From time immemorial the Indians have been noted for the number of their
feasts. Some of these--as the New Moon and the First-Fruits of the
corn, celebrated, by a part of the tribes--were generally innocent,
seeming to point to some Jewish origin in the dim past; others--such as
the feast of the dogs when the poor animals were wantonly torn to
pieces--were loathsome in the extreme.
As soon as the missionaries succeeded in getting the red men to listen
to the Gospel, they insisted upon the suppression of the sinful feasts;
especially as they were more or less associated with their ideas of
worship. Even the dog feast was considered "good medicine" to
propitiate the evil spirits: for the dogs were prized by the Indian next
to his children, and sacrificing them was making a very great offering.
When the missionaries went among the Northern Wood Crees, they met with
a great degree of success in winning the people from their pagan
superstitions. They, of course, insisted upon the entire giving up of
all the objectionable habits and customs of their past life; and among
them, their sinful feasts. However, they did not try to root the word
out of their language; but as a substitute for what was so wrong,
organised a Christian festival. This great feast was celebrated on New
Year's day--unless that day happened to fall on Sunday, when it was held
on the day following--at Norway House, the largest mission station in
those days.
Preparations for it were begun many months in advance. A great Indian
council would be held at which, as a mere formality, the question would
be first asked: "Are we to have the great feast this year?"
This would be carried unanimously, and--for Indians--with great
applause. The next question which required more time for answering
would be: "What is each man prepared to give as his contribution toward
the feast?"
Very strange at first seemed the answers. Mamanowatum, a big Indian
moose-hunter, would say:
"I have discovered the trail of a moose. I will give half of the
animal--and his nose."
The moose nose is considered a great delicacy. Moose meat is the best
of all venison; and Mamanowatum was a most successful hunter. So this
splendid contribution, although the moose had yet to be shot, and was
hard to kill, would be recorded with great pleasure.
Then Soquatum would say; "I have discovered a bear's den. I will give
half the bear to the feast--and all the paws."
This generous contribution would also meet with much approval, for the
beat's paws are likewise among the great delicacies of the country.
Mustagan would speak next, and would say; "I know where there is a large
beaver house, and I will give five beavers--and ten tails."
This donation would also meet with great satisfaction, as beavers are
capital eating, and their great broad tails, together with the moose's
nose and the bear's paws, constitute the principal delicacies of the
country.
Rapidly would the hunters rise up one after another and proffer their
gifts, keeping the Indian secretary busily employed in writing down in
syllabic characters, the various promised offerings of game, the greater
quantity of which would be still roaming--perhaps hundreds of miles
away--in the wintry forest.
Those among the hunters who excelled in catching the valuable
fur-bearing animals, whose flesh is worthless for food, would make their
contribution in rich furs, such as minks, martins, otters and ermines,
which would be exchanged in the Hudson Bay Company's stores for flour,
tea, sugar and plums.
The council would last until all who could give, or had any remote idea
of success, had recorded their contributions.
Shortly after would begin the work of securing the promised offerings
for the feast. Even the successful ones did not always bring in what
they had promised. Sometimes those who had promised beaver, would be so
fortunate as to meet with a herd of reindeer, and thus would return with
their contribution in venison, perhaps four times in excess of the
beaver promised. Or perhaps the man who promised a couple of wildcats--
and they are not bad eating--while out diligently searching for them,
would detect the tiny ascending thread of vapoury steam from a great
snowdrift, which told him, that low down there in a den were sleeping
some fat hears. These would be dug out, and killed, and part of the
meat would be brought in to the feast. Again it sometimes happened--as
hunter's luck is very uncertain--that some who promised a large
contribution were not able to bring so much. However, with the
donations from the fur-traders and the mission house, there would be a
large supply: and this was necessary, as Indians have good appetites.
As the different kinds of animals were shot or captured, the meat would
be brought to the mission, and well secured from cunning dogs in the
large fish-house; where it would freeze solid, and so keep in good
condition until required. About a week before the day of the feast, the
missionary's wife would call to her assistance a small number of clever
Indian women; and, aided by some men who would cut the frozen meat into
pieces of suitable size, they would roast or boil the whole of this
great assortment. It was an "assortment," and proudly would they look
at it, and rejoice. Out of the flour, plums, sugar and bear's grease--a
substitute for suet--great plum-puddings would be made, hard and solid;
but the chunks cut off with an axe, gave much satisfaction to the hearty
eaters.
