CHAPTER IX._Cadet Life at West Point

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.

“Where proud and free the Hudson flows,

Above the Highlands grand,

And in its placid bosom shows

The charms of Nature’s hand”

West Point, the seat of the United States Military Academy, is the

property of the United States and situated in the State of New York in

the Highlands on the west bank of the Hudson River, about fifty miles

north of New York City. The grounds comprise 2,550 acres, of which about

200 acres are a plain, some one hundred and sixty feet above the river,

the balance being mountainous.

In May, 1776, Brigadier General Henry Knox, Chief of Artillery, proposed

plans for a military school for the new government, Colonel Alexander

Hamilton seconded them and on October 1, 1776, upon the recommendation of

General George Washington, the Continental Congress passed a resolution

appointing a committee to prepare a plan for “a Military Academy at the

Army” which was followed by the law of June 20, 1777, that provided for

a “Corps of Invalids” to serve as a military school for young gentlemen

previous to their appointment to marching regiments. This corps was

organized the next month in Philadelphia, Penn.

The occupation of West Point as a military post took place January 20,

1778, and has been continuous since then.

On March 30, 1779, the Board of War adopted regulations for the Corps

of Engineers and for the Sappers and Miners: these were promulgated in

Orders, July 30, 1779, by General Washington and provided for a plan

of instruction to be carried into effect after approval by the Board

and by the General-in-Chief. The plan contemplated lectures by engineer

officers, on fortifications, mining, reconnaissance, encampments and the

like, and as early as February, 1780, practical experiments in gunnery

were conducted at West Point, and in 1781, at the request of Washington,

the Corps of Invalids was marched from Philadelphia to West Point,

where an engineer school, a laboratory, and a library had already been

established in three separate buildings.

At Newburgh, N. Y., in 1783, Washington discussed with his officers the

necessity of the government maintaining a military academy as a part

of the regular army and as the first President of the United States he

again referred to it in his message of December 3, 1793, which resulted

in the law of May 9, 1794, authorizing the organization of a “Corps of

Artillerists and Engineers” with two cadets to each company, thereby

creating the new grade of “cadet” in our regular army. The artillerists

and engineers were stationed at West Point that year and a school for

the cadets was opened at once and continued until 1796 when the school

buildings were destroyed by fire.

In his last message to Congress, Washington said: “The institution of a

military academy is also recommended by cogent reasons. However pacific

the general policy of a nation may be, it ought never to be without an

adequate stock of military knowledge for emergencies. The first would

impair the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety, or

expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided. Besides that,

war might not often depend upon its own choice. In proportion as the

observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation from the necessity

of practicing rules of military art, ought to be its care in preserving

and transmitting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of that art.

Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples superficially

viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the art

of war is at once comprehensive and complicated; that it demands much

previous study; and that the possession of it in its most approved and

perfect state is always of great moment to the security of a nation.

This, therefore, ought to be a serious care of every Government; and for

this purpose, an academy, where a regular course of instruction is given,

is an obvious expedient, which different nations have successfully

employed.”

In a letter to Colonel Hamilton, Ex-President Washington said: “The

establishment of an Institution of this kind, upon a respectable and

extensive Basis, has ever been considered by me as an object of primary

importance to this Country; and while I was in the Chair of Government, I

omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it, in my public speeches

and other ways, to the attention of the Legislature.... I sincerely hope

that the subject will meet with due attention, and that the reasons for

its establishment which you have so clearly pointed out in your letter

to the Secretary, will prevail upon the Legislature to place it upon a

permanent and respectable footing.”

New buildings were put up at West Point and on July 20, 1801, the

Secretary of War ordered all cadets of the corps of artillerists to

proceed there, and on September 1st of that year the school was reopened

with four army officers and one civilian as instructors.

An act of Congress approved March 16, 1802, authorized the President to

organize a corps of engineers to consist of five officers and ten cadets,

at West Point, to constitute a military academy, which he did and with

the quota present the United States Military Academy was formally opened

on the Fourth of July of that year.

But Congress did not appropriate any money for the Academy until March

3, 1803, and then in the Army Bill it gave only $2,000.00 for both the

Academy and for War Department books and apparatus. The Army Bill of 1804

contained $1,000.00 for the Academy, and that of 1805 gave it $500.00.

Then Congress ignored this institution until the war with England, when

in the Army Bill of 1812 it gave the Academy $25,000.00 and authorized

the erection of a library and other buildings, and the reorganization of

the academic staff.

An Act of Congress in 1808 authorized 40 cadets from the artillery, 16

from the dragoons, 20 from the riflemen, and 100 from the infantry, but

as no provision was made for them at West Point only a few of these were

appointed. In 1810 the Military Academy was deprived of nearly all means

of instruction and both officers and cadets experienced difficulty in

getting their pay. During most of the year 1811, although war was then

imminent, academic instruction was practically abandoned and in March,

1812, it was abandoned when the last instructor was ordered to duty

elsewhere. Up to this time 88 cadets had graduated and they had been

admitted to the academy without mental or physical examinations, at all

ages, from twelve to thirty-four and at any time of the year.

By an Act of Congress approved April 29, 1812, the Military Academy

was reorganized, and the provisions of this Act furnished the general

principles upon which the Academy has since been conducted and

controlled; a more adequate corps of professors was authorized, a maximum

of 250 cadets was fixed, and age and mental requisites for admission of

candidates were prescribed, and in 1817 under the able superintendency of

Major Sylvanus Thayer, a graduate of the West Point class of 1808, the

present era in the Academy’s history began, because he made it a school

for the practical and theoretical training of cadets for the military

service. Since then the requisites for admission have been increased from

time to time by Congress and with its permission by the Secretary of War.

In 1834 an appropriation (of $139,881.45) for the Military Academy was

for the first time made in a separate bill, called the Military Academy

bill.

In 1838 many records and other property were destroyed by fire.

Prior to 1843 a prescribed residence was not a legal qualification for

appointment but the selection of one cadet from each congressional

district became a custom, and in this year Congress prescribed that the

corps of cadets should consist of one cadet (recommended by the member)

from each congressional district, one (recommended by the delegate)

from each Territory, one from the District of Columbia and ten from the

United States at large, to be appointed by the President; the number of

cadets varying as the number of congressmen and delegates increased or

diminished.

The Academic Board now comprises the following, to-wit:

Superintendent.

