CONCLUSION
One word in conclusion. I have tried to show the greatness of the
crisis that is before us. The civilisation which has long been worn by
the white man alone is now being donned by the yellow man, not as the
result only of missionary effort, but as the result of those great
world causes over which puny mankind has no control; and I have tried
to show that all that we can do is to recognise and frankly accept this
great fact, namely, that the members of the human race who are subject
to and governed by our civilisation are to be nearly doubled, and that
the second half will import into that civilisation not only new
traditions, but a new racial personality, which must cause a
fundamental alteration in many of its traditions and customs. We must
not say that the movement will be shortly completed, for it has
scarcely yet begun; but we have seen enough in the success that has
attended the movement both in Japan and in China, to convince us that
it will ultimately dominate the Far East. This movement may be for
good or for evil; it may be for the downfall of the world, for the
perpetual misery of mankind, if that which is evil in both
civilisations is to be perpetuated and {326} that which is good is to
be destroyed; or it may be for the benefit of mankind if, when the
Christian civilisation welcomes the great yellow races, it accepts from
them, as it has accepted from many other races, their characteristic
virtues. Hitherto our civilisation has grown richer; every race it has
conquered has added beauty to its traditions and nobility to its
ideals. We may look forward with hope, if not with confidence, to its
future. But if this momentous change in the history of the world is to
be well directed, it can only be done by men of sincere Christian
faith; and if the civilisation is to augment these benefits to mankind,
it can only be by being more fully endued with the Christian ethics on
which its whole greatness depends.
For the perpetuation of this ethic, for the education of the future
thinkers of China, we suggest a University is needed; that University
should not be founded by one race alone. Some may differ from us, and
hold that other action is advisable. They may be right, but it behoves
them to formulate their policy, because one thing seems certain--that a
policy of inaction at the present moment is one which is fraught with
risk, if not with disaster. If no one makes any effort to direct the
thought of this vast unit of mankind into the right paths, it is
improbable that good will naturally result. The fitting of Western
thought to an Oriental race, while it must be chiefly left to the race
itself, needs clearly the help of those who are conversant with the
best aspects {327} of that Western thought and of its history. The
missionary has done much, but he himself is the first to say, "I cannot
do all; I must be supported by those who will teach my converts the
fulness of Western knowledge." And so the missionaries have
inaugurated a policy of education which is most successful as far as it
has gone. The question before all well-wishers of China is, shall it
go further; shall we show China the intellectual light by which we are
walking, or shall we leave China to stumble in the darkness till she
falls into deeper error.
Those who look forward to progress in this world must also look forward
to breaking up the old evil traditions and to founding new ones; the
old tradition, which limited love to citizens of the same State, which
put bounds on charity, so that man did not love man unless he spoke the
same language, or at least had the same coloured skin, is dying fast
though it is dying hard. A new tradition is being founded, and must be
further developed, in which, as in the parable of the Good Samaritan,
the word love is taught as passing and transcending all bounds of race
and language. The cultivation of this new tradition is vital to the
existence of our civilisation. If love cannot bind races together, the
improved arts of war will in time extinguish the civilisation that gave
them birth. If we are to encourage international love, we can best do
it by sharing together in international acts of mercy and generosity.
The great Chinese race has need of the wealth of Western {328}
knowledge. Let Western races join together to give them what they
need, and in so doing they will not merely benefit China, though as
China counts for a quarter of the population of this world, and is
nearly equal to the number of men who have a right to call themselves
civilised, that were no small merit; but they will do more, for they
will by common acts of mercy and love bind each to each so that the
horrid curse of racial hatred shall not be again able to divide them.
The elements of good in one race will be brought in contact with the
similar elements in another race; men will learn to trust men; and that
which the thundering cannon can never compel, or the keenest wit of
statesmen ever compass, will be accomplished by the obedience and
simple faith of the Christian men and women of all races, and the world
will be welded into one solid piece, where men can work without wasting
their efforts in making machines to torture and kill their fellow-men,
and where at last the prophecy shall be fulfilled: "They shall beat
their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks."
{329}
APPENDIX
WILL RUSSIA BE REPRESENTED ON THE MISSION FIELD?
