years 1822–24.... _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1825. Second ed.
1827.
WILKES, CHARLES. Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition,
1838–42. 5 vols. and Atlas. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o.
Philadelphia, 1845.
FOOTNOTES
[1] _Névé_ is the upper portion of a glacier, the top layers of which
are more nearly in the condition of snow, and in the whole of which
much air is mingled with the ice. It is rather frozen snow than ice.
[2] Dr Rink gives a list of 25 discharging glaciers. Of these,
beginning from the south, the principal ones are:
(1) Sermilik (near Cape Farewell).
(2) Narsalik.
(3) Godthaab.
(4) Jacobshavn.
(5) Jasiusak (into the Waigat).
(6) Omenak Fjord.
(7) Stor Kangerdlugsuatsiak.
(8) Upernivik.
[3] It takes a very long time for lichens to form. The bones of the
ptarmigan which Sir Edward Barry and his party had eaten on Melville
Island in 1820 were clean and free from any growth when found 30 years
afterwards.
[4] I paid very special attention to the vestiges of these wanderers
when I served in those regions. All the articles mentioned were found
by myself in 1851.
[5] By Colonel Feilden in 1877.
[6] Found by Dr O. Stolberg. _Nansen_, 11, 72.
[7] _Studies on the Material Culture of the Eskimo in West Greenland_
(Kjøbenhavn, 1915), Morten P. Porsild.
[8] The work of Pytheas was known to Dicaearchus, a pupil of Aristotle,
and the date of the voyage was, therefore, probably not later than the
time of Aristotle.
[9] The word Thule, in its forms _Thyle_, _Thull_, _Tell_, means ‘a
limit’ in ancient Saxon; and we thus have Telemarken in Norway.
[10] Pliny and Diodorus Siculus.
[11] The name of Viking is derived from _Vik_, a bay or creek, and the
patronymic _Ing_, i.e. “Children of the bays,” whence they sallied
forth as sea rovers.
[12] The _mausar_, which was highly prized, may have been some kind of
maple or birch.
[13] According to the Flatey book, Bjarni, the son of Herjulf, was in
Norway when his father left Iceland to settle in Greenland. Hearing
this when he came to Iceland, he continued his voyage to join his
father. He is said to have discovered a new land before reaching his
father’s homestead in Herjulfsfjord. This led to the voyage of Leif to
visit the newly-discovered land. The two stories in the Hauk book and
the Flatey book are so different that they cannot be fitted together,
and it is necessary to adopt one and reject the other. That in the Hauk
book is the older, the more coherent, and probably nearer to the truth.
[14] Professor Rafn, and those who have followed him, thought
_Dagmalastad_ and _Eyktarstad_ denoted hours of the day, and that the
former was 8 a.m. and the latter 4 p.m. This gave nine hours for the
duration of the shortest day, which would be in latitude 42° 21′ N.
But _Dagmal_ and _Eykt_ were points of the horizon, not hours of the
day. The Norsemen had no means of knowing the hours. In 1885 Professor
Gustav Storm gave the correct interpretation of the passage, and showed
that the position must have been south of 49° N., but not far to the
south of that latitude. The inhabitants met with by the Norsemen in
Markland and called by them Skrællings are held by Tholbitzer to have
been Eskimos. In Vinland the natives appear to have been Algonquin
Indians.
[15] The different events which, according to the Hauk book, occurred
in Karlsefni’s voyage, are scattered over several voyages in the Flatey
book, the companions of Karlsefni being made the leaders of separate
expeditions at different times. There is a voyage of Thorstein which
failed, a voyage of Thorwald who was killed by Skrællings, a voyage of
Karlsefni, and a voyage of Fredis in company with two brothers whom he
murdered. The two accounts are contradictory as regards some of the
details.
[16] The Kakortak ruin was discovered by Hans Egede in 1723. It was
visited by Lieut. Graah in 1827 who first described it, with careful
measurements. It was again visited by Sir Leopold M’Clintock in 1860.
[17] These are recorded in the Icelandic annals, which commence in
1260. Another series is appended to the Flatey book and dates from 1395.
[18] A Norse festival which falls on April 28th.
[19] In 1246.
[20] July 25th.
[21] _Antiq. Amer._ XXXIX.
[22] The sailing directions of Ivar Bardsen were published in English
by Purchas, from a copy which had belonged to Henry Hudson. Rafn, in
the _Antiquitates Americanae_, gave the text of an early copy found in
the Faroes, with a Latin translation. Mr Major, in his _Voyages of the
Zeni_, gives an English translation of the Latin version.
[23] We learn this from a parchment MS., known as the Skalholt Annals,
believed to have been written in 1347.
[24] The drawings by Christianised Eskimos of Godthaab which have been
printed, and are supposed to represent traditions about their conquest
of the Norsemen, merely represent what the Danes told them.
[25] Vigdis M.d. hvilir her glede gud sal hennar.
[26] _Voyages of the Brothers Zeni_, by F. W. Lucas (Stevens, 1897).
[27] There are several astrolabes in the British Museum, one of
1280, another of 1342; one at King’s College, Cambridge (1540); two
at Gonville and Caius College, one of early 14th century date, the
other, rather later, formerly belonged to Caius himself; one at
South Kensington (1374); one at Oriel College, Oxford, in rather bad
condition; three at Merton College, one of 1350, another 1571, and
a third very heavy one. At Merton there is also a very old quadrant
of 12-inch radius, and a small disc of brass with pointers. At the
Bodleian there is a Persian astrolabe. Mr Hyett’s astrolabe at
Painswick House has 21 stars marked and one ring at the back; 36
festivals are marked. The number of English Saints shows it to be
English. The interesting astrolabe which belonged to Sir Francis
Drake is at Greenwich, its date is 1572. It belonged to the Earl of
Chesterfield, who gave it to the Rev. T. Bigsby in 1783. Mr Bigsby gave
it to King William IV, who presented it to Greenwich in 1833.
[28] Father of Sir Philip Sidney, and of Robert, 1st Earl of Leicester
of that family.
[29] The first wife of Sir Henry Willoughby, Sir Hugh’s father, was
Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert Markham of Cotham. His third wife was
Ellen, daughter of John Egerton of Winehill in Cheshire. Sir Henry had
four wives. His effigy on the monument at Wollaton has two small wives
on each side.
[30] Besides Willoughby there were a master and his mate, six
merchants, a master gunner, a boatswain and his mate, a carpenter, a
purser, two surgeons, and 20 men.
[31] Moxon (1676) places Willoughby Land near the south-east corner
of Spitsbergen. On the map in Harris’s voyage (1748) it is an island
half-way between Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya.
[32] I believe this is now in Lord Salisbury’s collection at Hatfield.
[33] Reproduced by kind permission of the publisher, from Dr A. D. de
Vries’s _Oud-Holland_ (Binger, 1882).
[34] Found by Purchas among the papers of Hakluyt, v. ante, p. 51.
[35] An excellent English edition of the voyage of Linschoten to the
East Indies in two vols. was printed for the Hakluyt Society in 1885;
edited by Mr Arthur C. Burnell and Mr Tiele of Utrecht.
[36] Linschoten wrote a very interesting account of this voyage with
Tetgales in 1594.
[37] Linschoten’s narrative of this second voyage was published in
1601, the 3rd edition in 1638. On his return Linschoten settled at
Enkhuizen and became Treasurer of the town. Here he was the friend of
Lucas Waghenaer, author of the best sailing directions of that time.
Linschoten published a translation of the _History of the West Indies_,
by Acosta. He died in 1611, aged 48. De Veer wrote an account of the
proceedings of Barentsz’s ship during the second voyage.
[38] In 1603 Stephen Bennet came to the same island and named it
Cherrie Island, after his patron Sir Francis Cherrie, an Adventurer of
the Russia Company.
[39] The _schuit_ was a larger boat.
[40] The narrative of Gerrit de Veer was translated and edited for the
Hakluyt Society by Dr Beke in 1852. A new edition was edited, at my
request, by that gallant young Dutch Arctic officer Koolemans Beynen in
1876.
[41] Another Norwegian Captain named Gundersen reached the Ice Haven of
Barentsz in August 1875.
[42] These relics were deposited in the model room of the Naval
Department at the Hague.
[43] State Paper Office, _Holland_, lxxvii.
[44] Maldonado, a Spaniard, published an account of a navigable strait,
called the Strait of Anian, from the east side of America to the
Pacific, coming out north of Cape Mendocino in California.
[45] Chancellor had used the cross-staff. Frobisher had been supplied
with a similar instrument called a “ballestilla,” which he used in
preference to the astrolabe, both being among the instruments and
charts bought at a cost of £47. 0_s._ 8_d._ of Humphrey Cole and
others. The cross-staff was described by Gemma Frisius, and Gunter’s
was a yard long, with a cross-piece of 26½ inches. The staff, which was
of wood, was graduated, and the cross-piece was moved along it until,
looking through the sight near the eye, the two objects were covered of
which the angle was to be measured. In observing for the latitude the
two objects were the sun and the horizon, the angle giving the altitude.
[46] The authorities for the Arctic voyages of Frobisher are first the
interesting narrative of George Best (Hakluyt, III) and the narrative
of Dionise Settle (Hakluyt, III); Christopher Hall’s account in the
Harl. MSS. 167, fol. 165; the Journal of the _Judith_, Harl. MSS. 167,
fol 41; Edward Sellman, _Narrative of Thomas Ellis_ (Hakluyt, III);
State Papers (Dom., Eliz.). Admiral Sir Richard Collinson edited the
_Voyages of Frobisher_ for the Hakluyt Society. There is a well written
and painstaking life of Sir Martin Frobisher by the Rev. Frank Jones
(Longman, 1878).
[47] Mr Miller Christy very thoroughly investigated the question of the
Land of Busse, and wrote an exhaustive monograph on the subject. See
Hakluyt Society’s No. XCVI, Appendix B.