Commandant of Cadets—Instructor of Tactics.

Professor of Civil and Military Engineering.

Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy.

Professor of Mathematics.

Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology.

Professor of Drawing.

Professor of Modern Languages.

Professor of Law and History.

Professor of Practical Military Engineering, Military Signaling and

Telegraphy.

Professor of Ordnance and Gunnery.

Professor of Military Hygiene.

Professor of English and History.

Without regard to his rank the Superintendent is the head of the

institution, while the other members of the Board take precedence

according to rank.

These officers have as many assistants detailed from the army as the

Secretary of War deems necessary for the proper instruction of the

cadets, and the senior assistant in each department of instruction is a

member of the Academic Board or of a committee of it, for the purpose of

examining cadets, arranging them in order of merit, and determining their

proficiency or deficiency in every branch of study in that department;

and the instructor of any section under examination or consideration is

a member of a department committee of the Academic Board for the purpose

of examining the section and arranging it in order of merit.

All deliberations of the Academic Board and of its committees, and

expressions of opinions and votes, individual or collective, of members

thereof are confidential. The decisions of the Board are published in

orders.

Since 1812 the Course of Study has been four years, except that for the

classes entering in 1854, ’55 and ’56 it was five years, and for classes

entering in 1908, ’09 and ’10 it was four years and three months, as new

cadets were then admitted March 1.

Cadets of the Fourth Class found deficient at the January examinations

are invariably discharged or permitted to resign, while some of the

unfortunates at the June examination are turned back to the next class.

By virtue of Section 1331, Revised Statutes of the United States, the

supervision and charge of the Academy are in the War Department under

such officer or officers as the Secretary of War may assign to that

duty.[61]

The Act of Congress approved June 23, 1879, provided “That each member

of the graduating classes of the Military Academy of 1879 and 1880,

after graduation, may elect, with the assent of the Secretary of War, to

receive the gross sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars and mileage to

his place of residence[62]; and the acceptance of this gross sum shall

render him ineligible to appointment in the army, except in the event

of war, until two years after his graduation.” And Congress did this

when the Military Academy never graduated enough cadets to keep the army

supplied with second lieutenants.[63]

The Act of Congress approved May 17, 1886, provided “That when any

Cadet of the United States Military Academy has gone through all its

classes and received a regular diploma from the Academic Staff, he may

be promoted and commissioned as a second lieutenant in any arm or corps

of the Army in which there may be a vacancy and the duties of which he

may have been judged competent to perform; and in case there shall not at

the time be a vacancy in such arm or corps, he may, at the discretion of

the President, be promoted and commissioned in it as an additional second

lieutenant, with the usual pay and allowances of a second lieutenant,

until a vacancy shall happen.”

The Act of Congress approved November 4, 1889, provided that “Any cadet

dismissed for hazing shall not be reappointed.”

By Acts of Congress approved June 6, 1900, March 2, 1901, June 28, 1902

(this act alone appropriated $5,500,000.00 for the improvement of a

then fine plant), March 3, 1903, and May 28, 1908, the corps of cadets

was made to consist of one cadet (recommended by the member) from each

congressional district, two (one recommended by each senator) from each

State at large, one (recommended by the delegate) from each Territory,

one (recommended by the Commissioners) from the District of Columbia, one

(recommended by the Resident Commissioner) from Porto Rico, and forty

(appointed by the President) from the United States at large and, with

the exception of the forty from the United States at large, to be actual

residents of the Congressional District, State, Territory, District of

Columbia or Porto Rico, respectively, from which appointed.

Four Filipinos, one for each class, are authorized to receive instruction

as cadets, to be eligible on graduation only to commissions in the

Philippine Scouts.

Under these Acts when in June a cadet finishes three years of his course

at the academy, or sooner if his name is dropped from its rolls before

then, a principal and two alternates may be appointed and the successful

one admitted to the academy (formerly in the following June or September

and now) on the next March 1st. But from July 1, 1910, to July 1, 1916,

under the Act of April 19, 1910, when in June a cadet finishes two years

of his course at the academy, or sooner if his name is dropped from its

rolls before then, a principal and two alternates may be appointed and

the successful one admitted to the academy on the next March 1st.

According to the twelfth census, the maximum number of cadets was fixed

at 533.[64]

It is suggested to all candidates (principals and alternates[65]) that

before leaving their homes for the place designated (either West Point or

their nearest military post) for their official examination, they should

cause themselves to be thoroughly examined by a competent physician, and

by a teacher or instructor in good standing. By such an examination any

serious disqualification or deficiency in mental preparation would be

revealed, and the candidate probably spared the expense and trouble of a

useless journey and the mortification of rejection.

It should be understood that the informal examination herein recommended

is solely for the convenience and benefit of the candidate himself, and

can in no manner affect the decision of the official Examining Boards.

There being no provision whatever for the payment of the traveling

expenses of either accepted or rejected candidates for admission, no

candidate should fail to provide himself in advance with the means of

returning to his home, in case of his rejection before either of the

Examining Boards, as he may otherwise be put to considerable trouble,

inconvenience, and even suffering on account of his destitute condition.

If admitted, the money brought by him to meet such a contingency can be

deposited with the treasurer on account of his equipment as a cadet, or

returned to his friends.

When the official examination is at a military post the questions[66]

for the candidates and surgeons to answer are sent from West Point to

the Board of Officers that conducts the examination. Each candidate is

given a number which he signs to his examination papers and to a letter

containing his autograph; the two are put in separate envelopes and sent

to West Point.

The Act of Congress approved March 2, 1901, provided that “Appointees

shall be examined under regulations to be framed by the Secretary of War

before they shall be admitted to the Academy and shall be well versed in

such subjects as he may from time to time prescribe.”

Special Acts of Congress are sometimes passed that authorize the

education at the Academy of young men from foreign countries. These young

men are not commissioned in the Army and the acts always provide that

all of their expenses shall be defrayed by the countries to which they

belong.

The Cadets are arranged in four distinct classes, corresponding with the

four years of study.

The cadets employed on the first year’s course constitute the fourth

class; those on the second year’s course the third class; those on the

third year’s course the second class; and those on the fourth year’s

course the first class.

There was in 1908, ’09 and ’10 a preliminary course from about March 11

to June 10 for new cadets then admitted March 1, and they constituted the

class of new cadets.

