TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
This was a reference book for typesetters and proofreaders at the
University Press, Oxford. While primarily covering English words and
grammar, it also addresses French, German, Latin and Greek
text in UP books.
This etext simplifies the original text by using common Unicode
characters, so that a wide variety of display devices will present
a more readable book to readers. A few less common characters remain,
and some devices may not display them correctly.
Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been
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denoted by {number}.
In this etext italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
A superscript is denoted by ^x or ^{xx}, for example y^e or
C^{10}H^{12}.
A subscript is denoted by _{x}, for example P_{1}.
The original book had many German words and phrases in Fraktur
(blackletter) font, primarily in Appendix III. This etext has
replaced each Fraktur letter with the corresponding roman letter,
and the Fraktur text string is denoted by =equalsigns=.
Appendix III addresses printing of German Fraktur text. There are
many digraphs (a pair of letters printed as one type-letter) in the
Fraktur text in the original book. They are shown in this etext as
a pair of letters in roman, for example ch, ck, ff, ſſ, ſt, ſz. The
printed long-s character, ſ, has been retained and _not_ changed to
the modern short s character. In the original book a Fraktur
word-division was indicated by an = (for example an=fangen); in this
etext a tilde ~ is used instead (an~fangen).
Page 98 shows a page of printed text with dozens of handwritten
proofreading correction marks and notes. These are not reproduced in
this etext, but can be seen in the web and ereader versions of this
book. Page 99 has the corrected version of that marked-up text.
RULES FOR COMPOSITORS
AND READERS
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD
BY
HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
THE ENGLISH SPELLINGS REVISED BY
SIR JAMES A. H. MURRAY, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., D.LITT.
AND
HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D.
EDITORS OF THE OXFORD DICTIONARY
TWENTY-SECOND EDITION
(THE EIGHTH FOR PUBLICATION)
LONDON
HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C.
OXFORD: 116 HIGH STREET
1912
These Rules apply generally, and they are only to be departed from
when the written instructions which accompany copy for a new book
contain an express direction that they are _not_ to be followed in
certain specified cases.
[Illustration: (light bulb; end of section marker)]
_First Edition, April 1893. Reprinted, Dec. 1894._
_Reprinted with alterations_—
_Jan. 1895_; _Feb. 1895_; _Jan. 1896_; _July 1897_;
_Sept. 1898_; _April 1899_; _Aug. 1899_; _Jan. 1901_;
_Feb. 1901_; _Jan. 1902_; _March 1902_; _May 1903_.
_Fifteenth Edition, revised and enlarged
the first for publication March 1904._
_Sixteenth Edition, April 1904._
_Seventeenth Edition, April 1904._
_Eighteenth Edition, revised and enlarged July 1904._
_Nineteenth Edition, July 1905._
_Twentieth Edition, July 1907._
_Twenty-first Edition, January 1909._
_Twenty-second Edition, January 1912._
_PREFACE_
_It is quite clearly set out on the title-page in previous editions
of these Rules and Examples, that they were intended especially_
for Compositors and Readers at the Clarendon Press. _Consequently
it seems necessary to explain why an edition or impression is now
offered to so much of the General Public as is interested in the
technicalities of Typography, or wishes to be guided to a choice
amidst alternative spellings._
_On the production of the First Edition at the Oxford Press, copies
were placed at the disposal of all Readers, Compositors, and
Compositor-apprentices; and other copies found their way into the
possession of Authors and Editors of books then in the printers’
hands. Subsequently, friends of authors, and readers and compositors
in other printing-offices, began to ask for copies, which were
always supplied without charge. By and by applications for copies
were received from persons who had no absolute claim to be supplied
gratuitously; but as many of such requests came from Officials of
the King’s Government at Home, in the Colonies, and in India, it
was thought advisable, on the whole, to continue the practice of
presentation._
_Recently, however, it became known that copies of the booklet were_
on sale _in London. A correspondent wrote that he had just bought
a copy ‘at the Stores’; and as it seems more than complaisant to
provide gratuitously what may afterwards be sold for profit, there is
no alternative but to publish this little book._
_As to the origin and progress of the work, it was begun in 1864,
when the compiler was a member of the London Association of
Correctors of the Press. With the assistance of a small band of
fellow members employed in the same printing-office as himself, a
first list of examples was drawn up, to furnish a working basis._
_Fate so ordained that, in course of years, the writer became in
succession general manager of three London printing-houses. In each
of these institutions additions were made to his selected list
of words, which, in this way, gradually expanded—embodying what
compositors term ‘the Rule of the House’._
_In 1883, as Controller of the Oxford Press, the compiler began
afresh the work of adaptation; but pressure of other duties deferred
its completion nearly ten years, for the first edition is dated 1893.
Even at that date the book lacked the seal of final approval, being
only part of a system of printing-office management._
_In due course, Sir J. A. H. MURRAY and Dr. HENRY BRADLEY, editors
of the_ Oxford Dictionary, _were kind enough to revise and approve
all the English spellings. Bearing the stamp of their sanction, the
booklet has an authority which it could not otherwise have claimed._
_To later editions Professor ROBINSON ELLIS and Mr. H. STUART JONES
contributed two appendices, containing instructions for the Division
of Words in Latin and Greek; and the section on the German Language
was revised by Dr. KARL BREUL, Reader in Germanic in the University
of Cambridge._
* * * * *
_The present issue is characterized by many additions and some
rearrangement. The compiler has encouraged the proofreaders of the
University Press from time to time to keep memoranda of troublesome
words in frequent—or indeed in occasional—use, not recorded in
previous issues of the ‘Rules’, and to make notes of the mode of
printing them which is decided on. As each edition of the book
becomes exhausted such words are reconsidered, and their approved
form finally incorporated into the pages of the forthcoming edition.
The same remark applies to new words which appear unexpectedly,
like new planets, and take their place in what Sir JAMES MURRAY
calls the ‘World of Words’. Such instances as air-man, sabotage,
stepney-wheel, will occur to every newspaper reader._
_Lastly, it ought to be added that in one or two cases, a particular
way of spelling a word or punctuating a sentence has been changed.