[48] The following names were given by Frobisher to places discovered
on his voyages:--
1. Beare’s Sound.
2. Best’s Bulwock.
3. Best’s Cape.
4. Best’s Blessing.
5. Dyer’s Sound.
6. Hall Island.
7. Hall Sound.
8. Jackman’s Sound.
9. Fenton’s Fortune.
10. Five Men’s Sound.
11. Jonas Mount.
12. Frobisher Strait.
13. Gabriel Islands.
14. Haidon’s Nests.
15. Hatton Island.
16. Leicester Island.
17. Lok Island.
18. Meta Incognita (name given by the Queen).
19. Mistaken Strait (Hudson’s Strait).
20. Oxford Mount.
21. Queen Elizabeth’s Foreland.
22. Queen’s Cape.
23. Sussex (Countess of) Mine.
24. Sussex (Earl of) Island.
25. Trumpet’s Island.
26. Walsingham Cape.
27. Warwick Mount.
28. Warwick (Countess of) Sound and Island.
29. Winter’s Furnace.
30. Yorke Sound (_in Greenland_).
[49] It must be remembered that Davis was entirely ignorant of the
Norse colony and of the Icelandic Sagas, which were only brought to
light by Professor Rafn in our own day.
[50] The narratives of the first and third voyages were written by Mr
Janes, those of the second by Davis himself. They are all in Hakluyt,
and, with the other writings of Davis, have been edited for the Hakluyt
Society by Admiral Sir Albert Markham. The present writer’s life of
Davis, which records his great services in much more detail than is
here possible, was published in 1889.
[51] An account of the contents of _The Seaman’s Secrets_ is given in
the present writer’s life of Davis, and it is printed _in extenso_ in
Admiral Sir Albert Markham’s _Voyages of John Davis_.
[52] This is now in the Museum at Greenwich.
[53] The following names were given by John Davis in the Arctic regions.
1. Chidley (or Chudleigh) Cape, S. entrance to Hudson Strait.
2. Cumberland (Earl of) Gulf.
3. Darcy Island, Labrador.
4. Desolation Land and Cape, S. Greenland.
5. Dyer Cape, North point of Exeter Sound.
6. Exeter Sound, Baffin Land.
7. Farewell Cape, S. point of Greenland.
8. Furious Overfall, Hudson Strait.
9. Gilbert Sound, Greenland 64° 15′ (Godthaab).
10. God’s Mercy Cape, N. entrance of Cumberland Gulf.
11. London Coast, West Coast of Greenland.
12. Raleigh Mount, Baffin Land.
13. Sanderson His Hope, 72° 12′ N., Baffin Bay.
14. Totnes Road, 66° 40′ N., Baffin Land.
15. Walsingham Cape, Baffin Land.
16. Warwick (Earl of) Foreland, Baffin Land.
[54] A portrait of Sir Thomas Smith was engraved by Simon de Passe,
dated 1617. The engraving is bound up in T. Grenville’s copy of the
Embassy to Russia and in a book called the _Surgeon’s Mate_, which is
dedicated to Sir Thomas. By his wife Sarah, daughter of William Blunt,
who married secondly Robert Sidney Earl of Leicester, Sir Thomas had
a son, Sir John Smith, who married a daughter of Sir Philip Sidney’s
“Stella” and his son Robert married Waller’s “Sacharissa.”
[55] The works of Leonard Digges were edited and published by his son:
_Tectonicum_, a book on land-surveying (4to, 1556), _Pantometria_, a
geometrical treatise (folio, 1591).
[56] Thomas Digges wrote _Alæ sive Scalæ Mathematicæ_ (4to, 1573),
_Arithmetical Military Treatise_ (4to, 1579), _Stvatioticos_, a
geometrical treatise necessary for the practice of soldiers (4to,
1590), with an account of the proceedings of the Earl of Leicester for
the relief of Sluys, also _Description of the Celestial Orbs_ (1599),
and _England’s Defence_ (folio, 1686).
[57] The eldest son, Thomas Digges, succeeded to Chilham and died in
1687. His son Leonard died in 1718 leaving a son Thomas, whose second
son West Digges was a celebrated comedian. Chilham was finished in 1616
and the names of Sir Dudley Digges and his wife Mary Kempe are carved
over the door.
[58] See the writer’s volume _The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster to the
East Indies_, edited for the Hakluyt Society in 1877.
[59] Purchas calls her the _Frost_.
[60] Mount Kakatsiak.
[61] Cape Sophia is Proestefjeld (1170 ft.), just north of Holsteinborg.
[62] Amerdluk Fjord, or Itivdlek, in the opinion of Steenstrup.
[63] In 1881 I first drew attention to a manuscript Report to the King
of Denmark in the British Museum, with 4 maps (21 leaves, small 4to).
It was printed for the first time in the Hakluyt Society’s volumes on
Danish Expeditions. Probably when Hall left Denmark he did not send it
in, but took it with him and presented it to James I.
[64] This search was undertaken by the kindness of the late Colonel
Chester. In the Parish Register of St Margaret’s, Westminster,
Richard, son of John Baffin, was baptised on Sept. 30th, 1603, Joseph,
Elizabeth, and William Baffin died of the plague in 1609, and Margaret
Baffin, a child, was buried on June 8th, 1612. In the Register of the
church of St Thomas Apostle, in the City, there is one entry of the
name: Susan, daughter of William Baffin, was baptised on 15th Oct.
1609. This church was burnt in the great fire, and was not rebuilt.
[65] John Gatonby may have been a native of Winestead, for he dedicated
his narrative (in _Churchill’s Voyages_) to Sir Christopher Hildyard of
that place. Gatonby was a well-known Hull name. I have failed to find
any further trace of young Huntriss, the Scarborough lad, though the
name still exists in that town.
[66] Incorrectly called Cocken Sound on old maps.
[67] Navigation Instructor and for many years Map Curator to the Royal
Geographical Society.
[68] Andrew Barker was an experienced seaman. He was admitted a younger
brother of the Hull Trinity House in 1594, and was three times Warden.
He presented one of the lights of the stained glass in the East
window of the Chapel of the old Trinity House at Hull, a figure of St
James the Less. There still hangs in the hall of the House the kayak
presented by Barker.
[69] The names given in Greenland by Hall are as follows; those while
with the Danish Expedition are marked (D). The persons after whom the
places were named are given in brackets.
_Anne Cape_ (D). (_Queen of Denmark_), in sight from Cape Sophia.
_Bell’s River._ (_One of the Venturers_), branch of Godthaab Fjord
corrupted to _Baal_.
_Brunei Cape_ (D). (_Dutch Venturer_), _Burnitt_ on Admiralty Chart
is wrong. Oliver Brunei (see p. 130) was for some time in the
Danish service.
_Christian’s Fjord_ (D). (_King Christian IV_), 66° 25′ N., close to
Cape Anne; is called by Gatonby _King’s Fjord_.
_Cockayne Sound._ (_Sir W. Cockayne_), incorrectly spelt _Cocken_ on
maps, 65° 25′ The modern Sukkertoppen.
_Comfort Cape._ (_Named by Gatonby._)
_Cunningham Mount_ (D). (_Leader of first Danish Voyage_), Itivdlek.
_Cunningham Fjord_ (D). (_Leader of first Danish Voyage_), Itivdlek
Fjord or Amerdluk, 67° 25′ N.
_Gabriel Mount._
_Hope Harbour._ Gilbert Sound of Davis. Modern Godthaab, 64° 15′ N.
_Huntcliff Mount._ (_After Huntcliff Foot near Redcar_), in Godthaab
Fjord.
_King’s Fjord._ (See Christian’s Fjord.)
_Knight Islands._ (_Captain John Knight_, see pp. 129, 130).
_Lancaster River._ (_Sir James Lancaster_), a branch of Godthaab
Fjord.
_Sophia Cape_ (D). (_Queen of Denmark_), Proestefjeld, 1770 ft., just
N. of Holsteinborg.
_Rommel’s Fjord_ (D). (_Hendrik Rommel_), 66.54 N., now Holsteinborg.
_Thoroughgood Island._
_Wilkinson Isles._ (_Merchant sent with Hall by the Adventurers._)
[70] See _An Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson_, by John
Meredith Read (Albany, 1856).
[71] See my _Life of John Davis_, p. 29.
[72] Engroneland.
[73] _Purchas_, III, p. 464, reprinted by Asher in his _Hudson’s
Voyages_, p. 146. Among some protests of the Muscovy Company against
Dutch encroachments, in the State Paper Office, there is one by a
Captain Millworth in which _Hudson’s Touches_ is mentioned.
[74] The following were the names of the crew: Henry Hudson (Master),
and his son John Hudson, Robert Juet (Master’s Mate), Arnold Ladley
(Mate), John Cooke (Boatswain), Philip Stacey (Carpenter), John Braunch
(Cook), John Barnes, John Adrey, James Scrutton, Michael Pearce (or
Pierce), Thomas Hilles, Richard Tonson, Robert Rayne, and Humphrey
Gilby.
[75] “We were against Fair Foreland in 79° N.” [north end of Prince
Charles Island]. “The night was very clear with fair weather, also
calm, by which I had a very good opportunity to find the sun’s
refraction. For beholding it about a north-north-east sun, by a common
compass, at which time the sun was at the lowest, it was but one-fifth
of his body above the horizon, having about four-fifth parts below, so
near as I could guess. His declination for that instant was 10° 35′ N.,
being at noon in the 2° 7′ of Virgo, his daily motion was 58′ whose
half being twenty-nine, to be added to the former, because it was at
twelve hours after noon. I say his place at the instant was 2° 26′ of
Virgo, whose declination was as before 10° 35′; the latitude of the
place was 78° 47′ whose complement was 11° 13′ the declination being
subtracted from the complement of the pole’s elevation, leaveth 38′,
four-five part of which 12′, which being subtracted from 38 leaveth 26′
for refraction. But I suppose the refraction is more or less according
as the air is thick or clear, which I leave for better scholars to
discuss; but this I thought good to note for the better help of those
who do profess this study.”
[76] In December 1615, Captain Joseph was appointed to command the
fleet of the East India Company, consisting of the _Charles_ and
_Unicorn_ (the Journal is in the India Office, No. 20). In 1617 he
was slain in a fight with a Portuguese carrack. His widow received a
pension.
[77] The family of Fotherby was from Grimsby. Martin Fotherby of
Grimsby had two sons, Charles, Dean of Canterbury, who died in 1619,
and Martin, Bishop of Salisbury. There is an elaborate tomb of the Dean
in Canterbury Cathedral. Robert Fotherby was of the same family. His
narratives of his three Spitsbergen voyages show that he had received a
classical education, was observant, intelligent, and a thorough seaman.
He afterwards entered the service of the East India Company, probably
made one voyage to India, and was agent to the company at Deptford and
in 1621 at Blackwall. He probably died in that employment.
[78] In 1617 Captain Marmaduke proposed to the King that he should be
employed to make the north-east passage, but I have failed to discover
anything more of his history.