The academic year commences on the 1st of July. On, or before, that date

the result of the examination held in the preceding month is announced

and Cadets are advanced from one class to another. At no other time is a

Cadet advanced from one class to another, unless prevented by sickness,

or authorized absence, from attending the aforesaid examination; in

such a case a special examination is granted; but in no case is a Cadet

advanced from one class to another without having satisfied the Academic

Board of his proficiency in each branch of study pursued by his class.

“No cadet who is reported as deficient in either conduct or studies

and recommended to be discharged from the Academy, shall, unless upon

recommendation of the Academic Board, be returned or reappointed or be

appointed to any place in the Army before his class shall have left the

Academy and received their commissions.”

(Section 1325, Revised Statutes of the United States.)

=====+========+================================================

|Names | MERIT IN

| +-----------+-------+------+-------+------------+

| of | | | | | Natural |

+--------+-----------+-------+------+-------+------------+

|in each | 400.00 | 75.00 |150.00| 125.00| 300.00 |

-----+--------+-----------+-------+------+-------+------------+

=====+========+=======================================================

|Names | MERIT IN

| +----------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+

+--------+----------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+

|in each | 225.00 | 115.00 | 130.00 |125.00 | 300.00 |

-----+--------+----------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+

=====+========+========================================================

|Names | MERIT IN

| +------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+

| of | | and | |Soldierly | | |

+--------+------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+

|in each |150.00| 150.00 | 45.00 | 20.00 | 25.00 |125.00 |

-----+--------+------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+

=====+========+========

|Names |

| ++-------

|Arranged||

|in Order||

| of ||

Class|General ||

Rank | Merit ||General

| || Merit

+--------++-------

|Maximum ||

|in each ||2460.00

|branch ||

-----+--------++-------

The count for conduct, based upon the number of demerits received by a

cadet each year, is

Class of New Cadets 40

Fourth class year 50

Third class year 75

Second class year 100

First class year 125

The final count in conduct for the graduating merit roll is 125. It is

obtained by adding together the respective proportional parts for each

of the four years and the preliminary course for New Cadets, and then

reducing the sums thus found to equivalent values with a maximum of 125.

Upon completing the prescribed course of study the graduates are eligible

for promotion to the grade of Second Lieutenant in any corps or arm of

the army, the duties of which the Academic Board may judge them competent

to perform.

For instruction in infantry drill regulations and in military police and

discipline, the Corps of Cadets is organized into two battalions, under

the Commandant of Cadets, assisted by two battalion commanders (army

officers), each company being commanded by an army officer. The cadet

officers and non-commissioned officers are selected from those who have

been most studious, soldier-like in the performance of their duties,

and most exemplary in their general deportment. In general, the cadet

officers are taken from the first class, the sergeants from the second,

and the corporals from the third.

In an article in the July-August, 1904, number of The Journal of the

Military Service Institution, Professor Samuel E. Tillman, of the United

States Military Academy said:

“Any one returning to the Academy now after an absence of fifteen years

will observe many striking changes, the most important of which are: The

disappearance in large part of the annual and semi-annual examinations;

the introduction of the intermediate examinations, that is examinations

during the academic term, at the completion of some part of the

term-course; the large increase in written recitations with corresponding

decrease in oral; a great increase in practical and semipractical work

in connection with the descriptive courses; the greater amount of

time permitted for recreation exercises. These changes have greatly

modified methods deemed of much importance for sixty years prior to

1890, yet it can be confidently asserted that the changes have enabled

cadets to acquire a greater amount of information with less effort upon

their part.... Cadet schools should always be training, developing and

character-forming schools, as they control the students at the best

formative period.”

Since 1840 the following changes have been made in the subjects taught,

to-wit:

In 1853 Practical Military Engineering was added.

In 1857 Spanish was added.

In 1873 Ethics and Logic were dropped.

In 1882 General History was added and Physical Training was made a

distinct course.

In 1909 Military Hygiene was added.

Text books have been changed or revised from time to time since the

Academy was founded.

Colonel Charles W. Larned, Professor of Drawing at the Academy, in a

recent article in _Munsey’s Magazine_, said:

“The improvements now in progress at the Military Academy ... include not

only an architectural renewal, but a revision of the entire curriculum,

both of which are undertakings of transcendant importance to the

institution....

“It has been a difficult task to harmonize the various discordant

buildings of other styles, which cannot be sacrificed, with the

prevailing Tudor style; more especially as the topography of the site

restricts the plan within confined limits. The architects have succeeded,

however, in evolving a scheme which, when completed, will have both unity

and coherence, and a picturesqueness unequaled on the continent. The

rugged, climbing masses of semi-medieval Gothic structures that scale

the granite cliffs and rise in towering succession to their crowning

feature, the cathedral-like Chapel on Observatory Hill, will form a group

of buildings in harmony both with their use and their environment, and

worthy of the great institution they house.”

And in speaking of what graduates have done, he said: “At the end of that

tremendous struggle (the Civil War), all the armies in the field on both

sides were commanded by graduates of West Point; nearly all the army

corps, and most of the divisions. Out of sixty of the greatest battles

... in fifty-six the commanders on both sides were graduates; in the

other four a graduate commanded on one side, and three of the four were

won by graduates....

“As explorers, as early as 1820, Long’s expedition containing Bell,

Graham and Swift, explored as far as Pike’s Peak, and first ascended

it; Allen, in 1832, first traced the source of the Mississippi; and

Bonneville’s great exploration, in 1832-1834, penetrated Wyoming, Utah,

California, and the Columbia and Yellowstone regions, and supplied the

first hydrographic maps of the country.

“For half a century West Point was the principal and almost the

only school of science and technology in America. Its graduates not

only furnished presidents and teachers of scientific institutions

as they appeared, but were the pioneer engineers who laid out the

trans-continental routes of the great western railways, besides

surveying and developing as engineers and presidents other systems in

the East.... More than one hundred and seventy-five thousand miles of

routes, lines and marches.” And graduates have had charge of “the Lake

surveys; the Coast and Geodetic survey, reorganized and for twenty-four

years superintended by a graduate; the surveys west of the one hundredth

meridian; the river and harbor improvements of the United States; the

control and building of the Panama Canal; the superintendency and

construction of public buildings in Washington, including the wings and

dome of the Capitol, and the Congressional Library; the rectification and

completion of the Washington Monument; the construction of lighthouses,

including the remarkable one of Minot’s Ledge; besides many other works

of survey and construction, of which the Chicago (drainage) Canal is one

of the most important. The disbursements of public funds for river and

harbor work alone approximate six hundred million dollars and if other

civil and military works are included, the grand total will be not far

from one thousand millions.... Our officers ... have been: Governors of

provinces, mayors of cities, collectors of customs, school commissioners,

sanitary engineers, civil engineers, police commissioners, judges of

courts, architects, superintendents of railroads, heads of departments of

state, and even commanders of vessels....

