WASHINGTON’S PREDICTION REALIZED.—THE ATTITUDE OF AMERICA PRONOUNCED.
The blending of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries comes at a moment
of such marked transition in all that directs human activity and
relationship, that the promise of Washington’s benediction, with which
he proclaimed peace, seems about to be verified with a fuller, grander,
and more universal scope of responsibility and example than even his
sublime faith encompassed.
“A stupendous fabric of freedom and empire on the broad basis of
independency,” has already been established. The present generation and
its actors in every department of public duty—including Washington’s
successor in the Presidential Chair; the American Congress in both
Houses; Governors of all the States; and responsible agencies in all
sections—have seemed to unify their efforts to maintain the empire thus
established. Those now living are the heirs to be made “happy, happy,
thrice happy,” through the legacy of his life; if they do their part in
“protecting the rights of human nature, and in establishing an asylum
for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions.”
Nothing in the career of Washington the Soldier was more sovereign in
its sway over citizens under arms, than his constant appeal to a Divine
Providence as the truest ally of the soul, in hours of grave
responsibility and peril. This narrative would lose much of its value to
America and to mankind, if the passages reflecting Washington’s
religious faith were to be lightly passed over; and if he were to be
measured only as a distinguished representative of the military
profession.
He has, indeed, been tested by the sternest maxims of the military art.
He has been found responsive to their most exacting demands. But all
such tests are largely those of mere intellectual power—not disclosing
excellence in moral and social relations, except as these illustrate
“Statesmanship in War,” and complement other qualifications of the Ideal
Soldier. But Washington was more than a soldier. It is no ill-conceived
paradox to assert that the ideal soldier, the greatest soldier, is not
the man who most literally represents knowledge of the military art. It
is asserted in the Word of Life, that “he that ruleth his spirit is
greater than he that taketh a city.” It is not to be forgotten that the
only proper function of War is, to eliminate disturbants of the public
peace. To give life for country is to partake of the Divine prerogative
of giving life for humanity.
And the soldiers who fought under Washington were not mere men, of
certain ages, to be handled well in battle, as parts of a machine. They
were not hirelings, discounting the chances of life and death for money.
Peace and its domesticities represented the goal of their pursuit; and
self-sacrifice, even of life, to secure that peace, was their conscious
service to family, to country, and to God. The people, as a people, had
no unholy frenzy for war as a source of purely military glory. Only
barbarous nations, or the devotees of some great conqueror or fanatical
religionist, can thus pervert the patriotic sentiment to the instincts
of the beast.
Washington’s army was strong, because strong at home. Country, was the
aggregate of homes many. Never did the term patriotism have a more
radiant reflection of its intrinsic glory; and Washington, as “Pater
Patriæ,” was so paternal in his trust, that his army was filial as well
as loyal, in the highest quality of duty to their great Captain. His
faith in his country’s future was based upon the intelligence of the
people; and his army was both intelligent and religious, because respect
for law and religion was the basis of the first settlement of the
American Colonies as well as the foundation upon which they established
all domestic and political concerns.
In 1780, Thomas Pownall, once royal Governor of Massachusetts,
pronounced “American Independence as fixed as fate”; adding: “North
America has become a new Primary planet, which, while it takes its own
course, in its own orbit, must shift the common centre of gravity.” He
added this significant inquiry: “Will that most enterprising spirit be
stopped at Cape Horn; or, not pass beyond the Cape of Good Hope? Before
long, they will be found trading in the South Sea, in the Spice Islands,
and in China. Commerce will open the door to emigration. By constant
intercommunication, America will every day approach nearer and nearer to
Europe.”
But this “independency of freedom and empire,” predicted by Washington,
is not independency of moral obligation, or relation. It carries with
its exercise an independent control of both moral and physical
activities with which to insist that its inalienable rights shall be
universally respected.
The associated prediction of Washington has also been realized—in “the
establishment of an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and
religions.” America must therefore bear the responsibility of protecting
her wards everywhere, and penetrate the earth with the conviction that
wrong done to one, is wrong done to all. Oceans are but lakes. Distances
are but steps. Neither light nor sound outspeed the cry of suffering
humanity; and neither light nor sound must be allowed to outrun the
speed of wise relief. Beneficiaries of this Empire-Asylum, between the
great seas, have become elements of our wealth and power. They have
ceased to be foreign elements in crystalized society; and blend, as
integral forces in the body politic, just as the elements of air and
water invisibly combine. Countless messages—of happiness, prosperity,
and peace—cross the great seas by every steamship, to cheer their former
countrymen with the hope of like liberties, in times not far distant,
which they also shall enjoy. The prayers of a Christian people for all
mankind, which Heaven doth “gather in vials, as sweet odors,” are not
lost between earth and sky; but other peoples, inhaling wafted
fragrance, dream of the Land of Washington.
Whatever may be the jealousies or dislikes of personal or dynastic rule
abroad, no truly enlightened nation can long remain insensible to that
exhibition of moral and industrial power under which America is fully
equipped for the support of her honor and her flag. Her indwelling peace
matures and conserves financial independence; and infinitely multiplies
capacity and resources with which to meet every just obligation to all
mankind. Her peace, while enriching herself, blesses all nations. Her
products of the shop and farm have become indispensable to the good of
all. This new “centre of gravity,” has become, as Egypt once chanced to
be, the famine magazine, the granary of relief, to the famishing
millions of every land. The ability of America to spring from the repose
of peaceful industry and protect her rights and the rights of humanity
wherever assailed, has compelled the world’s consideration and respect.
The _terra incognita_ of olden times has become the busy field of
competitive industry. The vast empires of China and Japan have caught
from the American Republic their own best stimulus, and a timely
suggestion to resist aggressive strangers. From America, they fear no
unjust demands, no plunder of territory, no violation of sound
principles of international law. China, indeed, only feebly responds to
the quickening impulse; while Japan recognizes and accepts her
opportunity to become an independent, self-respecting power—a truly
modern State!
At the famous Berlin Conference, Count Schouvaloff of Russia, recently
retired from public life, proposed a formal Resolution, that no modern
arms or ships be sold to the empires of the East; declaring that “if
those nations, India, China and Japan, were thus armed, and once began
to contrast their millions of subjects and associated poverty, with the
smaller populations, but vast treasure-houses of Europe, the cities of
Vienna, Berlin, and Paris, would be in more danger, through some
tidal-wave of desolation and plunder from the East, than from all the
standing armies of Europe.” And now that the earth is but a sensitive
“whisper-gallery,” and every hammer’s stroke and every anvil’s ring
reverberate in every machine-shop where despoilers of the East fabricate
implements for its dismemberment and ruin, those same Eastern nations in
part accept, and Japan quotes, the wise maxim of Washington: “In peace,
prepare for war.”
Washington’s career as a soldier is replete with counsel which finds its
crowning opportunity in the present attitude of America before the
world. So long as we deal honorably with all mankind, the buzzing
electric energies of peace are our best assurance of success in a
righteous war. Only wanton neglect of prudent and adequate preparations
for the protection of our commerce, and of our citizens wherever they
chance to sojourn for legitimate business or pleasure, can engender
mistrust of our courage, and invite the very aggressions otherwise
beyond the possibility of occurrence.
But Washington, skilled in the European complications of his times,
never imagined that the same European nations, or any of them, would
select the extreme East as the arena from which to replenish wasted home
resources by force; and then convert the continent of Europe into one
vast magazine of dynamite, until all chief agencies which belong to
domestic prosperity and happiness should be drawn into the wild whirl of
Colonial adventure, for plunder. And as the reader recalls Washington’s
earnest appeals for unity of spirit in all national affairs, and is
reminded of his Farewell Address to the American People, wherein he
deprecated all political combinations abroad which might qualify or
compromise our absolute independence as a Free Republic, he will be more
profoundly impressed with the great fact, that in the present attitude
of these United States before the world, the sublime anticipations of
the “Father of his Country” are maturing to a resplendent and complete
fulfilment. The only natural alliance, in the event of monarchical
combinations to stay the advancing triumph of true liberty, would be a
concerted action of the United States and the mother country, through
the inheritance of like bequests under Magna Charta. The pregnant future
may yet give birth to that fruition.
There is an awful grandeur, more densely charged with ills than the
fiercest spasms of Nature’s fury, in the visible armaments which are
costing peoples, not thrones, _annually_, more than enough to _feed and
clothe every suffering member of the human race_. The alleged object is,
“to preserve the peace,” as if every nation naturally antagonized all
others. The peace of the silent grave, which would turn one’s neighbor’s
soil into a vast cemetery, seems to supplant that peace “which passeth
understanding,” when every heart and mind shall enter a condition of
happy repose and prosperous industry. The inquiry propounded nearly
nineteen hundred years ago—“From whence come wars and fightings among
you?” can be in like manner answered, with solemn emphasis, to-day. No
uninspired pen can match the imagery of prophetic vision which predicted
the outcome of such conditions as now threaten mankind—“Woe to him that
calleth Peace, Peace, when there is no peace!” But greater woe shall
befall those that “call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for
light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for
bitter.” As with the man who wrongeth his neighbor, and taketh that
which is not his, to his own profit; so shall it be with nations. Only
those nations which love righteousness and do justice shall rise above
the wreck of all oppressors, and take part in the enjoyment of that
destined era of righteousness and peace, when nations shall not “learn
war any more.” That nation alone will be truly great, whose supreme
purpose through every armament and armed expression shall be in behalf
of humanity, and to punish or repress the destroyers of peace.