This does not generally mean that an error has been discovered in
the ‘Rules’; but rather that the fashion has altered, and that it is
necessary to guide the compositor accordingly._
H. H.
_January 1912._
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
CONTENTS
_Page_
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ABLE 9
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -IBLE 11
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ISE OR -IZE 12
SOME ALTERNATIVE OR DIFFICULT SPELLINGS, ARRANGED
IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER 15
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -MENT 24
HYPHENED AND NON-HYPHENED WORDS 25
DOUBLING CONSONANTS WITH SUFFIXES 29
FORMATION OF PLURALS IN WORDS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN 31
ERRATA, ERRATUM 33
PLURALS OF NOUNS ENDING IN -O 34
FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES, WHEN TO BE SET IN ROMAN
AND WHEN IN ITALIC 35
SPELLINGS OF FIFTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
WRITERS 38
PHONETIC SPELLINGS 38
A OR AN 39
O AND OH 39
NOR AND OR 40
VOWEL-LIGATURES (Æ AND Œ) 41
CONTRACTIONS 41
POETRY: WORDS ENDING IN -ED, -ÈD, &C. 45
CAPITAL LETTERS 46
LOWER-CASE INITIALS 47
SMALL CAPITALS 47
SPECIAL SIGNS OR SYMBOLS 48
SPACING 49
ITALIC TYPE 50
REFERENCES TO AUTHORITIES 52
DIVISION OF WORDS—ENGLISH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE,
AND SPANISH 53
PUNCTUATION 55
FIGURES AND NUMERALS 68
APPENDIX I }
POSSESSIVE CASE OF PROPER NAMES } 71
BY SIR J. A. H. MURRAY }
APPENDIX II }
WORKS IN THE FRENCH LANGUAGE } 73
APPENDIX III }
WORKS IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE } 88
APPENDIX IV }
DIVISION OF LATIN WORDS } 95
BY PROF. ROBINSON ELLIS }
APPENDIX V }
DIVISION OF GREEK WORDS } 97
BY MR. H. STUART JONES }
MARKS USED IN THE CORRECTION OF PROOFS 98
SOME ENGLISH NAMES OF TYPES 100
GENERAL INDEX 103
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
RULES FOR SETTING UP ENGLISH WORKS[1]
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ABLE
Words ending in silent _e_ generally lose the _e_ when -able is
added, as—
adorable
arguable
desirable
excusable
indispensable
leisurable
But this rule is open to exceptions upon which authorities are not
agreed. The following spellings are in _The Oxford Dictionary_, and
must be followed:
advisable
analysable
ascribable
atonable
baptizable
believable
blameable
bribable
chaseable
confinable
conversable
creatable
datable
debatable
defamable
definable
delineable
dilatable
dissolvable
drivable
endorsable
evadable
excisable
exercisable
finable
forgivable
framable
giveable
hireable
immovable
improvable
indispensable
inflatable
irreconcilable
lapsable
likeable
linable
liveable
losable
lovable
malleable
movable
nameable
overcomable
palatable
partakable
pleasable
provable
rateable
rebukeable
receivable
reconcilable
removable
saleable
solvable
tameable
tuneable
unmistakable
If -able is preceded by _ce_ or _ge_, the _e_ should be retained, to
preserve the soft sound of _c_ or _g_, as—
bridgeable
changeable
chargeable
knowledgeable
lodgeable
manageable
noticeable
peaceable
pledgeable
serviceable
Words ending in double _ee_ retain both letters, as—agreeable.
In words of English formation, a final consonant is usually doubled
before -able, as—
admittable
biddable
clubbable
conferrable
deferrable
forgettable
gettable
incurrable
rebuttable
regrettable[2]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] At Oxford especially, it must always be remembered that the Bible
has a spelling of its own; and that in Bible and Prayer Book printing
the Oxford standards are to be exactly followed.—H. H.
[2] For an authoritative statement on the whole subject see _The
Oxford Dictionary_, Vol. I, p. 910, art. _-ble_.
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -IBLE
The principle underlying the difference between words ending in
-able and those ending in -ible is thus stated by _The Oxford
English Dictionary_ (s.v. _-ble_): ‘In English there is a prevalent
feeling for retaining _-ible_ wherever there was or might be a Latin
_-ibilis_, while _-able_ is used for words of distinctly French or
English origin.’ The following are examples of words ending in -ible:
accessible
addible
adducible
admissible
audible
avertible
collapsible
comprehensible
controvertible
credible
discernible
discerpible
edible
eligible
existible
expressible
extendible
feasible
fencible
flexible
forcible
incomprehensible
incorruptible
incredible
indefeasible
indefensible
indelible
indestructible
indigestible
intangible
intelligible
irresistible
legible
negligible
ostensible
permissible
persuasible
plausible
producible
reducible
remissible
reprehensible
reversible
tangible
vendible
visible
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ISE or -IZE
The following spellings are those adopted for _The Oxford Dictionary_:
actualize
advertise
advise
affranchise
aggrandize
agonize
alcoholize
alkalize
anathematize
anatomize
anglicize
apologize
apostrophize
apprise (_to inform_)
apprize (_to appraise_)
authorize
baptize
brutalize
canonize
capitalize
capsize
carbonize
catechize
categorize
catholicize
cauterize
centralize
characterize
chastise
christianize
cicatrize
circumcise
civilize
collodionize
colonize
communize
comprise
compromise
contrariwise
conventionalize
corporealize
criticize
crystallize
demise
demoralize
deodorize
desilverize
despise
devise
discolorize
disfranchise
disguise
disorganize
dogmatize
dualize
economize
emphasize
emprise
enfranchise
enterprise
epigrammatize
epitomize
equalize
eternize
etherealize
etymologize
eulogize
euphonize
evangelize
excise
exercise
exorcize
experimentalize
extemporize
familiarize
feminize
fertilize
formalize
fossilize
franchise
fraternize
gallicize
galvanize
generalize
germanize
gormandize
gothicize
graecize
harmonize
hebraize
hellenize
hibernize
humanize
hydrogenize
hypnotize
idealize
idolize
immortalize