“Half of the (4,121) graduates in the first century of the academy’s

existence entered civil life, and in the civil career alone their record

shows nineteen per cent of distinguished success—far in excess of that of

any other institution in the land....”

In an article that appeared in 1904 in the New York Sun he gave the

following data for—

_West Point Graduates Who Have Attained Distinguished Success._

1 President of the United States.

1 President of the Confederate States.

3 Presidential candidates.

1 Vice-Presidential candidate.

4 Members of the Cabinet of the United States.

1 Ambassador.

14 Ministers from the United States to foreign courts.

2 Chargés d’Affaires from the United States to foreign courts.

12 United States Consuls-General and Consuls.

24 Members of the United States Senate and House of

Representatives.

171 United States civil officers of various kinds.

8 Presidential electors.

2 Governors of States and Territories.

77 Members of State Legislatures.

2 Lieutenant-Governors of States.

8 Presiding officers of State Senates and Houses of

Representatives.

13 Members of conventions to form State constitutions.

81 State officers of various grades.

29 Adjutants, Inspectors, and Quartermasters-General and Chief

Engineers of States and Territories.

158 Officers of State militia.

17 Mayors of cities.

57 City officers.

46 Presidents of universities, colleges, etc.

32 Principals of academies and schools.

14 Regents and chancellors of educational institutions.

136 Professors and teachers.

1 Superintendent of Coast Survey.

11 Surveyors-General of States and Territories.

14 Chief Engineers of States.

87 Presidents of railroads and other corporations.

63 Chief engineers of railroads and other public works.

62 Superintendents of railroads and other public works.

24 Treasurers and receivers of railroads and other corporations.

228 Civil engineers.

5 Electrical engineers.

14 Judges.

200 Attorneys and counsellors at law.

1 Bishop.

1 Superior-General of clerical order.

20 Clergymen.

14 Physicians.

122 Merchants.

77 Manufacturers.

3 Artists.

7 Architects.

230 Farmers and planters.

18 Bankers.

8 Bank presidents.

23 Bank officers.

30 Editors.

179 Authors.

In accordance with sections 1327, 1328 and 1329 of the Revised Statutes

of the United States a Board of Visitors, composed of twelve persons,

seven appointed by the President, two by the presiding officer of the

Senate, and three by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, was

for years annually appointed to visit the Military Academy to “inquire

into the actual state of discipline, instruction, police administration,

fiscal affairs, and other concerns of the institution, and reported the

same to the Secretary of War for the information of Congress.” Each

member of the Board received not exceeding eight cents per mile traveled,

by the most direct route, from his residence to West Point and return,

and in addition, five dollars per day for expenses during each day of

his service at West Point. This Board visited and inspected the Academy

during the first two weeks of June.

* * * * *

The Act of Congress approved March 4, 1909, among other things says:

“That hereafter the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy shall

consist of five members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the

Senate and seven members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the

House of Representatives, to be appointed by the respective chairman

thereof, who shall annually visit the Military Academy on such date or

dates as may be fixed by the chairman of the said committees; and the

Superintendent of the academy and the members of the Board of Visitors

shall be notified of such date by the chairman of the said committees,

acting jointly, at least fifteen days before the meeting. The expenses

of the members of the board shall be their actual expenses while engaged

upon their duties as members of said board, and their actual expenses for

travel by the shortest mail routes: Provided further, That so much of

sections 1327, 1328 and 1329, Revised Statutes of the United States, as

is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is hereby repealed.”

The Military Academy, upon which millions of dollars have been expended

on grounds and buildings alone, is maintained by the Government solely

for the practical and theoretical training of young men for commissions

in the army, and that the investment is appreciated by the country is

voiced by its public men, a few quotations being given here.

From his experience in the War of 1812 and service on Indian campaigns,

General Andrew Jackson while President of the United States in a message

to Congress said:

“I recommend to your fostering care, as one of our safest means of

national defense, the Military Academy. This institution has already

exercised the happiest influence upon the moral and intellectual

character of our Army; and such of the graduates from various causes

may not pursue the profession of arms will be scarcely less useful as

citizens. Their knowledge of the military art will be advantageously

employed in the militia service, and in a measure secure to that class of

troops the advantages which in this respect belongs to standing armies.”

After the close of the Mexican war Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott in a

report to the Secretary of War said:

“I give it as my fixed opinion that, but for our graduated cadets, the

war between the United States and Mexico might, and probably would, have

lasted some four or five years, with, in its first half, more defeats

than victories falling to our share; whereas, in less than two campaigns,

we conquered a great country and a peace, without the loss of a single

battle or skirmish.”

Some two score of years later, in speaking of the graduates of the

Military Academy, the Honorable Charles S. Fairchild, of New York, in

an address said: “That roll, which, when told over, excites patriotic

enthusiasm, and calls forth high emotion beyond that of the roll of any

like institution in the world.”

And General William Tecumseh Sherman said:

“The education and manly training imparted to young men at West Point

has repaid the United States a thousand times its cost, and more than

verified the predictions of General Washington. Every cadet at West Point

is an appointee of a member of Congress, every member having a cadet of

his own nomination there, with only ten appointed by the President at

large. The corps of cadets is therefore a youthful counterpart of our

national House of Representatives. The same laws, the same regulations,

the same instruction, books, clothing, and food are common to all, and a

more democratic body never existed on earth than is the corps of cadets.”

In June, 1902, some five hundred graduates and President Roosevelt,

Secretary of War Root, Lieutenant-General Miles, Adjutant-General

Corbin, and scores of other non-graduates, assembled together at West

Point, many with and a few without their wives, and celebrated in a royal

manner the first centennial of the founding of the Military Academy. The

cadets went into camp that year earlier than usual and their barracks

were used by such of the visiting graduates as were not cared for at the

hotel, in Cullum Hall, or by the families on duty at the post, while the

wives and daughters of those of us who slept in barracks were cared for

at Cozzen’s Hotel, now a part of the post.

Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then President of the United States, in an

address said:

“This institution has completed its first hundred years of life. During

that century no other educational institution in the land has contributed

as many names as West Point has contributed to the honor roll of the

nation’s greatest citizens.”

The Hon. Elihu Root, the Secretary of War, said:

“The foregoing considerations naturally bring to mind the Military

Academy at West Point. I believe that the great service which it has

rendered the country was never more conspicuous than it has been during

the past two years. The faithful and efficient service of its graduates

since the declaration of war with Spain have more than repaid the cost of

the institution since its foundation. They have been too few in number

and most heavily burdened.”

And in his address to the graduating class of 1903 the Honorable

David B. Henderson, of Iowa, a former Speaker of the National House

of Representatives, and then the President of the West Point Board of

Visitors, said: “The Board (of Visitors) have all been here and have

devoted such time as was possible to studying the conditions of West

Point. I can speak for the Board that they have been delighted with what

they have seen, and are unanimously of the opinion, which the world

holds, I may say, that this is the greatest military educational school

on earth.”

Many foreign princes and others interested in the education of young men

for civil as well as for military pursuits visit West Point. Among the

guests at the Academy’s Centennial were two German army officers sent by

the Emperor as his personal representative.

After a careful inspection of the leading educational institutions of the

world Major-General Sir Thomas Frazer of the British Army in a letter

referring to West Point said: “I think the institution is better than any

I have seen.”

And Field Marshal Lord Wolseley in writing about West Point said: “I

have very often had the advantage of meeting men who have qualified at

that best of all military schools and invariably found them interesting

companions, with a thorough knowledge of their profession.”

Colonel Bridges, C. M. G., recently said: “After an exhaustive course

of inquiries into the training of the young idea in military matters,

I have returned to Australia imbued with the idea that the American

methods in vogue at their celebrated institution at West Point are the

best, with, of course, certain modifications for Australia.... It is an

extremely efficient institution for the purpose for which it is intended.”

[Illustration]

TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF CANDIDATES.

