THE REIGN OF VICTORIA (_continued_).
The Year of Revolutions--Lord Palmerston's Advice to Spain--It
is rejected by the Duke of Sotomayor--Dismissal of Sir H.
Bulwer--The Revolution in Germany--Condition of Prussia--The King's
Ordinance--He disclaims a Desire to become German Emperor--The
National Assembly dispersed by Force--A New Constitution--The
King declines the German Crown--The Revolution in Vienna--Flight
of Metternich and of the Emperor--Affairs in Bohemia--Croats and
Hungarians--Jellacic secretly encouraged--Revolt of Hungary--Murder
of Lamberg--Despotic Decrees from Vienna--The second Revolution
in Vienna--Bombardment of Vienna--Accession of Francis
Joseph--Commencement of the War--Defeats of the Austrians--Quarrel
between Kossuth and Görgei--Russian Intervention--Collapse
of the Insurrection--The Vengeance of Austria--Death of
Count Batthyány--Lord Palmerston's Protest--Schwarzenberg's
Reply--The Hungarian Refugees--The Revolution in Italy--Revolt
of Venice--Milan in Arms--Retreat of Radetzky--Enthusiasm of
the Italians--Revolution and counter-Revolution in Sicily and
Naples--Difficulties of the Pope--Republic at Rome--The War
in Lombardy--Austrian Overtures--Radetzky's Successes--French
and British Mediation--Armistice arranged--Resumption
of Hostilities--Battle of Novara--Abdication of Charles
Albert--Terms of Peace--Surrender of Venice, Bologna, and
other Italian Cities--Foreign Intervention in Rome--The French
Expedition--Temporary Successes of the Romans--Siege and Fall of
Rome--Restoration of the Pope--Parliamentary Debates on Italian
Affairs--Lord Palmerston's Defence of his Policy 574