When it was settled that we should go to China to see what
opportunities there were there for an educational mission emanating
from our English Universities, we decided to go _viâ_ Siberia, and stop
at St. Petersburg and also at Irkutsk on the way. I had previously
found the journey of fifteen days without a break exhausting to myself
and still more so to my wife who accompanied me. The plan had also the
advantage that it gave me an opportunity of trying to find out why the
great Russian Church had never attempted any serious mission work in
China. From a mere inspection of the map one would naturally have
expected that the Christian power which had a frontier with China of
thousands and thousands of miles would have been the most forward in
that country in fulfilling the command of the founder of Christianity
to give His message of happiness to every living man. In our previous
tour we had been surprised to find that the missionary efforts of
Russia were insignificant in China, though, strange to say, they were
fairly vigorous in Japan. When we arrived at St. Petersburg I was
fortunate enough to obtain letters of introduction to the courteous
gentleman who then represented the imperial power in the councils of
the Russian Church, M. Iwolsky, Procurator of the Holy Synod. One
thing became evident; for the time being Russia is so much absorbed in
politics as to be oblivious of other duties. Living in England, we can
little realise the excitement and anxiety that filled the minds of many
who dwelt in the far off villages of Russia, while they waited to hear
whether or not they were to be engulfed in a revolution as dangerous
{330} and as far-reaching as that which more than a hundred years ago
overwhelmed France.
A lady described to me how she had sat in terror in her country house
when all communication from St. Petersburg had ceased owing to the
strikes, while the smoke of surrounding houses which had been set on
fire by marauding bands told of the fate which might possibly await
her. Now all that is over. The revolution--so they think in
Russia--is a thing of the past; and Russia has entered on a course of
conservative reform to which, if she adheres, will doubtless make her a
prosperous and contented empire.
I gathered from some of my informants that the reasons why Russia had
been backward in the mission field, and also why she was racked with
revolution, were in reality the same, namely, that the Orthodox Church
was not so vigorous and had not that hold on the consciences of the
people that it ought to have. Not that for one moment Russia is
ceasing to be religious. The attendance at Father John's funeral was
quoted as disproving such a possibility. People of the working and
middle classes came for miles to stand on a bleak cold day for long
hours merely to catch a glimpse of the coffin which contained the
mortal remains of a man who, according to their belief, lived more than
any man in accordance with God's law. Russia is religious to the very
core; but, like all religious nations, our own included, she longs to
express her deep sincerity through diversity and not through
uniformity. Alas! there are people in every nation who want to put us
in one religious uniform and to march us like soldiers at the word of
command straight into heaven's gate. In England this view only makes
some good and narrow-minded people anxious to have such a thing as
religious uniformity in our schools; but in Russia this doctrine has
been more vigorously held, and is doubtless responsible for the waning
power of the Orthodox Church. Mr. Pobiedonosteff, leader of the
reactionary movement, nearly caused a revolution, and certainly {331}
weakened the Church, by insisting on Uniformity and Orthodoxy. He
believed that there could be but one form of religion in the State, and
therefore he discouraged every other form of religious activity. Not
only did he rightly forbid those strange wild immoral sects who
practise and teach mutilation, but even the sober and devout followers
of Lord Radstock were to be silenced. The result of such a policy was
but too obvious. Religion was made odious by the insincerity which
such a policy must foster, and the State became detestable to all
earnest Christians who claimed the inherent right of every living soul
to love and worship his Creator in accordance with his true convictions.
All this has now passed like a bad dream. People in Russia may believe
what they like and worship God how they like. M. Iwolsky was most
anxious that the world should know that he, the then representative of
temporal power in the councils of the Russian Church, so far from
encouraging the idea that Christ's Church can be controlled by a
temporal power, however great, was most careful to maintain that in
spiritual matters the Church is independent of the State, even if in
temporal matters she submit herself to the authority of Government.
Peter the Great abolished the Patriarchate; he added many, though not
all, of the powers of the Patriarchate to the Crown; and therefore the
Emperor represents the Patriarch in many ways. But it is wholly
misunderstanding his position to say that in spiritual matters he is
supreme. The Russian Church, like all other branches of the Church, is
controlled and governed by councils, both general and provincial.
But M. Iwolsky had to confess that the power which the State wielded in
the Synod of the Church was still very great. The Crown has three ways
in which it can influence the council. First, though the members of
the council are representatives of the Church, it is the Crown who
decides (with the exception of the Metropolitans) who those
representatives shall be; secondly, the Crown, through the Procurator,
can forbid any action which {332} brings the Synod into conflict with
the laws of the State; lastly, the Procurator, as representative of the
Crown, must always be present at the debates of the Synod, and has
always a right to express his opinion, even on spiritual questions.