========+=========+========+===========+=========+=========+

| | | | | |

--------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+

1800 |Records |Records |Alternates | 2 | — |

1 |lost |lost |first | 7 | — |

2 |by fire |by fire |appointed | 2 | — |

3 |in 1838. |in 1838.|in 1878. | 8 | — |

4 | | | | 9 | — |

5 | | | | 10 | — |

6 | | | | 9 | — |

7 | | | | 17 | — |

8 | | | | 41 | — |

9 | | | | 10 | — |

1810 | | | | 2 | — |

1 | | | | 0 | — |

2 | | | | 10 | — |

3 | | | | 87 | — |

4 | | | | 148 | — |

5 | | | | 58 | — |

6 | | | | 34 | — |

7 | | | | 55 | — |

8 | | | | 115 | — |

9 | | | | 86 | — |

1820 | | | | 67 | — |

1 | | | | 77 | — |

2 | | | | 108 | — |

3 | | | | 103 | — |

4 | | | | 79 | — |

5 | | | | 105 | — |

6 | | | | 91 | — |

7 | | | | 97 | — |

8 | | | | 106 | — |

9 | | | | 113 | — |

1830 | | | | 102 | — |

1 | | | | 94 | — |

2 | | | | 102 | — |

3 | | | | 112 | — |

4 | | | | 65 | — |

5 | | | | 72 | — |

6 | | | | 97 | — |

7 | | | | 118 | — |

8 | 132 | 114 | | 111 | — |

9 | 91 | 79 | | 76 | — |

1840 | 106 | 94 | | 84 | — |

1 | 131 | 122 | | 114 | — |

2 | 144 | 135 | | 109 | — |

3 | 77 | 74 | | 60 | — |

4 | 96 | 90 | | 75 | — |

5 | 98 | 91 | | 81 | — |

6 | 121 | 109 | | 103 | — |

7 | 84 | 78 | | 74 | — |

8 | 84 | 83 | | 81 | — |

9 | 95 | 90 | | 88 | — |

1850 | 98 | 95 | | 90 | — |

1 | 81 | 74 | | 71 | — |

2 | 102 | 100 | | 90 | — |

3 | 97 | 90 | | 83 | — |

4 | 120 | 111 | | 103 | — |

5 | 99 | 94 | | 80 | — |

6 | 101 | 93 | | 73 | — |

7 | 132 | 117 | | 82 | — |

8 | 108 | 98 | | 75 | — |

9 | 91 | 86 | | 60 | — |

1860 | 84 | 84 | | 72 | — |

1 | 148 | 123 | | 108 | — |

2 | 96 | 92 | | 81 | — |

3 | 126 | 111 | | 99 | — |

4 | 101 | 88 | | 73 | — |

5 | 101 | 94 | | 74 | — |

6 | 95 | 88 | | 70 | — |

7 | 84 | 75 | | 55 | — |

8 | 127 | 113 | | 76 | — |

9 | 112 | 101 | | 70 | — |

1870 | 163 | 142 | | 65 | — |

1 | 131 | 119 | | 76 | — |

2 | 165 | 150 | | 95 | — |

3 | 230 | 205 | | 118 | — |

4 | 175 | 159 | | 89 | — |

5 | 206 | 195 | | 121 | — |

6 | 167 | 154 | | 98 | — |

7 | 200 | 186 | | 96 | — |

8 | 174 | 152 | 3 | 102 | — |

9 | 146 | 122 | 4 | 88 | — |

1880 | 139 | 115 | 6 | 73 | — |

1 | 200 | 152 | 3 | 85 | — |

2 | 216 | 192 | 8 | 129 | — |

3 | 235 | 209 | 9 | 141 | — |

4 | 178 | 155 | 4 | 100 | — |

5 | 171 | 143 | 6 | 95 | — |

6 | 215 | 190 | 10 | 128 | — |

7 | 256 | 210 | 9 | 127 | — |

8 | 210 | 181 | 6 | 101 | — |

9 | 231 | 196 | 7 | 96 | — |

1890 | 198 | 175 | 11 | 81 | — |

1 | 209 | 161 | 9 | 97 | — |

2 | 302 | 258 | 15 | 114 | — |

3 | 326 | 268 | 10 | 108 | — |

4 | 303 | 258 | 12 | 101 | — |

5 | 327 | 282 | 17 | 105 | — |

6 | 308 | 248 | 18 | 110 | — |

7 | 315 | 285 | 23 | 129 | — |

8 | 311 | 273 | 15 | 101 | — |

9 | 321 | 257 | 21 | 145 | — |

1900 | 379 | 317 | 36 | 170 | — |

1 | 374 | 311 | 47 | 160 | — |

2 | 269 | 211 | 26 | 114 | — |

3 | 425 | 324 | 28 | 163 | — |

4 | 353 | 279 | 42 | 153 | — |

5 | 368 | 289 | 41 | 145 | 1 |

6 | 315 | 228 | 30 | 123 | 8 |

7 | 387 | 308 | 34 | 143 | 92 |

8 | 461 | 351 | 7 | 132 | 88 |

9 | 482 | 366 | 4 | 128 | 118 |

1910 | 505 | 391 | 5 | 148 | 111 |

--------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+

Total | — | — | 526 | 9,742 | 418 |

--------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+

+============================================================

| GRADUATED CADETS.

+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----

| | | | | | | |In | |Year

| | | | | | | |from | |or

|In |In |In | In |In |In |In |One to|In |Date

+----+ ----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----

| — | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | 2 | —| —

| 1 | 2 | 1 | — | 1 | — | — | 5 | —| —

| 1 | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2| 1802

| 1 | 1 | 3 | — | 1 | — | — | 6 | 3| 3

| 1 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — | 7 | 2| 4

| 4 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | 8 | 3| 5

| 3 | 4 | — | — | 2 | — | — | 9 | 15| 6

| 9 | — | — | 1 | 2 | — | — | 12 | 5| 7

| 7 | — | 12 | 11 | — | — | — | 30 | 15| 8

| — | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 6 | 7| 9

| — | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0| 1810

| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 19| 1

| 1 | 7 | — | — | 2 | — | — | 10 | 18| 2

| 23 | 31 | — | 3 | 2 | 3 | — | 62 | 1| 3

| 9 | — | 13 | 16 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 66 | 30| 4