improvise
incise
italicize
jacobinize
japanize
jeopardize
kyanize
laicize
latinize
legalize
legitimatize
liberalize
localize
macadamize
magnetize
mainprize
manumise
materialize
memorialize
memorize
merchandise
mesmerize
methodize
minimize
misadvise
mobilize
modernize
monetize
monopolize
moralize
nasalize
nationalize
naturalize
neutralize
neologize
normalize
organize
ostracize
oxidize
ozonize
paganize
particularize
patronize
pauperize
penalize
philosophize
plagiarize
pluralize
polarize
popularize
premise
prise up (_to_)
prize (_a_)
pulverize
rationalize
realize
recognize
reorganize
reprise
revolutionize
rhapsodize
romanize
satirize
scandalize
scrutinize
secularize
seise (_in law_)
seize (_to grasp_)
sensitize
signalize
silverize
solemnize
soliloquize
specialize
spiritualize
sterilize
stigmatize
subsidize
summarize
supervise
surmise
surprise
syllogize
symbolize
sympathize
syndicalize
synthesize
systematize
tantalize
temporize
terrorize
theorize
tranquillize
tyrannize
utilize
ventriloquize
victimize
villanize
visualize
vitalize
vocalize
vulgarize
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
SOME ALTERNATIVE OR DIFFICULT SPELLINGS
MORE OR LESS IN DAILY USE, ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER FOR EASY
REFERENCE
abetter
abettor (_law_)
accepter (-or _in law_)
adaptable
adapter
addorsed
adjutants-general[3] _pl._
adjudgement
admonitor
aerate
aerial
aerie
aeronaut
aeroplane
aetiological, -logist
aetiology
ageing
aides-de-camp{3} _pl._
aline, -ment[4]
allineation
almanac[5]
ambidexterity
analyse
aneurysm
ankle
apanage
apophthegm
apostasy
apparelled
archetype
archidiaconal
arcking[6]
armful
artisan
ascendancy, -ant
assessable
aught (_anything_)
automobile
aweing
awesome
axe[7]
ay (_always_)
aye (_yes—‘the ayes have it’_)
bandoleer
banns
banyan
Barbadoes
bark (_ship_)
basin
basses (_pl._)
battalion
befall
beldam
bethrall
blouse
bluish
bodice
bogie (_a truck_)
bogy (_apparition_)
bothy
brand-new
brier
brooch (_ornament_)
browse
bryony
bulrush
buncombe
by and by
by-election
by-lane
by-law
byname
bypath
by-play
by-plot
by-product
by-street
by the by
by-way
byword
caddis
calendar
calligraphy
calliper
caltrop
camlet
camomile
canst
canvas (_cloth_)
canvass (_political_)
carcass
carriable
cartography
catarrhine
cat’s-paw
cauldron (_a vessel_)
caulk
celluloid
censer (_a vessel_)
censor (_an official_)
centigram
centipede
chaldron (_measure_)
chalet
chant
chaperon
cheque (_on a bank_)
chequered (_career_)
chestnut
chillness
chock-full
choroid
cider
cipher
clangor
clarinet
clench (_fists_)
clerestory
clinch (_argument_)
clinometer
cloak (_not_ cloke)
clue (_but_ clew _for part of a sail_)
coalesce
coco-nut
cognizance
colander
coloration
colourist
commonplace
confidante (_fem._)
conjurer
conjuror (_law_)
connexion
connivence
conscience’ sake
consensus
contemporary
conterminous
contestor
cony
copier
corrupter
corslet
corvette
cosy
cotillion
cottar
couldst
couldn’t
coulter
courts martial (_pl._)
cousins-german (_pl._)
craftsman
crenellate
crosier
curtsy
cyst
debarkation
debonair
decrepit
deflexion
demeanour
dependant (_noun_)
dependence
dependent (_adj._)
desiccate
detector
develop, -ment
devest (_law_)
dexterously
diaeresis[8]
dialyse
dike
dinghy
discoloration
discolour
disk
dispatch (_not_ despatch)
distension
distil
disyllable
doggerel
doily
Domesday Book
dote
draft (_prepare_)
draftsman (_one who drafts documents_)
draught-board
draughtsman (_one who makes drawings_)
draughtsmen (_in game of draughts_)
dryly
dullness
duress
dyeing (_cloth_)
ecstasy
eloin, -ment
embargo
embarkation
embassage
embed
embroil
empanel
encase
enclasp
enclose
encrust
endorse
enroll
enrolment
ensconce
ensure (_make safe_)
enthral
entreat
entrench, -ment
entrust
envelop (_verb_)
envelope (_noun_)
erector
ethereal
exorrhizal
expense
faecal
faeces
faggot
fantasy
favour
feldspar
fetid
filigree
finicking
fledgeling
fleurs-de-lis (_pl._)
floatage
floatation
fluky
flyer
foetal
foetus
fogy, _pl._ -ies
forbade
foregone (_gone before_)
foretell
forgather
forgo[9]
forme (_printer’s_)
fount (_of type_)
frenzy
frowzy
fuchsia
fulfil
fullness
fusilier
fusillade
gage (_a pledge_)
gaily
gauge (_a measure_)
genuflexion
gewgaw
gibe
gillie
gimlet
gipsy
goodness’ sake
gourmand
gramme
grammetre
gramophone
grandam
granddaughter
granter (_one who grants_)
grantor (_in law: one who makes a grant_)
grey
grisly (_terrible_)
grizzly (_grey_)
grizzly bear
gruesome
guerrilla
gullible
hadst
haematite
haematology
haemorrhage
haemorrhoids
ha! ha! (_laughter_)
ha-ha (_a fence_)
hairbreadth
halberd
hallo
handful
handiwork
hare-brained
hauler
haulm
havoc
hearken
hectogram
hectolitre
hectometre
he’ll (_no space_)
honour
horehound
hornblende
horsy
humorist
humorous
humour, -less
hyena
hypotenuse
icing
I’d, I’ll (_no space_)
idiosyncrasy
idolater
impermeable
inferable
inflexion
innocuous
inoculate
inquire, -quiry[10]
install
instalment
instil
insure (_in a society_)
Inverness-shire, &c.
inweave
ipecacuanha
jail
jam, _v._ (_not_ jamb)
jamb (_noun_)
janizary
jewellery
jews’ harp _and_
jews’ harps
judgeship
jugful
kilogram
kilogrammetre
kilolitre
kilometre
kilowatt
kinematograph
kleptomania
knick-knack
lachrymal
lachrymose
lackey
lacquer
lamb’s-wool
lantern
largess
lateish
latten
laverock
leaf-mould
lettuce
licence (_noun_)
license (_verb_)
licensee
lich-gate
lineament
Linnaean[11]
linsey-woolsey
liny
liquefy
liquorice
litre
loadstone
loath (_adj._)
loathe (_verb_)
lodestar
lour (_frown_)
macintosh
maelstrom
maharaja
mamma
mandolin
manikin
manyplies
marquess
mattress
mayst
mediaeval
men-of-war[12] (_pl._)
metamorphose
mightst
mileage
millennium
millepede
milligram
millimetre
miscall
misdemeanour
misspelling
mistletoe
mizen, -mast
moccasin
Mohammedan
mollusc
moneyed
moneys
mould, -ing (_v. & n._)
naught (_nothing_)
negotiate
net (_profits_)
newsvendor
novitiate
nursling
octet
omelet
oneself
orangeade
orgy
osculatory
osier
ought (_cipher_)
ouzel
overalls
oyez!