[79] Since found to be three islands; the proper name of the group
being Wyche Islands.
[80] For instance Wyche’s Sound, discovered by Baffin and Fotherby in
1614, if not by Marmaduke in 1612, is now called Wijde Bay, a name, as
Sir Martin Conway has pointed out, that was never heard of before 1670.
[81] This reverend but mutinous gentleman had previously been in Persia
with the Shirleys.
[82] These islands are off Cape Sophia on the Greenland coast, a fact
that the writer has good cause to remember, as he was once aground on
them, and in some danger.
[83] I found Knight’s Journal among some other papers thrown aside in
a very damp place in the tower of the India Office, and printed it
at the end of my volume of Sir James Lancaster’s voyages, edited for
the Hakluyt Society. A version of it is given by Purchas, but much is
omitted.
[84] Brunel was a Dutchman. He had proposed to Christian IV to discover
the lost colony of Greenland, and was probably in Hall’s first voyage.
A Cape on the Greenland coast was named after him. The story of Oliver
Brunel was brought to light by S. Müller and Koolemans Beynen, the very
able young editor of the 2nd edition of the Barentsz voyages.
[85] The names and rank of the crew were as follows:
1. Henry Hudson (Captain).
2. John Hudson (Captain’s son).
3. Robert Juet (Mate).
4. Robert Bylot (Mate).
5. John King (Mate).
6. Edward Wilson (Surgeon).
7. Francis Clements (Boatswain).
8. William Wilson (Boatswain).
9. John Williams (Gunner).
10. Philip Staffe (Carpenter)
11. Sylvanus Bond (Cooper).
12. Bennet Mathews (Cook).
13. Henry Green (Clerk).
14. Habakuk Prickett (servant of Sir D. Digges).
15. Thomas Woodhouse (mathematical student).
16. Arnold Ladley (or Ludlow), A.B.
17. Michael Pierce, A.B.
18. John Thomas , A.B.
19. Adrian Moter , A.B.
20. Syriack Fanner, A.B.
21. Adam Moore , A.B.
22. Michael Butt , A.B.
23. Nicholas Sims (Boy).
[86] Prince Henry died November 6th, 1613, aged 18 years and a half.
[87] This distance would be greatly in error, unless the declinations
of both heavenly bodies were the same.
[88] John Searle, a licensed surgeon, published his ephemeris in 1609.
It was from 1609 to 1617, and the book also contained a correction of
time in respect of several meridians, a list of places with latitude
and longitude in time, and a table for converting degrees and minutes
into time. David Origanus was the author of an ephemeris for the years
from 1595 to 1650. His meridian was Wittenberg.
[89] I have not been successful in my attempts to discover who Master
Herbert was. He was probably a gentleman volunteer.
[90] This map is excessively rare. It is only to be found in one or two
copies of Foxe’s book. The British Museum copy has not got it, but a
facsimile has been inserted.
[91] The Portuguese Admiral, Ruy Freire de Andrada, and 17 guns were
captured when the Kishm fort was taken. Ormuz then surrendered and was
handed over to Shah Abbas.
[92] La Peyrère’s account in his _Relation du Groenland_ is unreliable
and inaccurate.
Munk’s narrative, _Navigatio Septentrionalis_ (Copenhagen, 1621), has
been edited for the Hakluyt Society (1897) by Mr Gosch.
[93] This is the first place in which I have found the use of log and
line mentioned, although it had been known for at least 60 years;
indeed an obscure passage in Pigafetta seems to suggest its use by
Magellan. Bourne, in his _Regiment of the Sea_, published in 1573,
describes the log-ship as so made that it remains where it falls into
the water, while the line runs out during a fixed interval by a minute
glass. The intervals between the knots on the log line are to a minute
as a mile is to an hour. In Bourne’s _Inventions or Devices_, No. 21,
published in 1578, the inventor of the log and line is said to be
Humphrey Cole of the Mint in the Tower; the maker of the instruments
for Frobisher’s first and second voyages bought in 1576.
[94] It is interesting to note the equipment necessary to enable a
mathematical captain to observe efficiently in 1631. Captain James
had:--
A quadrant of pear-wood of 4 ft. semidiameter.
Equilateral triangle of 5 ft. radius.
Quadrant of 2 ft. semidiameter.
Staff of 7 ft., another of 6 ft.
Gunter’s cross-staff.
3 Jacob’s staves.
2 Davis’s back-staves.
6 Meridian compasses.
4 Needles in square boxes.
6 Needles of 3 inches.
4 Special 6-inch needles.
A loadstone to refresh needles.
A watch-clock 6 inches in diameter.
A lesser watch.
Small sand-glasses.
Log-line.
Hakluyt.
Purchas.
The best mathematical books available.
[95] See p. 40.
[96] Hans Egede made out half a dozen words to be common to Eskimos and
Norsemen. _Quan_, the word for angelica, is nearly the same in both
languages. In Eskimo _Kona_ is a woman, in Norse _Kone_; in Eskimo
_Nerriok_ to eat, in Norse _Naere_; _Nise_, the word for porpoise,
is the same in both languages. Ashes is _Asket_ in Eskimo, in Norse
_Aske_. In Eskimo a lamp is _Kollek_, in Norse _Kolle_.
[97] Count Zinzendorf was the founder of the congregation from Moravia,
formed to promote the conversion of the heathen. He built a station
on one of his estates in 1728, which was called Herrnhut. From hence
missionaries went forth--chiefly to the West Indies, Greenland, and
Labrador--known as Moravian missionaries. “Herrnhut” means “the Lord’s
keeping.”
[98] Egede was the author of two books, one on the history of the
Greenland Mission, the other a description of Greenland.
[99] Paul Egede was afterwards a Professor at Copenhagen, and Provost
of the Royal Danish Mission.
[100] “A cruel attack on the reputation of a skilful and intrepid
navigator.” _John Barrow._
[101] Ledyard was one of those remarkable men that Arctic service
so often produces. He had been befriended by Sir Joseph Banks, who
encouraged him in his enthusiasm for travel. Having been to Kamschatka
by sea, Ledyard resolved to find his way there by land. He crossed
to Ostend with no more than ten guineas in his pocket, made his
way to Stockholm, and walked thence, round the Gulf of Bothnia, to
St Petersburg. There he obtained permission to accompany a party
with stores to Yakutsk and thence to Okhotsk. But, for some unknown
reason, he was arrested, hurried back across Siberia, and put across
the frontier near Königsberg. Quite destitute, he ventured to draw a
small cheque on Sir Joseph Banks which enabled him to reach England.
The African Association had just been formed, and Sir Joseph selected
this resolute and fearless traveller as the best man to execute the
instructions of the Association. Ledyard was to make his way from
Senaar to the Niger. He set out in June 1788, but his career was
brought to a premature close by fever at Cairo.
[102] _Philosophical Transactions_, LXVIII, p. 1057.
[103] Second edition 1818. Daines Barrington was also the author of
_Observations on the Statutes_, 1766; _Naturalist’s Calendar_, 1767;
_Miscellanies_, 1781; and of contributions to the _Archaeologia_ and
_Philosophical Transactions_. He died at the Temple on March 11th,
1800, aged 73.
[104] _A Voyage towards the North Pole_, 1773 (4to, pp. 76 and 177),
Bowyer and Nichols, 1774. Sir Albert Markham also published the
narrative of a midshipman named Floyd, who was serving on board the
_Racehorse_, in a book entitled _Northward Ho_ (Macmillan, 1879). Sir
Albert obtained a correct list of the officers from the Admiralty.
[105] A Corresponding Member of the Royal Geographical Society, 1843.
He died in 1876.
[106] F. Martens. _Voyage to Spitzbergen._ Translation edited for the
Hakluyt Society by Adam White (1855).
[107] C. G. Zorgdrager. _Bloeyende Opkomst der Aloude en Hedendaagsche
Groenlandsche Visscherij_ (Amsterdam, 1720).
[108] A bentick boom is a long straight spar to which the clews of the
foresail are secured.
[109] _Spek_ is the Dutch for blubber.
[110] From the Dutch _afmaaken_, to finish or adjust.
[111] The Swedish steamer _Sophia_ reached 81° 42′ in 1868.
[112] His life was written by his nephew, Scoresby Jackson.
[113] Commander Buchan again served on the Newfoundland coast in the
_Grasshopper_ from 1820 to 1823. Fifteen years afterwards he was lost
in the _Upton Castle_ coming home from India, that Indiaman being heard
of for the last time on December 8th, 1838.
[114] Sir John Ross was much hurt at the doubting remarks and
criticisms respecting the brilliant crimson on his plate of the
crimson snow. They still rankled 32 years afterwards when the present
writer served with him, and he wrote an article on the subject in our
Arctic periodical, the _Aurora Borealis_. Mr Bauer, of Kew Gardens, it
appears, pronounced the crimson snow to be of the genus _Uredo_, allied
to “smut” in wheat, and he grew some in snow. It was first green, then
as bright a crimson as in Ross’s plate. Ross called it _Uredo nivalis_
of Bauer in his 2nd edition.
[115] Much attention was given to the provisioning. There were the
preserved meats and soups of Donkin and Gamble; Burkitt’s essence of
malt, hops, and spruce; lemon juice, vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, and
herbs as antiscorbutics. Coal was used for ballast, 70 chaldrons in the
_Hecla_, 34 in the _Griper_. The Admiralty supplied warm clothing and
wolf-skin blankets for the men without any charge.
[116] Cyrus Wakeman, in the _Dorothea_ with Buchan, and the _Griper_,
1819–20, was afterwards at the battle of Navarino, where his splendid
gallantry is recorded by Lady Bourchier in her _Memoirs of Sir
Edward Codrington_, II, p. 102 (Longman, 1873). He died in the Niger
expedition.
Sir Joseph Nias, K.C.B., was in the _Alexander_, _Hecla_, and _Fury_
with Parry, 1818–23. He distinguished himself in the _Herald_ during
the first China war, at the capture of the forts of the Bocca Tigris
and in all the operations in the Canton river, becoming Rear-Admiral in
1857. In 1855 he married Isabella, only child of John Laing of Montagu
Square, where he died December 16th 1879.
[117] Bushnan, on his return, was appointed to Franklin’s land journey,
but died before starting, in 1825.
[118] All three were with Parry again in his third voyage.
[119] Mr Hooper was with Parry in his third voyage. Afterwards he for
some time held the post of Secretary to Greenwich Hospital. He died in
1833.