| — | 1 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 1 | — | 21 | 40| 5

| — | 1 | 2 | 9 | — | — | — | 12 | 0| 6

| — | 2 | 2 | 18 | 8 | — | — | 30 | 19| 7

| — | — | 3 | 32 | 9 | — | — | 44 | 23| 8

| — | — | — | 26 | 6 | 1 | — | 33 | 29| 9

| — | — | — | 25 | 7 | — | — | 32 | 30| 1820

| — | — | — | 29 | 5 | — | — | 34 | 24| 1

| — | — | — | 36 | 7 | — | — | 43 | 40| 2

| — | — | — | 31 | 9 | — | — | 40 | 35| 3

| — | — | — | 24 | 4 | — | — | 28 | 31| 4

| — | — | — | 42 | 8 | — | — | 50 | 37| 5

| — | — | — | 34 | 3 | — | — | 37 | 41| 6

| — | — | — | 30 | 10 | — | — | 40 | 38| 7

| — | — | — | 35 | 8 | — | — | 43 | 33| 8

| — | — | — | 35 | 12 | — | — | 47 | 46| 9

| — | — | — | 24 | 13 | — | — | 37 | 42| 1830

| — | — | — | 43 | 5 | — | — | 48 | 33| 1

| — | — | — | 44 | 6 | — | — | 50 | 45| 2

| — | — | — | 44 | 9 | — | — | 53 | 43| 3

| — | — | — | 36 | — | — | — | 36 | 36| 4

| — | — | — | 31 | 6 | — | — | 37 | 56| 5

| — | — | — | 36 | 6 | — | — | 42 | 49| 6

| — | — | — | 46 | 2 | — | — | 48 | 50| 7

| — | — | — | 54 | 5 | — | — | 59 | 45| 8

| — | — | — | 34 | 3 | 1 | — | 38 | 31| 9

| — | — | — | 22 | 6 | — | — | 28 | 42| 1840

| — | — | — | 34 | 12 | — | — | 46 | 52| 1

| — | — | — | 47 | 9 | — | — | 56 | 56| 2

| — | — | — | 29 | 4 | — | — | 33 | 39| 3

| — | — | — | 34 | 3 | — | — | 37 | 25| 4

| — | — | — | 40 | 3 | 1 | — | 44 | 41| 5

| — | — | — | 41 | 6 | — | — | 47 | 59| 6

| — | — | — | 35 | 5 | — | — | 40 | 38| 7

| — | — | — | 38 | 10 | — | — | 48 | 38| 8

| — | — | — | 42 | 6 | — | — | 48 | 43| 9

| — | — | — | 40 | 3 | — | — | 43 | 44| 1850

| — | — | — | 31 | 4 | 2 | — | 37 | 42| 1

| — | — | — | 45 | 1 | — | — | 46 | 43| 2

| — | — | — | 35 | 7 | — | — | 42 | 52| 3

| — | — | — | 20 | 22 | 4 | — | 46 | 46| 4

| — | — | — | — | 37 | 1 | — | 38 | 34| 5

| — | — | — | — | 44 | 2 | — | 46 | 49| 6

| — | — | — | 34 | 4 | — | — | 38 | 38| 7

| — | — | — | 24 | 5 | — | — | 29 | 27| 8

| — | — | — | 20 | — | — | — | 20 | 22| 9

| — | — | — | 27 | 5 | — | — | 32 | 41| 1860

| — | — | — | 63 | 2 | — | — | 65 | 79| 1

| — | — | — | 39 | 5 | — | — | 44 | 28| 2

| — | — | — | 58 | 8 | — | 1 | 67 | 25| 3

| — | — | — | 46 | 3 | — | — | 49 | 27| 4

| — | — | — | 36 | 13 | — | — | 49 | 68| 5

| — | — | — | 44 | 7 | — | — | 51 | 41| 6

| — | — | — | 34 | 4 | — | — | 38 | 63| 7

| — | — | — | 53 | 1 | — | — | 54 | 54| 8

| — | — | — | 40 | 4 | — | — | 44 | 39| 9

| — | — | — | 37 | 9 | — | — | 46 | 58| 1870

| — | — | — | 34 | 3 | — | — | 37 | 41| 1

| — | — | — | 45 | 3 | — | — | 48 | 57| 2

| — | — | — | 73 | 5 | — | — | 78 | 41| 3

| — | — | — | 38 | 3 | 1 | — | 42 | 41| 4

| — | — | — | 64 | 4 | — | — | 68 | 43| 5

| — | — | — | 47 | 8 | — | — | 55 | 48| 6

| — | — | — | 45 | 11 | — | — | 56 | 76| 7

| — | — | — | 26 | 13 | — | — | 39 | 43| 8

| — | — | — | 39 | 3 | — | — | 42 | 67| 9

| — | — | — | 34 | 3 | — | — | 37 | 52| 1880

| — | — | — | 36 | 7 | — | — | 43 | 53| 1

| — | — | — | 70 | 5 | — | — | 75 | 37| 2

| — | — | — | 59 | 8 | — | — | 67 | 52| 3

| — | — | — | 36 | 6 | — | — | 42 | 37| 4

| — | — | — | 43 | 3 | — | — | 46 | 39| 5

| — | — | — | 51 | 11 | — | — | 62 | 77| 6

| — | — | — | 54 | 11 | — | — | 65 | 64| 7

| — | — | — | 51 | 6 | — | — | 57 | 44| 8

| — | — | — | 45 | 11 | 1 | — | 57 | 49| 9

| — | — | — | 43 | 8 | — | — | 51 | 54| 1890

| — | — | — | 43 | 12 | — | — | 55 | 65| 1

| — | — | — | 61 | 6 | — | — | 67 | 62| 2

| — | — | — | 61 | 4 | 2 | — | 67 | 51| 3

| — | — | — | 55 | 9 | — | — | 64 | 54| 4

| — | — | — | 61 | 3 | 2 | — | 66 | 52| 5

| — | — | — | 51 | 8 | — | — | 59 | 73| 6

| — | — | — | 64 | 8 | 2 | — | 74 | 67| 7

| — | — | — | 46 | 12 | — | — | 58 | 59| 8

| — | — | — | 79 | 14 | 3 | 1 | 97 | 72| 9

| — | — | — | 110 | 14 | 1 | — | 125 | 54| 1900

| — | — | — | 97 | 10 | — | — | 107 | 74| 1

| — | — | — | 66 | 9 | 1 | — | 76 | 54| 2

| — | — | — | 102 | 9 | — | — | 111 | 93| 3

| — | — | — | 98 | 6 | — | — | 104 | 124| 4

| — | — | — | 97 | 12 | — | — | 109 | 114| 5

| — | — | — | 70 | — | — | — | 70 | 78| 6

| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 111| 7

| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 108| 8

| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 103| 9

| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 82| 1910

+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----------

| 60 | 63 | 45 |4,008 | 714 | 40 | 4 |4,934 |4,934|Total

+----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----------

In 1817 the Course of Study was fixed at four years.

One-half of the cadets admitted in 1854 formed the class of

1858, and, as the Course of Study was then changed to five

years, the other half constituted the class of 1859.

Two classes—those admitted in 1856 and 1857—were graduated in

1861—the former in May and the latter in June—when the Course

of Study was again fixed at four years.

Revised to June 30, 1910.

SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY

===========================+==================================+

No. Name. | Army Rank when Appointed. |

---------------------------+----------------------------------+

1 Jonathan Williams |Major Corps of Engineers |

2 Jonathan Williams |Lieut. Col. Corps of Engineers |

3 Joseph G. Swift |Colonel Corps of Engineers |

4 Alden Partridge |Captain Corps of Engineers |

5 Sylvanus Thayer |Captain Corps of Engineers |

6 Rene E. DeRussy |Major Corps of Engineers |

7 Richard Delafield |Major Corps of Engineers |

8 Henry Brewerton |Captain Corps of Engineers |

9 Robert E. Lee |Captain Corps of Engineers |

10 John G. Garnard |Captain Corps of Engineers |

11 Richard Delafield |Major Corps of Engineers |

12 Peter G. T. Beauregard |Captain Corps of Engineers |

13 Richard Delafield |Major Corps of Engineers |

14 Alexander H. Bowman |Major Corps of Engineers |

15 Zealous B. Tower |Major Corps of Engineers |

16 George W. Cullum |Lieut. Colonel Corps of Engineers |

17 Thomas G. Pitcher |Colonel 44th Infantry |

18 Thomas H. Ruger |Colonel 18th Infantry |

19 John M. Schofield |Major General, U. S. A |

20 Oliver O. Howard |Brigadier General, U. S. A |

21 Wesley Merritt |Colonel 5th Cavalry |

22 John G. Parke |Colonel Corps of Engineers |

23 John M. Wilson |Lieut. Colonel Corps of Engineers |

24 Oswald H. Ernst |Major Corps of Engineers |

25 Albert L. Mills |1st Lieutenant 1st Cavalry |

26 Hugh L. Scott |Major 14th Cavalry |

27 Thomas H. Barry |Major General U. S. A |

---------------------------+----------------------------------+

====+==================+==================+=========

No. | From | To | Remarks.

----+------------------+------------------+---------

1 | April 15, 1802.| † June 20, 1803. | Resigned.

2 | † April 19, 1805.| July 31, 1812. | Resigned.

3 | July 31, 1812. | March 24, 1814.| Relieved.

4 | Jan’y 3, 1815. | July 28, 1817. | Relieved.

5 | July 28, 1817. | July 1, 1833. | Relieved.

6 | July 1, 1833. | Sept. 1, 1838. | Relieved.

7 | Sept. 1, 1838. | Aug. 15, 1845. | Relieved.

8 | Aug. 15, 1845. | Sept. 1, 1852. | Relieved.

9 | Sept. 1, 1852. | March 31, 1855.| Relieved.

10 | March 31, 1855.| Sept. 8, 1856. | Relieved.

11 | Sept. 8, 1856. | § Jan’y 23, 1861.| Relieved.

12 | § Jan’y 23, 1861.| Jan’y 28, 1868.| Relieved.

13 | Jan’y 28, 1861.| March 1, 1861. | Relieved.

14 | March 1, 1861. | July 8, 1864. | Relieved.

15 | July 8, 1864. | Sept. 3, 1864. | Relieved.

16 | Sept. 8, 1864. | Aug. 28, 1866. | Relieved.

17 | Aug. 28, 1866. | Sept. 1, 1871. | Relieved.