ozone
pannikin
parakeet
parallelepiped
paralyse
parsnip
parti-coloured
partisan
party-wall
pasha
pastille
paten
pavilion
paviour
pedagogy
pedlar
peewit
pendant
peony
petrify
picnicking
plaguy
pomace
poniard
portray
postilion
posy
pot (_size of paper_)
potato, _pl._ -es
practice (_noun_)
practise (_verb_)
prehistoric
premises (_no sing._, _conveyancing_)
premiss, premisses (_logic_)
primaeval
printer’s error, _but_ printers’ errors[13]
programme
proletariate
prophecy (_noun_)
prophesy (_verb_)
pundit
pupilage
putrefy
pyjamas
quartet
quinine
quinsy
quintet
racket (_bat_)
rackets (_game_)
racoon
radical (_chemistry_)
radicle (_botany_)
radium (_small_ r)
ragi (_grain_)
raja
rarefaction
rarefy
rase (_to erase_)
raze (_to the ground_)
react
rearward
recall
recompense (_v. & n._)
recompose
referable
refill
reflection[14]
rhyme (_verse_)[15]
ribbon
rigorous
rigors (_in med._)
rigour
rime (_hoar-frost_)
rodomontade
rout (_verb_)
secrecy
sergeant (_military_)
serjeant (_law_)
Shakespeare[16]
Shakespearian, -iana
she’ll (_no space_)
shouldst
show (_v. & n._)
shrillness
sibyl
sibylline
siliceous
singeing
siphon
siren
skilful
skilless
slyly
sons-in-law (_pl._)
spadeful
sphinx
sponge
spoonful
stanch
stationary (_standing still_)
stationery (_paper_)
steadfast
stillness
story (_of a house_)
stupefy
suggester
swingeing (_blow_)
sycamore[17]
sylvan
syndicalism
synonymous
syrup
tallness[18]
tease
tenor
thyme (_herb_)
tire (_of a wheel_)[19]
tiro
toboggan, -ing
toilet
tranquillity
transcendent
transferable
tranship, -ment
transplendent
trousers
Tuileries
tumour
unmistakably
vender (_as generally used_)
vendor (_in law_)
vermilion
villany
visor
wabble
wagon
weasand
we’ll (_no space_)
whilom
whisky
whitish
wilful
woe, woful
wooed, woos
wouldst
zoogloea
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOOTNOTES:
[3] Compound words of this class form their plurals by a change in
the first word.—H. H.
[4] ‘The Eng. form _alinement_ is preferable to _alignment_, a bad
spelling of the French.’—_O.E.D._
[5] But the _k_ is retained in _The Oxford Almanack_, following the
first publication in 1674.—H. H.
[6] ‘In derivatives formed from words ending in _c_, by adding
a termination beginning with _e_, _i_, or _y_, the letter
_k_ is inserted after the _c_, in order that the latter may
not be inaccurately pronounced like _s_ before the following
vowel.’—WEBSTER.
[7] In _The Oxford Dictionary_, Vol. I, p. 598, Sir James Murray
says, ‘The spelling _ax_ is better on every ground ... than _axe_,
which has of late become prevalent.’ (But as authors generally still
call for the commoner spelling, compositors must follow it.—H. H.)
[8] The sign [¨] sometimes placed over the second of two vowels in an
English word to indicate that they are to be pronounced separately,
is so called by a compositor. By the way, this sign is now used
only for learned or foreign words; not in _chaos_ or in _dais_, for
instance. _Naïve_ and _naïveté_ still require it, however (see pp.
35, 37).—H. H.
[9] In 1896, Mr. W. E. Gladstone, not being aware of this rule,
wished to include, in a list of errata for insertion in Vol. II of
_Butler’s Works_, an alteration of the spelling, in Vol. I, of the
word ‘forgo’. On receipt of his direction to make the alteration,
I sent Mr. Gladstone a copy of _Skeat’s Dictionary_ to show that
‘forgo’, in the sense in which he was using the word, was right,
and could not be _corrected_; but it was only after reference to
Sir James Murray that Mr. Gladstone wrote to me, ‘Personally I am
inclined to prefer forego, on its merits; but authority must carry
the day. _I give in._’—H. H.
[10] ‘This is now usual. See _O.E.D._, s.v. Enq-.’—J. A. H. M.
[11] But Linnean Society.
[12] Compound words formed of two nouns connected by a preposition
form their plurals by a change in the first word.—H. H.
[13] Sir James Murray thinks that where there is any ambiguity a
hyphen may also be used, as ‘bad printers’-errors,’—H. H.
[14] ‘Etymology is in favour of _reflexion_, but usage seems to be
overpoweringly in favour of the other spelling.’—H. B.
[15] The older form ‘rime’ is occasionally used by modern writers,
and in such cases the copy should be followed.—H. H.
[16] ‘Shakspere is preferable, as—The New Shakspere Society.’—J.
A. H. M. (But the Clarendon Press is already committed to the more
extended spelling.—H. H.)
[17] The ‘sycomore’ of the Bible is a different tree—the
fig-mulberry.—H. H.
[18] It is generally agreed that words ending in _ll_ should drop one
_l_ before _less_ (as in _skilless_) and _ly_; but there is not the
same agreement in dropping an _l_ before _ness_.—H. H.
[19] ‘But the bicycle-makers have apparently adopted the
non-etymological _tyre_.’—J. A. H. M.
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -MENT
In words ending in -ment print the _e_ when it occurs in the
preceding syllable, as—abridgement, acknowledgement, judgement,
lodgement.[20] But omit the _e_ in development, envelopment, in
accordance with the spelling of the verbal forms develop, envelop.
FOOTNOTES:
[20] ‘I protest against the unscholarly habit of omitting it
from “abridg_e_ment”, “acknowledg_e_ment”, “judg_e_ment”,
“lodg_e_ment”,—which is against all analogy, etymology, and
orthoepy, since elsewhere _g_ is hard in English when not followed
by _e_ or _i_. I think the University Press ought to set a scholarly
example, instead of following the ignorant to do ill, for the sake of
saving four _e_’s. The word “judgement” has been spelt in the Revised
Version correctly.’—J. A. H. M.