[120] The Rev. G. Fisher was afterwards Head Master of Greenwich School
from 1834 to 1863. He died in 1873.
[121] The instructions for Parry’s second expedition were signed by Sir
George Cockburn, Sir Henry Hotham, and Sir George Clerk.
[122] Captain Lyon served on board the _Albion_ at the battle of
Algiers. He made an important journey from Tripoli to Mouzourk and
wrote an excellent account of a very little known country. In 1825 he
married Lucy, daughter of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who died in 1826. In
1828 he published a journal of travels in Mexico. This accomplished and
much beloved officer died in 1832.
[123] Henry Foster, son of the Rev. Henry Foster of Woodplumpton near
Preston, was born in 1796. He was a midshipman in the _Conway_ with
Captain Basil Hall on the Pacific Station, an excellent school for
young officers; then in the _Griper_ with Clavering, Assistant Surveyor
in Parry’s third voyage, and in the voyage of 1827, when he explored
Hinlopen Strait. His magnetic work was published in the Philosophical
Transactions of 1826, for which he received the Copley Medal of the
Royal Society. In 1827 he became a Commander, and the Duke of Clarence
gave him the command of a discovery ship owing to his exceptionally
high scientific attainments. He commissioned the _Chanticleer_ in 1827
with Horatio T. Austin as his first Lieutenant. Foster was chiefly
engaged in pendulum observations, going as far south as the South
Shetlands and surveying Staten Island. He was drowned in the Chagres
river, when engaged in determining the meridian distance between
Chagres and Panama on February 5th, 1833. The polar story would be
incomplete without a notice of one of the most distinguished of Arctic
scientific officers.
[124] Or rather connection. The step-mother of Flinders was Franklin’s
aunt on the mother’s side.
[125] The Civil Lord of the Admiralty who signed Parry’s instructions.
[126] This is manifestly an error for 1845–46.
[127] Under the title _Versus Tennysoniani_ no less than 165 renderings
of “Not here ...” etc., in Greek, Latin, Sanscrit, Arabic, German,
Italian, and French, etc. were published by Canon Wright in 1882 at the
Cambridge Press, written by Archbp. Benson, Canon Ainger, Dean Bradley,
Prof. Butcher, Dr Haig-Brown, Dr Butler, Master of Trinity, Calverley,
Prof. Cowell, Farrar, Gladstone, Jebb, Lord Lyttelton, Dean Merivale,
Max Müller, Prof. Palmer, Lord Selborne, Bp. Wordsworth, and others.
(Ed.)
[128] Ross died on April 3rd, 1861, after seventeen polar navigable
seasons, and nine Arctic winters; Captain Bird retired an Admiral and
died in his 83rd year on December 3rd, 1881.
[129] Pemmican is a preparation of beef from which all that is fluid
has been evaporated over a wood fire. The fibre is then pounded, and
mixed with an equal weight of pounded beef fat.
[130] M’Clintock’s sledge crew in his first great journey deserve
a niche in the Arctic temple of fame. James Wilkie, captain of the
sledge, aged 33, was a splendid seaman, zealous, cheerful, and
humorous. James Hoile, a fine, tall man of 25, excellent in all
respects, a sailmaker. James Dawson, aged 23, was a good-looking
foretopman. John Salmon, a small, wiry man, who was with M’Clintock in
the _Enterprise_, was really the strongest of all. Hood and Jim Heels
were Marines, the former a shoemaker, aged 31, the latter, aged 24,
sang a good song.
[131] Captain Austin was afterwards Superintendent of Deptford Dockyard
during the Crimean War, a post of great importance at that time,
Admiral, K.C.B., and Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard in 1863;
he died in 1865. Captain Ommanney, in the _Eurydice_, commanded the
squadron in the White Sea. In 1853 he had the _Hawke_ in the Baltic;
and the _Brunswick_ in the West Indies until 1860. He was Captain
Superintendent at Gibraltar in 1864, retiring a K.C.B. in 1874. He died
in December 1904, aged 91.
[132] Mate in the _Resolute_, then aged 22, afterwards Sir George
Nares, K.C.B., died January, 1915.
[133] Among these was a devotional book which Sir George Back had given
to his old shipmate Gore. It was restored to Sir George, who to the day
of his death always kept it on his drawing-room table under a glass
case.
[134] The Observatory on Pendulum Island was in 74° 32′ 19″ N. and 18°
50′ W.
[135] Clavering’s fate was a sad one. He sailed in command of the
_Redwing_ from Sierra Leone in the summer of 1827, and was never heard
of again, though some wreckage was found on the coast.
[136] There had been two early attempts to explore the east coast
before Graah’s expedition. In 1752 Walloe got as far as 60° 28′, and
Giesecke, a German, got to 60° 9′ in 1806.
[137] Captain Graah’s narrative was translated by Gordon Macdougall,
and published by the Royal Geographical Society in 1837.
[138] At my request the late Commodore Jansen searched the Dutch
archives, and wrote an admirable memoir on the ice years in the Novaya
Zemlya and Spitsbergen Seas, with notices of the chief Dutch voyages
and discoveries. The same accomplished officer was the author of the
chapter on Land and Sea Breezes in Maury’s _Physical Geography of the
Sea_.
[139] The instrument consists of four arcs graduated so as to read to
30 with the verniers. Two of these arcs, representing the altitude and
latitude, are moveable. The two others, which represent the declination
and hour circle, are fixed. In using it the verniers of the proper
arcs are set to the declination, the altitude, and the latitude
respectively. The readings on the hour circle will then show the hour
angle.
[140] The northern lands which Payer thought he saw from Cape
Fligely, and which he named Oscar and Petermann Lands, as well as the
north-easterly extension of Kronprinz Rudolf Island from Cape Fligely
to Cape Sherard Osborn, have since been found by Captain Cagni to have
no existence.
[141] The Franz Josef flora includes the ubiquitous _Saxifraga
oppositifolia_, _Cardamine bellidifolia_, _Arenaria sulcata_, _Draba
alpina_, _Cerastium alpinum_, _Papaver nudicaule_, and _Cochlearia
fenestrata_. A rare and beautiful grass, _Pleuropogon sabinii_, was
also found, only previously known at Melville Island, at one or two
places up Prince Regent’s Inlet, and in Novaya Zemlya, where it is
abundant. Only 27 flowering plants have been collected in Franz Josef
Land, and 25 mosses.
[142] The price of walrus hides has risen since they have been found
to be the best material for burnishing parts of bicycles. The steamer
_Balaena_ was, therefore, sent to Franz Josef Land in 1897, and
obtained 500 hides, while about 1500 were lost owing to the animals
sinking when dead, so that this monstrous slaughter amounted to 2000,
not counting the number of young that must also have perished.
[143] The great depth found by the _Sophia_ to the north of Spitsbergen
pointed to a deep ocean as existing north of the whole Spitsbergen
and Franz Josef system. I formed this deduction in 1876, and Nansen’s
discovery afterwards proved it to be correct.
[144] I knew Dr Kane when he served in Grinnell’s relief expedition, of
which he wrote the history. His was certainly a charming personality,
talented, cheerful, and enthusiastic.
[145] Kane adopted the Danish name of ice-foot (_Iis-fod_) for this
permanent frozen ridge or terrace.
[146] It is a singular fact that the changing of names of Arctic
vessels has frequently coincided with misfortune. The names of all the
ships but one in the Franklin search were changed, and all were lost
except the _Fox_, and her name was not changed.
[147] Length 160 ft., extreme breadth 33·4 ft., depth of hold 17 ft.,
tonnage 751, nominal h.-p. 60.
[148] Length 166 ft., extreme breadth 30 ft., depth of hold 18 ft.,
tonnage 668, nominal h.-p. 43.
[149] Each sledge had its flag, which, at my suggestion, was designed
on proper heraldic rules. The cross of St George at the hoist,
the fly swallow-tailed, party per fess with the colours of the
sledge-commander’s arms, and his crest or principal charge over all,
a border or fringe of the colours of the arms. The same pattern was
adopted for the sledge flags of Captain Scott’s Antarctic expeditions.
[150] Hans Hendrik was born at the German missionary station of
Fiskernäs in Greenland, and had become a good kayaker and hunter
when he agreed to join Dr Kane’s expedition, where he was under the
protection of Carl Petersen. He was with Morton when he reported having
seen the open polar sea. After Kane’s second winter Hans joined the
Arctic Highlanders and married a girl named Markut. Hans and his wife
later joined Hayes’s expedition, and afterwards settled at Upernivik.
In August, 1871, they joined Hall’s expedition, and were left on the
floe which drifted down Baffin’s Bay, where, as we have seen, Hans
saved the rest of the party by his skill as a huntsman. He was most
useful in some of the sledge journeys from the _Discovery_. In 1877 he
wrote his memoirs in Eskimo, which were translated into English by Dr
Rink (_Trübner_, 1878). He afterwards lived at Upernivik.
[151] Rawson was mortally wounded at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, while
serving as naval aide-de-camp to Sir Garnet Wolseley. Admiral Sir
George Egerton, K.C.B., became Commander-in-Chief at Devonport.
[152] Tidal observations, under the direction of Lieutenant Archer,
were taken in 81° 45′ N., during 7 months; and in 82° 25′ N., for two
months. They were reported upon by Professor Houghton (Nares, II, p.
356).
[153] _Ivigtut_, the cryolite mine, is about 16 miles up the Arsak
fjord. Cryolite is a white mineral found on the gneiss of S.W.
Greenland and nowhere else--a double hydro-fluorate of soda and
alumina. In 1857 a licence was given to a company to work the mine to
the amount of about 26 ship-loads yearly.
[154] In 1892 these two young Swedish enthusiasts started with the
object of exploring the part of Ellesmere Island between Jones and
Smith Sounds. They bought a small cutter of 37 tons at St John’s,
Newfoundland, and went up Baffin’s Bay to the Cary Islands. In 1893 a
whaler found her driven on shore at one of the Cary Islands and full
of ice. There was a record written by Björling asking that, if nothing
was heard of them in 1893, relief might be sent to Clarence Point on
Ellesmere Island. They went away in an open boat. I appealed for funds
and collected £100 as a help to Nordenskiöld’s fund for sending a
steamer. She went, but nothing more was ever found or heard of these
gallant youths.