When the day arrived, preparations for the feast began very early. The
seats were removed from the church, and tables the whole length of the
interior, were quickly made and put in position by the native
carpenters. Great roaring fires were built in the two iron stoves, and
the inside temperature of the building made as nearly tropical as
possible; while outside it was fifty degrees below zero, or even colder.
This intense heat was necessary to thaw out the meat, which, after it
had been cooked a day or two before, had quickly cooled and frozen
solid. The great supply was soon carried into the hot church, and after
the few hours that elapsed before the feast began, it was in capital
condition for the twelve or fifteen hundred hungry Indian who for weeks
had been eagerly looking forward to this great event.
They were a motley company, all welcome, and all in the best of humour.
Chiefs and head men were receiving directions from the missionary,
transmitting them to the workers, and seeing that everything was done.
Happy busy women, under the loving guidance of the missionary's wife,
whom they simply idolised, were arranging the tables, for the equipment
of which, all the table necessaries of the village,--principally tin
cups and plates,--as well as of the mission pantry, were brought into
service. Great boilers and kettles of tea were brewed, and hundreds of
flat cakes, made of flour, water and a little salt, were baked in frying
pans or on top of the stoves, cut into large pieces, and made ready for
distribution.
While busy hands were thus employed in making these final arrangements
for the great feast, which generally began about one o'clock, the
hundreds of other Indians--especially the young men--were having various
sports outside. The toboggan slides of the schoolboys had many
visitors; and some lively games of football were played on the frozen
lake. The snow had been scraped away from a smooth hit of ice where the
active skaters showed their speed and skill. But the thoughts of all
were on the feast, and they were anxious for the sound of the bell that
would summon them to its enjoyment.
About the middle of the forenoon, there was a most interesting break in
the preparations. The chief would go to the missionary and ask for a
pencil and piece of writing paper. Then, taking with him one of the
principal men into the church, where the crowd of workers were busily
engaged, he would call for a short halt in the proceedings, and standing
on a bench, ask:
"How many of our people are sick, or aged, or wounded, and are thus
unable to be with us at the great feast to-day? Give me their names."
As the names were mentioned, they would be recorded; until, perhaps,
twenty or more were thus called out.
"Any more?" the chief would cry. "Let none be overlooked on this happy
day."
"Oh yes, there is an old bed-ridden woman, lying on her couch of rabbit
skins and balsam boughs, in a wigwam six miles up Jack River," says one.
"I heard, that there are two sick people left behind in a wigwam on the
island over near York village by the pagan Indians who have come to the
feast," says another.
"Put them down, of course. But stop! One of you go out and ask those
who have come, if there are not more than those two left behind."
Soon word comes in that there are not only these two sick ones, but a
little girl with a broken leg.
"Put her name down, too."
The list is again read over, and the question again asked:
"Are you sure that we have not overlooked any? It would be a shame for
us to be here feasting and any of our aged and afflicted ones
forgotten."
The matter would be discussed until they were confident that all the
names were recorded, even the afflicted ones of the still unconverted
Indians who were always welcomed and generally on hand. Then the chief,
with an assistant or two would go to the great piles of food, and cut
off generous pieces of venison and bear's meat, and, with an assortment
of other things, make up as many large parcels as there were names on
his list, each bundle, perhaps, containing enough food to last the
afflicted ones a couple of days. Then the chief would go out to where
the sturdy active young men were at their sports, and shouting the names
of as many as he had bundles, give to the fleetest a large bundle and
say:
"Take that to Ookoominou, who Is sick in bed six miles up the river, and
tell her that we are all sorry that she is so old and feeble that she
cannot be with us to-day. With it give her our Christian greetings and
love, and our wishes that she will enjoy her share of the feast."
With a look to see that the strings of his moccasins and his beaded
garters are well tied, and tightening his sash belt around his leathern
shirt, the swift runner would be off like an arrow; making straight for
the far away wigwam, where, in age and feebleness, is one of the
grandmothers of the tribe, now loved by all; but who would have been put
to death years ago, if the blessed Gospel had not come among this people
and wrought its marvellous transformations in their hearts. Six miles
would that fleet Indian runner have to go, and return, ere he could have
his share of the feast; but never fear, he will be back in time. What
are twelve miles to him, when there is such a feast at the end of it?