HYPHENED AND NON-HYPHENED WORDS[21]
The hyphen need not, as a rule, be used to join an adverb to the
adjective which it qualifies: as in—
a beautifully furnished house,
a well calculated scheme.
When the word might not at once be recognized as an adverb, use the
hyphen: as—
a well-known statesman,
an ill-built house,
a new-found country,
the best-known proverb,
a good-sized room.
When an adverb qualifies a predicate, the hyphen _should not_ be
used: as—
this fact is well known.
Where either (1) a noun and adjective or participle, or (2) an
adjective and a noun, in combination, are used as a compound
adjective, the hyphen _should_ be used:
a poverty-stricken family, a blood-red hand, a nineteenth-century
invention.
A compound noun which has _but one accent_, and from familiar use has
become one word, requires no hyphen. Examples:
bláckbird
býname
býword
háirbrush
háirdresser
háirpin
hándbook
hándkerchief
mántelpiece
nówadays
schóolboy
schóolgirl
seáport
téapot
tórchlight
upstáirs
wátchcase
whéelbarrow
The following should also be printed as one word:
aglow
anybody
anyhow
anything
anywhere
bedroom
childbed
coeval
coexist
coextensive
coheir
cornfield
downhill
downstairs
evermore
everyday (_as adj._)
everything
everyway (_adverb_)
everywhere
eyewitness
fairyland
fatherland
footsore
footstep
freshwater (_as adj._)
godlike
goodwill
harebell
hopscotch
horseshoe
indoor
ladylike
lambskin
lifetime
maybe
meantime
meanwhile
midday
motherland
newfangled
noonday
offprint
offsaddle
offshoot
onrush
outdoor
overleaf
oversea
percentage
reappear
reimburse
reinstate
reopen
seaweed
selfsame
uphill
wellnigh
widespread
wrongdoing
zigzag
Compound words of _more than one accent_, as—ápple-trée, chérry-píe,
grável-wálk, wíll-o’-the-wisp, as well as others which follow,
require hyphens:
aide-de-camp
air-man
air-ship
a-kimbo
alms-house
arm-chair
battle-field
bird-cage
bi-weekly
by-law
by-way
child-birth
come-at-able
common-sense (_as adj._)
co-adjust
co-declination
co-operate
co-ordinate
court-plaster
cousin-german
death-bed
death-rate
ding-dong
dumb-bell
ear-rings
farm-house
farm-yard
first-hand
foot-note
foot-stone
foot-stool
free-will
get-at-able
good-bye
good-day
good-humoured
good-natured
guide-book
gutta-percha
half-crown
half-dozen
half-hour
half-way
handy-man
harvest-field
head-dress
head-foremost
head-quarters
hey-day
high-flyer
hill-side
hill-top
hoar-frost
hob-a-nob
hour-glass
hymn-book
ill-fated
india-rubber
jaw-bone
key-note
knick-knack
life-like
looking-glass
man-of-war
never-ending
new-built
new-comer
new-mown
note-book
note-paper
off-hand
oft-times
one-and-twenty
one-eighth
ore-weed
out-and-out
out-of-date
out-of-door
over-glad
pre-eminent
quarter-day
race-course
re-bound[22] (_as a book_)
re-cover (_a chair_)
re-enter
re-form (_form again_)
rolling-pin
sea-breeze
sea-shore
second-hand
small-pox
son-in-law
starting-point
step-father
such-like
table-land
text-book
title-deeds
title-page
to-day
top-mast
topsy-turvy
up-to-date[23]
water-course
week-day
year-book
Half an inch, half a dozen, &c., require no hyphens. Print the
following also without hyphens:
any one
cast iron
common sense (_adj. and noun together_)
court martial
dare say
easy chair
every one
fellow men
for ever
good humour
good nature
good night
head master[24]
high priest
high road
ill health
ill luck
ill nature
no one
plum pudding
post office
revenue office
some one
union jack
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOOTNOTES:
[21] See _Oxford Dict._, Vol. I, page xiii, art. ‘Combinations’,
where Sir James Murray writes: ‘In many combinations the hyphen
becomes an expression of unification of sense. When this unification
and specialization has proceeded so far that we no longer analyse
the combination into its elements, but take it in as a whole, as in
_blackberry_, _postman_, _newspaper_, pronouncing it in speech with a
single accent, the hyphen is usually omitted, and the fully developed
compound is written as a single word. But as this also is a question
of degree, there are necessarily many compounds as to which usage has
not yet determined whether they are to be written with the hyphen or
as single words.’
And again, in _The Schoolmasters’ Year-book_ for 1903 Sir James
Murray writes: ‘There is no rule, propriety, or consensus of usage in
English for the use or absence of the hyphen, except in cases where
grammar or sense is concerned; as in a day well remembered, but a
well-remembered day, the sea of a deep green, a deep-green sea, a
baby little expected, a little-expected baby, not a deep green sea, a
little expected baby.... Avoid Headmaster, because this implies one
stress, Héadmaster, and would analogically mean “master of heads”,
like schoolmaster, ironmaster.... Of course the hyphen comes in at
once in combinations and derivatives, as head-mastership.’
[22] ‘The hyphen is often used when a writer wishes to mark the
fact that he is using not a well-known compound verb, but _re-_ as
a living prefix attached to a simple verb (_re-pair_ = pair again);
also usually before _e_ (_re-emerge_), and sometimes before other
vowels (_re-assure_, usually _reassure_); also when the idea of
repetition is to be emphasized, especially in such phrases as _make_
and _re-make_.’—_The Concise Oxford Dictionary_ (1911), p. 694.
[23] As, up-to-date records; but print ‘the records are up to
date’.—H. H.
[24] See note on page 25.