[155] Both his sons inherited much of the ability of their father. The
eldest died young, but not before he had done valuable ethnographic
work. The younger, Erland, now Baron Nordenskiöld, has made two
journeys among the Amazonian Indians, with excellent ethnographic and
linguistic results.
[156] Sir Fridtjof Nansen, in an Appendix to his _Through Siberia_, has
lately made a record of all voyages across the Kara Sea from the voyage
of Burrough in 1556 to the present day, with notes on the state of
the ice in each year. His conclusion is that in the great majority of
years it is possible to reach the Siberian rivers through the Kara Sea,
though there are great variations in the quantity of ice in different
years. He thinks it very improbable that these differences are caused
by winds and sea currents from the north. His conclusion is that the
ice that is met with is formed in the Kara Sea itself, and that the
differences of ice conditions are caused by differences in the winters.
In a cold winter, with little precipitation, more ice will be formed,
and little ice will melt in a cold spring and summer. When there is a
warm winter and heavy snow-fall succeeded by a warm spring and summer,
the melting of the ice will proceed rapidly, and there will be a fairly
ice-free Kara Sea. Nansen’s remarks on the navigation of the Kara Sea
are extremely valuable, based on the most complete information and long
experience of ice conditions.
[157] Announced in the _Morgenblad_ by Professor Mohn in 1884.
[158] Quite unknown to Nansen I had come to a similar conviction in
contemplating the results of the Nares expedition. In my Report on
the origin, proceedings, and results of this expedition (_R. G. S.
Proceedings_, 1877), I pointed out that a current flowed across the
polar sea from the eastern to the western hemisphere, that Franz Josef
Land was part of the Spitsbergen group, rising from the same plateau
with a deeper sea to the north, and that to overstep the boundary of
the known polar sea, though attended by great difficulties, would
reward with important discoveries the future explorer who boldly forced
his way north in this direction. My Report came to Nansen’s knowledge
after his return home.
[159] Length of keel 102 feet, length of deck 128 feet, beam 36 feet,
depth 17 feet, thickness of ship’s side 24 to 28 inches. In the stern
the oak beams were 4 feet thick.
[160] The British sledges 1850–9 were 3 feet wide, the runners of
metal, 3 inches wide, and slightly convex.
[161] See Nansen’s “Oceanography of the North Polar Basin” in Vol. III
of the results of the expedition, the “Bathymetrical Features” in Vol.
IV, also _The Sea West of Spitsbergen_ (Christiania, 1912) and the
oceanographic observations of the Isachsen Spitsbergen expedition, by
Bjørn Helland Hansen and Fridtjof Nansen.
[162] _Through Siberia_ (Heinemann, 1914). Appendix on the navigation
of the Kara Sea.
[163] The writer was shipmate with one of them for more than a year,
and there could not be a better disposed lad or a more reliable comrade
when travelling.
[164] He may have adopted the position fixed by the observations of
Lieut. Aldrich. The sun was below the horizon when Peary started.
[165] Commodore Jansen was one of the most active and accomplished of
the honorary corresponding members of our Royal Geographical Society
of his time and the chief promoter of the revival of Arctic voyages
in Holland. He saw much service in the Royal Dutch Navy, joining its
surveying branch, and was for several years engaged on a survey in the
Riouw Archipelago, the Straits of Sunda, and elsewhere. As a Lieutenant
on board the frigate _Prins van Oranje_ he served in the West Indies,
and during a visit to Washington in 1851 formed a life-long friendship
for Maury, the great American hydrographer. He contributed the chapter
on land and sea breezes to Maury’s _Physical Geography of the Sea_
and in 1864 published an important work _The Latest Discoveries in
Maritime Affairs_. In the following year he became a Commodore in the
Royal Dutch Navy, and was appointed to superintend the building of the
ironclad _Prins Hendrik_, which he afterwards commanded. In 1868 he
retired from active service, after a distinguished naval career of 35
years. At my request Jansen examined the Dutch archives with a view to
a study of ice navigation in the Spitsbergen and Barentsz seas, and the
results of his researches were published in the _R. G. S. Proceedings_
(Old Series, IX. 9, 163). In 1873 he was appointed a Councillor of
State, and attained the rank of Rear Admiral. He died in September
1894, aged 77.
[166] Beynen published _De Reis van de Pandora in den Zomer van 1876_.
[167] The Committee consisted of the Baron van Wassenaer van Catwyck,
Councillor of State Commodore Jansen, Franzen van de Putte, Professor
Buys Ballot, Professor Veth, Jonkheer J. K. J. de Jonge (_Treasurer_).
[168] Lady Markham’s translation of the _Life of L. R. Koolemans
Beynen_ by Charles Boissevain was published by Sampson Low in 1885.
[169] Author of _Ice-bound on Kolguev_.
[170] _No Man’s Land_, Camb. Univ. Press, 1906.
[171] The Danish Committee for the geographical and geological
investigation of Greenland was formed in 1876, and a valuable
periodical, the _Meddelelser on Grönland_, containing the narratives of
the explorers and the scientific results of the expeditions, has ever
since been published at Copenhagen.
[172] “Botanical Exploration of the East Coast of Greenland between 65°
35′ and 74°30′ N.” by Chr. Kruuse (1904), _Meddelelser on Grönland_
(Heft. 30, Afd. I), Kjöbenhavn, 1907.
[173] Thalbitzer has published papers on the poetry and music of the
East Greenlanders, on their _angekoks_ or priests, and on their dialect.
[174] So called after a patriotic brewer named Carlsberg, who left his
brewery to a Trust, the profits to be expended on scientific work. As
the brewery is a lucrative business, the help to exploration from this
source has been very important.
[175] A Swedish expedition under Professor Nathorst in the _Antarctic_
had reached Scoresby Sound in July 1899, and afterwards explored and
mapped the previously unknown and complicated system of fjords forming
the inner branches of Davy Sound, proving that they were connected
with Franz Josef Fjord. In September 1899 Nathorst left the coast,
and his ship the _Antarctic_ was used in the following year for the
Carlsbergfondet Expedition.
[176] His Royal Highness Philippe Duc D’Orléans made a voyage to that
part of the coast on board the _Belgica_ with M. Gerlache as his
master in 1905. He stood northwards along the land ice, and succeeded
in effecting a landing to the north of Cape Bismarck in 77° 36′ N. On
July 31st he was in 78° 16′, the furthest north ever attained by a ship
on this coast, and he could see as far as 78° 30′. In August he again
landed in 77° 36′, the place receiving the name of Cape Philippe.
[177] Freuchen, who came from Nykjøbing on the island of Falster,
went on a voyage to West Greenland as a stoker in order to obtain
preliminary training.
[178] The easternmost point is in 81° 24′ N. and 12° W.
[179] Peary’s point at the place he calls “Navy Cliff,” where he says
he saw the sea and called it “Independence Bay,” is over a hundred
miles from the sea or any bay. He may have seen the end of the long
narrow fjord which Erichsen discovered. But his channel across
Greenland does not exist, and there is continuous land between the
position Peary gives to his Navy Cliff and his Heilprin Land to the
north.
[180] _Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms_, p. 35 (Hakluyt
Society, Series II, vol. XXIX, 1912.)
[181] Burney II, 198.
[182] Dalrymple and Burney take it seriously. I included it among the
documents in my _Voyages of Quiros_, but I now quite agree with my old
friend Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna that it is a fabrication. (See Vicuña
Mackenna’s _Historia de Juan Fernandez_.)
[183] Cook and Ross searched for this small island in vain, but several
of Mr Enderby’s sealing vessels found and visited Bouvet Island.
[184] Elder brother of Madame D’Arblay.
[185] This chronometer is now in the museum of the United Service
Institution.
[186] Mr Poynter, Master’s Mate, Mr Blake and Mr Bone, Midshipmen.
Blake was eventually Admiral Patrick Blake, who did excellent service
in the first China war, and was afterwards Captain of the _Juno_ in the
Pacific 1845–49.
[187] The writer’s uncle, John Markham, was an acting Lieutenant on
board the _Andromache_, and he made a copy of Mr Bransfield’s first
chart. There are 21 names on it.
[188] Mr Fanning wrote _Voyages round the World_, containing reports of
the voyages of Pendleton and Palmer.
[189] At Pendulum Cove in King George’s Island.
[190] Kendall wrote an account of Deception Island in the first volume
of the _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_.
[191] The name Australia had not then come into use.
[192] The present writer was personally acquainted with Admiral Bird,
Lieutenant Phillips, Mr Tucker, Dr M^cCormick, Sir Joseph Hooker, Dr
Lyall, Admiral Moore, Captain Davis, and Mr Abernethy.
[193] Rossbank Observatory was in latitude 42° 52′ 27″ S. and longitude
147° 27′ 30″ E., 205 feet above the sea.
[194] Gauss’s position was 66° S. and 146° E. Scott’s observations gave
72° 51′ S. and 156° 25′ E.
[195] On January 31st there was “an unaccountable decrease of variation
from 96° E. to 77° E., and then an increase of 16°. Ross formed the
opinion that they had passed one of those extraordinary magnetic points
first observed during Sir Edward Parry’s second voyage, near the
eastern entrance of Hecla and Fury Strait.” Sir James Ross, _Voyage to
the Southern Seas_, 1, 229.
[196] Sir Joseph Hooker told me that Sir James was not only an accurate
observer, but also a good collector, taking the deepest interest in the
geological and biological researches.
[197] The following treat of Ross’s Third Antarctic Voyage:--
(_a_) _A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic
Regions_ 1839–43 (2 vols. 8vo.), by Sir James Clark Ross.
(_b_) _Voyages of Discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic Seas_ (2 vols.,
large 8vo.), by R. M^cCormick.
(_c_) Captain J. E. Davis: Letter to his sister describing events of
Sir James Ross’s voyage, and especially the iceberg collision. Printed
for the Royal Societies Antarctic Expedition.
(_d_) MS letter from C. J. Sullivan, armourer of H.M.S. _Erebus_,
describing Antarctic scenery, the iceberg collision, and other events.
[198] A pupil of Captain Maury, the great American hydrographer.
[199] _Quinze Mois dans l’Antarctique, par le Commandant de Gerlache_
(Hachette, 1902), 106 illustrations and chart, pp. 284.
“Exploration of Antarctic Lands,” by Henryk Arçtowski, in the
_Antarctic Manual_.
[200] _Antarctica, or Two Years amongst the Ice of the South Pole_, by
Dr Otto Nordenskiöld and Dr Gunnar Andersson, 1905.
