===

Authority.

Country.

Token of identity.

Impostor.

===

i. Gonzenbach, 272

Sicily

Tongues wrapt in lady’s handkerchief

Slave

===

*Haltrich, 101

Transylvania

Tongues; and lady’s handkerchief and silken band bound by her round

each of hero’s dogs’ necks

Coachman

===

Zingerle, _K. und Hausm._, 122

Tirol

Tongues; and lady’s veil

Lamplighter

===

Webster, 87

Basque Provinces

Tongues; and seven pieces cut by hero from lady’s robes

Charcoal-burner

===

*Webster, 22

Basque Provinces

Tongues; and 42 pieces cut by hero from lady’s robes

Charcoal-burner

===

*Webster, 33

Basque Provinces

Tongues; and seven pieces of silk cut by hero from lady’s robes

Charcoal-burner

===

*Vinson, 56

Basque Provinces

Tongues wrapt in seven pieces of silk cut by hero from lady’s robes

Charcoal-burner

===

*Vasconcellos, 274

Portugal

Tongues wrapt in lady’s robe

“Um curioso”

===

*Leskien, 407

Lithuania

Tongues; and lady’s clothes

Three generals

===

*Grimm, ii. _Tales_, 102

Hesse

Tongues; corner of lady’s handkerchief, her slipper, and piece cut

from her nightdress

One-eyed captain

===

Pröhle, _K. und Volksm._, 20

Germany

Tongues; ring, and handkerchief given by lady

Servant

===

Zingerle, _K. und Hausm. aus Süddeutsch._, 217

Tirol

Tongues; ring, chain, and handkerchief given by lady

King’s servant

===

{207}

===

Authority.

Country.

Token of identity.

Impostor.

===

*Cox, _Cinderella_, 450 (from iii. _Journ. Gipsy Soc._, 208)

England (Gipsy)

Tongue; and lady’s ring, and hero’s first finger bitten off by

dragon

Gentlemen from all over England

===

*x. _Bibl. Trad. Pop. Españ._, 258

Extremadura

Tongues; and lady’s ring

Negro

===

*Coelho, 114 (Eng. version, 61)

Portugal

Tongues; and lady’s ring

Negro

===

*ii. Von Hahn, 49

Island of Syra

Tongues; and lady’s ring

Moor

===

*vi. _Folklore_, 309 (from O’Faherty, _Siamsa an gheimhridh_, 60)

Connaught

Tongue; and hair cut by lady from hero’s head

Courtiers

===

ii. Cosquin, 56

Lorraine

Heads

Hero’s brothers

===

Auning, 91

Lettish

Heads

===

*Steel and Temple, 143

Panjáb

Ogre’s head

Scavenger. [He produces the head, and is successful; but the hero is

subsequently recognised]

===

*Day, 64

Bengal

Rakshasi’s head

Woodcutters

===

Cavallius, 78

Sweden

Troll’s eyes

Courtier

===

Stier, 1 (from Erdelyi); and Jones and Kropf, 110

Hungary

Tooth from each head of dragon

The Red Knight

===

*ii. Strackerjan, 330

Oldenburg

Some of dragon’s teeth

Coachman

===

*Kirby, ii. _Hero of Esthonia_, 6 (from Kreutzwald)

Esthonia

Horns and tusks (or claw)

Coachman

===

*i. Cosquin, 18, 74

Avares of the Caucasus

Ears

===

*x. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 193

Armenia

Ears

[A feminin deliverer]

===

*i. Cosquin, 76 (from xxiv. _Asiatic Journ._, N.S., 196)

Hala Canara (India)

Lion’s tail

King’s washerman

===

{208}

===

Authority.

Country.

Token of identity.

Impostor.

===

Cavallius, 95

Sweden

Ring fastened by lady in hero’s hair

Coachman

===

Cavallius, 348

Sweden

Ring fastened by lady in hero’s hair

Coachman

===

*Dasent, _Fjeld_, 261 (from Asbjörnsen)

Norway

Ring fastened by lady in hero’s hair

A man named Glibtongue

===

Leskien, 389

Lithuania

Lady’s ring and half her handkerchief

Coachman and lackey

===

*_Roumanian F. T._, 48

Roumania

Lady’s ring and handkerchief

Gipsy

===

i. Campbell, 71

Argyllshire

Lady’s rings; only hero can take the beast’s heads off the withy on

which he has bound them

General

===

*i. _Archæol. Rev._, 303

Ireland

Strip from lady’s garment bound on hero’s wounded wrist

Many

===

*Schleicher, 4

Lithuania

Lady’s handkerchief

Coachman

===

i. Campbell, 93

South Uist

Scratch on hero’s forehead made by lady; only he can untie the

beast’s heads off the withy

===

*i. Campbell, 97

Argyllshire

Joint bitten off hero’s little finger by damsel, patch cut by her

from top of his head, and notch from his ear; only he can untie

heads from withy

A red-headed lad

===

i. Campbell, 98

Berneray

Joint bitten off hero’s little finger by lady, patch cut by her from

top of his head, and notch from his ear

Many who counterfeited the marks

===

{209}

===

Authority.

Country.

Token of identity.

Impostor.

===

*MacInnes, 279

Argyllshire

Point of hero’s little finger cut off by lady

Cook

===

*Larminie, 139

West of Ireland

Piece of hero’s coat and lock of his hair, both cut by lady; and his

shoe

Son of King of Prussia

===

*Curtin, _Ireland_, 157; Larminie, 196; and i. _F. L. Journ._, 54.

[_Cf._ Curtin, _Ireland_, 114, where hero conquers giants and

proves his victory by their tongues, while the son of the King of

Tisean has brought their heads]

Ireland

Blue glass boot of hero

Many

===

*Wolf, _D. Hausm._, 369

Odenwald

Hero wounded in leg at subsequent tournament

===

*De Rochemonteix, 25

Nubia

Lady’s thigh marked by hero with his hand dipped in monster’s blood

===

*Edwards, 90

Bahama (Negro)

Only hero can take out red stain he has made on lady’s handkerchief

All the high people of the place [Relic of Coachman]

===

*Bérenger-Féraud, _Sénég._, 39

Senegambia

Only hero can untie a dog, brandish a lance and put on a sandal

Warriors

===

*Auning, 96

Lettish

Hero’s beasts

King’s servant

===

*ii. Strackerjan, 333

Oldenburg

Charioteer

===

Leclère, 112

Cambodia

Two Mandarins

===

{210}

===

Authority.

Country.

Token of identity.

Impostor.

===

Ovid, _Metam._, iv.

Greece (ancient)

Lady’s betrothed attacks wedding party, claiming bride

===

Grimm, i. _Tales_, 420

Germany

Lady’s betrothed tries to kill hero

===

*ii. _Rivista_, 28

Maremma

King endeavours to wed lady to a rich baron instead of hero

===

* Stories thus marked do not belong to the Perseus cycle, though

containing the incident of the Slaughter of the Dragon.

TABLE D.

THE DELIVERER’S SLEEP.

{211}

===

Authority.

Country.

How hero awakened.

===

*De Rochemonteix, 25

Nubia

Lady drops tear into hero’s face

===

*ii. Von Hahn, 49

Island of Syra

Lady drops tear on hero’s cheek

===

*ix. _Archivio_, 484

Bosnia

Lady’s tears fall on hero’s face

===

*Ralston, _Russian F. T._, 347

Bulgaria

Lady’s tears fall on hero’s face

===

*Schott, 135

Wallachia

Lady drops tears on hero’s face

===

*Burton, vi. _Suppl. Nights_, 363 (from _Galland MSS._)

Levant

[No lousing.] Lady drops tear on hero’s face

===

*Wardrop, 68

Georgia

[No lousing.] Lady drops tear on hero’s cheek

===

*_Roumanian F. T._, 48

Roumania

[No lousing.] Lady drops tears on hero’s face

===

*Romero, 83

Brazil (Portuguese)

[No lousing.] Lady drops tear into hero’s face

===

*Georgeakis, 256

Lesbos

Lady calls hero

===

*_F. L. Andaluz_, 357

Andalucia

[No lousing.] Lady calls hero

===

*Curtin, _Ireland_, 157

W. of Ireland

[No lousing.] Roused by lady

===

*MacInnes, 279

Argyllshire

Lady cuts off joint of little finger of hero’s right hand

===

i. Campbell, 97

Argyllshire

Lady cuts (1) joint from hero’s little finger, (2) patch from top of

his head, (3) notch from his ear

===

{212}

===

Authority.

Country.

How hero awakened.

===

i. Campbell, 98

Berneray

[No lousing.] Lady cuts (1) joint from hero’s little finger, (2)

patch from top of his head, (3) notch from his ear

===

i. Campbell, 71

Argyllshire

[No lousing.] Lady puts (1) ring from her finger on hero’s finger,

(2) her earring in his ear, (3) her other earring in his other ear

===

i. Campbell, 93

South Uist

?