DOUBLING CONSONANTS WITH SUFFIXES
Words of one syllable, ending with one consonant preceded by one
vowel, double that consonant on adding -ed or -ing: e.g.
drop dropped dropping
fit fitted fitting
stop stopped stopping
Words of more than one syllable, ending with one consonant preceded
by one vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that
consonant on adding -ed or -ing: e.g.
allot allotted allotting
commit committed committing
infer inferred inferring
trepan trepanned trepanning
But words of this class _not_ accented on the last syllable, _do not
double the last consonant_[25] on adding -ed, -ing: e.g.
balloted, -ing
banqueted, -ing
bayoneted, -ing
benefited, -ing
biased, -ing
billeted, -ing
bishoped, -ing
blanketed, -ing
bonneted, -ing
bracketed, -ing
buffeted, -ing
carpeted, -ing
chirruped, -ing
combated, -ing
cricketing
crocheted, -ing
crotcheted, -ing, -y
discomfited, -ing
docketed, -ing
faceted, -ing
ferreted, -ing
fidgeted, -ing, -y
filleted, -ing
filliped, -ing
focused, -ing
galloped, -ing
gibbeted, -ing
gossiped, -ing, -y
initialed, -ing
junketed, -ing
marketed, -ing
packeted, -ing
paralleled, -ing
pelleted, -ing
picketed, -ing
piloted, -ing
profited, -ing
rabbeted, -ing
rabbiting
rickety
riveted, -ing
russeted, -ing, -y
scolloped, -ing
tennising
trinketed, -ing
trousered, -ing
trumpeted, -ing
velvety
visited, -ing
wainscoted, -ing
In words ending in _-l_, the final consonant is generally doubled,
whether accented on the last syllable or not: e. g.
annulled, -ing
appalled, -ing
apparelled, -ing
barrelled
bethralled, -ing
caballed, -ing
channelled, -ing
compelled, -ing
cudgelled, -ing
dishevelled, -ing
empanelled, -ing
extolled, -ing
forestalled, -ing
grovelled, -ing
impelled, -ing
installed, -ing
kennelled, -ing
levelled, -ing
libelled, -ing
marshalled, -ing
parcelled, -ing
quarrelled, -ing
revelled, -ing
rivalled, -ing
shovelled, -ing
trammelled, -ing
travelled, -ing
tunnelled, -ing
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOOTNOTES:
[25] ‘We must, however, still except the words ending in _-el_, as
levelled, -er, -ing; travelled, -er, -ing; and also worshipped, -er,
-ing.’—J. A. H. M.
FORMATION OF PLURALS IN WORDS OF FOREIGN ORIGIN
Plurals of nouns taken into English from other languages sometimes
follow the laws of inflexion of those languages. But often, in
non-technical works, additional forms are used, constructed after
the English manner. Print as below, in cases where the author does
not object. In scientific works the scientific method must of course
prevail:
SING. addendum PL. addenda[26]
alkali alkalis
alumnus alumni
amanuensis amanuenses
analysis analyses
animalculum animalcula
antithesis antitheses
apex apices
appendix appendices
arcanum arcana
automaton automata
axis axes
bandit banditti
basis bases
beau beaux
bronchus bronchi
calculus calculi
calix calices
chrysalis chrysalises
coagulum coagula
corrigendum corrigenda{26}
cortex cortices
crisis crises
criterion criteria
datum data
desideratum desiderata
dilettante dilettanti
effluvium effluvia
elenchus elenchi
ellipsis ellipses
ephemera ephemerae
epithalamium epithalamia
equinox equinoxes
erratum errata
focus focuses (_fam._)
formula formulae
fungus fungi
genius geniuses[27]
(_meaning a person or persons of genius_)
genus genera
helix helices
hypothesis hypotheses
ignis fatuus ignes fatui
index indexes[28]
iris irises
lamina laminae
larva larvae
lemma lemmas[29]
libretto libretti
matrix matrices
maximum maxima
medium mediums (_fam._)
memorandum memorandums[30]
(_meaning a written note or notes_)
metamorphosis metamorphoses
miasma miasmata
minimum minima
nebula nebulae
nucleus nuclei
oasis oases
papilla papillae
parenthesis parentheses
parhelion parhelia
phenomenon phenomena
radius radii
radix radices
sanatorium sanatoria
scholium scholia
spectrum spectra
speculum specula
stamen stamens
stimulus stimuli
stratum strata
synopsis synopses
terminus termini
thesis theses
virtuoso virtuosi
volsella volsellae
vortex vortexes (_fam._)
FOOTNOTES:
[26] See reference to these words for another purpose on p. 33.—H. H.
[27] Genius, in the sense of a tutelary spirit, must of course have
the plural genii.—H. H.
[28] In scholarly works, indices is often preferred, and in the
mathematical sense must always be used.—H. H.
[29] But lemmata in botany or embryology.—H.H.
[30] But in a collective or special sense we must print
memoranda.—H. H.
ERRATA, ERRATUM
Do not be guilty of the absurd mistake of printing ‘Errata’ as a
heading for a single correction. When a list of errors has been dealt
with, by printing cancel pages and otherwise, so that only one error
remains, take care to alter the heading from ‘Errata’ to ‘Erratum’.
The same remarks apply to Addenda and Addendum, Corrigenda and
Corrigendum.
PLURALS OF NOUNS ENDING IN -O
The plurals of nouns ending in -o, owing to the absence of any
settled system, are often confusing. _The Concise Oxford Dictionary_
says (p. vi): ‘It may perhaps be laid down that on the one hand
words of which the plural is very commonly used, as _potato_, have
almost invariably _-oes_, and on the other hand words still felt to
be foreign or of abnormal form, as _soprano_, _chromo_, have almost
invariably _-os_.’ The following is a short list, showing spellings
preferred:
altos
banjos
buffaloes
calicoes
cantos
cargoes
centos
chromos
curios
duodecimos
electros
echoes
embargoes
haloes
heroes
manifestoes
mosquitoes
mottoes
negroes
octavos
porticoes
potatoes
provisos
quartos
ratios
solos
sopranos
tiros
tomatoes
volcanoes
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOREIGN WORDS & PHRASES WHEN TO BE SET IN ROMAN AND WHEN IN ITALIC
Print the following anglicized words in roman type:
aide-de-camp
al fresco
alibi
à propos
aurora borealis
beau idéal
bézique
bizarre
bona fide
bouquet
bravos
bric-à-brac
bulletin
café
carte-de-visite
chargé d’affaires
chauffeur
chiaroscuro
cliché
connoisseur
cul-de-sac
débris
début
dépôt[31]
détour
diarrhoea
dilettante
dramatis personae
éclat
employé[32]
ennui
entrée
entrepôt
etiquette[33]
facsimile
fête
fleur-de-lis
garage
gratis
habeas corpus
hors-d’œuvre
innuendo, -es
levée
littérateur
litterati
manœuvre
menu
morale
naïve
omnibus
papier mâché
per annum
personnel
post-mortem (_adj. and n._)
poste restante
précis
prestige
prima facie
procès-verbal
protégé
provenance
régime
rendezvous[34]
rôle
sabotage
savants
seraglio
sobriquet
soirée
versus
via
vice versa
virtuoso
viva voce
Zollverein
The following to be printed in italic:
_ab extra_
_ab origine_
_ad nauseam_
_ad valorem_
_a fortiori_
_amende honorable_
_amour propre_
_ancien régime_
_anglice_
_a priori_
_au courant_
_au revoir_
_bête noire_
_billet doux_
_bonhomie_
_bon ton_
_bourgeoisie_
_carte blanche_
_casus belli_
_chef-d’œuvre_
_chevaux de frise_
_con amore_
_confrère_
_cortège_[35]
_coup d’état_
_coup de grâce_
_coup de main_
_coup d’œil_
_débâcle_
_dénouement_
_de quoi vivre_
_déshabillé_
_édition de luxe_
_élan_
_élite_
_en bloc_
_en masse_
_en passant_
_en rapport_
_en route_
_entente cordiale_
_esprit de corps_
_ex cathedra_
_ex officio_ (adv. and adj.)