_On the Geology of Graham Land_, by Dr Gunnar Andersson. (Uppsala,
1906.)
[201] _Die gevidde Formation der Eisgeit_ (Berlin, 1887), and
_Grönlands Gletscher und Inlandeis_.
[202] _Zum Kontinent des eisigen südens_, von Erik von Drygalski
(Berlin, 1904).
[203] The Committee consisted of the following persons:--
Sir Clements Markham, Pres.
Admiral Sir Leopold M’Clintock.
Vice-Admiral Pelham Aldrich.
Captain Ettrick Creak, R.N.
Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton.
Admiral Sir Anthony Hoskins.
Rear-Admiral Sir George Egerton.
Sir John Murray.
Admiral Sir George Nares.
Admiral Sir Albert Markham.
Rear-Admiral Sir William Wharton.
Captain Field (Hydrographer).
[204] The house flag of the _Discovery_ was made at Dundee:--the cross
of St George at the hoist, the fly swallow-tailed, party per fesse,
argent and azure (for ice and sea), and bearing the globe of the Royal
Geographical Society. Bordure argent and azure.
[205] The sledge flags were of the same pattern as in the Arctic
expedition of 1875–6. The cross of St George at the hoist to denote
that, whatever family the bearer may belong to, he is first and
foremost an Englishman. The fly is divided per fess with colours of
the arms of the officer, undivided if one colour, with the crest or
principal charge in the arms, swallow-tailed, with a border or fringe
of the colours of the arms.
[206] The text of the Bishop’s address was “Behold how good and how
pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity” (Psalm cxxxiii.
1).
[207] M’Clintock’s sledges were 9 ft. and 11 ft. long, 3 ft. 2 in.
wide, 11½ inches high, with 6 uprights and 6 cross bars, the runners
were of ½-inch iron, 3 inches wide and slightly convex. All were lashed
with strips of hide, put on warm and wet, so that they shrank and made
all tight.
[208] The ration adopted by Scott was as follows in ounces per
day:--Biscuit 12·0, oatmeal 1·5, pemmican 7·6, bacon and pea-flour
2·6, plasmon 2·0, cheese 2·0, chocolate 1·1, cocoa O·7, sugar 3·8. In
addition, ¾ lb. of tea, ½ lb. of onion powder, ¼ lb. of pepper and ⅖
lb. of salt was allowed per week to each unit of three men.
[209] Sir Douglas Mawson was born in 1882, the son of Mr. R. E. Mawson,
of Otley, in Yorkshire. He was educated at Sydney University and
graduated as Bachelor of Mining Engineering 1901, Bachelor of Science
1904, Doctor of Science 1909. He was Lecturer in Mineralogy at Adelaide
University in 1905.
[210] These were Anton and Demetri, the two Russian dog-drivers, and
seven men of the Royal Navy:--Edgar Evans, Lashly, and Crean, who had
all been on the _Discovery_, and Keohane, Forde, Hooper, and Clissold,
the two latter respectively steward and cook.
[211] For their courageous services in this affair Lashly and Crean
received the Albert Medal.
[212] Atkinson, Wright, Cherry Garrard, Gran, Lashly, Crean,
Williamson, Nelson, Archer, Hooper, Keohane, and Demetri, formed the
search party.
[213] Names in italics represent first discoveries.
[214] Names in italics represent first discoveries.
INDEX
Abernethy, Thomas, 233, 251, 265, 413
Abruzzi, Duke of, attempts to reach the Pole, 351
_Active_, 431
Adam of Bremen, chronicles visit of Norsemen to Greenland, 38
Adams, Lieut. J. B., 478, 479
-- William, 390
Adelaide Island, 432, 442
Adélie Land, 407, 409, 477, 487
Admiralty Range, 415
_Advance_, 252, 298 _et seq._
_Adventure_, 394
_Aid_, 86
_Akbar_, 223
Akuli Gulf, 230 _et seq._, 235
_Alabama_, 376;
loss of, 378
Aldrich, Admiral Pelham, 258 _et seq._, 304, 307, 428, 446
_Alert_, 303 _et seq._, 312, 313
Aleutian Islands discovered, 178
_Alexander_, 198, 201, 202
Alexander Island, 434
-- Land, 397, 442
Alfland, 33
Alfred, King, translates _Orosius_, 33
Alten Fjord, 317
Altitudes, Antarctic, 473, 480, 484, 485, 500, 501
-- in Greenland, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 381
Ambassador, Russian, visits England, 62
Amdrup, Lieut. G., 367, 368
Ameralik Fjord, 336
America, North, coast line of, surveyed by Franklin, 222;
by Back, 228;
by Dease and Simpson, 228
American Antarctic expeditions, 400, 408
-- Arctic Coast, 18;
birds of, 18;
fauna and flora of, 18
Amsterdam Island, 360
Amundsen, Roald, undertakes N.W. Passage, 314 _et seq._;
winters in King William Land, 314;
serves in the Belgian Expedition, 434;
his Antarctic expedition, 482 _et seq._;
meets Scott’s party, 493;
reaches the South Pole, 485
Andersson, Gunnar, 436, 439
Andrée, 344
_Andromache_, 398, 400
_Angekoks_, 23;
Greenland, 366
Angmagsalik, 365 _et seq._, 381
_Angrim_ stones, 53
Anian, Strait of, 82
Anjou, Admiral, surveys Liakhovs, 180
_Ann Frances_, 86
_Anne Royal_, 146
_Annula_, 124
Anoatok, 353, 355
_Antarctic_, 368, 436;
founders, 437
Antarctic Circle first crossed, 395
-- exploration, story of, 430 _et seq._
-- explorations, Amundsen’s, 482 _et seq._;
Balleny’s, 405, 414; Belgian, 433 _et seq._;
Bellingshausen’s, 396, 397;
Biscoe’s, 403 _et seq._;
Borchgrevink’s, 433;
Bruce’s, 439, 440;
Charcot’s, 441;
Capt. Cook’s, 394 _et seq._;
D’Urville’s, 407, 408;
Drygalski’s, 440;
Filchner’s, 442;
Foster’s, 400 _et seq._;
French, 407, 441;
Gerlache’s, 433 _et seq._;
German, 440, 442;
Kempe’s, 405;
Mawson’s, 486 _et seq._;
Nordenskiöld’s, 435 _et seq._;
Norwegian, 433, 482 _et seq._;
Ross’s, 410, 418, 422 _et seq._;
Russian, 396;
Scott’s first expedition, 447 _et seq._;
Scott’s last expedition, 489 _et seq._;
Shackleton’s, 478 _et seq._;
Swedish, 435 _et seq._, 506;
The Societies’, 444 _et seq._, 455 _et seq._, 466 _et seq._, 471
_et seq._;
Weddell’s, 401, 402;
Wilkes’s, 408, 409
-- ice, 11;
icebergs, 11;
regions, 389 _et seq._
_Antarctic Manual_, 453
Araucaria, 438
Archer, 503
-- Colin, 347;
constructs the _Fram_, 340
_Arctic_, 302, 303
Arctic currents, 23
-- discoveries, by Norsemen, 32 _et seq._, 38 _et seq._, 49 _et
seq._;
under Elizabeth, 157
“Arctic Highlanders,” 24, 203, 253, 299, 301, 313, 338, 339, 352 _et
seq._, 379;
dress of, 24;
physical characteristics of, 24
Arctic quadrants, 4, 6, 13
Arctic regions, geology of, 384 _et seq._
Arçtowski, Henryk, 434, 435, 453
Ardencaple Inlet surveyed, 375
Area of Greenland, 9
Areas, Polar, 3
_Arenaria sulcata_, 295
_Arethusa_, 223
Arias, Juan Luis, his memorial, 392
Armitage, Lieut. Albert, 292, 448, 463 _et seq._, 480
Arnold, Bishop, 48
Art, Tchuktche, 17
_Arte de Navegar_, 151;
translated by Eden, 65
_Assistance_, 251 _et seq._, 261, 264 _et seq._, 349
_Astrolabe_, 407
Astrolabe, 53;
description of, 56, 57;
Drake’s, 57
Astrup, Eivind, 337, 338
Atalayas, 125
Atkinson, Dr, 490, 491, 498, 499, 503, 504
Atlantic current, 30
Auks, Little, 199
_Aurora_, 486 _et seq._
Austin, Capt. H. T., 216, 252, 255, 273, 401;
death of, 262
Axel Heiberg Island, 348, 349, 354
Back, Sir George, 223 _et seq._, 276;
serves with Buchan, 199;
reaches Repulse Bay, 230
_Baffin_, 196
Baffin, William, 124, 125, 138;
patronised by Wolstenholme, 108;
sails with Hall, 113;
magnetic observations by, 115;
visits Spitsbergen, 116;
enters service of the East India Co., 146;
his Arctic voyages, 146;
his letter to Wolstenholme, 145;
his magnetic observations, 126;
explores Spitsbergen, 127;
his map of Hudson Strait, 139;
lunar observations of, 140;
visits Eskimo settlement, 140;
his third voyage, 142;
map of his discoveries, 144;
surveys Persian coast, 147;
captain of the _London_, 147;
death of, 147;
qualities of, 148
Baffin’s Bay, 145, 305;
birds of, 99;
currents of, 6;
entered by the Norsemen, 50;
its existence doubted, 145;
lost, 146;
existence reestablished, 201
Baffin Island, 141
_Baidor_, 171
Balaclava helmets, 462
_Balaena_, 296, 431, 439
-- _Biscayensis_, 125
Balleny, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, 405, 414
-- Islands, 406, 408, 417, 477
Ballestilla, 89
Balloon, captive, 450, 457
Bardsen, Ivar, report on Greenland, 51;
his sailing directions translated by Barentsz, 70
Barentsz, Willem, 69;
his voyage to Novaya Zemlya, 70;
discovers Spitsbergen, 74;
crews attacked by scurvy, 75;
winters in Novaya Zemlya, 75;
dies, 76;