But present conditions had their marvellous premonition in 1892—when “a
Congress of Nations,” and “a Parliament of Religions,” convened during
the World’s Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, in the State of Illinois.
For the purpose of that Exposition, a miniature city, of more than Roman
or Grecian classical beauty and adornment, sprang up as by the power of
magic, wherein all the nations of earth blended their contributions, in
lines of utility and art. Their representatives, their contributors, and
their wise men, beheld “the triumphs of peace,” uncontrolled by the
prestige of artificial rank, or by the persuasion of bayonet, cimeter,
or dagger. They journeyed to and fro in safety; were treated as
brethren; as children of one supreme creative Father; and took thence
some valuable lessons for thoughtful improvement. No social banquet at
their far-distant homes, nor regal display at their national capitals,
could have surpassed the cordial welcome or the deep significance of
that purely Republican entertainment. The temporary shelter for their
pleasure and comfort, costing millions, besides their own generous
outlay, had its day and its uses; and then was set aside, as one gives
away the morning daily paper, after its quick perusal. Then mighty
warehouses, business blocks, and all the permanent features of a vast
inland city, one thousand miles distant from the nearest ocean-port,
rose instead of the temporary palaces of entertainment; while the
markets of the world had received a new impulse, never to be lost.
And such is the Land of Washington! His retirement from command of the
“Continental Army of America,” in the spirit of Joshua, the Hebrew
Captain, when the people thought no honor too rich for his reward,
magnified his office and immortalized his example. Since his career as a
soldier demands no elucidation of his office as legislator, statesman,
or as the first President of these United States, there remains little
to be added; except to commend to American youth, and to all patriotic
youth, wherever these pages may invite perusal, the exemplar career of
one whose unselfish patriotism, moral rectitude, and exalted qualities
as an Ideal Soldier can never lose charm nor value.
Washington based his hopes of success upon the intelligence of the
American people. For their proper training in arms, and the contingency
of a summons to defend their dearly bought liberties, he designed the
Military Academy at West Point on the Hudson. For a uniform system of
education in all that develops social culture and good citizenship, he
proposed, with gift of a proper site, a National University at the
National Capital. Since his immediate mission on earth closed, the
American Republic, which, under God, he established, has donated through
religious, educational, and benevolent channels, more than three hundred
millions of treasure; and found full compensation, in the civilization
and enlightenment thereby imparted to less favored peoples throughout
the world. The American Census of 1890, disclosed the fact, that
American eleemosynary gifts annually exceeded the cost of the largest
standing army of the world.
To-day, America is able, single-handed, to defend her honor and her
flag, whoever may deride her peaceful habits and her homely virtues. The
words of Washington, used upon his return to White Plains in 1778, as
emphatically appeal to the American people to-day, as when they were
first uttered.
A Nation of nearly eighty millions stands ready to vindicate the
loftiest aspirations and redeem the confidence of Washington. So surely
as the Almighty Father is a covenant-keeping God, whatever may be the
scenes of conflict forwarding His purpose, He will emancipate man from
error’s chain and the oppressor’s lash; and this Republic must be ever
prepared to maintain, from generation to generation, one sentiment of
the great Soldier—
“The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous, that he must be worse
than an infidel, that lacks faith; and more than wicked, that has not
gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligation.”
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A.
AMERICAN ARMY, BY STATES.
The American Army, after 1776, never equalled thirty-eight thousand
Regulars, at any one time. Small, temporary, and unorganized detachments
of minute men were often employed to meet sudden forays; but the
aggregate of those who afterwards claimed Revolutionary service was far
beyond the actual numbers subject to Washington’s orders, or under
control by Congress.
In stating these aggregates as credited to their respective States,
under their designated quota, it is to be taken into account, that each
enlistment received a special credit, and generally, by _years_ or term
of service. Hence, many who served from April 19, 1775, until the
nineteenth of April, 1783, _counted as eight_, in the aggregate.
In the American Civil War of 1861–’65, the same rule followed. Nine Ohio
regiments, for example, and those militia, marched to West Virginia for
three months, reënlisted for three years, and then reënlisted for the
war. Several “One Hundred Day” regiments, including the Sixtieth
Massachusetts, and many in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, became credits
to their respective States. The same men were sometimes counted three
times—that is, for each reënlistment.
The contributions of the States, during the Revolutionary War, on this
basis, were as follows:
New Hampshire 12,497
Massachusetts 69,907
Rhode Island 5,908
Connecticut 31,939
New York 17,781
New Jersey 10,726
Pennsylvania 25,678
Delaware 2,386
Maryland 13,912
Virginia 26,678
North Carolina 7,263
South Carolina 6,417
Georgia 2,679
———————
Total 233,771
Also, see Index, “American Army.”
APPENDIX B.
AMERICAN NAVY AND ITS CAREER.
The original organization of the American Navy is noticed on pages 59–60
of the text.
On the thirteenth of December, 1775, several frigates, were authorized,
the annexed figures indicating their _rate_, by _guns_:
_Alliance_ (32), twice identified with Lafayette (pp. 253, 361), and
sold after the war.
_Andrea Doria_ (32), burned in the Delaware to prevent capture 1777
_Boston_ (28), captured at Charleston 1780
[8]_CONGRESS_, burned in the Hudson, to prevent capture 1777
_Delaware_ (24), captured by the British, in the Delaware 1777
_Effingham_ (28), destroyed by the British, in the Delaware 1777
_Hancock_ (32), taken by British ships _Rainbow_ (44) and _Victor_
(16) 1777
[8]_Montgomery_ (24), burned in the Hudson to prevent capture 1777
_Providence_ (28), captured at Charleston 1780
_Queen of France_ (18), captured at Charleston 1780
_Raleigh_ (32), captured by the British ships _Experiment_ (50)
and _Unicorn_ (16) 1777
_Randolph_ (32), blown up in action with the _Yarmouth_ (64) 1778
_The Confederacy_ (32), taken by a British ship-of-the-line, off
the Virginia coast 1781
_Trumbull_ (28), taken by British fleet, near Cape Henry 1778
_Virginia_ (28), taken by British fleet, near Cape Henry, 1778
_Warren_ (32), burned in the Penobscot, by the Americans 1779
_Washington_ (32), destroyed by the British, in the Delaware 1778
Footnote 8:
Never went to sea.
NOTE.—John Paul, who took the name of John Paul Jones through
gratitude to a citizen of North Carolina who assisted him in securing
a naval commission (noticed on page 60 of the text), distinguished
himself upon the British coast, and in his capture of the British ship
_Serapis_, Sept. 23, 1779. His own ship, the _Bon Homme Richard_, was
fitted out in France, by the aid of Benjamin Franklin, to war against
British commerce. Franklin, in the issue of his “Almanack,” with
shrewd business and moral maxims at the bottoms of the pages, used the
nom-de-plume, “Poor Richard.” It was graceful in John Paul to name the
ship Richard, in Franklin’s honor, with a complimentary prefix.
Of the later navy, that of 1812, the _Brandywine_ (44), named after
the battle of that name, was placed at the service of Lafayette when
he visited America in 1825. (See note at end of Chapter XVIII.,
concerning Lafayette as first appearing in that battle.)
APPENDIX C.
COMPARISONS WITH LATER WARS.
The analogies between the Revolutionary War and later American wars are
noticed in the Preface. Some special points should be noted for further
comparisons.
The _field_ casualties, including killed and wounded, in twenty-six of
the principal engagements of the Revolution, do not greatly exceed
9,000; but other causes kept the army upon a very unsatisfactory basis
in respect of numbers as well as efficiency.
Operations in Canada, early in the war, irrespective of the expeditions
of Montgomery and Arnold, cost, through a visitation of small-pox, 5,000
lives in sixty days. (Page 88.)
At the April muster of the army in 1776, only 8,303, out of a total of
10,235, were fit for duty. (Page 87.)
At the August muster, 1776, 3,678 were reported as sick, either present
or on furlough, out of a total of 17,225. (Pages 101, 102.)
At the September muster, 1776, less than 20,000 were reported as fit for
duty (page 114), out of a total of 27,000 (page 103).
At the Battle of Trenton, Christmas night, 1776, more than 1,000 out of
a force of 2,400 were disabled by frost during the brief march and
engagement which gave such fresh vigor to the cause of American
Independence. (Page 142.)
At the October muster of the same year, out of a total of 25,735, the
large number of 8,075 was reported as sick, or on furlough. (Page 122.)