===

*Denton, 309

Servia

?

===

Cavallius, 95

Sweden

===

Cosquin, in _Congress Report_ (1891), 70, citing Chalatiauz

Armenia

[No lousing.] Lady drops tear (?)

===

* Stories thus marked do not belong to the Perseus cycle, though

containing the incident of the Slaughter of the Dragon.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO

Addy. Household Tales with other Traditional Remains. Collected in

the Counties of York, Lincoln, Derby, and Nottingham, by Sidney Oldall

Addy, M.A. London, 1895.

Ainsworth. A Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition. By

William Ainsworth. 2 vols. London, 1888.

_Am Urdsbrunnen._ Am Urdhs-Brunnen. Organ des Vereins für Verbreitung

volksthümlich-wissenschaftlicher Kunde. 6 vols. 1881-89. [Printed at

Lunden in Holstein. The latter vols. appeared under the title of Am

Urds-Brunnen. Mittheilungen für Freunde

volksthümlich-wissenschaftlicher Kunde.]

Andree, _Anthropophagie_. Die Anthropophagie. Eine ethnographische

Studie von Richard Andree. Leipzig, 1887.

----_Ethnog. Par._ Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche von

Richard Andree. First series, Stuttgart, 1878; second series, Leipzig,

1889.

Andrews. Contes Ligures. Traditions de la Rivière recueillies entre

Menton et Gênes, par James Bruyn Andrews. Paris, 1892.

Anrich. Das antike Mysterienwesen in seinem Einfluss auf das

Christentum. Von Lic. Gustav Anrich. Göttingen, 1894.

_Anthropologia._ Anthropologia: in which are included the Proceedings

of the London Anthropological Society. Vol. I., 1873-5. [All

published.] London.

_Anthr. Rev._ The Anthropological Review. 8 vols. London, 1863-70.

_Antigua._ Antigua and the Antiguans: a full account of the Colony and

its Inhabitants from the time of the Caribs to the present day. 2

vols. London, 1844.

Arber, _Eng. Garner._ An English Garner. Ingatherings from our

History and Literature. By Edward Arber, F.S.A. 7 vols. 1877-83.

_Arch. Camb._ Archæologia Cambrensis, the Journal of the Cambrian

Archæological Association. 51 vols. London, 1846-95. [Still

proceeding.]

_Archæologia._ Archæologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to

Antiquity, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. 54 vols.

London, 1770-1895. [Still proceeding.]

Arnason, _Sagen._ Isländische Volkssagen. Aus der Sammlung von Jón

Árnason ausgewählt und aus dem Isländischen übersetzt von M.

Lehmann-Filhés. 2 vols. Berlin, 1889-91.

_Asiatic Q. Rev._ The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and

Oriental and Colonial Record. 5 vols. 1891-95. Woking. [Still

proceeding.]

Atkinson. Forty Years in a Moorland Parish. Reminiscences and

Researches in Danby in Cleveland by Rev. J. C. Atkinson, D.C.L.

London, 1891.

Aubrey, _Gentilisme._ Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme. By John

Aubrey, R.S.S., 1686-87. Edited and annotated by James Britten, F.L.S.

London, 1881. [Folklore Society.]

Backhouse. A Narrative of a visit to the Australian Colonies. By

James Backhouse. London, 1843.

Barbosa. A Description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in

the beginning of the sixteenth century, by Duarte Barbosa. Translated

by the Hon. Henry E. J. Stanley. London, 1866.

Baring-Gould, _Curious Myths._ Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, by

S. Baring-Gould, M.A. London, 1869.

Bartels. Die Medicin der Naturvölker. Ethnologische Beiträge zur

Urgeschichte der Medicin. Von Dr. Max Bartels. Leipzig, 1893.

Barthol. Angl., Steele. Medieval Lore: an epitome of the Science,

Geography, Animal and Plant Lore and Myth of the Middle Age: being

classified gleanings from the Encyclopedia of Bartholomew Anglicus on

the Properties of Things. Edited by Robert Steele. London, 1893.

Bartsch, _Sagen._ Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg.

Gesammelt und herausgegeben von Karl Bartsch. 2 vols. Wien, 1879-80.

Basset. Contes Populaires Berbères recueillis, traduits et annotés

par René Basset. Paris, 1887.

Batchelor. The Ainu of Japan. The Religion, Superstitions, and

General History of the Hairy Aborigines of Japan by the Rev. John

Batchelor. London, 1892.

Bellew. A General Report on the Yusufzais, in six Chapters, with a

Map. By H. W. Bellew. Lahore, 1864.

Bent. The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland by J. Theodore Bent, F.S.A.,

F.R.G.S. London, 1892.

Bérenger-Féraud, _Sénég._ Recueil de Contes Populaires de la

Sénégambie recueillis par L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud. Paris, 1885.

----_Superstitions._ Superstitions et Survivances étudiées au point

de vue de leur Origine et de leurs Transformations, par L. J. B.

Bérenger-Féraud. 2 vols. Paris, 1896.

Bernau. Missionary Labours in British Guiana; with remarks on the

Manners, Customs, and Superstitious Rites of the Aborigines. By the

Rev. J. H. Bernau. London, 1847.

Bernoni, _Fiabe._ Fiabe e Novelle Popolari Veneziane raccolte da

Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni. Venezia, 1873.

_Bib. Trad. Pop. Españ._ Folklore. Biblioteca de las Tradiciones

Populares Españolas. 11 vols. Sevilla, Madrid, 1883-86.

Biddulph. Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh, by Major J. Biddulph, B.S.C.

Calcutta, 1880.

Binger. Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée par le pays de Kong et le Mossi

par le Capitaine Binger. 2 vols. Paris, 1892.

Black. Folk-Medicine; a chapter in the History of Culture. By

William George Black, F.S.A. Scot. London, 1883. [Folklore Society.]

Bleek, _Report._ Cape of Good Hope. Second Report concerning Bushman

Researches, with a short account of Bushman Folk-lore, by W. H. I.

Bleek, Ph.D. Cape Town, 1875.

Blunt. Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs, discoverable in

Modern Italy and Sicily. By the Rev. John James Blunt. London, 1823.

Boddam-Whetham. Roraima and British Guiana, with a glance at

Bermuda, the West Indies, and the Spanish Main. By J. W.

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Bourke. Scatologic Rites of all Nations. By Captain John G. Bourke.

Washington, D.C., 1891.

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and Sec. S.A., arranged and revised, with additions, by Henry Ellis,

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von David Brauns. Leipzig, 1885.

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1834.

Brinton. _Amer. Race._ The American Race; a linguistic

classification and ethnographical description of the native tribes of

North and South America. By Daniel G. Brinton, A.M., M.D. New York,

1891.

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with a translation, notes, and introduction. By Daniel G. Brinton,

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Budge, _Saint George._ The Martyrdom and Miracles of Saint George of

Cappadocia. The Coptic Texts edited with an English Translation by

Ernest A. Wallis Budge, M.A. London, 1888.

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Busk, _F. L. Rome._ The Folklore of Rome, collected by word of mouth

from the people, by R. H. Busk. London, 1874.

----_Hofer._ Household Stories from the Land of Hofer; or Popular

Myths of Tirol, including the Rose Garden of King Lareyn. By the

Author of “Patrañas, or Spanish Stories,” etc. London, 1871.

Caballero. Cuentos, Oraciones, Adivinas y Refranes Populares é

Infantiles recogidos por Fernan Caballero. Madrid, 1878.

Campbell, _Circ. Notes._ My Circular Notes, by J. F. Campbell. 2

vols. London, 1876.

Campbell, _Clan Traditions._ Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition.

Argyllshire Series, No. v. Clan Traditions and Popular Tales of the

Western Highlands and Islands, collected from oral sources by the late

Rev. John Gregorson Campbell. Edited by Jessie Wallace and Duncan

MacIsaac, with introduction by Alfred Nutt. London, 1895.

Campbell, _Khondistan._ A Personal Narrative of thirteen years’

service amongst the Wild Tribes of Khondistan for the suppression of

Human Sacrifice. By Major-General John Campbell, C.B. London, 1864.

Carnoy et Nicolaides. Traditions Populaires de l’Asie Mineure par E.

Henry Carnoy et Jean Nicolaides. Paris, 1889.

Casati. Ten Years in Equatoria and the Return with Emin Pasha, by

Major Gaetano Casati, translated by the Hon. Mrs. J. Randolph Clay,

assisted by Mr. J. Walker Savage. 2 vols. London, 1891.

Castrén, _Vorlesungen._ M. Alexander Castrén’s Vorlesungen über

die Finnische Mythologie. Aus dem Schwedischen übertragen und mit

Anmerkungen begleitet von A. Schiefner. St. Petersburg, 1853.

Catlin. Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the

North American Indians. With letters and notes. By George Catlin. 2

vols. London, 1876.