Such powers put together clearly give the Crown a control not only in
things temporal, but, if it is desired, an influence in things
spiritual as well. Still it cannot be too widely known that at any
rate in theory the Russian Church is in things spiritual independent of
temporal power. Most Englishmen would think, no doubt, that if the
Church is to hold her rightful place in the hearts of Russians, she can
only do it by relying on the power of preaching rather than on the
power of the sword. Therefore it would be best for both Church and
State if they had less to do with one another. English Churchmen will
be glad to hear that there is some prospect of a Synod of the Orthodox
Church being held, independently of the existing Holy Synod--a council
which may rank as a General Synod of the Greek Communion, if other
branches of the Orthodox Church are invited to join in its
deliberations, of which there is some prospect. The object of this
Synod will be to reform the discipline of the Church, a matter which is
engaging, I understand, the sincere attention of the devout Christians
of Russia. Few things bear truer witness to the weakness of the Church
in Russia than the low moral tone which exists, as all witnesses aver,
in every grade of Russian social life. The outward observance of the
fasts and feasts and ceremonies of the Church, though admirable in
itself, is perfectly consistent with a great deal of scepticism with
regard to the truths of Christianity. It is not uncharitable to
suspect such scepticism when a great profession of Christianity is
accompanied by a low moral tone. The Church has felt her weakness and
has sought the help of the State, and has therefore not succeeded in
her mission.
Now happier days have opened for Russia which it is hoped may lead on
to happier ones beyond. The State no {333} longer helps the Church by
silencing her critics, by exiling those who cannot agree with her: the
Buddhist who lately at the definite command of the Government had
accepted Christianity has returned to sincerity and open profession of
Buddhism. The Church no longer so supported by the State may feel her
weakness, but she will grow rather than diminish in strength as she
learns to use more and more the real weapon of Christianity, namely,
the sacred truths of our religion published both by writing and by
preaching. Russia is one of the great nations of the world. The
Orthodox Church which dominates Russia is both true and faithful, and
she will guide her people into prosperity and peace when she has
learned to follow her Master's example and to order the sword drawn in
her defence to be returned altogether to its sheath.
Nothing can be at present expected from the unorthodox bodies who until
lately have been persecuted to such a degree that they have scarcely
been able to exist. In external matters the Orthodox Church commands
the obedience of the nation to a wonderful degree, but in controlling
the deep convictions of the heart she lacks power. Nowhere is this
more obvious than in the moral tone which prevails in Russian society.
Perhaps it is not just or fair to take the capital of Siberia as a
specimen of ordinary moral life in Russia, but one might well say at
Irkutsk that all save the spirit of man is divine. We had been to a
certain extent prepared by our previous tour to disbelieve in the
horrors of the climate of Siberia, but what we saw and heard at Irkutsk
has convinced me that Siberia should rank high among the places that
are reckoned pleasant for human habitation. Siberia, or certainly the
eastern part of Siberia, is not the dreary plain, wind-swept and
miserable, that one read of in one's childhood. On the contrary, it is
a land of constant calms and steady sunshine, a land of lakes and
hills, and though it is cold, the cold seems but trifling in the
glorious sunshine of a Siberian winter. I feel certain that if Lake
Baikal were {334} somewhere within reach of London it would be one of
the most frequented centres for pleasure-seekers. And from the point
of view of wealth it is a most favoured land; a land where there is
gold and where there is coal; a land where there is copper and silver,
and where a hot summer ripens thoroughly all cereal crops. For
sportsmen it seems a veritable paradise. The pheasant (or at least his
brother) with whom we have long been conversant as dying of every
disease in the moist coverts of England, lives wild in this dry and
healthy climate. The wild boar and the wolf, the bear and many forms
of the antelope and deer, are to be found on the borders between
Siberia and China. The rivers are full of salmon and other fish whose
names I cannot attempt to give.
If an Englishman were asked to choose whether he would live in St.
Petersburg or in exile at Irkutsk, he would, I believe, have no doubt
in deciding in favour of the latter, if--and that is a great if--the
spirit of man were not so human and corrupt. We were told that there
are six hundred women who are divorced in the jurisdiction of Irkutsk.
Such a statement indeed seems incredible, but certainly the morals of
the officers leave much to be desired. Vices go in flocks, therefore
laziness perhaps accounts for the amazing state of things which exists
in Irkutsk. The town is as full of officers as Eton is of boys.