The camps at Morristown, Valley Forge, and at the South, were scenes of
great suffering, distress, and waste. The suffering was greater in
crowded and stationary camps than when on the march. Special diseases
like measles, then as ever since, prostrated great numbers who suddenly
changed house for canvas shelter. In 1862, at one of the healthiest
cantonments at the North, near Indianapolis, fully 1,400 were disabled
for duty within four weeks after reporting for muster. A similar
experience marked Camps Chase, Dennison, and Jackson, Ohio, and Camp
Douglas, Illinois.
That “three months” service in 1861 was exceptionally effective under
existing conditions, and similar service in the war with Spain, in 1898,
reads more like some fabulous tale than the faithful record of
continuous victories by an improvised army, with a minimum sacrifice of
life. (See Military Notes in Preface.)
In the Revolutionary War, gardens and orchards, near camps, seriously
endangered both discipline and health. Home luxuries from visiting
friends became so injurious in their effects that Washington was
compelled to deal sternly with this mistaken kindness. Besides all this,
quartermasters and commissaries, ignorant of their duties, speculated
upon public stores; and even surgeons embezzled supplies until some
regiments had no medicines for immediate emergencies. (Page 123.)
Derelictions from duty were not peculiar to Revolutionary times. Early
in 1861, when haste was so urgent, and the North was not prepared to
clothe promptly even seventy-five thousand men, the First and Second
Ohio reached Harrisburg, en route for Washington, only to find that the
uniforms contracted for and delivered were worthless. The Fifteenth
Ohio, after a rain, found themselves at Grafton, W. Va., just after the
battle of Philippi, with soleless shoes, glue having been used in their
manufacture instead of pegs or thread. The Adjutant-General of that
State, then inspecting Ohio troops, peremptorily forbade their moving
until an entire refit could be supplied, and William Dennison, then
Governor, sustained his action.
The Continental Congress, during the war with Great Britain, tried to
act as Commander-in-Chief, until in conscious impotence it surrendered
military trusts to Washington, with the impressive Resolution, that “the
very existence of civil liberty depends upon the right exercise of
military powers,” and that “the vigorous, decisive conduct of these” is
“impossible in distant, numerous and deliberative bodies.” (Page 148.)
The Revolutionary War, therefore, illustrated every form of distemper
which belongs to war in a republic, when its citizens are suddenly
called to face camp and battle conditions without adequate training and
preparation in advance. Jealousy of a standing army, greed for office
and place, and incessant, selfish, or self-asserting antagonisms, were
the chief burdens that grieved the soul and embarrassed the movements of
Washington, the American Commander-in-Chief.
APPENDIX D.
BRITISH ARMY, AT VARIOUS DATES.
The British Official Records show that the entire British force in
America, including troops in Canada, Florida and the Bahama Islands,
hardly exceeded, at any one time—and then not until 1780—42,000 men.
Some of the regiments appear upon the maps as participants in battles
from the attack upon Breed’s Hill until the final surrender of
Cornwallis. The colonels of these regiments, under British regulations,
held command as general officers; but the regiments retained their
personal relation to the commanding officer, although the
lieutenant-colonel commanded the battalions in the field, one recruiting
battalion always remaining at the home depot.
The following Tables have peculiar value, being compiled direct from
original sources:
1. British regiments assigned to America, 1776.
17th Dragoons Preston’s.
4th Foot Hodgsin’s.
5th Foot Percy’s.
10th Foot Sanford’s.
22d Foot Gage’s.
23d Foot Howe’s.
35th Foot F. H. Campbell’s.
38th Foot Pigot’s.
40th Foot Hamilton’s.
43d Foot Cray’s.
44th Foot Abercrombie’s.
45th Foot Haviland’s.
47th Foot Carleton’s.
49th Foot Maitland’s.
52d Foot Clavering’s.
63d Foot T. Grant’s.
64th Foot Pomeroy’s.
65th Foot Armstrong’s.
The above were stationed in Boston, with five companies of the Royal
Artillery.
On their passage from Ireland to Boston:
17th Foot Monkton’s.
27th Foot Massey’s.
46th Foot Vaughn’s.
53d Foot James Grant’s.
Then, in Canada:
7th Foot Berlier’s.
8th Foot T. Armstrong’s.
26th Foot Lord Gordon’s.
2 Companies Royal Artillery.
Ready to sail for America, from Cork:
15th Foot Caven’s.
33d Foot Cornwallis’.
37th Foot Coote’s.
42d Foot Lord Murray’s.
54th Foot Frederick’s.
57th Foot Irwin’s.
Ordered for Boston:
16th Dragoons Burgoyne’s.
King’s Guards 1,000 men.
Ordered for Quebec:
9th Foot Lagonier’s.
20th Foot Parker’s.
24th Foot Taylor’s.
34th Foot Lord Cavendish’s.
33d Foot Elphinstone’s.
62d Foot Jones’.
Also, 29th Foot upon opening of navigation.
Cunningham’s Regiment, the 14th Foot, was in part in Virginia; the
residue, with a Company of the Royal Artillery, was at St. Augustine,
Florida.
2. British Army at the Battle of Long Island.
ADVANCE CORPS.
Four Battalions of Light Infantry and the Light Dragoons.
RESERVE CORPS.
Four Battalions of Grenadiers, 33d and 42d Regiments.
BRITISH COLUMN.
1ST BRIGADE 44th, 15th, 27th and 45th Regiments.
2D BRIGADE 5th, 28th, 55th and 49th Regiments.
3D BRIGADE 10th, 37th, 38th and 52d Regiments.
4TH BRIGADE 17th, 40th, 46th and 55th Regiments.
5TH BRIGADE 22d, 43d, 54th and 63d Regiments.
6TH BRIGADE 23d, 44th, 57th and 64th Regiments.
7TH BRIGADE 71st Highland Regiment, New York Companies and
Royal Artillery.
Colonel Donop’s command consisted of the Hessian Grenadiers and the
Chausseurs.
General De Heister’s command consisted of two Hessian brigades.
TOTAL OF COMBINED ARMIES, INCLUDING FORCE ON STATEN ISLAND.
General Clinton in his report gives Howe’s “effectives fit for duty” as
26,980—officers not included; but, including all officers, commissioned
and non-commissioned, as 31,625 men.
3. British effective force in America, June 3, 1777.
In New Jersey.
British Artillery 365
British Cavalry 710
British Infantry 8,361
Hessian Infantry 3,300
Anspach Infantry 1,043
——————
13,779
In New York.
British Artillery 20
British Infantry 1,513
Hessian Infantry 1,778
—————
3,311
Aggregate, 17,090.
On this date, 2,631 men had been sent to Rhode Island, and the total
force of foreign troops which had arrived—including those of Hesse,
Anspach, and Waldeck—amounted to 14,777.
4. British effective force in America, March 26, 1778.
In New York. In Philadelphia. In Rhode Island.
British 3,486 13,078 1,610
German 3,689 5,202 2,116
Provincial 3,281 1,250 44
—————— —————— —————
10,456 19,530 3,770
Aggregate, 33,756.
5. Aug. 15, 1778.
In New York and vicinity, 19,586; in Long Island, 8,117; in Rhode
Island, 5,189; Lord Howe’s fleet, 512; making an aggregate of 33,404.
A later return of November 1, on account of troops sent to Halifax and
to the West Indies, reduced the aggregate to 22,494 for duty.
6. May 1, 1779.
New York 9,123
Long Island 6,056
Staten Island 1,344
Paulus Hook 383
Hoboken 264
Rhode Island 5,644
——————
22,814
Halifax 3,677
Georgia 4,794
West Florida 1,703
Bermuda and Providence Island 470
——————
10,644
Aggregate, 33,458.
7. December 1, 1779.
At New York and its dependencies:
British 13,848
German 10,836
Provincial 4,072
——————
Total 28,756
Halifax and Penobscot 3,460
Georgia 3,930
West Florida 1,787
Bermuda and Providence Island 636
—————
Total 9,813
Aggregate, 38,569.
8. British effective force in America, May 1, 1780.
New York. South Carolina. Nova Scotia. East Florida. Georgia.
British 7,711 7,041 2,298 590
German 7,451 3,018 572 547 862
Provincials 2,162 2,788 638 316 1,016
—————— —————— —————— —————— ——————
17,324 12,847 3,508 1,453 1,878
Aggregate, including East Florida, Providence Island and Bermuda,
38,002.
9. December 1, 1780.
New York 17,729
On an expedition 2,274
South Carolina 7,384
Georgia 968
——————
28,355
West Florida 1,261
Nova Scotia 3,167
Bermuda 387
Providence Island 143
—————
4,958
Aggregate, 33,313; besides Provincial troops, 8,954. Total, 42,267.