Caxton, _Recuyell._ The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, written

in French by Raoul Lefevre, translated and printed by William Caxton.

Reproduced by H. Oskar Sommer, Ph.D. 2 vols. London, 1894.

Chatelain. Folk-tales of Angola. Collected and edited by Heli

Chatelain. Boston, 1894. [Amer. F. L. Soc.]

_Churchill’s Voyages._ A Collection of Voyages and Travels, some now

first printed from original manuscripts, others now first published in

English. In 6 volumes. Third Edition. London, printed by assignment

from Messrs. Churchill, 1744.

Clouston, _Lands Squire’s Tale._ John Lane’s Continuation of

Chaucer’s ‘Squire’s Tale.’ Edited from the original MS. by Fred. J.

Furnivall, M.A., Hon. Doc. Phil., with notes by W. A. Clouston.

London, 1888-90.

----_Pop. Tales._ Popular Tales and Fictions; their Migrations and

Transformations, by W. A. Clouston. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1887.

Cooper. Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce in Pigtail and Petticoats:

or an Overland Journey from China towards India. By T. T. Cooper.

London, 1871.

_Corp. Poet. Bor._ Corpus Poeticum Boreale. The Poetry of the Old

Northern Tongue from the earliest times to the thirteenth century.

Edited, classified, and translated, with introduction, excursus, and

notes by Gudbrand Vigfusson, M.A., and F. York Powell, M.A. 2 vols.

Oxford, 1883.

_County F. L., Gloucestershire._ County Folklore. Printed Extracts,

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Crawfurd. History of the Indian Archipelago, by John Crawfurd,

F.R.S. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1820.

Crooke. An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folk lore of

Northern India. By W. Crooke, B.A. Allahabad, 1894.

Curr. The Australian Race: its origin, languages, customs, place of

landing in Australia, and the routes by which it spread itself over

that continent. By Edward M. Curr. 4 vols. Melbourne, 1886-7.

Curtin, _Hero-Tales._ Hero-Tales of Ireland, collected by Jeremiah

Curtin. London, 1894.

----_Ireland._ Myths and Folklore of Ireland, by Jeremiah Curtin.

London, 1890.

_Cymru Fu N. and Q._ Cymru Fu: Notes and Queries relating to the past

History of Wales and the Border Counties. 2 vols. Cardiff, 1887-90.

Dalpatrám Dayá. Bhut Nibandh: an Essay, descriptive of the

Demonology and other Popular Superstitions of Guzerat. By Dalpatrám

Dayá. Translated by Alexander Kinloch Forbes. Bombay, N.D.

Dalyell. The Darker Superstitions of Scotland. By John Graham

Dalyell, Esq., F.A.S.E. Glasgow, 1835.

D’Arbois, _Droit Celt._ Études sur le Droit Celtique, par H.

D’Arbois de Jubainville, avec la collaboration de Paul Collinet

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Darwin, _Journ._ Journal of Researches into the Natural History and

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Dasent, _Fjeld._ Tales from the Fjeld. A Series of Popular Tales

from the Norse of P. Ch. Asbjörnsen, by Sir George Dasent, D.C.L.

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Dawson. Australian Aborigines. The Languages and Customs of several

tribes of Aborigines in the western district of Victoria, Australia,

by James Dawson. Melbourne, 1881.

De Acosta. The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, by Father

Joseph De Acosta. Reprinted from the English translated edition of

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De Charencey, _Folklore._ Comte H. De Charencey. Le Folklore dans

les deux Mondes. Paris, 1894.

De Groot. The Religious System of China, its Ancient Forms,

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De Gubernatis, _Myth. Plantes._ La Mythologie des Plantes ou Les

Légendes du Règne Végétal par Angelo de Gubernatis. 2 vols. Paris,

1878-82.

----_Usi Nuz._ A. de Gubernatis. Storia Comparata degli Usi Nuziali in

Italia e presso gli altri popoli indo-europei. Milano, 1878.

De Mensignac. Recherches Ethnographiques sur la Salive et le

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Société d’Anthropologie de Bordeaux et du Sud-ouest. Bordeaux, 1892.

_Denham Tracts._ The Denham Tracts. A Collection of Folklore by

Michael Aislabie Denham, and reprinted from the Original Tracts and

Pamphlets printed by Mr. Denham between 1846 and 1859. Edited by Dr.

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Denton. Serbian Folklore. Popular Tales selected and translated by

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Domenech. Seven Years’ Residence in the Great Deserts of North

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Dobrizhoffer. An Account of the Abipones, an equestrian people of

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Dorsey, _Cegiha._ The Cegiha Language, by James Owen Dorsey.

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----_Omaha Soc._ Omaha Sociology. By J. Owen Dorsey. Washington, 1884.

Douglas. Scottish Fairy and Folk-Tales, selected and edited, with an

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Journeys through Sweden, Norway, Lapland, and Northern Finland. By

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Desborough Cooley. 2 vols. London, 1848.

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Fison and Howitt. Kamilaroi and Kurnai: Group Marriage and

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_F. L. Andaluz._ El Folklore Andaluz. Organo de la Sociedad de este

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Forsyth. The Highlands of Central India. Notes on their Forests and

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_Fur. Corresp._ Further Correspondence respecting British New Guinea.

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Geldart. Folklore of Modern Greece: the Tales of the People. Edited

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_Gent. Mag. Lib._ The Gentleman’s Magazine Library: being a classified

collection of the chief contents of the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ from

1731 to 1868. Edited by George Lawrence Gomme, F.S.A. 20 vols. [not

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[Still proceeding.]

Georgeakis. Le Folklore de Lesbos. Par G. Georgeakis et Léon

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Georgi. Description de toutes les Nations de l’Empire de Russie.

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Gomme, Mrs. _Traditional Games._ The Traditional Games of England,

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Graf, _Roma._ Roma nella Memoria e nelle Immaginazioni del Medio Evo

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Gregor. Notes on the Folklore of the North-East of Scotland. By the

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Griffis. Corea, the Hermit Nation. By William Elliot Griffis.

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_Hatim Taï._ The Adventures of Hatim Taï, a Romance. Translated from

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Hearn. The Aryan Household, its Structure and its Development. An

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Henderson. Notes on the Folklore of the Northern Counties of England

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Hickson. A Naturalist in North Celebes. By Sidney J. Hickson, M.A.,

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Hillner. Volksthümlicher Brauch und Glaube bei Geburt und Taufe in

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Hodgkinson. Australia, from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay; with

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Hodgson. On the Aborigines of India, by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., B.C.S.

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1847.

Hunt. Popular Romances of the West of England; or, the Drolls,

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Hunter, _Captivity._ Memoirs of a Captivity among the Indians of

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D. Hunter. London, 1823.

Jahn, _Volkssagen._ Volkssagen aus Pommern und Rügen. Gesammelt und

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_Jātaka._ The Jātaka; or Stories of the Buddha’s Former Births.

Translated from the Pāli by various hands, under the editorship of

Professor E. B. Cowell. Vol. I. translated by Robert Chalmers, B.A.;

Vol. II. translated by W. H. D. Rouse, M.A. Cambridge, 1895. [Still

proceeding.]

Jeremias, _Höllenfahrt._ Die Höllenfahrt der Istar. Eine

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Jones and Kropf. The Folk-Tales of the Magyars. Collected by Kriza,

Erdélyi, Pap, and others. Translated and edited by the Rev. W. Henry

Jones and Lewis L. Kropf. London, 1889.

_Journ. Ethn. Soc._ The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London.

9 vols. London, 1848-56.

_Journ. Ind. Arch._ The Journal of the Indian Archipelago. 18 vols.

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_Journ. Kilk. Arch. Soc._ The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East

of Ireland Archæological Society. New Series. 6 vols., 1856-71.

Dublin.

Jülg. See _Siddhi-Kür_.

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Paul Kane. London, 1859.

Karajich. Volksmärchen der Serben. Gesammelt und herausgegeben von

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Kerr. The Far Interior: a Narrative of Travel and Adventure from the

Cape of Good Hope across the Zambesi to the Lake Regions of Central

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Kirby. The Hero of Esthonia, and other Studies in the Romantic

Literature of that Country. Compiled from Esthonian and German sources

by W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S. 2 vols. London, 1895.

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Kobert. Historische Studien aus dem Pharmakologischen Institute der

Kaiserlichen Universität Dorpat. Herausgegeben von Dr. Rudolph

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Anhange von Gebräuchen und Aberglauben gesammelt und herausgegeben

von Adalbert Kuhn. Berlin, 1843.

----_Sagen aus Westf._ Sagen, Gebräuche, und Märchen aus Westfalen

und einigen andern, besonders den angrenzenden Gegenden

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Landor. Alone with the Hairy Ainu. Or, 3800 Miles on a Pack-Saddle

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Lang, _Myth R. and R._ Myth, Ritual, and Religion. By Andrew Lang. 2

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Larminie. West Irish Folk-Tales and Romances. Collected and

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Leclère. Cambodge. Contes et Légendes, recueillis et publiés en

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Lehmann-Filhés. _See_ Arnason.