Epaulettes jostle you in the streets, you tumble over swords in the
restaurants, and with all this force at the disposal of the
authorities--for I conclude that some at least of these officers have
soldiers under them--the streets of Irkutsk are unsafe after dark.
Person after person warned us of the danger of being unarmed at night,
at any rate in the by-streets. People are murdered in their own houses
in the suburbs; women have their fur coats torn off their backs. One
is aghast at the incredible slackness of the authorities, who instead
of instituting a reasonable police force such as exists even in Chinese
cities, allow the city to be watched at night by aged Dogberrys in huge
fur coats armed with {335} rattles which they use incessantly.
Certainly, though they may fail to frighten away robbers with this
primitive weapon of protection, they succeed in interrupting the
slumbers of the visitor. In the department of municipal activity the
town is equally badly organised. The streets were under snow, and as
upon a hard-seated sledge we leapt from hole to hole, we had at least
the comfort of realising that in summer their condition must be even
more trying.
It is unsafe to trust gossip, but I give it for what it is worth. We
were assured that the only reason why the priceless wealth which Russia
possesses in the gold mines of Siberia was not further developed was
because of a similar official incompetence. There is said to be a
great deal of secret digging for gold. Men disappear in the summer and
reappear in the autumn with a pound's weight of pure gold, for the gold
lies only about three metres below the ground. But if this primitive
form of mining came to the knowledge of the Government it would put in
force the mining laws which would then successfully stifle the industry.
It is needless to add that profligacy and laziness are not the only
vices against which Russian Christianity has to contend. Their people
have another in common with ourselves of which the Church is only too
well aware and which it is making great efforts to suppress, namely,
drunkenness. Actually on our journey we had an example of this vice
which every one regarded as comic, but which might have been tragic.
The train is brought suddenly to a standstill. There is something
wrong. Everybody tumbles out of the carriage to look. A man is lying
in the snow. At first it is thought he has been knocked down by a
previous train. Further examination shows that it is only a man dead
drunk lying right across the line--the result of keeping one of the
festivals of the Church. Every one laughs; he is pulled out of the
way, we climb back into the train, leaving him in the care of a priest,
quite unconscious how near he has been to death. Drunkenness is a
terrible evil in our own land, but its results are far more terrible in
{336} this land of frost-bite. There are numbers of people without
hands and feet begging in the street, and we were told that the general
cause of these injuries was vodka. A man going home falls into a
drunken sleep on the way: he awakes next morning with his hands and
feet frost-bitten, or perhaps he never wakes again: the sleep of
drunkenness merges into the sleep of death.
As one considers these things one realises why the Buddhist Bouriat and
the Mohammedan Tartar still adhere to their ancient faiths.
I do not think an Englishman has a right to criticise other nations
when so much remains to be done at home. Still one cannot truthfully
say that, however numerous her churches or well-attended her services,
the Orthodox Church directs Russia while she is powerless to make
headway against these vices.
The great trials through which Russia has passed hold out every reason
to hope that with liberty, purity of worship will be again established,
and where there is purity of faith there must be mission work. No
doubt the Government has hindered mission work; in fact, they have
forbidden it in China. Christianity was to them so much the handmaid
of the State as to be inconceivable outside the State; but all this is
breaking down. The great mission work conducted in Japan to which I
have before referred has shown that the Orthodox Church grows well on
Eastern soil. The existence of a village preserving the Orthodox
religion in the middle of China which has been spoken of above, has
demonstrated at least the vitality of that faith among the Chinese
nation. When the Russian missionaries cross the frontier they will not
leave their own country weaker, but their work will be a token that
Russia is purifying her faith and is advancing along the road that
leads to holiness.