10. May 1, 1781.
New York 12,257
On an expedition 1,782
With Leslie 2,278
With Arnold 1,553
With Phillips 2,116
South Carolina 7,254
——————
27,240
East Florida 438
West Florida 1,185
Nova Scotia 3,130
Bermuda 366
Providence Island 128
Georgia 887
—————
6,134
Aggregate forces, 33,374.
11. Sept. 1, 1781.
New S. N. W.
York. Virginia. Carolina. Georgia. Floridas. Scotia. Indies.
British, 5,932 5,544 5,024 920 1,745 498
German, 8,629 2,204 1,596 486 558 562
Provincial, 2,140 1,137 3,155 598 211 1,145
—————— —————— —————— —————— —————— —————— ———
Total, 16,701 8,885 9,775 1,084 1,689 3,452 498
Aggregate, including Providence Island and Bermuda, 42,075.
NOTE.—Stedman has the following estimate:
BRITISH AND REBEL FORCE
IN 1776.
Dates. British. Rebel.
August 24,000 16,000
November 26,600 4,500
December 27,700 3,300
IN 1777.
March 27,000 4,500
June 30,000 8,000
APPENDIX E.
ORGANIZATION OF BURGOYNE’S ARMY.
To remain in Canada, part of 8th regiment, 460 men; part of 34th, 348
men; parts of 29th and 31st regiments, 896 men; eleven additional
companies expected from Great Britain, 616 men; brigade detachments, 300
men; detachments from German troops, 650 men, and Royal Highland
emigrants, 500 men; making a total of 3,770 men.
The army of invasion (see page 171) numbered as follows:
Men.
The grenadiers and light infantry (except of the 8th and 24th
regiments), as the advance corps under General Fraser 1,568
_First brigade_; battalion companies of the 9th, 21st, and 47th
regiments 1,194
_Second brigade_; battalion companies of the 20th, 53d, and 62d
regiments, leaving 50 of each in Canada 1,194
_German troops_, except the Hanau Chasseurs, and 650 left in
Canada 3,217
—————
Total, with artillery 7,173
To this force were to be associated “as many Canadians and Indians as
might be thought necessary for the service.”
APPENDIX F.
ORGANIZATION OF CORNWALLIS’S ARMY.
This force, when fully concentrated on Virginia, Aug. 1, 1781, consisted
of the following troops: British, 5,541; German, 2,148; Provincials,
1,137; on detachments, 607; making a total of 9,433 men.
The general Return of officers and privates surrendered at Yorktown, as
taken from the original Muster Rolls, is stated by the Commissary of
prisoners to have been as follows—General and staff, 79; Artillery, 23;
Guards, 527; Light Infantry, 671; 17th Reg’t, 245; 23d Reg’t, 233; 33d
Reg’t, 260; 43d Reg’t, 359; 71st Reg’t, 300; 76th Reg’t, 715; 80th
Reg’t, 689; two battalions of Anspach, 1,077 (these two battalions alone
had Colonels present), Prince Hereditary, 484; Regiment of De Bose, 349;
Yagers, 74; British Legion, 241; Queen’s Rangers, 320; North Carolina
Vols., 142; Pioneers, 44; Engineers, 23. Total, including commissary
department, and 80 followers of the army, 7,247 men. Total of officers
and men, 7,073. Seamen and from shipping, about 900 officers and men.
Other authorities increase this number to over 8,000. It is evident that
the Return of August 15, cited on page 385, overestimates the really
effective force.
Seventy-five brass cannon, 69 iron guns, 18 German and 6 British
regimental standards, were among trophies captured.
The military chest contained £2,113, 6s, sterling. The _Guadaloupe_ 28,
the old _Fowey_, the _Bonetta_ (sloop) 24, and _Vulcan_ (fire-ship),
thirty transports, fifteen galleys, and many smaller vessels, with
nearly 900 officers and seamen, were surrendered to the French.
APPENDIX G.
NOTES OF LEE’S COURT-MARTIAL.
MAJOR-GENERAL LORD STIRLING, _President_.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL SMALLWOOD.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL POOR.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL WOODFORD.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL HUNTINGTON.
COLONEL IRVINE.
COLONEL SHEPARD.
COLONEL SWIFT.
COLONEL WIGGLESWORTH.
COLONEL ANGEL.
COLONEL CLARKE.
COLONEL WILLIAMS.
COLONEL FEBIGER.
JOHN LAWRENCE, _Judge-Advocate_.
The Court met July 1, 1778, at the house of Mr. Voorhees, New Brunswick,
N.J.
The charges were as follows:
_First_—For disobedience of orders, in not attacking the enemy on the
twenty-eighth of June, agreeably to repeated instructions.
_Second_—For misbehavior before the enemy on the same day, by making
an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat.
_Third_—For disrespect to the Commander-in-Chief, in two letters dated
the first of July and the twenty-eighth of June.
GENERAL LEE PLEAD “NOT GUILTY.”
On the twelfth of August, the Court found him to be _guilty_ under all
the charges, and sentenced him to be “suspended from any command in the
Armies of the United States of America, for the term of twelve months.”
Forty-two witnesses were examined. (See page 235 of text, for their
unanimity in vindication of Washington from use of any language not
proper, in his rebuke of Lee at the time of his retreat.)
The following are the letters that concluded with Lee’s demand for a
court-martial:
FIRST LETTER.
CAMP ENGLISH-TOWN, July 1, 1778.
SIR: From the knowledge I have of your Excellency’s character, I must
conclude that nothing but misinformation of some very stupid, or
misrepresentation of some very wicked, person, could have occasioned
your having made use of so very singular expressions as you did on my
coming up to the ground where you had taken post; they implied that I
was guilty either of disobedience of orders, of want of conduct, or
want of courage; your Excellency will therefore infinitely oblige me
by letting me know on which of these three articles you ground your
charge, that I may prepare for my justification, which, I have the
happiness to be confident, I can do to the army, to the Congress, to
America, and to the world in general. Your Excellency must give me
leave to observe that neither yourself nor those about your person
could, from your situation, be in the least judges of the merits or
demerits of our manœuvres; and, to speak with a becoming pride, I can
assert, that to these manœuvres, the success of the day was entirely
owing. I can boldly say, that had we remained on the first ground, or
had we advanced, or had the retreat been conducted in a manner
different from what it was, this whole army and the interests of
America would have risked being sacrificed. I ever had, and hope ever
shall have, the greatest respect and veneration for General
Washington; I think him endowed with many great and good qualities;
but in this instance, I must pronounce that he has been guilty of an
act of cruel injustice towards a man who certainly has some
pretentions to the regard of every servant of this country; and, I
think, Sir, I have a right to demand reparation for the injury
committed, and, unless I can obtain it, I must, in justice to myself,
when this campaign is closed (which I believe will close the war),
retire from a service at the head of which is placed a man capable of
offering such injuries; but, at the same time, in justice to you, I
must repeat, that I from my soul believe, that it was not a motion of
your own breast, but instigated by some of those dirty earwigs who
will forever insinuate themselves near persons in high office; for I
really am convinced, that when General Washington acts for himself no
man in his army will have reason to complain of injustice or
indecorum.
I am, Sir, and hope ever shall have
Reason to continue, your most sincerely
Devoted, humble servant,
CHARLES LEE.
HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON.
SECOND LETTER.
CAMP, June 27, 1778.
SIR: I beg your Excellency’s pardon for the inaccuracy in mis-dating
my letter. You cannot afford me greater pleasure than in giving me the
opportunity of showing to America the sufficiency of her respective
servants. I trust that the temporary power of office, and the tinsel
dignity attending it, will not be able, by all the mists they can
raise, to obfuscate the bright rays of truth; in the meantime, your
Excellency can have no objection to my retiring from the army.
I am, Sir, your most obedient,
Humble servant,
CHARLES LEE.
GENERAL WASHINGTON.
WASHINGTON’S LETTER IN REPLY.
HEADQUARTERS, ENGLISH-TOWN, June 30, 1778.
SIR: I received your letter (dated through mistake, the 1st of July),
expressed, as I conceive, in terms highly improper. I am not conscious
of having made use of any very singular expressions at the time of my
meeting you, as you intimate. What I recollect to have said was
dictated by duty and warranted by the occasion. As soon as
circumstances will permit, you shall have an opportunity either of
justifying yourself to the army, to Congress, to America, and to the
world in general, or of convincing them that you were guilty of a
breach of orders, and of misbehavior before the enemy on the 28th
inst., in not attacking them as you had been directed, and in making
an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat.
I am, Sir, your most obedient servant,
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
MAJOR-GENERAL LEE.
After the reading of the foregoing letters by the Judge-Advocate,
General Lee requested the following letter to be also read:
CAMP, June 30, 1778.
SIR: Since I had the honor of addressing my letter by Colonel
Fitzgerald to your Excellency, I have reflected on both your situation
and mine, and beg leave to observe, that it will be for our mutual
convenience that a Court of Inquiry should be immediately ordered: but
I could wish it might be a court-martial, for if the affair is drawn
into length, it may be difficult to collect the necessary evidences,
and perhaps might bring on a paper war betwixt the adherents to both
parties, which may occasion some disagreeable feuds on the continent,
for all are not my friends, nor all your admirers. I must entreat,
therefore, for your love of justice, that you will immediately exhibit
your charge, and that on the first halt, I may be brought to a trial;
and am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant,
CHARLES LEE.