Leland, _Etr. Rom._ Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition. By

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Lenormant. Chaldean Magic: Its Origin and Development. Translated

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----_Zambesi._ Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its

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Lloyd, _Report._ A Short Account of Further Bushman Material

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Lubbock. The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of

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MacInnes. Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition. Argyllshire Series,

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_Mem. Cong. Anthr._ Memoirs of the International Congress of

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Morgan, _Anc. Soc._ Ancient Society; or Researches in the Lines of

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_N. Ind. N. and Q._ North Indian Notes and Queries: a monthly

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Northall. English Folk-Rhymes: a Collection of Traditional Verses

relating to Places and Persons, Customs, Superstitions, etc. By G. F.

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Ockley. The History of the Saracens, comprising the Lives of

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_Odd Ways._ Odd Ways in Olden Days down West; or, Tales of the

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Owen, _Old Rabbit._ Old Rabbit, the Voodoo, and other Sorcerers. By

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_Panjáb N. and Q._ Panjáb Notes and Queries, a monthly periodical

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Park, Mungo. Travels in the Interior of Africa. By Mungo Park.

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Parkinson. Yorkshire Legends and Traditions, as told by her Ancient

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Paulitschke. Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas. Die Materielle Cultur der

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Pedroso. Portuguese Folk-Tales collected by Consiglieri Pedroso, and

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Pennant. Tours in Wales by Thomas Pennant, Esq. With Notes, Preface,

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Pettigrew. On Superstitions connected with the History and Practice

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Plowden. Travels in Abyssinia and the Galla Country, with an Account

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_Posilecheata._ Posilecheata di Pompeo Sarnelli. MDCLXXXIV. Ristampa

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Powell. Wanderings in a Wild Country; or, Three Years amongst the

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_Proc. Belfast Nat. Field Club._ Annual Report and Proceedings of the

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_Proc. Roy. Ir. Ac._ Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Third

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_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of

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Pröhle, _Sagen._ Deutsche Sagen. Herausgegeben von Dr. Heinrich

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Ramage. The Nooks and By-ways of Italy. Wanderings in Search of its

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Rand. Legends of the Micmacs. By the Rev. Silas Tertius Rand, D.D.,

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Reclus. Primitive Folk. Studies in Comparative Ethnology. By Élie

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_Records of the Past, N.S._ Records of the Past; being English

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_Rev. de l’Hist. des Rel._ Annales du Musée Guimet. Revue de

l’Histoire des Religions. vols. Paris, 1880-96. [Still proceeding.]

Richardson, _Folly of Pilgrimages._ The Great Folly, Superstition,

and Idolatry of Pilgrimages in Ireland; especially that to St.

Patrick’s Purgatory. By John Richardson. Dublin, 1727.

Riggs, _Dakota Grammar._ Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography. By

Stephen Return Riggs. Edited by James Owen Dorsey. Washington, 1893.

_Rivista._ Rivista delle Tradizioni Popolari Italiane diretta da

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Rogers. Scotland Social and Domestic: Memorials of Life and Manners

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Romero. Contos Populares do Brazil colligidos pelo Dr. Sylvio

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Roth. The Aborigines of Tasmania, by H. Ling Roth, assisted by

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_Roumanian F. T._ Roumanian Fairy Tales and Legends. [Preface signed

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Sauvé. Le Folklore des Hautes Vosges par L. F. Sauvé. Paris, 1889.

Schleicher. Litauische Märchen, Sprichworte, Rätsel und Lieder.

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Schmidt. Griechische Märchen, Sagen und Volkslieder gesammelt,

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Schneider. Die Religion der Afrikanischen Naturvölker. Von. Prof.

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Schouten. Voiage de Gautier Schouten aux Indes Orientales commencé

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Schuyler, _Turkistan._ Turkistan. Notes of a Journey in Russian

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Scot. The Discoverie of Witchcraft, by Reginald Scot, Esquire.

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Sébillot, _Coutumes._ Coutumes Populaires de la Haute-Bretagne par

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Sibree. The Great African Island. Chapters on Madagascar. By the

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_Siddhi-Kür._ Die Märchen des Siddi-Kür. Kalmükischer Text mit

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Smith, _Guinea._ A New Voyage to Guinea, by William Smith. London,

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Smith, Robertson, _Kinship._ Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia.

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----_Rel. Sem._ Lectures on the Religion of the Semites. First Series.

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Speke. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, by John

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Spiess, _Obererz._ Aberglauben, Sitten und Gebräuche des

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Stevens. Flint Chips. A Guide to Prehistoric Archæology, as

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Stewart. The Popular Superstitions and Festive Amusements of the

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Stier. Ungarische Sagen und Märchen. Aus der Erdélyischen Sammlung

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Stoll. Die Ethnologie der Indianerstämme von Guatemala von Dr. Otto

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Strack. Der Blutaberglaube in der Menschheit, Blutmorde und

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Strackerjan. Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg.

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Tanner. A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner.

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Teirlinck. Le Folklore Flamand par Is. Teirlinck. Bruxelles, N.D.

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Temme, _Volkss. Altm._ Die Volkssagen der Altmark [etc.] Gesammelt

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Thomas, _Prob. Ohio Mounds._ The Problem of the Ohio Mounds, by

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Thorpe, _N. Myth._ Northern Mythology, comprising the principal

Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany,

and the Netherlands. Compiled from original and other sources by

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Timmins. A History of Warwickshire. By Sam. Timmins, F.S.A. London,

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Töppen. Aberglauben aus Masuren. Mitgetheilt von Dr. M. Töppen.

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Trumbull. The Blood Covenant a Primitive Rite, and its bearings on

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_Tuscan F. T._ Tuscan Fairy Tales. (Taken down from the mouths of the

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Vernaleken. In the Land of Marvels. Folktales from Austria and

Bohemia. By Theodor Vernaleken. London, 1889.

Vinson. Le Folklore du Pays Basque par Julien Vinson. Paris, 1883.

Voges. Sagen aus dem Lande Braunschweig gesammelt von Th. Voges.

Braunschweig, 1895.

Von Dargun. Studien zum ältesten Familien-recht. Von Dr. Lothar von

Dargun. Erster Theil. Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht. Erste Hälfte.

Leipzig, 1892 [all yet published].

Von Wlislocki, _Armenier._ See Von Wlislocki, _Bukowinaer_.

----_Transs. Zig. and Zigeuner. See_ Von Wlislocki, _Märchen_.

Waldau. Böhmisches Märchenbuch, Deutsch von Alfred Waldau. Prag,

1860.

Wallace. A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an

account of the Native Tribes [etc.], by A. R. Wallace, LL.D. London,

1890.

Wardrop. Georgian Folktales, translated by Marjory Wardrop. London,

1894.

Webster. Basque Legends: collected, chiefly in the Labourd, by Rev.

Wentworth Webster, M.A. London, 1879.

Wenzig. Westslawischer Märchenschatz. Deutsch bearbeitet von Joseph

Wenzig. Leipzig, 1866.

Westermarck. The History of Human Marriage, by Edward Westermarck.

London, 1891.

Wilken, _Haaropfer._ Ueber das Haaropfer und einige andere

Trauergebräuche bei den Völkern Indonesien’s von Dr. G. A. Wilken.

Separatabdruck von der Revue Coloniale Internationale. Amsterdam,

1886-87. [In two parts, of which the second is the only one referred

to in the following pages.]

Wilkinson. Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, including

their Private Life [etc.]. By Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, F.R.S.,

M.R.S.L., etc. 3 vols. Second Edition. London, 1842. Second series, 3

vols., London, 1841. [Cited as a consecutive work in six volumes.]

Wilson, _Works._ Essays and Lectures, chiefly on the Religion of the

Hindus, by the late H. H. Wilson, M.A., F.R.S. Collected and edited by

Dr. Reinhold Rost. 12 vols. London, 1862-77.

Wirth. Danae in Christlichen Legenden von Albrecht Wirth. Wien,

1892.

Wissmann. My Second Journey through Equatorial Africa, from the

Congo to the Zambesi, in the years 1886 and 1887, by Hermann von

Wissmann. Translated from the German by Minna J. A. Bergmann. London,

1891.

Wolf, _Deutsche M._ Deutsche Märchen und Sagen. Gesammelt und mit

Anmerkungen begleitet herausgegeben von Johannes Wilhelm Wolf.

Leipzig, 1845.

----_Hess. Sagen._ Hessiche Sagen. Herausgegeben von J. W. Wolf.

Göttingen, 1853.

Woycicki. Polnische Volkssagen und Märchen. Aus dem Polnischen des

K. W. Woycicki von Friedrich Heinrich Lewestam. Berlin, 1839.

Yule, _Marco Polo._ The Book of Marco Polo, the Venetian, concerning

the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Newly translated and edited,

with notes, by Colonel Henry Yule, C.B. 2 vols. London, 1871.