{337}
INDEX
Abyssinia, 196
Accuracy of Chinese, 72
Agnosticism, 301
Agricultural College, 280
Aims of missionary education, 257 _et seq._
Altar of Heaven, 142, 155
America, 244, 254, 308
American Methodist Mission, 198
American missions, 16, 192, 200, 217
Americans, 234, 253 _et seq._, 277, 284
Amita, 149, 150
Amitobha, 149
Amur, The, 11
Ancestor worship, 153 _et seq._, 160, 161
Ancestral tablet, 159
Anglican Church Conference, 215
Anglicans, 216, 245 _et seq._
Anglo-Saxon race, 242
Anson's Law of Contract, 285
Antung, 91
Apocrypha, 221
Apostles' Creed, defence of, 200
Apparatus, 290, 294
Architecture, 137 _et seq._, 295
Art, Chinese, 137, 138
Association of Christianity with learning, 258 _et seq._
Autocratic government, result of, 199
B
Baikal Lake, 333
Balfour's "Defence of Philosophic Doubt," 257
Bamboo rope, 85
Bambooing, 66
Beggar Hospital, 227
Belgium, 308
Benedict XIV., 186
Bible Societies, 17
Bible Society, British and Foreign, 17, 198, 213
Bible, style of, 181
Blagovestchensk, 11
Blair, Mr., 236
Blind, Missions to, 201 _et seq._
Boone College, Wuchang, 308, 319
Bouriat, Buddhist, 336
Boxer Movement, 7, 9, 18, 156, 161, 188, 269, 271, 274
British missions, 201 _et seq._
Buddha, 149
Buddhism, 148 _et seq._, 164, 170, 175, 179 _et seq._, 243,
248, 263, 269, 333
Buddhist temples, 45, 141
Bull, Papal, 186
Butterfield and Swire, 79
C
Cambridge, 173, 312
Canton, 113
Canton Women's Hospital, 226
Canton-Wuchang Railway, 322
Cantonese dialect, 286
Cassels, Bishop, 201
Centenary Conference, 122, 125, 132, 200, 210, 242 _et seq._
Chair travelling, 97
Chang-Chih-Tung, 75, 152, 168, 208, 218, 268 _et seq._,
321 _et seq._
Changsha, 77 _et seq._, 167, 291
Characters, Chinese, 132, 181, 208 _et seq._
Chentu, 316
Chicago University, 212
China Emergency Committee, 229
China for the Chinese, 216, 296
China Inland Mission, 201
China Merchants' boats, 62
"China's Only Hope," 268
Chinese clergy, 174, 257, 259 _et seq._, 310
Chinese-Japanese War, 5, 268
Christianity in China tolerated, 45 _et seq._
Christie, Dr., 226
Chu, 156, 179
Chungking, 81
Church of England, 202, 203
"Church in China," 242
Church Missionary Society, 201
Cities, Chinese, 95 _et seq._
Civilisation, Chinese, 56 _et seq._
Classics, Chinese, 168, 207, 260, 270, 301
Cleanliness, difficulty with Chinese, 226
Clergy, Chinese, 174, 257, 259 _et seq._, 310
Cochrane, Dr., 226, 228 _et seq._
Colleges, 254 _et seq._, 303, 308
Commercial power of China, 29
Commercial Press, 16, 215
Commercial School, 287
Confucian teaching, 73, 156, 159, 163 _et seq._, 321, 323
Confucianism, 148, 153 _et seq._, 163 _et seq._, 175, 221, 243, 261
Confucius, 41, 42, 59, 156, 163 _et seq._, 220, 300 _et seq._
Copts, 196
Corruption of Chinese, 62, 293
Courtesy of Chinese, 70 _et seq._
Cruelty of Chinese, 65 _et seq._
Currency, 63 _et seq._
D
Dalai Lama, 180
Delamarre, Père, 47
Diabolical possession, 158
Difficulties of education, 293 _et seq._
Difficulties of translation, 208 _et seq._
Director of Chinese students, 172
Director of education, 280 _et seq._, 295
Discipline, want of, 297 _et seq._
Divine honours to Confucius, 301
Dominicans, 186
"Door of Hope," 134
Drugs, Chinese, 224
Dumas, _Dame aux Camelias_, 218
Duty to parents, 74, 174
E
Ede, Mr., 56
Edict against opium, 117
Edict, educational, 271
Edict on Confucius, 302
Edict on official rank for Roman Catholic missions, 188, 189
Edification of Christianity, 257 _et seq._
Education, 253 _et seq._
Education, Committee of, 312