The date of the assembling of the court-martial shows that Washington
acted promptly.
GLOSSARY OF MILITARY TERMS.
=Abatis.=—Felled trees, with sharpened branches, pointing outward
toward an approaching enemy.
=Bastion.=—A work of two faces and two flanks, with salient angles.
=Batteau.=—An old-style flatboat of large capacity, in form of the
modern scow.
=Billet.=—An old term for a brief letter; or, an assignment of troops
to certain quarters.
=Boom.=—A chain cable or line of spars bound together to prevent the
passage of vessels at a harbor entrance, or across a river.
=Cabal.=—A plot, or secret intrigue.
=Cantonment.=—A lodgment for troops.
=Cheveau-de-Frise.=—A cylinder, of iron when practicable, with sharp,
projecting spears on all sides; to oppose an invading force, or to
close a gap in the defences.
=Command.=—A body of troops, or a separate command.
=Corduroy.=—(“Cord of the King.”) An extemporized road, a uniting
cord, by a series of parallel logs across a swamp or soft ground.
=Countersign.=—A confidential word of recognition, changed daily or
more frequently, emanating from the officer in chief command.
=Curtain.=—A wall connecting two bastions.
=Detachment.=—A fraction of a command, or troops assigned to some
special duty.
=Detail.=—An assignment for special duty.
=Engineering.=—See PREFACE.
=Fascines.=—Bundles or faggots of brushwood, or small poles, tied
together, for defence or for crossing swamps.
=Fusee.=—A small musket of early times.
=Gabions.=—Cylindrical wicker baskets open at both ends, filled for
defensive purposes, making a temporary parapet.
=Galleys.=—Small vessels of light draft.
=Grand Tactics.=—See PREFACE.
=Hurdles.=—Pickets about three feet high, united by twigs, to give a
solid footing for a battery, or for crossing soft ground and swamps.
=Itinerary.=—Record of daily marches; including notes of country
traversed, streams crossed, and whatever may be valuable for record
or subsequent guidance.
=Line-of-battle ship.=—A full-rigged ship, with two or more gun-decks.
=Log-book.=—The itinerary of a ship.
=Logistics.=—See PREFACE.
=Magazine.=—A depot of powder or of other supplies.
=Muster.=—A detailed record of troops, periodical or otherwise, for
exact information of the force under command.
=Orderly Book.=—A record of current orders, whether of commissioned or
non-commissioned officers.
=Parapet.=—A work, breast-high or more, for defence.
=Patrol.=—A small scouting-party beyond the usual line of sentries; or
a detail of search as to the movements of the enemy.
=Picket.=—An outside sentry, to guard against surprise.
=Quota.=—A fixed apportionment upon the basis of numbers.
=Reconnoissance.=—A personal examination of country within the range
of military movements.
=Redoubt.=—An inclosed defence.
=Rendezvous.=—A designated place for assembling troops or supplies.
=Roster.=—A list of officers, or of officers and men; on any duty, or
subject to duty.
=Salient.=—An angle projecting outward, toward hostile approach.
=Strategy.=—See PREFACE.
=Surveillance.=—On the constant watch, with critical observation of
existing or contingent conditions.
=Taking Post.=—Occupying a designated position, whether under orders,
or in the contingencies of a march or an advance.
=Zone.=—A belt or stretch of country, indicating the sphere of action
of the various parts of an army, which secures concert of action in
combined movements.
CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
NOTE.—The contemporaries of Washington named in this index are in
general only persons so associated with or opposed to the cause he
stood for as to influence his military action.
Events are treated and indexed in chronological order, so that the
index becomes thereby a miniature biography of the characters taking
part in the events narrated. It may often prove interesting to note
the age of a prominent actor in these events at the time, by
calculating it from the year of his birth when given below.
ABBREVIATIONS.—For various nationalities: _Am._ (American); _Br._
(British); _Fr._ (French); _H._ (Hessian). In the biographical
notices, _b._ for birth and _d._ for death are used; and occasionally,
_k._ for killed, _w._ for wounded, and like familiar abbreviations may
be found. The subsequent career of many is indicated thus—Cornwallis,
_sub._ gov.-gen. India.
Acts of Parliament to be resisted, 17
ADAMS, JOHN—statesman; _sub._ pres, twice; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1826.
in first Continental Congress, 16
on special naval committee, 60
commissioner in the interests of peace, 116
his influence abroad, 309
ADAMS, SAMUEL—orator; _b._ 1722, _d._ 1803.
exempted from the proffered pardon, 32
his opinion of a regular army, 299
AGNEW, JAMES— _Br._ maj.-general;
_k._ at Germantown, 196
Alamance, N.C., battle of, May 16, 1771, 84
Albany Convention of July 4, 1754, 12
ALLEN, ETHAN—col.; _b._ 1637, _d._ 1789.
captures Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775, 30
tries to capture Montreal, without orders, 62
captured and sent to England, 62
insubordination commented upon by Washington, 62
_Alliance_ frigate, twice takes Lafayette to France, 253, 362
American army,
wholly composed of militia, 21
call for 30,000 under arms, 22
officially recognized, 32
its strange experience, March 2, 1776, 75
occupies Boston, March 17, 1776, 80
begins its first campaign, 83
April muster, 1776, 87
August muster, 1776, 101
September muster, 114
85 regiments authorized, 116
its condition, Sept. 10, 1776, 119
October muster, 122
its lack of discipline, 123
Lee’s grand division, 135
special muster ordered by Washington, Nov. 23, 1776, 136
its condition, Dec. 30, 1776, 147
parades in Philadelphia, 183
August muster, 1777, 184
condition at Valley Forge, Dec., 1777, 205–6
at Newport, 1778, 242
assignments of divisions, 1778, 247
fixed at 80 battalions, 252
at Philadelphia, weakened in discipline, 252
its condition, Dec., 1779, 269
its condition, Nov. 7, 1780, 296
reorganization proposed, 298
new basis, of 36,000 men, 299
divisions again assigned, 300
its condition, 1781, 306
mutinous elements noticed, 307
at the South, 315–317
at Peekskill, 1781, 333
before Yorktown, 1781, 356
by States (Appendix A), 377
American Civil War referred to, for comparison (Preface), vii
policy defined, 91
commissioners appointed in the interests of peace, 115
cow-boys near New York, 255
speculators feed the British, 306
Americo-Spanish War of 1898 illustrating the principle of “Strategy and
Statesmanship in War” (Preface), x, xii
ANDRÉ, JOHN—_Br._ major, _sub._ asst. adjt.-gen.; _b._ 1751, _d._ 1780.
taken prisoner, at St. John’s, 62
arranges _fête_ in honor of Howe, 215
at capture of Charleston, 275
his antecedents noticed, 289
former relations to Miss Shippen, 289
executed as a spy, 290
his fate regretted, 290
exchange for Arnold morally impracticable, 291
ANGEL,—col. at Fort Mercer, R.I., 201
at Battle of Springfield, 283–4
ARBUTHNOT, MARIOT—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1711, _d._ 1794.
arrives at New York, 261
relieves Sir George Collier, 261
fights a French fleet, 326
Armies of modern times, 370–1
of the Revolution as given by the British authority, Stedman
(Appendix D), 386
Arms from France, 164
ARMSTRONG, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1843.
at Brandywine, 186
on the Schuylkill, 192
ARNOLD, BENEDICT—_sub._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1801.
takes a company to Boston, 30
hastens to Lake Champlain, 30
anticipated by Allen, 30
organizes a naval force, 30
loved by Washington, 45
returns in angry mood, 51
proposes conquest of Canada, 51
his expedition for Quebec, 55
his disastrous march, 64
wounded in a bold assault, 66
his captains refuse longer service, 66
the siege of Quebec fails, 66
at Providence, 163
unjustly treated by Congress, 165
gallantry at Ridgefield, 166
in command at Philadelphia, 167
gallantry in Burgoyne campaign, 176
finally promoted, 176
court-martialed, 274
is married to Miss Shippen, 289
suffers from old wound, 222, 288
in command at West Point, 288
corresponds with Clinton, 288
invites André to visit him, 290
dictates price of his treason, 290
antecedents in Philadelphia, 289
his treason anticipated by Lord Germaine, 289
his exchange for André impossible without dishonor, 291
leaves N.Y. with troops, 310
overtaken by a storm, 310
his discretion doubted by Clinton, 310
plunders Richmond, Va., 311
cannot intimidate Jefferson, 311
returns to fortify Portsmouth, 311
writes to Lafayette, 331
treated with silent contempt, 331
tries threats to no purpose, 331
relations with Gen. Phillips, 331
ordered back to New York, 331
lays waste New London, 351
his recall explained, 351
ARNOLD, Mrs. (formerly Miss Shippen)—ignorant of Arnold’s treason, 289
honored by Washington, 291
sympathy of Lafayette, 291
Articles of Confederation finally adopted, 309
“Art of War” (Preface), x–xii
ASHE, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1721, _d._ 1781; declares while speaker of
the North Carolina Assembly, concerning the Stamp Act, “We will
resist its execution to the death,” 13
ATLEE, SAMUEL J.—col.; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1786.