Zanetti. Dott. Zeno Zanetti. La Medicina delle Nostre Donne. Studio

Folklorico. Città di Castello, 1892.

_Zeits. des Vereins._ Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde. Im

Auftrage des Vereins herausgegeben von Karl Weinhold. 5 vols. Berlin,

1891-95. [Still proceeding.]

Zéliqzon. Lothringische Mundarten von Léon Zéliqzon. Metz, 1889.

ENDNOTES

CHAPTER XVI NOTES

[2.1]

Basset, 72 (Story No. 35).

[2.2]

ii. Von Hahn, 259 (variant of Story No. 64).

[3.1]

ii. Von Hahn, 262.

[3.2]

Von Wlislocki, _Armenier_, 3 (Story No. 2).

[4.1]

MacInnes, 279 (Story No. 8).

[4.2]

i. Campbell, 97.

[6.1]

Curtin, _Ireland_, 157; Larminie, 196; i. _F.L. Journ._, 54; vi.

_Folklore_, 309. In Larminie’s version, however, a new series of

adventures follows the marriage.

[7.1]

Sébillot, in ix. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 280; Luzel, ii. _Contes Pop._,

296.

[7.2]

Webster, 22. The story belongs to the _Outcast Child_ group (see iv.

_F.L. Journ._, 308); and the hero’s reconciliation with his father

takes place at the wedding.

[8.1]

Webster, 33.

[9.1]

Vinson, 56.

[9.2]

Wolf, _Deutsche Hausm._, 369.

[10.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 65.

[11.1]

Dasent, _Fjeld_, 261, from Asbjörnsen. The story is defective.

[11.2]

Edwards, _Bahama_, 90. This story likewise is the worse for wear.

[12.1]

Romero, 129 (Story No. 38).

[14.1]

Burton, iv. _Suppl. Nights_, 258.

[14.2]

Burton, iv. _Suppl. Nights_, 244, cited _suprà_, vol. i. p. 54.

[15.1]

Douglas, 58.

[16.1]

Von Wlislocki, _Volksdicht._, 323 (Story No. 55). In savage tales the

attack on a monster from the inside is not very uncommon. See, for

example, Riggs, _Dakota Grammar_, 91, 141; Edwards, _Bahama_, 72. The

Quères Pueblos relate that the Coyote swallowed the Horned Toad. After

being swallowed, the latter erected its spines, and so killed the

Coyote. Lummis, 86. Cf. the story of the Lambton Worm (Henderson,

288), the tale from Galloway given by Mr. Andrew Lang in the

_Academy_, October 1885, the classic Saga of Kleostratos (_infra_, p.

37), and others.

[18.1]

Schleicher, 54. Compare a tale from Oldenburg, ii. Strackerjan, 333

(variant of Story No. 630).

[18.2]

Pitrè, _Toscane_, 9 (Story No. 2); _F.L. Andaluz_, 357; Romero, 83

(Story No. 23).

[18.3]

De Gubernatis, ii. _Zool. Myth._, 36, note.

[19.1]

Waldau, 468; Haltrich, 101 (Story No. 25).

[20.1]

Bernoni, _Fiabe_, 50 (Story No. 10). We hear no more of the ring; and

the lady plays no part in the final scene.

[20.2]

i. Gonzenbach, 299 (Story No. 44).

[21.1]

Wardrop, 68 (Story No. 12).

[23.1]

Burton, vi. _Suppl. Nights_, 363.

[24.1]

Carnoy et Nicolaides, 75; Garnett, i. _Wom._, 165. A shorter version

in Georgeakis, 35. Substantially the same story is found in the island

of Syra, in the Cyclades. ii. Von Hahn, 49 (Story No. 70).

[24.2]

i. Cosquin, 18, 74, citing Schiefner.

[25.1]

De Rochemonteix, 25 (Story No. 3).

[25.2]

Schott, 135 (Story No. 10). In a Lithuanian variant the maiden

sacrificed to the dragon is confounded with one of the princesses

carried captive by a dragon into the well. Leskien, 407.

[26.1]

Sébillot, i. _Contes Pop._, 72 (Story No. 11); ii. _Rivista_, 109.

Two Breton variants, also collected by M. Sébillot, ix. _Rev. Trad.

Pop._, 172, 173.

[26.2]

ii. Strackerjan, 330 (Story No. 630).

[27.1]

Dasent, _Fjeld_, 237, from Asbjörnsen.

[28.1]

Von Wlislocki, _Volksdicht._, 198 (Story No. 13). As to the Keshalyi’s

hairs, see _suprà_, vol. i., pp. 124, 155.

[29.1]

Von Wlislocki, _Volksdicht._, 260 (Story No. 34). Compare the

classical legend of Tiresias. In the Hindu mythology, the daughter of

Manu changed her sex several times. So did Loki in the Scandinavian

mythology. Change of sex is also, as I need hardly remind the reader,

found in several classical stories.

[29.2]

Dozon, 109 (Story No. 14).

[30.1]

Steel and Temple, 138.

[30.2]

_Ibid._, 304.

[31.1]

_Siddhi-Kür_, 60 (Story No. 2). Miss Busk gives a free rendering,

Sagas, 18.

[31.2]

_Hatim Taï_, 45.

[32.1]

V. Bettei, in xiii. _Archivio_, 543, translating the story. The

incident of binding the dragon, whether by an oath or a more

substantial bond, is of extreme rarity in _märchen_, but is by no

means uncommon in sagas, as we shall find in the next chapter. See,

however, the Greek _märchen_ cited _suprà_, p. 3; and a Russian tale,

viii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 69.

[33.1]

Dorsey, _Cegiha_, 114. The other version follows it.

[35.1]

Leland, _Etr. Rom._, 109.

CHAPTER XVII NOTES

[37.1]

Pausanias, ix. 26. Nor are the cases of Herakles and Kleostratos the

only cases in antiquity of what I may call combat with a dragon from

the inside. In the Vatican Museum is a beautiful Attic vase found at

Caere, and probably imported into Etruria in the fifth century before

Christ, which contains a representation of Jason vomited forth from

the dragon’s maw. The hero is identified by name; and the Golden

Fleece hangs on a tree in the background; while Athene, with owl and

spear and Gorgon’s head, superintends the operation. The scene is

reproduced by Roscher, _Lexikon, s.v._ Jason. This version of the

story does not seem to have found its way into literature: a sample of

the endless number of variants of the classical stories which have

perished, or only lived on in tradition to give us at the end of the

nineteenth century the chance of recovering them as _märchen_ from

the mouths of the peasantry, ere they be finally swept away by the

deluge of modern civilisation.

[38.1]

Budge, _Saint George_, xxxii. Yet the very arm that slew the dragon is

preserved at Venice (Graf, ii. _Roma_, 30 note), and the cave which

was the dragon’s lair is shown at Beyrout! Bérenger-Féraud,

_Superstitions_, 216, citing Thévenot.

[40.1]

_Leg. Aur._, lviii.

[41.1]

Rudder, 461 note, prints the notice from a MS. of the time of Henry

VI. I have reproduced it _verbatim et literatim_ in _County F.L.,

Gloucestershire_, 48.

[43.1]

Dr. Krauss, in ix. _Archivio_, 484, translating a Bosnian ballad

obtained by him from the mouth of an orthodox peasant at Vukasovci.

[43.2]

Denton, 309; Ralston, _Russian F.T._, 347.

[44.1]

Georgeakis, 256.

[44.2]

G. Ragusa-Moleti, in x. _Archivio_, 420.

[45.1]

Baring-Gould, _Curious Myths_, 301. The whole essay on Saint George

ought to be read as an important contribution to the subject; though

the sun-myth, by which the author explains the legend, is now as

thoroughly exploded as Dr. Heylin’s identification, which he combats,

of the saint with the Arian bishop of Alexandria. Mr. Budge, however,

says: “The Coptic text shows us clearly that the dragon which George

fought and overcame was none other than the impious Dadianus, and it

proves, if further proof is needed, that George the martyr and George,

the opponent of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, were two distinct

persons; the fact being that Athanasius the Bishop has been confused

with Athanasius the sorcerer, whom George the martyr overcame.” Budge,

_Saint George_, xxxi. Mr. Baring-Gould, moreover, is certainly wrong

in saying: “Hospinian, relating the sufferings of the martyr, affirms

distinctly that his constancy was the occasion of the creation of the

legend by Voragine.” Any affirmation by Hospinian on the subject

would, of course, be of very little value; but all he says is that the

saint’s fortitude and unshaken constancy gave occasion to the story,

as it is to be read in Jacob à Voragine and Peter de Natalibus. His

own interpretation is that the tale is a form under which the ancients

figured the redemption of the human race. Thus, George is Christ, the

Dragon is the Devil, the citizens of Silea (_sic_) are an image of the

whole human race, a prey to the Devil, from whom the only power that

can deliver them is Christ, for which we owe Him everlasting thanks

and worship, etc., etc. _De Festis Christianorum, sub die_ 23rd April.