Education of preachers, 257 _et seq._
Educational, 230, 231
Educational policy in China, 254 _et seq._
Emperor of China, 187, 275, 300
Emperor of Korea, 76, 239
Emperor of Russia, 331
Emperor, German, 309
Empress of China, the late, 128
Episcopal Church of America, 256
Ethics, Chinese, 70 _et seq._, 220
Evangelisation, 257 _et seq._
Ezra, 59
F
"Face," 166, 167, 240, 298
Famine in China, 56
Fashion, power of, 33
Fashions in China, 34
Financial difficulties in schools, 298 _et seq._
Foot-binding, 66, 124, 129, 130, 182
Foster, Mr. Arnold, 125
Foster, Mrs. Arnold, 3
France, foreign policy of, 24, 187, 191, 221, 308
Franciscan Sisters, 68, 194
French officials, 184
"French Peter," 225, 226
French policy, 188
French ship, 197
French, the, 46, 186, 187, 188, 192, 253
Fukien, 50
G
Gardens, 72
Gardens, public, Shanghai, 102
Gautama, 149
Geography, 268
Germans, 253
Germany, 6, 18, 48, 49 _et seq._, 235
Ghurkas, 25
Gillieson, Dr., 226
Girls' schools, 130 _et seq._, 289 _et seq._, 298
Goforth, Mr., 240
Gold in Siberia, 335
Gorges of Yangtsze, 81 _et seq._, 201
Gospel, St. Luke's, comments on, 214
Gospel, St. Mark's, Chinaman's acquaintance with, 213
Government educational systems, 266 _et seq._
Grand Canal, 80
Graves, Bishop, 308
Greek Church, Chinese, 148, 336
Green Korean coats, 233
Grey, Sir Edward, 120, 210
H
Haeckel's "Riddle of the Universe," 218, 263
Haldane's "Pathway to Reality," 257
Hangchow, 223 _et seq._
Hangchow, monastery at, 180
Hankow, 78, 81, 89, 140, 174, 226, 229, 316, 319
Hanlin scholars, 176 _et seq._, 267
Han-Yang Ironworks, 30
Harbin, 315
Hart, Dr. Lavington, 99
Hashish, 108
Heat at Saigon, 183, 184
"Heaven," 156, 178, 179, 210
Heaven, Temple of, 142
Hewlett, Consul, 167
High schools, 281
Higher schools, 272
Hoang-ho River, 56, 57
Home Board, 245
Home life, Chinese, 135, 136
Hong-Kong, 76, 103, 109, 183, 213, 283, 303, 316
Hunan, 77
I
Ichang, 68, 81, 85, 194
Ideographs, 217
Ignatius, College of St., 253
India, 164, 244
India, comparison with China, 22, 23
India, home of opium, 114
India, Little, 180
Indian Buddhism, 180
"Indiscreet Letters from Peking," 39
Industry, Chinese, 72
Infant schools, 271
Inns, Chinese, 89
Intellectual side of Christianity, 202
Intonations, Chinese, 309
Irkutsk, 51, 329, 333 _et seq._
Ironworks, Han-Yang, 30
Ito, Prince, 232, 235
Iwolsky, M., 329 _et seq._
J
Jackson, Mr., 256
Japan, 50, 121, 126, 149, 160 _et seq._, 170, 204, 210, 263,
283, 325, 329, 330
Japan and Korea, 5, 232 _et seq._
Japan and Russia, 12, 23, 49 _et seq._
Japanese, 61
Japanese, _re_ opium, 115, 116
Japanese teachers, 131, 280 _et seq._, 295
Jarlin, Monseigneur, 3
Jessfield College, 308, 312
Jesuits, 185, 186, 253, 258
Jesuits, scientific attainments of, 185, 195
Jesuits, suppression of, in China, 186
Jews, Chinese, 148
John, Father, 330
Jordan, Sir John, 120
K
Kiauchau, 6, 48, 51, 91, 92
King, Consul, 176
Kins, 26
Kiukiang, 97
Korea, 76, 232 _et seq._
Korea and Japan, 5, 12, 232 _et seq._
Korean women, 233
Kow-tow, 300
Kwangchangtzu, 318
Kwannin, 149, 150
L
Lamaism, 15, 149, 248
Languages, School of, 292
Laotze, 151
Laudanum, 112 _et seq._
Law Schools, 277, 283
Lawsuits, Chinese, 191, 192
Lawsuits, interference in, 189 _et seq._
Leavening of public opinion, 257 _et seq._
Legation, British, 141
Legge's, Dr., Chinese Classics, 179
Leper Hospital, 227
Likin, 58
Literati, Chinese, 177, 186, 203, 321
Literature, effect of Western, 207 _et seq._
Literature Society, Christian, 16, 168, 212