_ex parte_ (adv. and adj.)
_facile princeps_
_factum est_
_felo de se_
_garçon_
_grand monde_
_habitué_
_hors de combat_
_imprimis_
_in camera_
_in propria persona_
_jeu d’esprit_
_laisser-faire_
_lapsus linguae_
_lèse-majesté_
_mêlée_
_mise en scène_
_modus operandi_
_more suo_
_multum in parvo_
_naïveté_
_née_
_nemine contradicente_
_ne plus ultra_
_noblesse oblige_
_nolens volens_
_non est_
_par excellence_
_pari passu_
_per contra_
_pièce de résistance_
_plébiscite_
_pro forma_
_pro tempore_
_raison d’être_
_rapprochement_
_réchauffé_
_répertoire_
_résumé_
_sang-froid_
_sans cérémonie_
_sans-culotte_
_sine qua non_
_sotto voce_
_sub rosa_
_tabula rasa_
_tête à tête_ (adv.)
_tête-à-tête_ (noun)
_tour de force_
_vis-à-vis_
The modern practice is to omit accents from Latin words.
For further directions as to the use of italic in foreign words and
phrases see pp. 50-1.
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOOTNOTES:
[31] For this and nearly all similar words, the proper accents are to
be used, whether the foreign words be anglicized or not.—H. H.
[32] Employee is more legitimate when it is used in contrast with the
English word employer.—H. H.
[33] Omit the accent from étiquette.—H. H.
[34] Omit the hyphen from rendez-vous.—H. H.
[35] For a statement as to this and other French words now printed
with a grave accent, see pp. 78-9.—H. H.
SPELLINGS OF FIFTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY WRITERS
When it is necessary to reproduce the spellings and printed forms of
old writers the following rules should be observed:
Initial _u_ is printed _v_, as in vnderstande. Also in such
combinations as wherevpon.
Medial _v_ is printed _u_, as in haue, euer.
Initial and medial _j_ are printed _i_, as in iealousie, iniurie.
In capitals the U is non-existent, and should always be printed with
a V, initially and medially, as VNIVERSITY, FAVLCONRIE.
In y^e and y^t the second letter should be a superior, and without a
full point.
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
PHONETIC SPELLINGS
Some newspapers print phonetic spellings, such as program, hight (to
describe altitude), catalog, &c. But the practice has insufficient
authority, and can be followed only by special direction.
A OR AN
a European
a ewe
a ewer
a herb
a herbal
a heroic
a hospital
a humble
a unanimous
a uniform
a union
a unique
a universal
a university
a useful
a usurper
an habitual[36]
an heir
an heirloom
an historical{36}
an honest
an honour
an hotel
an hour
Print _a_, not _an_, before contractions beginning with a consonant:
e.g. a L.C.C. case, a MS. version.
FOOTNOTES:
[36] This is in accordance with what seems to be the preponderance of
modern usage. Originally the cover of _The Oxford Dictionary_ had ‘a
historical’, and the whole question will be found fully treated in
that work, arts. A, An, and H.—H. H.
O AND OH
When used in addressing persons or things the vocative ‘O’ is printed
with a capital and without any point following it; e.g. ‘O mighty
Caesar! dost thou lie so low’; ‘O world! thou wast the forest to this
hart’; ‘O most bloody sight!’ Similarly, ‘O Lord’, ‘O God’, ‘O sir’.
But when not used in the vocative, the spelling should be ‘Oh’, and
separated from what follows by a punctuation mark; e.g. ‘Oh, pardon
me, thou bleeding piece of earth’; ‘For if you should, oh! what would
become of it?’
NOR AND OR
Print: (1) Neither one nor the other; neither Jew nor Greek; neither
Peter nor James. (2) Either one or the other; either Jew or Greek;
either Peter or James.
Never print: Neither one or the other; neither Peter or James;—but
when the sentence is continued to a further comparison, _nor_ and
_or_ must be printed (in the continuation) according to the sense.[37]
Likewise note that the verb should be in the singular, as ‘Neither
Oxford nor Reading is stated to have been represented’.
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOOTNOTES:
[37] The necessity of giving strict attention to this rule was once
exemplified in my experience, when the printing of a fine quarto was
passing through my hands in 1882. The author desired to say in the
preface, ‘The writer neither dares nor desires to claim for it the
dignity or cumber it with the difficulty of an historical novel’
(_Lorna Doone_, by R. D. Blackmore, 4to, 1883). The printer’s reader
inserted a letter _n_ before the _or_; the author deleted the _n_,
and thought he had got rid of it; but at the last moment the press
reader inserted it again; and the word was printed as _nor_, to the
exasperation of the author, who did not mince his words when he found
out what had happened.—H. H.
VOWEL-LIGATURES[38] (Æ AND Œ)
The combinations _ae_ and _oe_ should each be printed as two letters
in Latin and Greek words, e.g. Aeneid, Aeschylus, Caesar, Oedipus;
and in English, as mediaeval, phoenix. But in Old-English and in
French words use the ligatures _æ_, _œ_, as Ælfred, Cædmon, manœuvre.
CONTRACTIONS
_NOTE.—Some abbreviations of Latin words such as_ ad loc., _&c., to
be set in roman, are shown on page 51._
Names of the books of the Bible as abbreviated where necessary:
_Old Testament._
Gen.
Exod.
Lev.
Num.
Deut.
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1 Sam.