Some countenance is given to the theory of misunderstanding by a

Russian song which enumerates the conquests of a fiery dragon among

the saint’s trials during his prolonged martyrdom. Ralston, _Songs_,

232. I do not know whether this occurs elsewhere.

[46.1]

Maury, _Légendes Pieuses_, 144, 145.

[46.2]

i. Grässe, 460 (Story No. 502). There is a similar statue and

tradition, but wanting the maiden, at Helmstedt. Voges, 194 (Story No.

165). A monument in the church at Brent Pelham is thus described by

Weever in his _Funerall Monuments_: “In the wall of this church lieth

a most ancient monument: a stone whereon is figured a man, and about

him an Eagle, a Lion, and a Bull, all having wings, and a fourth of

the shape of an Angell, as if they should represent the four

Evangelists: under the feet of the man is a crosse fleurie, and under

the crosse a serpent. He is thought to have been some time the lord of

an ancient decaied house, well moated, not farre from this place,

called O Piers Shoonkes. He flourished _Ann. à conquestu vicesimo

primo_.” In effect there seems to have been a family named Shonke

resident at Pelham during the Middle Ages; and there is said to be a

traditional tale current concerning the person buried beneath the

stone, “which represents him as having so offended the devil by

killing a serpent, that his Highness threatened to secure him, whether

buried within or without the walls of a church; to avoid which he was

deposited in the wall itself.” _Gent. Mag. Lib._, v. Topography, 223,

quoting Weever, Brayley, and others.

[47.1]

i. _Rivista_, 748. Lilies of the valley which spring from the blood of

Saint Leonard, another dragon-slayer, still reveal the scenes of the

saint’s combats with the dragon of Saint Leonard’s Forest in Sussex.

Henderson, 300.

[49.1]

Henderson, 285, citing a communication from “Col. Johnson, whose

family have long been owners of a portion of the Pollard lands.” A

similar legend accounts for the armorial bearings of the town of

Bradford. ii. Parkinson, 165. Compare, too, the tenure of the manor of

Sockburn, also in the bishopric of Durham. Henderson, 284.

[50.1]

Kuno Meyer, in i. _Arch. Rev._, 303, translating the saga; MacInnes,

477. See also Rhys, _Hibbert Lectures_, 595.

[51.1]

Campbell, i. _Circ. Notes_, 326.

[53.1]

Brauns, 112. This should be compared with Campbell’s version, which

is more directly from oral tradition, though probably affected by

literary influences; and with Mr. Pfoundes’ version referred to

further on (p. 91, note).

[54.1]

_The Ancient and Present State of Gloucestershire_, by Sir Robert

Atkyns, knight, 2nd edition, London, 1768 (the original edition bears

date 1712), 202; _A New History of Gloucestershire_, Cirencester:

printed by Samuel Rudder (1779), 402. I quote Rudder. Atkyns, who

neither describes the ancient nor any other state of Gloucestershire,

omits the detail of the milk.

[55.1]

Readers who are unacquainted with this interesting church will pardon

my mentioning that, among other curious relics of the past, it

preserves the arrangement of seats around the Communion Table in the

chancel, which was introduced after the Reformation, but which the

reaction under Laud and at the Restoration in most cases destroyed.

The Rev. George Butterworth, who was incumbent until three or four

years ago, and who has written an excellent little book upon

Deerhurst, kept with reverent care in its ancient situation the carved

oaken Communion Table. But his successor has removed it as lumber to

the north aisle, and replaced it by a brand-new deal altar and

super-altar, with all the gewgaws of the present ecclesiastical

fashion, to the disgust of his parishioners and of every one who

values historical remains. It will hardly be believed that this

gentleman bears the name and claims the blood of the antiquary Lysons.

Is it not time that the nation took over every church with any

pretensions to the character of an historical monument, and forbade

under heavy penalties the injuries lately, and still, wrought all over

England by fussy parsons and over-zealous architects? Or are we to

wait until every genuine record of the past has been effaced?

[56.1]

_Ante_, p. 16, note; i. Henderson, 298, 292, 296.

[56.2]

i. Cosquin, 75, citing ii. _Orient und Occident_, 753.

[57.1]

Plowden, 84. The story of Menelek is interesting but irrelevant here.

The name of the king’s daughter in the Bosnian ballad cited above (p.

41) is a curious coincidence, if it be nothing more.

[58.1]

Mage, 672. A similar story is told in Senegambia. Bérenger-Féraud,

_Sénég._, 185.

[59.1]

_Leg. Aur._, xciii. Such tales are told of several female saints. M.

Maury mentions Saint Martha, Saint Veneranda and Saint Radegund. Saint

Veneranda or Venera (Venus?) is a saint held in high honour in Sicily

and Southern Italy. Her legend is given by Wirth, 24.

[60.1]

ii. Grässe, 29, citing Müller, _Siegburg und der Siegkreis_.

[62.1]

Dennys, 110, quoting translation by W. F. Mayers in i. _N. and Q. on

China and Japan_, 148.

[63.1]

i. _Leg. Panjâb_, 17; Steel, 258. Compare the _märchen_ related,

_ante_, p. 30. The legend seems to be localised at Poo in the Sutlej

valley. Mrs. Murray-Aynsley, in iii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 431.

[63.2]

Saxo, 302; Elton’s version, 364.

[64.1]

Liebrecht, 66, referring to the _Saga_ and some other sources given by

Uhland.

[64.2]

Some of these omissions, but not all, are indicated by Prof. York

Powell, Elton’s version, xcii.

[65.1]

i. _Blätt. f. Pomm. Volksk._, 4, citing Dr. Zechlin, who gives it from

the narration of a fisherman.

[65.2]

_Science of Fairy Tales_, 235. M. Teirlinck refers to several

dragon-stories current in Flanders, whereof some at least belong to

the Enchanted Princess group. The others would seem to be Rescue

tales. But he gives no details. i. Teirlinck, 147.

CHAPTER XVIII NOTES

[69.1]

_De Iside_, 31.

[70.1]

Zélie Colvile, in cliii. _Blackwood’s Mag._, 375 (March 1893).

[70.2]

ii. _Journ. Ind. Arch._, 174, translating _Tijds. v. Neerl. Ind._, 9th

Jaarg., 10th Afl.

[70.3]

Dr. Tylor’s Presidential Address in xxi. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 408.

[71.1]

i. Schouten, 115. The islanders were grievously offended when the

travellers caught any crocodiles, and attempted to prevent them from

doing so. Compare a Tupi custom which, if accurately reported, looks

like human sacrifice. Featherman, _Chiapo-Mar._, 346. I do not feel at

liberty to do more than call attention to it here.

[71.2]

ii. Gray, 306.

[72.1]

Ellis, i. _Pol. Res._, 358, 357.

[72.2]

Plut. _Parallels_, 35.

[72.3]

Pausanias, viii. 2. See Mr. Lang’s comments, ii. _Myth, R. and R._,

177. Another Greek vestige of human sacrifice to a bestial god seems

to be the ceremony in the temple of Artemis Tauropolos at Halæ, in

which blood was drawn from a man’s throat by the edge of a sword. See

Lang, ii. _Myth, R. and R._, 216.

[73.1]

Ellis, _Land of Fetish_, 122.

[74.1]

ix. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 76, quoting Abel Rémusat, _Histoire de la

ville de Khotan_.

[75.1]

ii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 27, quoting Cunningham, _Archæol. Rep._

[75.2]

Such legends are common in certain parts of Europe. See _Science of F.

T._, ch. ix., where I have examined a number of them.

[76.1]

Crooke, 297. Compare the legend of the canal of Chamba, iv. _Ind. N.

and Q._, 12; _Science of F. T._, 82.

[76.2]

Plutarch, _Rivers_, i.; Crooke, 296.

[77.1]

Frazer, i. _Golden Bough_, 276, citing Major Temple in xi. _Ind.

Ant._, 297.

[77.2]

Crooke, 295, 297. This belief, Mr. Crooke points out, is among the

difficulties constantly recurring at the census. Eusebius tells a

curious tale of a victim thrown into a certain spring at Cæsarea

Philippi, on the occasion of a festival, and disappearing by the power

of the demon, until one day Astyrius, a Roman senator who had been

converted to Christianity, was present at the rite and put an end to

the pagan miracle by his prayers. But it does not appear that the

victim was human. Eusebius, vii. 17.

[78.1]

Matilda C. Stevenson, in _Mem. Cong. Anthrop._, Chicago, 316.

[78.2]

Ovid, _Fasti_, v. 621; Dion. Halicarn. i. 38; Lactantius, _Inst._, i.