discoveries of, 77;
character of, 78;
winter quarters revisited, 78;
hut of, 79;
relics of, 79
-- Sea, 297, 360
Barker, Andrew, 114, 115, 116
Barne, Michael, 449, 463, 471, 475
“Barren lands,” 18
Barrier, The Great, 11, 416, 419, 433, 453, 456;
altered limit of, 457, 475;
height of, 457
Barrington, Hon. Daines, 172
Basaltic pillars, 324;
rocks, 295
Basques, the first whalers, 125
Bathurst Island explored, 268
Battye, A. Trevor, 361
Bay ice, 7
-- of Whales, 483
Beach Province, 391
Beagle Channel, 436
_Bear_, 86
Bear, Nelson’s adventure with, 173;
Bears, 296
Bear Island (or Cherrie Island), 73, 121
-- Islands, 324
Beardmore Glacier, 498
Beaufort Island, 416
-- Sea unexplored, 383
Beaufoy, 402
Beaumont, Lieut., 308
Bedford, 223
Beechey, Capt. F. W., 226 _et seq._;
serves with Buchan, 198;
sails with Parry, 206
-- Island, 241, 265, 311, 314, 349
Behaim, Martin, figures polar islands, 54
Belcher, Sir Edward, 264, 269, 349
Belgian Antarctic expedition, 433 _et seq._
_Belgica_, 368, 434
Bertelsen, 370 _et seq._
Bell, Richard, 108, 113
-- Sound, 119, 187, 188, 285 _et seq._
_Bellerophon_, 223
Bellingshausen, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 396, 397
Bellot, Lieut., 262;
death of, 268
-- Strait, 262
Bennet, Stephen, visits Bear Island, 73
Bennett, Gordon, 327
-- Island, 179, 180, 329
Bering, Vitus, his voyages, 177;
death of, 178
-- Island, 324
-- Strait, 170
Bernacchi, Louis C., 433, 449, 475
Bernier, Capt., 362
Berry, Lieut., 329
Best, George, writes narrative of Frobisher’s second expedition, 90
Bethell, Lieut., 428
Beynen, Koolemans, 311, 358;
death of, 360
Bird, Capt., 213, 216, 218, 411, 420, 424;
death of, 251
Birds, 314;
Antarctic, 423, 437, 455;
of American Arctic coast, 18;
of Baffin’s Bay, 99;
of Cape Digges, 141;
of Cape York, 24;
of Davis Strait, 97;
of Franz Josef Land, 296;
of Fury Beach, 236;
of Novaya Zemlya, 185;
of Spitsbergen, 121;
of Waigatz Island, 64
Biscoe, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, 403 _et seq._
Bishop Arnold, 48
-- Eric, 48
-- Olaf, 49
Bishops of Greenland, 47 _et seq._, 51
Bjaaland, 484
Björling, 325
_Black Dog_, 101
Blake, Admiral, 398
Blessing, Dr, 341
_Blijde Boodschap_, 390
Blink Ice, 163
_Blossom_, 216, 226, 227, 234
Blubber, 193
Boats of Chukchis, 17;
of Eskimos, 20, 115
-- used on Franklin’s land expedition, 222;
used by Back on Great Fish River, 228;
used by Dease on the Mackenzie, 229;
of Franklin’s retreat, 245
_Bona Confidentia_, 60
-- _Esperanza_, 60
_Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms_, 389
Booth, Sir Felix, 233, 237, 251
Boothia Felix, 234
Borchgrevink, Carstens, his Antarctic expedition, 433
Bourne’s _Inventions or Devices_, 152
Bouvet, Capt. L., 393
-- Island, 393
Bowers, Lieut., 490, 492, 495 _et seq._, 500, 502;
death of, 503
Bransfield, Mr, 398, 400
Brattahlid, 41, 44
_Breadalbane_, 268
_Briefe and True Relation_, Purchas’s, 145
Briggs, Henry, 151
“Briggs-his-Mathematics,” 154
_Briseis_, 201
Britain, discovery of, by Pytheas, 27
British expeditions to Spitsbergen, 287
Brocklehurst, Sir Philip, 478, 480
Bromley, Lieut., 428
Brönlund, 370;
death of, 373, 374;
diary of, 373
Brooke Place, 105
Brooke’s sounding apparatus, 426
Bruce, Mr, his Antarctic expedition, 439, 440
-- Commander Wilfrid, 489, 491, 494
-- Miss Kathleen, 489
Brunel, Oliver, 130;
reaches the Obi, 68
Buchan, 198;
death of, 200
Buchanan, J. Y., 428
_Bulldog_, 427
Burney, Capt. James, 169, 394
Burrough, Stephen, 63, 83;
dies, 65
-- William, 63;
commands fleet, 65;
his _Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle_, 65, 100;
dies, 65
Burrough’s Strait, 64, 184
Bushnan, J., 201, 212
-- Cove, 260
-- Island, Meteoric boulders at, 24
Button, Sir Thomas, 136;
reaches Hudson’s Bay, 136;
winters, 136, 137;
dies, 137
Bygd, East, _v._ East Bygd;
West, _v._ West Bygd
Bylot, Robert, 131, 134, 138, 142
Byron, Commodore, 394
Cagni, Capt., 293;
attempts to reach Pole, 352
“Calving” of icebergs, 10
_California_, 166
Campbell, Lieut., 490, 492;
his party winters in ice cave, 49
Canada, Arctic lands transferred to, 362
Canadian Arctic expeditions, 362 _et seq._
Canynge, William, sends ships to the Arctic, 58
Capes
Adare, 415, 417, 433, 456, 470, 477
Armitage, 458, 496
Bernacchi, 480
Bird, 470
Bismarck, 370
Bridgman, 371
Chelagskoi, 182, 183
Chelyuskin, 15, 323, 341
Chidley, 100
Colombia, 355 _et seq._
Crozier, 456, 470, 471, 476, 492, 496
Elizabeth, 390
Evans, 492 _et seq._
Farewell, named by Davis, 96;
sighted by Baffin, 114;
sighted by Munk, 150
Fligely, 290, 294
Horn, 390, 420
Jakan, 183, 324
North, 417, 477, 493
Riley, relics at, 253, 254
Royds, 479
Sparbo, 355
Taimyr, 323
York, 202;
birds of, 24
_Carcass_, 172 _et seq._
_Cardamine bellidifolia_, 295
Cardigan Strait, 349
_Carex arenaria_, 342
-- _vesicaria_, 334
Carlsbergfondet expedition, 367
Carlsen, Capt., circumnavigates Spitsbergen, 286
Carpenter, Dr, 427
Cary, Allwyn, 138, 142, 144
-- Islands, 144, 261, 312, 313, 325
_Castor_, 431 _et seq._
Cathay, passage to, 105, 106, 118
-- Company, 85
Cavendish expedition, 101
_Cerastium alpinum_, 295
_Challenger_, 428
Challenger Expedition, 428
“Challenger Gap,” 508
Chancellor, Nicholas, sails with Pet, 66
-- Richard, sails with Willoughby, 60;
visits Moscow, 62;
narrative of his voyage, 63
_Chanticleer_, 401, 423
Charcot, his Antarctic expedition, 441
-- Land, 442
_Charles_, 152 _et seq._
Charles Darwin Island, 422
Chatham Island, 418
Chelyuskin, 176, 177
-- Cape, 15, 323, 341
Cherrie Island _v._ Cherry Island
Cherry Island (Bear Island), 73, 121
Chesterfield Inlet, 166
Chidley Cape, 100
Chilham, 107, 108
Christian IV sends expedition to Greenland, 112;
claims Spitsbergen, 124
Christianity reaches Iceland, 42;
introduced into Greenland, 43
Christianshaab, 162, 164
Chukchis, _v._ Tchuktches
Churches, at East Bygd, 47, 48;
in Greenland, 51;
ruins of Greenland, 52
_Churchill_, 167
Churchward, John, 98, 99
Circum-polar coast, 18;
trees, 13;
tribes, 13
Clavering, Douglas, 279;
death of, 281
Clavus, Claudius, maps of, 54
Clements Markham Glacier, 380
Clerke, Capt., 171, 394
_Clio_, 238, 240
Clothing, Arctic, 292, 352;
M’Clintock’s, 257;
Nansen’s, 334, 342;
Peary’s, 337
-- Antarctic, Amundsen’s, 482;
Scott’s, 462;
Shackleton’s, 478
Coal at Kudlisit, 312;
in Ellesmere Island, 350;
in Finmarken, 73;
in Spitsbergen, 361;
near Lady Franklin Bay, 309
Coats Land, 440
_Cochlearia fenestrata_, 295
Cockayne, Sir William, 106, 108, 113, 135
Cockburn Island, 423
Cod, 98
Codex Flateyensis, 38
Colbeck, Capt. William, 433, 467 _et seq._, 476
Cole, Humphrey, inventor of the Log, 152
Collins, Grenville, 156
Collinson, Capt., 263
Collision of _Erebus_ and _Terror_, 419
Commonwealth Bay, 487
Continental shelf, 340, 356;
Antarctic, 397, 435
Conway, Sir Martin, crosses Spitsbergen, 361 _et seq._;
his books on Spitsbergen, 362
Cook, Capt. James, 169 _et seq._;
explores neighbourhood of Bering Strait, 170;
his Antarctic expedition, 394 _et seq._
-- Dr Frederick, 337, 338, 434;
attempts to reach Pole, 353 _et seq._;
winters in Jones Sound, 355
Copper, 167, 169
Coppermine River, 168, 169, 229
_Cornwallis_, 238, 240
Côte Clarie, 408, 487
_Cove_, 237
Crab-eating seal, 483
Creak, Capt. Ettrick, 446, 451
Crean, 490, 495, 498, 499, 503
Cresswell, Lieut., 263, 268
Crevasse, Scott falls into, 474
Crevasses, Antarctic, 474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 494, 498
Cross-staff, 56, 89, 102
Crow’s nest, 189
Crozier, Commander, 213, 216, 239, 410, 414, 420, 424
Crozon, Frobisher besieges, 92
Cryolite, 164, 311
Cumberland Gulf, 95, 96, 98, 100
Cunningham, John, 112
Currents, Atlantic, 30;
Arctic, 23;
Baffin’s Bay, 6;
Greenland, 5, 41;
Oceanic, in arctic, 5
Dailey, Mr, 471
Dalager, Lars, 331
Dalbyo, 325
_Dame Europa’s School_, author of, 306
Dance, Commodore, 222
Danes Island, 344
Danish Arctic expeditions, 364 _et seq._, 376 _et seq._
_Danmark_, 369
Danmark Fjord, 372, 378;
Havn, 370
Dannebrog Islands, 365
David, Professor T. W. E., 478
Davidson, Dr, 468
Davis, John, 93;