2 Sam.
1 Kings
2 Kings
1 Chron.
2 Chron.
Ezra
Neh.
Esther
Job
Ps.
Prov.
Eccles.
Song of Sol.
Isa.
Jer.
Lam.
Ezek.
Dan.
Hos.
Joel
Amos
Obad.
Jonah
Mic.
Nahum
Hab.
Zeph.
Hag.
Zech.
Mal.
_New Testament._
Matt.
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Rom.
1 Cor.
2 Cor.
Gal.
Eph.
Phil.
Col.
1 Thess.
2 Thess.
1 Tim.
2 Tim.
Titus
Philem.
Heb.
Jas.
1 Pet.
2 Pet.
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Rev.
_Apocrypha._
1 Esdras
2 Esdras
Tobit
Judith
Rest of Esth.
Wisd. of Sol.
Ecclus.
Baruch
Song of Three Childr.
Susanna
Bel and Dragon
Pr. of Manasses
1 Macc.
2 Macc.
Abbreviate the names of the months:
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Where the name of a county is abbreviated, as Yorks., Cambs., Berks.,
Oxon., use a full point; but print Hants (no full point) because it
is not a modern abbreviation.
4to, 8vo, 12mo,[39] &c. (sizes of books), are symbols, and should
have no full point. A parallel case is that of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and so
on, which also need no full points.
Print lb. for both sing. and pl.; not lbs. Also omit the plural _-s_
in the following: cm., cwt., dwt., gr., grm., in., min., mm., oz.
When beginning a footnote, the abbreviations e.g., i.e., p. or pp.,
and so on, to be all in lower-case.
Use ETC. in a cap. line and ETC. in a small cap. line where an
ampersand (&) will not range. Otherwise print &c.; and Longmans,
Green & Co.; with no comma before ampersand in the name of a firm.
Print the symbolic letters I O U, without full points.
The points of the compass, N. E. S. W., when separately used, to have
a full point: but print NE., NNW. These letters to be used only in
geographical or similar matter: do not, even if N. is in the copy,
use the contraction in ordinary composition; print ‘Woodstock is
eight miles north of Carfax’.
MS. = manuscript, MSS. = manuscripts, to be spelt out when used in
a general sense. But in printing bibliographical details, and in
references to particular manuscripts, the contracted forms should be
used; e.g. the Worcester MS., the Harleian MSS., Add. MS. 25642.
Print PS. (not P.S.) for postscript or postscriptum; MM. (messieurs),
SS. not S.S. (steamship); but H.M.S. (His Majesty’s Ship); H.R.H.;
I.W. (Isle of Wight); N.B., Q.E.D., and R.S.V.P., because more than
one word is contracted.
Print ME. and OE. in philological works for Middle English and Old
English. When an author prefers M.E., O.E., do not put a space
between the letters.
Abbreviations of titles, such as M.P., D.D., M.A., or of occupations
or parties, such as I.C.S., I.L.P., to have no space between the
letters.
When titles of books are represented by initials, put a thin space
only between each letter; e.g. _J. T. S._, _S. B. E._
Mr., Mrs., Dr., &c. must be printed with a full point, but not Mme,
Mlle.
In printing S. or St. for Saint, the compositor must be guided by the
manuscript. Ordinarily St. should be used, but if S. is consistently
written this must be assumed as the form in which the author wishes
it printed.
Print Bt. for Baronet, and Kt. for Knight.
Apostrophes in similar abbreviations to the following should
join close up to the letters—don’t, ’em, haven’t, o’er, shan’t,
shouldn’t, ’tis, won’t, there’ll, I’d, I’ll, we’ll.[40]
An apostrophe should not be used with hers, ours, theirs, yours.
_Apostrophes in Place-Names._[41]—1. Use an apostrophe after the ‘s’
in Queens’ College (Cambs.). But
2. Use an apostrophe before the ‘s’ in Connah’s Quay (Flints.),
Hunter’s Quay (N.B.), Orme’s Head (Carn.), Queen’s Coll. (Oxon.),
St. Abb’s Head (N.B.), St. John’s (Newfoundland), St. John’s Wood
(London), St. Mary’s Loch (N.B.), St. Michael’s Mount (Cornwall), St.
Mungo’s Well (Knaresboro’), St. Peter’s (Sydney, N.S.W.).
3. Do not use an apostrophe in—All Souls (Oxon.), Bury St. Edmunds,
Husbands Bosworth (Rugby), Johns Hopkins University (U.S.A.), Millers
Dale (Derby), Owens College (Manchester), St. Albans, St. Andrews,
St. Bees, St. Boswells, St. Davids, St. Helens (Lancs., and district
in London), St. Heliers (Jersey), St. Ives (Hunts. and Cornwall),
St. Kitts (St. Christopher Island, W.I.), St. Leonards, St. Neots
(Hunts., but St. Neot, Cornwall), Somers Town (London).
[Illustration: (light bulb)]
FOOTNOTES:
[38] The separately written _oe_, _ae_ are ‘digraphs’, because the
sounds they represent are in modern pronunciation _not_ diphthongs,
though they were such in classical Latin; but _ch_, _ph_, _sh_ are
also digraphs. _Æ_, _æ_, _Œ_, _œ_, are rather single letters than
digraphs, though they might be called ligatured digraphs.—H. B.
[39] To justify the use in ordinary printing of these symbols (as
against the use of 4^o, 8^o, 12^o, a prevailing French fashion
which is preferred by some writers), it may suffice to say that
the ablative cases of the ordinal numbers _quartus_, _octavus_,
_duodecimus_, namely _quarto_, _octavo_, _duodecimo_, are according
to popular usage represented by the forms or symbols 4to, 8vo, 12mo;
just as by the same usage we print 1st and 2nd as forms or symbols of
the English words _first_ and _second_.—H. H.
[40] See page 49 for an exception to this rule.
[41] The selection is arbitrary; but the examples are given on
the authority of the Oxford University and Cambridge University
Calendars, the Post Office Guide, Bartholomew’s Gazetteer, Bradshaw’s
Railway Guide, Crockford’s Clerical Directory, Keith Johnston’s
Gazetteer, and Stubbs’s Hotel Guide.
POETRY
Words ending in -ed are to be spelt so in all cases; and with a grave
accent when the syllable is separately pronounced, thus—èd. (’d is
not to be used.)
This applies to poetical quotations introduced into prose matter, and
to new works. It must not apply to reprints of standard authors, nor
to quotations in works which reproduce old spellings, &c.