12. See Mannhardt, ii. _Wald- und Feld-kulte_, 265; and Jevons, _Plut.

R. Q._, lxxxi. With the Vestal Virgins were joined in the performance

of the rite the Pontifices, the Prætors, and certain other of the

citizens; but probably they only assisted in the sense of being

present and performing some of the subordinate ceremonies.

[78.3]

Crooke, 296, 298.

[79.1]

Athenæus. xi. 15.

[79.2]

Frazer, i. _Golden Bough_, 279; and see the authorities there referred

to.

[80.1]

Meier, _Sagen_, 373.

[80.2]

Kuhn, _Sagen aus Westf._, 130.

[80.3]

ii. Witzschel, 193.

[80.4]

Frazer, i. _Golden Bough_, 258.

[81.1]

Mannhardt, ii. _Wald- und Feld-kulte_, 414; Ralston, 244. I quote from

Frazer, i. _Golden Bough_, 273, who follows Mannhardt. The authority

both of Mannhardt and Ralston appears to be Afanasief.

[81.2]

Meier, _Sagen_, 374.

[81.3]

ii. Witzschel, 287, 293. I was not aware, or rather I had forgotten,

when I wrote the above that Grimm had already pointed out that the

common phrase: “The river-sprite demands his yearly victim,” pointed

to actual human sacrifices in heathen times. Grimm, ii. _Myth._, 494.

[82.1]

Jahn, _Volkss. aus Pom._, 144, 150.

[82.2]

Wolf, _Hess. Sag._, 130, 129; Grimm, iv. _Teut. Myth._, 1430.

[83.1]

Wolf, _Hess. Sag._, 129.

[83.2]

Pluquet, 116.

[83.3]

ii. _Denham Tracts_, 42, 78; Henderson, 265; ii. Parkinson, 106;

Burne, 79.

[84.1]

Boddam-Whetham, 210. Lander reports a similar custom on the part of

the river-tribes of the Niger.

[84.2]

Rev. J. Macdonald, in iii. _Folklore_, 342. Among the Bechuana the

water-snake, often found in fountains, is sacred; and it is believed

that if one of them be killed the fountain will be dried up. Callaway,

_Tales_, 290 note, quoting Philip, _Researches in S. Africa_.

[85.1]

Bérenger-Féraud, ii. _Superstitions_, 19. According to the Senephos

of Kenedugu the aboriginal spirits of the country retired, on the

Bambara conquest, to the depths of certain pools, where they drown any

one whom they hear speaking a word of Bambara in the neighbourhood of

their watery dwellings. But we are told nothing about the shape of

these spirits. vii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 761, quoting the report of Dr.

Crozat on his mission to Mossi (French Soudan).

[85.2]

Rev. J. Macdonald in iii. _Folklore_, 342, 356. A story told at the

last reference looks like the germ of a Rescue legend.

[85.3]

Callaway, _Tales_, 56, 86.

[86.1]

Callaway, _Tales_, 349 note, quoting Shaw _The Story of my Mission_.

[87.1]

Zelia Nuttall, in viii. _Journ. Am. F. L._, 123, quoting Sahagun.

[88.1]

_Academy_, October 1885, apparently from oral tradition at

Balmaclenan. Compare the curious legend of the Senecas concerning a

dragon which fed on corpses. ii. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 54.

[89.1]

vii. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 590.

[91.1]

Brauns, 50; C. Pfoundes, in i. _F. L. Record_, 120. The latter relates

that the rescued maiden married her deliverer, and contains some other

unimportant variations. Both versions have been subjected to literary

manipulation. The version of the tale of Susa No (_ante_, p. 51) given

by Mr. Pfoundes (i. _F. L. Record_, 122) describes the maiden eaten by

the serpent as “the yearly offering of a human sacrifice” to

propitiate “the deity of the mountain.” But I hesitate to put this

into the text, because Mr. Pfoundes does not give his authority,

though I do not suggest it is not perfectly trustworthy. I am only

anxious not to grasp too readily at evidence so exactly to my purpose.

[93.1]

i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 147, extracting a passage from the _Settlement

Report_.

[93.2]

H. A. Rose, in iv. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 18.

CHAPTER XIX NOTES

[95.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i. page 53.

[97.1]

Legrand, 77.

[97.2]

ii. Von Hahn, 287; cf. 40 (Story No. 69).

[97.3]

Wolf, _Deutsche Hausm._, 168.

[98.1]

Meier, _Märchen_, 246 (Story No. 72).

[98.2]

Maspons, i. _Rond._, 60.

[99.1]

Rivière, 71.

[100.1]

ii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 83.

[100.2]

Georgeakis, 84.

[101.1]

Von Wlislocki, _Armenier_, 27 (Story No. 14).

[102.1]

_Hatim Taï_, 211. A miskal is a dram and a half.

[103.1]

Von Wlislocki, _Zigeuner_, 24 (Story No. 12).

[104.1]

vi. _Archivio_, 196.

[104.2]

Luzel, ii. _Contes Pop._, 20.

[105.1]

Pedroso, 45 (Story No. 11).

[106.1]

i. _Folklore_, 310. Compare with this type of story those belonging to

the _Fearless Johnny_ cycle.

[106.2]

Leskien, 546.

[108.1]

i. _Jātaka_, 24 (Story No. 6).

[109.1]

Larminie, 201. The power of a second blow to restore to life, or heal

a mortal wound inflicted with the same instrument, is well known in

folktales.

[109.2]

Ralston, _Russian F. T._, 147, citing Erlenvein.

[110.1]

_Mabinogion_, 241, 250; i. _Y Llyvyr Coch_, 124, 133.

[110.2]

Stokes, 269, citing Vogl’s _Volksmärchen_.

[110.3]

Burton, i. _Nights_, 134.

[111.1]

Stokes, 163 (Story No. 22). Other illustrations of the power of a hair

are given, _ibid._ 269.

[111.2]

Schmidt, 101 (Story No. 13).

[111.3]

Schmidt, 79 (Story No. 7).

CHAPTER XX NOTES

[114.1]

Stewart, 189.

[114.2]

Rink, 464.

[115.1]

Rev. M. MacPhail, in vi. _Folklore_, 162.

[115.2]

Mallet, 424; Thorpe, i. _N. Myth._, 51.

[116.1]

ii. _Silva Gad._, 343.

[117.1]

ii. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 59.

[118.1]

Saxo, 292; Elton’s version (from which I quote), 352.

[119.1]

Lenormant, 64.

[120.1]

C. Hose, in xxiii. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 161.

[120.2]

i. Radloff, 188.

[121.1]

ii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 84, quoting _Archæol. Rep._

[121.2]

Maurer, 52, citing Arnason.

[122.1]

Knoop, _Sagen aus Posen_, 272, 277, 280.

[122.2]

Grohmann, 271.

[123.1]

Arthur J. Evans, in vi. _Folklore_, 18.

[124.1]

F. Corona, in i. _Rivista_, 750.

[125.1]

Pröhle, _D. Sagen_, 116 (Story No. 77); Hansen, 46 (Story No. 3).

[125.2]

Temme, _Altmark_, 39 (Story No. 48).

[125.3]

xxiv. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 150.

[126.1]

Campbell, _Clan Traditions_, 66.

[126.2]

Crooke, 8.

[126.3]

Ovid, _Metam._, iv. 543.

[128.1]

Adele Pellegrino, in i. _Rivista_, 332.

[128.2]

A. W. Moore, in xxxi. _Antiquary_, 73.

[128.3]

G. Calvia-Secchi, in i. _Rivista_, 426.

[128.4]

Knoop, _Sagen aus Posen_, 273.

[129.1]

Browne, _Ethnog. Inishbofin_, in iii. _Proc. Roy. Ir. Ac._, 3rd ser.,

360.

[130.1]

Curtin, _Hero-Tales_, 437.

[130.2]

See Curtin, _op. cit._, 90, 208, 275, 433.

[130.3]

G. Calvia-Secchi, in i. _Rivista_, 427. The saint’s question is, of

course, an equivocation. “Stai bene?” may be an ironical inquiry

after the victim’s health. In Slavonic sagas it is occasionally the

devil who is thus petrified. See Grohmann, 278, and ix. _Rev. Trad.

Pop._, 505. But they cannot be true, as it is well known that he is

still very much alive.

[131.1]

Owen, 297.

[131.2]

ii. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 1, citing the _Calcutta Rev_.

[131.3]

Crooke, 292.

[131.4]

Pausanias, i. 21; viii. 2.

[132.1]

x. _Rev. Trad. Pop._, 104. Cf. i. _Rivista_, 32.

[132.2]

i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 119, quoting Forbes, _Rás Mála_.

[132.3]

W. Crooke, in i. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 140.

[133.1]

Babu Rae Krishna Bahadur, in iv. _N. Ind. N. and Q._, 87.

[133.2]

Crooke, 76, quoting Gen. Sleeman’s _Rambles and Recollections_.