joins the army at Brooklyn, 105
commands Pennsylvania Rifles, 105
makes a gallant fight, 107
prisoner with Stirling, 107
_Augusta_ 74, _Br._; blown up in the Delaware, 202
Aux Trembles reached by Benedict Arnold, 65
reached by Montgomery, 65
reached by Carleton, 66
Baltimore pays honor to Rochambeau and Washington, 351
BANCROFT, GEORGE—diplomat and historian; _b._ 1800, _d._ 1891.
as to the invasion of Canada, 54
his estimate of Washington, 250
BARRAS, PAUL FRANÇOIS JEAN, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ admiral; _b._ 1755, _d._
1829.
sails from Newport, 354
enters the Chesapeake, 355
signs capitulation of Yorktown, 360
also signs for Count de Grasse, 360
Bennington unwisely attacked by Burgoyne; anticipated by Washington,
176
Berlin conference noticed, 370
BIDDLE, NICHOLAS—appointed naval captain, 60
Billingsport raided by Cornwallis, 203
BIRD—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _k._ at Germantown, 196
BLACKSTONE—chief of the Senecas; friend of Washington, 260
Bordentown occupied by Donop (_H._), 139
occupied by Cadwallader, 156
visited by British troops, 213
Boston, massacre of March 5, 1770, 15
Tea Party entertainment, Dec. 16, 1773, 15
Port Bill, 1774, 15
surrounded by 20,000 minute men, 30
deliverance from British control a fixed purpose, 30
not a proper British base, 33
bombarded three nights, 74, 77
evacuated, 80
visited by D’Estaing, 243
visited by Greene, 246
visited by Lafayette, 244
visited by Rochambeau, 361
BOTTA, CARLO GIUSEPPE GUGLIELMO—_Ital._ historian; _b._ 1768, _d._
1837.
as to Battle of Long Island, 113
as to Battle of Trenton, 149
reviews New Jersey campaign, 159
BOVILLE, DE—_Fr._ maj.-gen.; reconnoitres with Washington, 336
BOWDOIN, JAMES—pres. Mass. Council; _b._ 1727, _d._ 1790;
addressed by Charles Lee, 139
Braddock’s operations noticed, 7
BRADLEY, JOSEPH P.—Justice U.S. Supreme Court; _b._ 1813, _d._ 1892;
corrects a tradition as to Lafayette’s alleged reminiscence of
Washington’s profanity, 235
Brandywine, Battle of, 185
British army, at various dates (Appendix D), 383
troops quartered by British Parliament in Boston, 1768, 14
estimates for troops, by British ministry, 96
foreign auxiliaries opposed by British statesmen, 96
four military operations proposed, 97
its movements after Battle of Long Island, 116
advances to Horn’s hook (see map), 120
lands at Throgg’s Neck (see map), 125
advances beyond New Rochelle, 126
awaiting reënforcements, 127
in New Jersey, 139
invades the Illinois country, 253
opposed by Gov. Jefferson, 253
fed by _Am._ speculators, 296
British military policy defined, 95
British Parliament urges king to arrest Americans, 1769, 14
rejects “Conciliatory Bill,” 1775, 18
restricts New England trade, 18
favors certain colonies, 18
Brookline, Mass., furnished fascine rods, 78
Brooklyn, N.Y., occupied by Lee, 85
fortified by Greene, 102
evacuated by Washington, 112
Bull Run, 1861, illustrates Brandywine (Preface), x
Bunker Hill or Breed’s Hill, significance of the battle, 34
BURGOYNE, _Sir_ JOHN—lieut-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1792.
arrives at Boston, 33
describes rebels as _peasants_, 34
calls battle on Breed’s Hill “a great catastrophe,” 40
reaches Canada from Ireland, 89, 171
issues an unwise proclamation, 172
responded to by Washington, 172
has no sympathy with “hire of Indians”, 172
sharp letter from Gates, 173
his noble response, 173
captures Ticonderoga, 175
his diversion to Bennington an error, 175–6
surrenders his army, 176
organization of his army (Appendix E), 387
BURKE, EDMUND—_Br._ statesman; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1797.
BURR, AARON—col.; _sub._ vice-pres.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1830.
accompanies Arnold to Quebec, 55
BUTLER, THOMAS—col.; at storming of Stony Point, 257
BYRON, JOHN—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1723, _d._ 1786.
relieves admiral, Lord Howe, 239
fleet scattered by a storm, 239
arrives off Boston, 245
CADWALLADER, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1743, _d._ 1786.
guarding the Delaware, 141
fails to cross river, 142
crosses Delaware at Bristol, 146
arrives at Trenton, 151
at Princeton, 156
at Bordentown, 156
CÆSAR, JULIUS—Roman general; _b._ 100 B.C., _d._ 44 B.C.
his campaigns cited in comparison (Preface), viii
his methods imitated by Washington, 313
CALDWELL, JAMES—his church burned by the British, 271
his wife shot by the British, 279
furnishes hymn books for gun-wadding at Springfield, 284
CAMPBELL, WILLIAM—_Am._ col.; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1781;
at Battle of King’s Mountain, 293
Canada lost to France, 1763, 10
as a British base, 30
invasion urged by Congress, 50
Arnold its active spirit, 51
Congress again moves, 52–3
difference in religious faith, 52
two expeditions planned, 55
did not support Burgoyne, 55
failure of the expeditions, 66
visited by commissioners, 88
visited by small-pox, 88
costs five thousand American lives in sixty days, 88
British reënforcements come, 89
abandoned by the American army, 89
the excuse of Congress, 89
Canadian Acts of Parliament, 50
expeditions of Schuyler and Montgomery, 52, 55
expedition again suggested, but opposed by Washington, 252
CARLETON, _Sir_ GUY—gov., of Canada, _sub._ gov. New York; _b._ 1724,
_d._ 1808.
Arnold’s report of his small force in Canada, 51
flees from Montreal in disguise to Quebec, 64
pays military honors to his old comrade, Montgomery, 66
his magnanimous parole of American prisoners of war, 66
being largely reënforced in June, 1776, takes the offensive, 89
succeeds Clinton in N.Y., 362
coöperates with Washington, 363
surrenders New York, 363
CARRINGTON, EDWARD—col., _sub._ quartermaster-gen. (South); _b._ 1749,
_d._ 1810.
indorsed by Chief Justice Marshall, 301
explores the Southern rivers, 302
commissioner to exchange prisoners, 318
CARROLL, CHARLES—last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1832;
commissioner to Canada, 88
CARROLL, _Rev._ JOHN—_sub._ Archbishop of Maryland; visits Canada and
reports a terrible condition of affairs, 88
CATHARINE II. OF RUSSIA—_b._ 1729, _d._ 1796;
is hostile to British commerce, but favors American interests, 296
Charleston, S.C., captured by Clinton, 275
Charlestown Heights, neglected by British, 34
occupied by Americans, 34
occupied by British, 35
abandoned, 61
Charlottesville, Va., a Hessian prison-camp, visited by Tarleton, 340
CHASE, SAMUEL—Md.; _b._ 1741, _d._ 1811;
appointed commissioner to Canada, 88
CHASTELLUX, FRANÇOIS JEAN, _Marquis_ DE—maj.-general; _b._ 1734, _d._
1789.
accompanies Rochambeau to America, 286
a relative of Lafayette, 286
marches from Newport to Ridgebury, Conn., 333
in conference at Wethersfield, 333
commands a division, 337
CHATHAM, _Lord_ (WILLIAM PITT)—orator and statesman; _b._ 1756, _d._
1835.