Lolos, 27, 68
London Mission, 198, 201
Louis XIV., 187
Lutherans, 256
M
Macklin, Dr., 67, 227
Main, Dr. Duncan, 223 _et seq._
Maios, 27
Manchu ladies, 130, 131
Manchuria, 12, 51, 53, 90 _et seq._, 204, 232 _et seq._
Manohus, 25, 176, 185, 279, 292, 318
Mandarin-speaking, 285, 286
Manichæism, 151, 152
Martin, Professor, 296
Materialism, Western, 171, 305 _et seq._
Medical missions, 220 _et seq._
Mencius, 177
Methodist colleges, 308
Methodists, 238
Middle schools, 272
Mih-Tieh, 174
Military power of China, 24, 25
Ming dynasty, 26, 185
Mission Press, 212
Missions, 183 _et seq._, 198 _et seq._, 220 _et seq._,
253 _et seq._, 305 _et seq._
Missions Catholiques Françaises, Les, 188
Modesty, lack of, in Japanese, 233
Mohammedans, Chinese, 148
Mongolia, 51, 213
Mongols, 26
Monotonous employment, love of, 73
Moral power of China, 32
Morrison, Dr., 15, 17, 198, 208
Moule, Archdeacon, 4, 137, 198, 298
Moule, Bishop, 198
Movement in Korea and Manchuria, 232 _et seq._
Mukden, 91, 226, 318
Mukden, battle of, 5, 13
Murray, Dr., 230
Mutiny, 54
N
Nanking, 63, 67, 92, 297 _et seq._
Nanking, hospital at, 227
Nanking, interviews at, 172 _et seq._
Napoleon I., 187
Napoleon III., 47
Native ministry, 257, 259 _et seq._, 310
Naval school, 52, 287
Need of University explained, 305 _et seq._
Nestorians, 15, 149, 150, 248
Newchwang, 8, 205
North China Mission, 203
O
Obedience of Chinese, 61
Obedience to parents, 74
Observatory Ziccawei, 195
Official rank for Roman Catholic Missions, 188, 189, 191
Officials, Chinese, 167, 172, 283, 299, 317
Officials, French, 184
Old, reverence for the, 321
O-mi-to, 149
Opium, 107 _et seq._
Opium, edict against, 117
Opposition to Western materialism, 258 _et seq._
Organisation of Chinese Government, 60
Orientals, 36 _et seq._, 61
Orphanages, Roman Catholic, 193, 194, 264
Orthodox Church of Russia, 244, 245, 330 _et seq._
Oxford and Cambridge, 173, 312
P
Pagodas, 141
Pao-ting-fu, 7, 276
Pastor Hsi, 158
Patience of Chinese, 72
Patriarchate, the, 331
Pei-Yang University, 276
Peking, Blind Mission at, 229
Peking Gazette, 168
Peking, interviews at, 319 _et seq._
Peking, Lama Temple at, 180
Peking, Methodist University, 308
Peking, missions at, 203
Peking, Mongol Temple at, 150, 180
Peking, Roman Catholics at, 197
Peking, sack of, 10
Peking to Canton railway, 89
Peking, Union Hospital at, 226
Peking University, 291, 300
Pe-T'ang, the, 140
Physical science uninteresting to Chinese, 182
Pidgin English, 22
Pitt, 187
Pobiedonosteff, M., 330
Police, different nationalities of, 101
Port Arthur, 5, 204
Post-offices, 103 _et seq._
Pott, Dr Hawks, 312
Poverty in China, 221
Preparation of secular teachers, 257
Presbyterians and their missions, 69, 198, 201, 204, 235 _et seq._
Press, the, 168
Primary schools, 272
Procurator of Holy Synod, 321 _et seq._
Pyeng-Yang, 5, 235 _et seq._
Q
Queen of England, the late, 128
Queen of Korea, murder of the, 76, 234
R
Railways, 88 _et seq._
Rapids of Yangtsze, 82 _et seq._
"Reason," 178, 179
Red boat, 82, 85
Reformation, the, 246
Religions of China, 147 _et seq._
Religious Tract Society, 212
Renaissance, the, 260
Rescue work, 133 _et seq._
"Review of the Times," the, 212
Revival, 236 _et seq._
Ricci, Father, 185
Richard, Dr. Timothy, 203, 212, 274 _et seq._
Rickshas, 98
Ritual, 246
Rivers, 80 _et seq._
Roman Catholic missions, 183 _et seq._, 203
Roman Catholics, 46, 47, 148, 213, 243, 258, 292
Roman Church, policy of, 192, 243, 244
Romanised system of reading, 132