[133.3]

Modigliani, _Isola delle Donne_, 284.

[134.1]

Crooke, 42, quoting Cunningham, _Archæol. Reports_.

[134.2]

Hunt, 177.

[134.3]

Knoop, _Posen_, 276.

[135.1]

Grohmann, 273, 274.

[135.2]

Pröhle, _D. Sagen_, 194 (Story No. 141).

[135.3]

ii. _Am Urdsbrunnen_, 28.

[135.4]

Temme, _Altmark_, 38, 99, 100. In Upper Styria a grassy alp was

covered with stones because some cowherds played at skittles with

butter; but I do not understand that the cowherds themselves underwent

transformation. i. _Zeits. des Vereins_, 215.

[136.1]

G. C. Secchi, in i. _Rivista_, 514. Bérenger-Féraud, ii.

_Superstitions_, 286, 309, 322, 371, _et seq._, gives a number of

instances analogous to those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs,

too often without mentioning his authorities. As an example in the

legends of the Church, take the unhappy shepherd who betrayed Saint

Barbara to her father. Wirth, 13.

[136.2]

_Antè_, p. 77; xi. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 54. The similarity of this

incident to those of European tradition where the mendicants are

Christ and the Apostle Peter need hardly be pointed out.

[137.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i., p. 118.

[137.2]

Dorsey, in xi. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 425, quoting information supplied by

a missionary, the Rev. W. Hamilton.

[137.3]

Kane, 250.

[137.4]

i. Curr, 253, 254; xxiv. _Journ. Anthr. Inst._, 191, 192.

[138.1]

ii. Gray, 346.

[138.2]

Griffis, 58.

[139.1]

Pausanias, ix. 34.

[140.1]

Gerv. Tilb., ii. 12.

[140.2]

Map, _De Nug. Cur._, iv. 12. Roger of Hoveden gives the name of the

girl as Yse. Liebrecht, in Gerv. Tilb., 92, quotes the passage.

[141.1]

Thorpe, ii. _N. Myth._, 247, from Thiele.

[142.1]

i. _Corp. Poet. Bor._, 154, 81.

[142.2]

Rydberg, 573.

[142.3]

ii. _Zeits. des Vereins_, 15. Cf. Maurer, 51, 52, and many other

stories.

[142.4]

Poestion, 227.

[143.1]

_Popol Vuh_, 243, 253.

[143.2]

Müller, _Amer. Urrel._, 179.

[143.3]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 15. Other modern versions of the tale have been

more recently published by Curtin, _Hero-tales_, 283, 296.

[143.4]

Plutarch, _De Iside_, xvii.

[143.5]

Curtin, _Hero-tales_, 293, 309. If I do not misinterpret the scholiast

a Pacceka-Buddha destroyed an insolent prince in this manner. See ii.

_Jātaka_, 137 note.

[144.1]

Hertz, 19, citing Lightfoot.

[144.2]

Turner, _Samoa_, 23.

[144.3]

Hertz, 19. Compare the Bushman stories of men changed into stone by

the glance of a maiden, “probably,” as Dr. Bleek remarks, “at a

time when she would be usually kept in strict retirement.” Bleek,

_2nd Report_, 14; Lloyd, _Report_, 10.

[144.4]

Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, viii. 32; Athenæus, v. 64; Barthol. Angl.,

Steele, 76.

[144.5]

Instances are collected by Hertz, 21; Mestres, 226; Bérenger-Féraud,

i. _Superstitions_, 253; Forsyth, 425.

[145.1]

Dorsey, _Cegiha_, 215.

[145.2]

Boas, _Report on N.-W. Tribes of Canada, Brit. Ass. Report_ (1895),

565.

[145.3]

MacLennan, ii. _Studies_, 353, citing Morgan, _League of the

Iroquois_.

[146.1]

Dorman, 284, citing Smith’s _Brazil_.

[146.2]

Prov. xxiii. 6; Mark vii. 22. See also Ecclesiasticus xiv. 8-10.

Socrates alludes to the superstition, _Phaedo_, xlv.

[147.1]

A curious example of the prevalence of the superstition is to be seen

in the Lateran museum. A painting by Crivelli, dated in 1482, of the

Madonna surrounded by several saints, represents the Bambino as

wearing a necklace of pearls, from which, inlaid into the picture,

depends a common phallic amulet of coral. Even the Holy Babe, it

seems, needed a magical protection against the Evil Eye.

[147.2]

Students desirous of pursuing the subject of the Evil Eye are referred

to the elaborate compilation of M. Tuchmann on _La Fascination_ in

_Mélusine_; Mr. F. T. Elworthy’s valuable work; Hertz, _op. cit._;

Grimm, iii. _Teut. Myth._, 1099; and Andree, i. _Ethnog. Par._, 35.

CHAPTER XXI NOTES

[150.1]

_Popol Vuh_, 243.

[151.1]

A curious tale is told by the Iroquois concerning the slaughter by

their Thunder-God of a serpent which dwelt underground and fed upon

human flesh. To increase its supply of food it poisoned the springs.

But, whatever the story may mean, there is no exposure of victims, and

consequently no rescue. ii. _Rep. Bur. Ethn._, 54.

[151.2]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 63.

[152.1]

Lucian, however (_Dial. Mar._, 14, and _De Œco_, 22), says expressly

that Perseus used the sword in one hand and the Gorgon’s head in the

other, at once killing the monster and turning it to stone.

[153.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 57.

[154.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 9.

[154.2]

Frazer, _Totemism_, 14.

[156.1]

iv. _Folklore_, 90.

[159.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 11.

[162.1]

Denton, 256.

[162.2]

In some cases they bestow the power of transformation, instead of

accompanying the hero. In other cases they only come at call. I have

treated these as equivalent; and I have included two cases of dogs and

horses given by fish. Some of those taken from the castles of

conquered giants ought perhaps to be added.

[164.1]

A similar incident is found elsewhere in Norway in quite a different

connection. Dasent, _Fjeld_, 222, from Asbjörnsen. Æschylus, in a

tragedy now lost, seems to have referred to the Graiai as the warders

of the Gorgons. Hyginus, quoting this, goes on to say that Perseus,

having possessed himself of their one eye, threw it into the Tritonian

marsh, and the warders being thus deprived of sight, he easily slew

Medusa while stupefied with sleep. _Poet. Astron._ ii. 12 (_Mythog.

Lat._ 445). Æschylus also, in the _Prometheus_, represents the Graiai

as in the form of swans, dwelling in perpetual darkness on the

Gorgonian plains. These are versions, so far as I remember, not found

in any modern _märchen_.

[165.1]

_Suprà_, vol. i. p. 44.

[169.1]

Leclère, 112 (Story No. 4).

[170.1]

The heroes’ names, for example, are Chan-Prea-Khat, and

Son-Prea-Khat. Here Chan, the name of the elder, is that of the moon;

Son, that of the sun. Khat is the Sanskrit Kshatriya, derived through

the Pali Khattam. The names appear to mean Holy Warrior Moon and Holy

Warrior Sun. The word _yak_ appears also to come from the Sanskrit;

and there are other indications. They may, however, be all no more

than signs of general Indian influence on the civilisation of

Cambodia, without involving any evidence of the provenience of the

tale.

[170.2]

Campbell, _Santal F. T._, 111.

[173.1]

Maury, _Croy. et Lég._ 196, citing the scholiast.

[173.2]

Hyginus, _Fab._ lxiv., in _Mythog. Lat._ 131. Euripides appears to

have represented both Cepheus and Cassiopeia, his wife, as

endeavouring to dissuade Andromeda from wedding Perseus. But this may

be merely a poet’s licence. Hyginus, _Poet. Astron._ ii. 11 (_Mythog.

Lat._ 444).

[174.1]

In fact, the cutting out of the tongues as proof of victory extends

far beyond stories containing the Rescue incident. (See, among others,

Denton, 150; i. _Rev. Celt._, 260; i. _Rivista_, 531.) Mr. Frazer, ii.

_Golden Bough_, 129, note, has some observations upon it and the

custom which it records, and which is found in both hemispheres. I

gather, however, that he feels a little uncertain as to the true

interpretation. It demands further inquiry, for which I have no room

here. I only want to point out that the fact of the widespread custom

makes decidedly against the theory of contamination by a merely local

legend.

[175.1]

_Suprà_, p. 37.

[178.1]

Jacobs, in vii. _Folklore_, 63, reviewing Bédier, _Les Fabliaux_.

[178.2]

_Congress Report_ (1891), 68.

[179.1]

See _ante_, pp. 3, 42, 43.

[184.1]

ii. _Folklore_, 125.

[184.2]

_Congress Rep._ (1891), 19 _sqq._

APPENDIX: TABLE A NOTES

Cf. Day, 73, where there seems a relic of winged horses.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

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[Chapter XVI]

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[Endnotes]

A few trivial punctuation and italics corrections.

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[End of text]