.

edwīt-līf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon

the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_,

2904.

efnan (see æfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres.

subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe

efnan, 2623; sweorda gelāc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tō efnanne,

1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swā or swylc:

efne swā swīðe swā, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swā sīde swā, 1224; wæs

se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284;

lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword)

_just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende

(_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him

gemet þūhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce

mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, _just at the times at which necessity

commanded it_, 1250.

efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nū efstan, _let us

hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_,

1494.

eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna

bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bōt eft cuman, _help come again_,

281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen

wilgesīðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing

companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693,

1557, etc.; eft swā ǣr, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus,

_back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (_did not

believe that he would come back_), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sīð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sīðes

georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned,

1333.

egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_:

acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, _cares for nothing

terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror,

horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.:

glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.

eges-līc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of

the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably,

perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret.

(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres.

þæt þē ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.

elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the

pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde.

eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan,

(_shall be banished_), 3020.

ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573;

eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and

ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised

heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc

ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the

departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on

elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte

þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those

who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young

man_ (Wīglāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense,

_strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly,

transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him

wæs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mægen-ellen.

ellen-dǣd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dǣdum, 877, 901.

ellen-gǣst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg.

of Grendel, 86.

ellen-līce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.

ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829,

1472.

ellen-rōf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl.

-rōfum, 1788.

ellen-sēoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (_the

mortally wounded king, Bēowulf_), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in

battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b

(local), elles hwǣr, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.

ellor-gāst, -gǣst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of

the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's

mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas,

1350.

ellor-sīð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius),

_another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þēodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þēodige men,

336.

ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende,

823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende

līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende

genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves

for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824;

eoletes æt ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa

ne mæg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot

comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on

ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp.

woruld-ende.

ende-dæg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dōgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum

endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in

the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.

ende-lāf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes,

_art the last of our race_, 2814.

ende-lēan, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sǣta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg.

(here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft

gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411.

ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the

dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718;

eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blōdig wæl ... eteð

ān-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_,

448; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone,

_swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.

Ē

ēc. See ēac.

ēce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ēce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ēce

eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; gecēas

ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ēcean

dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, 1761.

ēdre. See ǣdre.

ēð-begēte, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þā wæs æt þām geongum

grim andswaru ēð-begēte, _then from the young man_ (Wīglāf) _it was an easy

thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.

ēðe. See ēaðe.

ēðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swǣsne

ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary

possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, _of the

kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wīsdōme hēold ēðel sīnne, _ruled

with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.

ēðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a

hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, _estate and inherited

privileges_, 2199.

ēðel-stōl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl.

ēðel-stōlas, 2372.

ēðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mīnre

ēðeltyrf, 410.

ēðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg.

ēðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King

Hrōðgār), 617.

ēðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom.

sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, _now shall your

race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished

from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard

ēðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.

ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111,

1245.

ēg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

ēg-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, _in

the sea-floods_, 577. See ēagor-strēam.

ēhtan (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a

pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs duguðe and geogoðe,

159; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_

(Bēowulf)(?), 1513.

ēst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara

and māðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor hæfde

āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_

(of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce

hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (_to present_), 2150; him wæs ...

wunden gold ēstum geēawed (_presented_), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum

miclum fremedon, 959.

ēste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the

birth_ (of such a son as Bēowulf), 946.