sails on his first voyage, 94;
his provisions, 96;
his second expedition, 96;
names Cape Farewell, 96;
re-enters his strait, 96;
meets Eskimos, 95, 96, 97;
compiles Eskimo vocabulary, 97;
map of voyages of, 97;
his third expedition, 98;
magnetic observations of, 99;
commands _Black Dog_, 101;
commands _Desire_, 101;
commands _Drake_, 101;
joins Cavendish expedition, 101;
visits the Azores, 101;
death of, 102;
life of, 100, 102;
character of, 101;
narrative of his voyages, 100;
his quadrant, 102;
his _Seaman’s Secrets_, 102;
his _World’s Hydrographical Description_, 102;
place-names given by, 103
Davis, Capt. J. E. (Master of the _Terror_), 412, 425, 430
Davis Strait, 97
Day, Mr, 491
Dayman, Lieut., 426, 427
Dease, Peter Warren, 228
Debenham, F., 491
de Bruyne, Lieut. A., 359 _et seq._
Deception Island, 400, 401
Dee, Dr, 83, 94
De Hozes, Francisco, 389
Del Cano, Sebastian, 389
Dellbridge, J. H., 464 _et seq._
De Long, Lieut., his expedition, 327 _et seq._;
retreat of, 329;
fate of, 329;
character of, 329, 330
Demetri, 495, 503
_Dennis_, 86;
founders, 88
_Den Röd Löve_, 112
d’Orléans, Duc, 368, 435
Deshneff, Simon, 175
_Desire_, 101
Des Voeux, 240
D’Urville, Dumont, 440;
his Antarctic expedition, 407, 408
_Diana_, 287, 288, 326, 431
Diary of Brönland, 373
Dickson, Baron Oscar, 322, 332, 431
-- Dr, 425
Digges, Sir Dudley, 106, 107, 108, 135, 142
-- Leonard, 106, 107
-- Thomas, 107
Dinner to Scott’s expedition, 453
Dirk Gerritsz Archipelago, 390
“Discharging glaciers,” 9
Disco Bay, 48, 161, 162, 163, 164, 333
Disco Island, fossils in, 350
_Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle_, 100
_Discovery_, Baffin’s, 138 _et seq._, 142 _et seq._
-- Button’s, 236
-- Clerke’s, 169 _et seq._
-- Hudson’s, 129, 131
-- Moore’s, 165
-- Nares’s, 304, 312
-- Scott’s, 451 _et seq._;
plans of, 446, 447;
flag of, 447;
relieved by _Morning_, 470;
freed from the ice, 476;
ashore, 476;
damage to rudder, 477;
returns home, 477
_Divers Voyages_ (Hakluyt), 110
_Dobbs_, 166
Dogs, 17, 337, 338, 354, 355;
in Antarctic, 462, 472, 482, 483;
Greenland, 23
_Dorothea_, 198 _et seq._
_Draba alpina_, 295
_Drake_, 101
Drake, Sir Thomas, 389;
his astrolabe, 57
-- R. N., Mr, 489
Dress of Arctic Highlanders, 24;
of Eskimos, 19
Drift, Antarctic, 435
-- westerly polar, 5, 297, 310, 340, 342, 343;
_Jeannette’s_, 328
Driftwood, 23
Dronning Luisa Land, 373, 378, 381
Drygalski, Erik von, his Antarctic expedition, 440
-- Glacier, 481
Duse, Lieut., 436
Dutch, the, open trade with Russia, 68;
renew voyages to the North, 72, 73;
first visit to Spitsbergen by, 124;
despatch second fleet to Spitsbergen, 126
Dutch Arctic explorations, 358 _et seq._
Dysentery attacks Shackleton’s party, 480
_Earl Camden_, 222
East Bygd, 51, 159, 160;
settlement of, 40;
Augustinian monastery at, 47;
churches at, 47;
fate of, 51
East India Company, founded, 105;
undertake North-West Passage, 129;
Baffin enters service of, 146
Easter Island, visited by Cook, 396
Edward VI encourages Frobisher, 81;
patronises Arctic exploration, 59, 60
_Edward Bonaventure_, 60
_Eendracht_, 390
_Eenhiörningen_, 150
Egede, Hans, 158 _et seq._;
discovers Kakortak ruins, 47;
history of his mission, 160 _et seq._;
on Eskimo words, 160;
his family, 162;
dies, 163;
his books, 163
-- Paul, 161 _et seq._
Egedesminde, 163
Egerton, Admiral Sir George, 304, 306 _et seq._, 446, 448
_Eira_, 290;
founders, 291
Eira Harbour, 294
Eis blink, 163
_Eliza Scott_, 405, 406
_Elizabeth_, 98, 99, 100
Elizabeth, Queen, encourages Arctic discovery, 79;
supports Frobisher, 82, 85;
decorates Frobisher, 86
Elizabethan Arctic discoveries, 157
_Ellen_, 98, 99, 100
Ellesmere Island, 265, 298, 299, 308, 325, 347 _et seq._, 354, 362;
coal in, 350
_Emanuel_, 86
-- (busse), 86, 91
Emperor penguins, 472, 476, 496, 497
_Empetrum nigrum_, 116
Enderby, Charles, 403 _et seq._
-- Land, 404
-- Quadrant, 505
England, Lieut., R.N. 478
Engroneland, 118
_Enterprise_, 248, 250 _et seq._, 263
Epitaph, Franklin’s, 243
Equipment, sledging, Hearne’s, 168;
Nansen’s, 334;
Ross’s, 256;
Scott’s, 450, 460;
Sverdrup’s, 348;
Wrangell’s, 182
_Erebus_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._;
collision of, 419
-- (under Franklin), 237 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._,
251;
sinks, 247
Erebus and Terror Bay, 422
Erichsen, Mylius, 369 _et seq._;
death of, 374, 375
Erik, Bishop, 48
-- the Red, 39;
Saga of, 38;
voyage of, 41
Eriksfjord, 113
_Esk_, 195
Eskimos, 17, 18, 84, 112, 113, 115, 142, 143, 229, 234;
boats of, 20, 115;
dress of, 19;
East Greenland, 365, 366;
harpoons of, 23;
iglus, 234;
physical characteristics of, 19, 20, 22;
priests of, 23;
snow-huts of, 20;
their folk-lore, 366;
vocabulary of, compiled by Davis, 97;
vocabulary of, Egede’s, 160;
at Igloolik, 214;
of Boothia, 235;
in Greenland, 22, 335;
massacred by Indians, 168;
met by Amundsen, 314, 315;
met by Baffin, 140;
met by Davis, 95, 96, 97;
met by Egede, 159;
met by Hudson’s mutineers, 134;
met by M’Clintock, 275;
met by Sabine, 280 _et seq._;
visit Parry’s vessels, 214
Evans, Commander, 489, 490, 492, 498, 499
-- Edgar, 471 _et seq._, 490, 495, 498, 500 _et seq._;
death of, 502
_Excellent_, 238, 240
Faddiev, 179
Falkland Islands, 405, 420, 436
Farewell, Cape, sighted by Baffin, 114
Faroes, 121
Fauna, of American Arctic Coast, 18;
of Cape Sabine, 320;
of Franz
Josef Land, 296;
of Greenland, 96;
of Melville Island, 209;
of Spitsbergen, 119, 121, 128
Feather, T. A., 472
Feilden, Capt., 304
_Felix_, 251, 253, 254
Felspar crystals, 479
Fenton, Edward, 90
Ferrar, Hartley T., 449, 464 _et seq._, 472
Ferrar Glacier, 465, 471
Fiala, Capt., 293
Field, Capt., 446
“Field ice,” 7
Filchner, his Antarctic expedition, 442
Finmarken, 73;
coast explored by Ohthere, 34;
geology of, 73
_Finneskos_, 334, 342, 462, 478
Fish, abundance of, 98
Fisher, Dr, 209 _et seq._
-- Rev. George, 213
Fitzjames, James, 238 _et seq._;
death of, 247
Fjords, Greenland, 9, 41
Flag of the _Discovery_, 447
Flags, sledge, Nares’s expedition, 304;
Scott’s, 450
Flatey Book, 38, 47;
account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43
_Flensing_, 192
Flinders, Capt., 222
Floe, Tyson’s party adrift on, 301
“Floe-bergs,” 7
_Flora Antarctica_, 418
Flora of American Arctic Coast, 18;
of Baffin’s Bay, 116;
of Cockburn Island, 423;
of Franz Josef Land, 295;
of Greenland, 41, 96;
of Melville Island, 211;
of Novaya Zemlya, 185, 186;
of Waigatz, 64
Forster, Johann Reinhold, 394
Fort Enterprise, 224;
Providence, 224 _et seq._
Fortune, 177
Fossils, Antarctic, 423, 431, 432, 436, 437, 440, 501, 506;
penguins, 438;
tertiary, 350
Foster, Capt. Henry, 216, 423;
his Antarctic expedition, 400 _et seq._;
death of, 401
Fotherby family, 124, 126
_Fox_, 273, 311;
winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274
Fox Channel, 154
Fox, Luke, 137, 151;
sails north, 152;
discovers relics of Button and Munk, 154;
meets Capt. James, 154;
his Narrative, 156;
map of, 145, 146, 155
Foyn, Svend, 433, 467
_Fram_ (Nansen’s), 340 _et seq._;
dimensions of, 340;
drift of, 344;
arrives home, 344;
under Sverdrup, 347;
winters in Smith Channel, 347;
winters in Havnfjord, 348;
winters in Jones Sound, 349
-- (Amundsen’s), 482 _et seq._
_Français_, 442
_Francis_, 86
Francke, Rudolf, 353 _et seq._
Franklin, Lady, 251
-- Sir John, 222, 238 _et seq._, 413, 414;
serves with Buchan, 198;
at Trafalgar, 223;
his land journey, 223 _et seq._;
marries Miss Porden, 226;
his second land journey, 226;
marries Miss Griffin, 227;
last expedition sails, 241;
death of, 243;
Tennyson’s epitaph on, 243;
his record, 243, 244;
retreat of his party, 245 _et seq._;
search for, 248 _et seq._;
his winter quarters discovered, 254;
his relics found, 272, 275, 276, 314
Franklin Island, 415
Franz Josef Land, 289 _et seq._, 345, 360;
explorers of, 293;
described, 293, 294;
flora of, 295;
fauna of, 296;
birds of, 296;
part of Spitsbergen, 340;
Nansen reaches, 343
Frederikshaab, 163, 331
Freeman, Ralph, 106
French Antarctic expeditions, 407, 441
Freuchen, Herr, 370, 380