Pittsburgh named in his honor, 10
describes the First Continental Congress, 17
his conciliatory bill defeated, 18
as to making slaves of American Englishmen, 20
as to Battle of Guilford, 320
Chatterton Hill, battle near White Plains, 129
Chemung, Battle of, noticed, 260
Chesapeake Bay memorable in naval warfare, 354
“Chimney-corner patriots” disgust Washington, 328
China stimulated by American example, 370
Civil liberty requires right execution of military power, 304
CLINTON, JAMES—brig.-general; _b._ 1736, _d._ 1812.
gallantry at Fort Clinton, 179
in Indian expedition, 260
CLINTON, GEORGE—gov., brig.-gen.; _sub._ vice-pres.; _b._ 1736, _d._
1812.
commands in the Highlands, 166
his services noted, 178, 190
CLINTON, _Sir_ HENRY—lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1795.
arrives in America, 33
urges attack upon Cambridge, 35
overruled by Howe, 35
expects an independent command, 70
anticipated by Washington, 70
visits Tryon in New York, 85
ordered to destroy Southern cities, 85
in attack upon Fort Sullivan, S.C., 85
returns to New York, 89
in battle of Long Island, 107
expects large success, 110
at Newport, R.I., 150
in expedition up the Hudson, 178
outgenerals Putnam, 178
captures Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 179
did not intend to join Burgoyne, 180
returns to New York, 182
relieves Howe in command, 215
gives a _fête_ to Howe, 215
attempts capture of Lafayette, 216
fails to capture Lafayette, 217
his policy outlined, 221
evacuates Philadelphia, 222
moves toward Monmouth, 223–4
followed by Lafayette, 225
prepares for battle, 229
abandons position at night, 234
regains New York, 234
escapes the French fleet, 238
tries to reënforce Newport, 245
reports to Lord Germaine, 249
inactive at New York, 252
captures Stony Point, 253
reoccupies Stony Point, when Washington abandoned it, 259
declines to attack West Point, 261
abandons Newport and New England, 262
sails for Charleston, 268
reports his force, 270
reports as to Provincials, 272
expedition suffers from storm, 274
captures Charleston, 275
issues absurd proclamation, 275
reënforced by Rawdon, 276
returns to New York, 282
plans a new expedition, 283
invades New Jersey, 283
Battle of Springfield, 283–4
burns Springfield, 285
“needs rest for his army”, 285
plans descent upon Newport, 286
writes Lord Germaine as to West Point, 288
corresponds with Arnold, 289
again writes Lord Germaine, 289
closes bargain with Arnold, 290
cannot exchange Arnold for André, 291
watches the American mutiny, 309
advises with Lord Germaine, 309
sends Arnold to Virginia, 310
doubts Arnold’s discretion, 310
sends good officers with him, 310
equally powerless with Cornwallis, 324
learns of effort to capture Arnold, 325
sends Phillips to support Arnold, 326
orders Arnold to New York, 331
disturbed by Arnold’s correspondence with London officials, 332
receives Washington’s decoy letters, 335
“in a state of siege”, 335
other decoy letters reach him, 336
orders Cornwallis to report to him, 337
calls for reënforcements, 338
intercepts other decoy letters with plans enclosed, 346
outgeneraled by Washington, 347–8
writes Cornwallis—promising help, 350
advises Cornwallis to strike Philadelphia, 352
does not understand Washington, 352
hears from Cornwallis, 358
sails for Yorktown too late, 358
contemporaneous surrender of Cornwallis, 359–60
is relieved of command in New York, 361
succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, 361
COLLIER, _Sir_ GEORGE—_Br._ commodore.
convoys Clinton and his troops up the Hudson, 253
his fleet visits New Haven, 256
relieved by Admiral Arbuthnot, 261
Colonial Congress at New York, 1765, 11
nine Colonies represented; others ratify action, 11
names of Colonies that were not represented, 11
the Declaration of Rights, 11
denounces Stamp Act, Oct. 7, 1755, 13
Colonial expeditions, 1755, 10
additional, 1758, 10
Colonial governments and their forms described, 16
Columbian Exposition, 1892, noticed, 372–3
Commissioners sent to Canada, 88
General and Admiral Howe meet American commissioners in New York, 98
arrange terms between Cornwallis and Washington, 359
Committee of Congress visits Boston, 60
Committee of Correspondence, 1773, and their purpose, 15
Connecticut Farms, N.J., burned by General Knyphausen, 279
Connecticut sends 2,000 men to Boston, April 26, 1775, 23
assigns Putnam, Wooster, and Spencer to command, 23
sends volunteers to New York with Lee, 71
her militia greatly reduced, 116
responds to Washington’s appeal, 116
twice invaded by Tryon, 166, 256
invaded by Arnold, 351
Continental Army organized, 32
Continental Congress adopts militia about Boston as the American
Continental Army, 32
forms Light Infantry corps, 32
appoints Washington Commander-in-Chief, 32
accompanies commission with pledge of support, 32
sends committee to Washington at Cambridge, 52
disclaims purpose to operate against Canada, 54
but initiated and pressed every expedition, 54
sends a second committee to Cambridge, 60
authorizes a navy, 60
urges attack upon Boston, 61
sends committee to N.Y., 85
orders additional troops to Canada, 88
proposes to hire Indian allies, 88
appoints commissioners to Canada, 88
authorizes abandonment of New York, 117
confers large powers upon Washington, 140
imparts dictatorial powers, 148
makes promotions without consulting Washington, 165
adjourns to Lancaster and to York, 194
honors the defenders of Fort Mifflin, 202
places enemies of Washington in responsible commands, 205
sends a committee to Valley Forge, 212
Continental money worth 3 cents on the dollar, 252
CONWAY, THOMAS—Irish adventurer; brig.-gen. at Battle of Germantown,
195
promoted major-general and inspector-general, 205
resigns his commission, 207
responsible for the “Conway cabal”, 212
departs for France, 212
CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, _Lord_—_sub._ lieut.-gen. India; _b._ 1738, _d._
1805.
sails for America, 97
lands at Wilmington, N.C., 97
accompanies Clinton to Charleston, S.C., 97
returns to New York, 99
in Battle of Long Island, 107
enforces the surrender of Sullivan and Stirling, 108
assaults Fort Washington, 132
invades New Jersey, 136
halts at Brunswick, 137
on eve of departure for England, 150
ordered back to New Jersey, 150
advances upon Trenton, 152
threatens Washington’s position, 154
strengthens his own position, 154
outgeneraled by Washington, 156
retires to Brunswick, 156
again on the aggressive, 167
attempts to gain Washington’s defences, 169
retires to Staten Island, 169
in skirmish upon invasion of Pennsylvania, 185
moves up the Brandywine, 188
leads the advance of Howe’s army, 188
surprises Sullivan’s division, 187–9
moves to Chester, 192
enters Philadelphia, 194
lands in New Jersey, 203
compels Americans to destroy their galleys, 203
threatens Washington at Chestnut Hill, 204
skirmishes with Morgan, 204
makes incursion into New Jersey, 248
in command at the South, 275
suspends invasion of North Carolina, 293
fails to subjugate the people, 293
sore over Tarleton’s defeat at Cowpens, 315
presses closely upon Greene, 315
informs Clinton of his condition, 317
abandons Charleston, 317
expects no aid from Virginia, 318
his proclamation to rebels, 318
arranges for exchange of prisoners, 318
parols militia as prisoners, 318
seeks to control upper fords, 318
is outgeneraled by Greene, 319
in need of all supplies, 319
at Guilford Court-House, 319
cannot improve success, 320
practically a defeat, so judged by contemporaries, 320
retires to Wilmington, leaving his wounded, closely pursued by
Greene, 321
his position, and that of Clinton, noticed, 324
reminiscence of earlier campaign, 325
his effective force reduced, 329
arrives at Yorktown from Wilmington, 333
sustained by British ministry, 337
Clinton wants his troops, 338
promises to expel Lafayette from Virginia, 338
in pursuit of Lafayette, 38–9
his course described by Lafayette, 339
abandons the pursuit, 339
is followed by Lafayette, 340
returns to headquarters, 341
finds old despatches from Clinton, 341
takes boats for Yorktown, 341
his movements reported to Washington, 342
is warned by Clinton of danger, 350
relations to Clinton noticed, 352–3
must destroy Lafayette’s army to hold Virginia, 353
attempts escape by Gloucester, 358
the movement abandoned, 358
graphic report to Clinton, 358
terms of surrender fixed, 359
surrender completed, 360
courtesies between officers of the three armies, 361
his interview with Lafayette, 361
CORNWALLIS, FREDERICK—acts as _Br._ commissioner to exchange prisoners,
318
COUDRAY, _Monsieur_ DE—ordered to complete defensive works along the
Delaware, 192
Court-martial of Arnold, 274
Court-martial of Lee (Appendix G), 389
Cowpens, Battle of, 312
COXE, DANIEL—urges union of Colonies, 1722, 12
Crimean War noticed, 313
CROMWELL, OLIVER—Lord Protector of England; _b._ 1599, _d._ 1659.
cited by Washington’s officers as a precedent for assuming permanent
command, 364
Crown Point, expedition against, 1755, 10
visited by Allen and Arnold, 30
captured by Seth Warner, 51
CUSTIS, _Mrs._ MARTHA—_b._ 1732, _d._ 1802.
her marriage to Washington, 8
Danbury, Conn., invaded (with Ridgefield) by Tryon, 166
DARTMOUTH, GEORGE, _Lord_—_Br._ statesman; _b._ 1748, _d._ 1791.
comments upon Lexington and Concord, 20
opposed military occupation of Boston, 33
advised Howe to attack Southern cities, 69
regarded New York as the true British base, 69
DAYTON, ELIAS—col.; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1807.
his regiment in battle, 278–9
DEANE, SILAS—_b._ 1737, _d._ 1834.