And then, is he not a Christian? And does he not consider it a joy to
be the carrier of such a bundle, with such a loving message, to the aged
and feeble Ookoominou? Of course he does.
Others similarly addressed, and charged with loving messages, are
rapidly sent off. While the majority of the messengers prefer to make
the journey on flying feet, some, perhaps who have bundles for three or
four in the same vicinity, prefer to take their fleet dog-trains. It
makes but little difference, however, how they go. They are soon all
off, and much sooner back again than we inexperienced ones would expect.
Of the great feast itself, it is difficult to give anything like an
adequate description. The tables are piled with the various kinds of
food, the cups are filled with tea, and all the older people first
seated. Some years it was customary for the missionary to have a large
table at the head, to which were invited the officials of the Hudson Bay
Company and their families, and any visiting friends who might be in the
country. The chiefs were also given a place at this table, an honour
much appreciated. When all were seated, they very heartily sang as
grace before meat, the Cree translation of the Verse:
"Be present at our table, Lord,
Be here and everywhere adored;
These creatures bless, and grant that we
May feast in Paradise with Thee."
When the older people had eaten, the tables were quickly cleared; then
again filled and refilled, until all had feasted, and some had even
returned "to fill up," as they said, some vacancies discovered. What
appetites they had; and what unrestrained enjoyment! No foreboding
fears of coming nightmare, or fits of indigestion, disturbed their
felicity. Dyspepsia and its kindred ills, had, up to those times, never
visited that healthy hunting people; and so, when such a feast of fat
things as this was prepared, where they knew they were all welcome
guests, they went in for a good time and had it in full measure, without
any anxiety for after consequences. It was an epoch in their history--
the most blessed day of the year. From it some of them recorded time,
as so many moons after the feast; and as the year advanced they made
engagements by so many moons before the next feast.
If supplies were still abundant when the last had eaten, the first were
set to work again until the bear's ribs were all picked and every haunch
of venison had disappeared. Night was grandly closing in, ere this
stage in the proceedings was reached. When it did arrive, willing hands
soon took down the tables, swept out the building, replaced the seats,
lighted the oil lamps, and the intellectual feast was held. For years
Mamanowatum, whose familiar name was Big Tom, was appointed chairman.
He was a large man, in fact, almost gigantic, slow and deliberate; but
he generally made his mark in everything he undertook to do or say. It
was amusing to see him in the chair, presiding over a great meeting. He
was very much respected by all, and none dared to presume on his
apparent good nature. He rose slowly, seeming to get up in short jerks;
but when up, he had something to say and said it.
They always opened every kind of a meeting held in the church with
religious exercises. Then Mamanowatum made his address, always good and
suggestive, the keynote of which was thanksgiving and gratitude to God
for the blessings of the year. When he had finished, he called on
different Indians for addresses. Some of them were very good also.
This is the night of all others, when Indian orators try to be humorous
and witty. As a race they do not excel along these lines, but sometimes
they get off some very good things. While they began their speeches
with some bright pleasantry that brought smiles, and even laughter,
there was never anything unbecoming to the place, and all quickly
drifted into a strain of thanksgiving to God for his blessings. To
listen to their grateful joyous words, one would think they were the
most highly favoured people on the earth; that there never was such a
feast, such delicious venison, such fat bear meat, such strong tea with
so much sugar in it; and that no other people had such kind
missionaries. So with more grateful hearts than ever they would sing:
"Praise God from whom all blessings flow."
Thus they talked and rejoiced together in this peculiar service which
was all their own. The whites were expected to take back seats on this
occasion and say nothing.
About ten o'clock they together sang the doxology; and, with the
benediction, pronounced by one of their own number, this most
interesting of days, with its varied pleasures and enjoyments, came to a
close.
Long years have passed, since with the happy Crees we enjoyed those rich
feast days; yet they stand in our missionary life as red-letter days;
when our hearts were especially touched by the spontaneous and hearty
kindness displayed toward the aged and afflicted ones, who unable to be
present, were by the generous gifts sent, made to feel, that they were
not forgotten or neglected, but were in a large measure made partakers
of the pleasures of that eventful day.