Rome, appeal to, 186
Roofs, Chinese, 142, 143
Roots, Bishop, 256
Ross, Dr., 113, 178, 318
Russia and Japan, 23, 49 _et seq._, 163
Russia in mission field, 329
Russia, Orthodox Church of, 244, 330 _et seq._
Russians, 204 _et seq._
Russo-Japanese War, 11 _et seq._, 163
S
Saigon, 183, 184
Saigon, Bishop of, 184
Saigon, climate of, 184
St. Augustine, 166
St. Petersburg, 51, 329, 330
Sanscrit MS., 180
Scandinavian Missions, 203
Scheme, United Universities, 312 _et seq._, 317 _et seq._
School uniform, 175, 283
School, Viceroy's, 175 _et seq._
Schools, 253 _et seq._
Schools in England, 173
Schools in Nanking, 173 _et seq._
Scotch, the, 69, 234
Scott, Bishop, 203
Secondary wives, 123 _et seq._
Seoul, 77, 233 _et seq._
Shanghai, 36, 76, 95, 105, 113, 126, 129, 133, 140, 225, 291
Shansi, 6, 18, 49, 110, 274
Shantung, 6, 18, 92, 303
Shi-King, 207
Shintoism, 163, 170
Shops, Chinese, 96 _et seq._
Shu-yuen, 261
Siberia, 25, 148, 329, 333 _et seq._
Silk Guild, 95, 287
Slanders against missions, 194
Slave Refuge, 126
Slaves, 126 _et seq._, 323
Solidarity of Chinese, 60
Songs of trackers, 84
Soochow, University at, 308
Soothill, Mr., 275
Spencer, Herbert, 263
S.P.G., a _via media_, 202
S.P.G. Mission, 202
"Spirit," 210
Sprue, 225, 226
Squeeze, 293, 294
Starvation common, 222
Streets, Chinese, 97 _et seq._
Strikes in schools, 297 _et seq._
Summer Palace, sack of, 46
Sund Fo, 25
"Superior man," 177, 178
Superior schools, 273
Superstition, 156, 157 _et seq._
Supreme Being, 155, 156, 220
Synod of Russian Church, 331 _et seq._
Szechuan, 88, 92
T
Tablet of Confucius, 300 _et seq._
T'ang-K'ai-Sun, His Excellency, 116
Taoism, 151 _et seq._, 164, 175, 181, 243, 269
Tartar, Mohammedan, 336
Temple of Heaven, 142, 155
Teuton mind, 246
Theatres, 272
Tibetans, 25, 114
Tientsin, 28, 36, 38, 61, 91, 93, 95, 99, 166, 276
Tokio, 306
Tong-Shao-Yi, His Excellency, 41, 318
Tonkin, 17
Torture of medical missionary, 205
Trackers on Yangtsze, 83, 86, 87
Trans-Siberian Railway, 21, 204, 329
Travelling, comfort in, 21
Treaties, 46, 47, 188
Tuan-Fang, His Excellency, 173 _et seq._, 279
Turkey, 164
U
Union Hospital, 226
United States, 200
United Universities Scheme, 312 _et seq._, 317 _et seq._
Unity in China, 242
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 312
Universities in Soochow and Peking, 308
University, Paris Professor, 193
University, Pei-Yang, 276
University of Oxford, 311
University government, 303
University government system, 273
University in Chentu, 316
University in China, 94, 172, 175, 263
University in Hong-Kong, 286, 303
University in Peking, 291, 304
University in Shansi, 274 _et seq._
University in Tokio, 306
V
Viceroy of Nanking, 173 _et seq._
Vices, Chinese, 62
Virtues, Chinese, 72
W
Wall, Great, 26
Wang, Mr., 276
War in 1840, 188
Weihsien, 308
Wenli, 208
Wesleyan movement, 241
West and East, 36 _et seq._
Western civilisation, two elements of, 218, 325 _et seq._
Wheelbarrows, 101
Williamson, Dr., 16
Willow pattern from Hangchow Lake, 228
Women, Chinese, 102, 121 _et seq._
Word-signs, 210 _et seq._, 215
Wuchang, 291, 292, 323
X
Xavier, St. Francis, 15
Y
Yale University Mission, 313
Yamen, 71, 167, 173, 176, 182, 246, 318
Yang and Yin, 121, 151, 152
Yang Choo, 307
Yangtsze, island on, 193
Yangtsze-Kiang, 53, 54, 62, 73, 81 _et seq._, 118, 126
Yuan-Shi-Kai, His Excellency, 274
Yunnan, 92
Z
Zenana work, 131
Ziccawei Observatory, 195, 196
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Edinburgh & London