on naval committee, 60
commissioner to France, 209
returns to Philadelphia, 238
DEBORRE, PRUDHOMME—brig.-gen.; disgraced at Brandywine, 189
Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, 91
D’ESTAING, CHARLES HECTOR, _Count_—_Fr._ lieut.-general; _b._ 1729,
_d._ 1794.
reaches the Delaware with French fleet, 238
sails at once for New York, 239
unable to cross the bar, 240
arrives at Newport, R.I., 240
consults Sullivan as to attack, 242
not affronted by Sullivan’s landing first, 243
is confronted by British fleet, 243
both fleets dispersed, 243
returns to Newport, 243
sails for Boston to refit; notices Sullivan’s protest, 243
his manly course vindicated, 244
sails for the West Indies, 245
off the coast of Georgia, 261
his siege of Savannah, urged by Lafayette, 267
twice wounded, 268
DE FLEURY, LOUIS—_Fr._ lieuten’t, _sub._ col.
at defence of Fort Mercer, 202
planned Fort Mifflin, 202
wounded in its defence, 203
DE GRASSE, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH PAUL—_Fr._; b. 1723, d. 1788.
arrives in the Chesapeake, 342
limited in period of operations, 342
urges assault upon Yorktown, 342
yields to Lafayette’s judgment, 343
is visited by Washington, 354
has naval fight with Admiral Graves (see map), 355
suggests a plan of action, 356
opposed by Lafayette, 356
sails for the West Indies, 361
his trophies at Yorktown (Appendix F), 388
DE HEISTER—_H._ lieut.-gen.; lands at Gravesend, Aug. 25, 1776, 106
captures Sullivan and Stirling, and parts of their commands, 108
advances to support Howe, 126
DE KALB, JOHN, _Baron_—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1780.
comes to America with Lafayette. Note to Chap. XVIII, 191
reports as to the army, 205
appointed inspector-general, 207
commands Maryland and Delaware troops, 277
Southern campaign, 291
_k._ in Battle of Camden, 292
Delaware troops always efficient, 277
gallantry at Camden, 292
Denmark and Sweden hostile to England, 296
DESTOUCHES, _Chevalier_—succeeds De Ternay, deceased, 298
supports Washington, 323
indorsed by Washington, 326
DE TERNAY, _Chevalier_—convoys Rochambeau’s army from France, 286
blockaded by British at Newport, 298
dies at Newport, 298
is succeeded by Destouches, 298
DICKENSON, JOHN—in first Continental Congress, 17
DINWIDDIE, ROBERT—gov. of Virginia; _b._ 1690, _d._ 1770; sent
Washington as commissioner to French frontier, 6
DONOP—_H._ col.;
in the storming of Chatterton Hill, 129
abandons Bordentown, 146
_k._ in storming Fort Mercer, 201
is buried by the Americans, 202
Dorchester Heights occupied by the Americans, 76–80
DRAYTON, WILLIAM H.—_b._ 1742, _d._ 1779; chief justice, South
Carolina, 1776, 86
DUMAS, MATHIEU, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ col.; _sub._ marshal-de-camp and
historian; _b._ 1753, _d._ 1837;
gallantry at Yorktown, 357
_Note._—He was wounded in storming redoubt.
DUNDAS, FRANCIS—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1824; goes to
Virginia with Arnold, 310
DUNMORE, JOHN MURRAY, _Lord_—_Br._ gov. Virginia; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1818.
seizes colonial powder, 28
opposed by Patrick Henry, 28
takes refuge on board the man-of-war _Fowey_, 28
bombards Norfolk, New Year’s day, 1776, 68
is visited by Gen. Clinton, 85
DU PORTAIL, LEBEGUE—_Fr._ brig.-gen.; _d._ 1802.
captured at Charleston, 300
succeeded as engineer by Kosciusko, 300
reconnoitres with Washington, 336
visits the Count de Grasse with Washington, 353
EFFINGHAM, _Lord_—_Br._; resigns when ordered to America, 21
Elizabethtown, N.J., visited by Knyphausen, 227
Engineering defined, with note (Preface), xi
ERSKINE, _Sir_ WILLIAM—_Br._ brig.-gen.; captured by _Am._ privateer at
sea, 98, 99
warns Cornwallis at Trenton, 155
attempts to capture Lafayette, 216
Eutaw Springs—the last battle at the South, 321
Evacuation of Boston (_Br._), 80
Brooklyn (_Am._), 113
New York (_Am._), 127
Philadelphia (_Br._), 222
Charleston (_Am._), 267
Yorktown (_Br._), 361
New York (_Br._), 363
EWING, JAMES—brig.-general; failed to cross at Trenton, 1776, on
Christmas night, 162
FAIRFAX, BRYAN, _Lord_—_b._ 1730, _d._ 1802; friend of Washington, 5
Fairfield, Conn., raided by Governor Tryon, 255
FEBIGER, CHRISTIAN—colonel at Stony Point, 257
First Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, 16
its officers and members noticed, 16
Washington a member, 17
honored by Lord Chatham, 17
supports Massachusetts, 17
FLEURY, LOUIS DE. See De Fleury.
FORMAN—brig.-gen.,
at Battle of Germantown, 195
Forrest’s battery (_Am._) at Trenton, 145
Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured (see map), 179
Fort Du Quesne, became Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), 10
Fort Mercer and its gallant defence, 201
Fort Mifflin, planned by De Fleury (_Fr._), 202
France retains certain American possessions by Treaty of Paris, 1763,
11
makes a formal alliance with America, 213
sends an ambassador to America, 238
sends a fleet to America, 238
sends a second fleet to America, 261
sends an army to America, 286
sends a third fleet and troops to America, 342
sends money to America, 348
shares in the trophies of Yorktown, 388
Franco-Prussian war cited in comparison (Preface), vii
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN—philosopher, diplomat, and statesman; _b._ 1716,
_d._ 1790.
urges a union of the Colonies, 1754, 12
the convention of July 4, 1754, the result, 12
reasons for its failure, 12
on passage of Stamp Act, writing to Charles Thompson, 13
Thompson’s reply quoted, 13
describes the servile attitude of the English people, 18
chairman Penn. Committee of Safety, 28
his opinion of fight at Breed’s Hill, 34
commissioner to Canada, 88
commissioner to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, 116
secures French support, 209
writes as to Washington’s standing abroad, 308
influence with Holland and Spain noticed, 309
secures a loan from Holland, 348
FREDERICK II.—third king of Prussia (called “the Great”); son of
Frederick William I.; _b._ 1712, _d._ 1786; like Washington in
reticence, 44
French army at Newport, R.I., 286
marches through Connecticut, 335
joins Washington, 335
threatens New York, 336
supports Lafayette, 342
parades in Philadelphia, 349
reviewed by the president of Congress, 349
in siege of Yorktown, 357
competes with Americans, in action, 358
French fleet off the Delaware, with French Ambassador, 238
unable to enter New York, 240
sails for Newport, R.I., 240
engages fleet of Howe, 243
repairs at Boston, 243
at Savannah, Ga., 261
blockaded at Newport, 295
off the Chesapeake, 350
engages with British fleet, 354
leaves America, 361
Frigate _Le Sensible_ (_Fr._) brings French treaty to America, 213
_La Chinier_ (_Fr._) brings French minister to America, 238
Frigates built during the war, and their fate (Appendix B), 378
GAGE, THOMAS—_Br._ lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1721, _d._ 1787.
appointed gov. Massachusetts and Commander-in-Chief, 16
his fatal movement upon Concord, 20
succeeded by Howe, 58
GATES, HORATIO—maj.-general, _sub._ adj.-general; _b._ 1728, _d._ 1806.
his antecedents, 36
succeeds Sullivan in Canada, 88
the confidant of Charles Lee, 127
confidential letter from Lee, 127
another letter from Lee, 138
reports for duty, 139
absent without leave, 141
dodges Battle of Trenton, 142
insolent letter to Burgoyne, 173
its lofty rebuke, 173
relieves Schuyler, and himself relieved, 173
declines command of Ticonderoga, 173
insulting letter to Washington, 173–4
Washington’s reply, 174
appeals to congressmen, 174
on leave of absence, 174
supersedes Schuyler, 176
captures Burgoyne’s army, 176
congratulated by Washington, 179
reports direct to Congress, 179
president of Board of War, 205
still corresponds with Lee, 205
commands at Peekskill, 212
on Council of War, 217
letters to Lee known to Washington, 220
declines to fight Indians, 259
“unequal to the command,” 260
spends winter in Virginia, 281
Congress gives him the Southern Department, 281
sarcastic letter from Charles Lee, 281
in command at the South, 291
criticised by Irving, 291
routed at Camden, 292
his disgraceful flight, 292
his abject apology, 292
could have saved the battle, 292
attempts to gather his army, 293
the tidings reaches Washington, 295
is succeeded by Greene, 300
turns command over to Greene, 302
retires to his farm, 302