18 | Sept. 1, 1871. | Sept. 1, 1876. | Relieved.

19 | Sept. 1, 1876. | Jan’y 21, 1881.| Relieved.

20 | Jan’y 21, 1881.| Sept. 1, 1882. | Relieved.

21 | Sept. 1, 1882. | July 1, 1887. | Relieved.

22 | Aug. 28, 1887. | June 24, 1889. | Relieved.

23 | Aug. 26, 1889. | March 31, 1893.| Relieved.

24 | March 31, 1893.| Aug. 21, 1898. | Relieved.

25 | Aug. 22, 1898. | Aug. 31, 1906. | Relieved.

26 | Aug. 31, 1906. | Aug. 31, 1910. | Relieved.

27 | Aug. 31, 1910 | |

----+------------------+------------------+----------

Note.—The selection of the Superintendents of the Military

Academy was confined to the Corps of Engineers from the

establishment of the Institution, March 16, 1802, till the

passage of the law of July 13, 1866, which opened it to the

entire Army. By the Act of June 12, 1858, the local rank of

Colonel was conferred upon the Superintendent.

† Major Williams resigned June 20, 1803, on a point of command,

and pending its settlement until April 19, 1805, when he

again returned to service as Chief Engineer, no permanent

Superintendent of the Military Academy was appointed, the

command devolving upon the senior officer of the Corps of

Engineers present for duty.

§ Bvt. Major P. G. T. Beauregard, Corps of Engineers, by order

of John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, relieved Colonel Delafield,

Jan. 23, 1861, from the superintendency of the Military

Academy, but was himself displaced five days later, Jan. 28,

1861, by direction of the Succeeding Secretary of War, Joseph

Holt, the command again devolving upon Colonel Delafield.

COMMANDANTS OF CADETS AT THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY

===========================+==================================+

No. Name. | Army Rank when Appointed. |

---------------------------+----------------------------------+

1 George W. Gardiner |2d Lieut. Corps of Artillery |

2 John Bliss Captain |6th Infantry |

3 John R. Bell |Captain Light Artillery |

4 William J. Worth |Captain 2d Infantry |

5 Ethan A. Hitchcock |Captain 1st Infantry |

6 John Fowle |Major 3d Infantry |

7 Charles F. Smith |1st Lieut. 2d Artillery |

8 J. Addison Thomas |1st Lieut. 3d Artillery |

9 Bradford R. Alden |Captain 4th Infantry |

10 Robert S. Garnett |Captain 7th Infantry |

11 William H. T. Walker |Captain 6th Infantry |

12 William J. Hardee |Major 2d Cavalry |

13 John F. Reynolds |Captain 3d Artillery |

14 Christopher C. Anger |Major 13th Infantry |

15 Kenner Garrard |Captain 5th Cavalry |

16 Henry B. Clitz |Major 12th Infantry |

17 John C. Tidball |Captain 2d Artillery |

18 Henry M. Black |Major 7th Infantry |

19 Emory Upton |Lieut. Col. 1st Artillery |

20 Thomas H. Neill |Lieut. Col. 8th Cavalry |

21 Henry M. Lazelle |Lieut. Col. 23d Infantry |

22 Henry C. Hasbrouck |Captain 4th Artillery |

23 Hamilton S. Hawkins |Lieut. Col. 23d Infantry |

24 Samuel M. Mills |Captain 5th Artillery |

25 Otto L. Hein |Captain 1st Cavalry |

26 Charles G. Treat |Captain Artillery Corps |

27 Robert L. Howze |Captain 6th Cavalry |

28 Frederick W. Sibley |Lieut. Col. 4th Cavalry |

29 Fred W. Sladen |Capt. 14th Infantry |

---------------------------+----------------------------------+

====+==================+==================+=========

No. | From | To | Remarks.

----+------------------+------------------+----------

1 | Sept. 15, 1817 | April 2, 1818 | Relieved.

2 | April 2, 1818 | Jan. 11, 1819 | Relieved.

3 | Feb. 8, 1819 | March 17, 1820 | Relieved.

4 | March 17, 1820 | Dec. 2, 1828 | Relieved.

5 | March 13, 1829 | June 24, 1833 | Relieved.

6 | July 10, 1833 | March 31, 1838 | Relieved.

7 | April 1, 1838 | Sept. 1, 1842 | Relieved.

8 | Sept. 1, 1842 | Dec. 14, 1845 | Relieved.

9 | Dec. 14, 1845 | Nov. 1, 1852 | Relieved.

10 | Nov. 1, 1852 | July 31, 1854 | Relieved.

11 | July 31, 1854 | May 27, 1856 | Relieved.

12 | July 22, 1856 | Sept. 8, 1860 | Relieved.

13 | Sept. 8, 1860 | June 25, 1861 | Relieved.

14 | August 20, 1861| Dec. 5, 1861 | Relieved.

15 | Dec. 5, 1861 | Sept. 25, 1862 | Relieved.

16 | Oct. 23, 1862 | July 4, 1864 | Relieved.

17 | July 10, 1864 | Sept. 22, 1864 | Relieved.

18 | Sept. 22, 1864 | July 1, 1870 | Relieved.

19 | July 1, 1870 | June 3, 1875 | Relieved.

20 | July 1, 1875 | June 30, 1879 | Relieved.

21 | July 1, 1879 | Aug. 4, 1882 | Relieved.

22 | August 22, 1882| Sept. 1, 1892 | Relieved.

23 | Feb. 1, 1888 | Feb. 1, 1888 | Relieved.

24 | Sept. 1, 1892 | June 15, 1897 | Relieved.

25 | June 15, 1897 | June 15, 1901 | Relieved.

26 | June 15, 1901 | June 15, 1905 | Relieved.

27 | June 15, 1905 | Feb. 1, 1909 | Relieved.

28 | Feb. 1, 1909 | Jan. 17, 1911 | Relieved.

29 | Feb. 1, 1911 | |

----+------------------+------------------+----------

Notes.—From April 15, 1802, to September 15, 1817, the

Superintendent performed the duties of Commandant of Cadets in

addition to his own.

The Commandant of Cadets has the rank and pay of Lieutenant

Colonel, under Sections 1310 and 1334, Revised Statutes of the

United States.

When the Superintendent is absent from West Point the

Commandant of Cadets is the Acting Superintendent.