SIGHTS AND FIRE-CONTROL APPARATUS.
At the threshold of the war with Germany we were confronted with the
problem of providing on a large scale those instruments of precision
with which modern artillerists point their weapons. As mysterious to
the average man as the sextant and other instruments which help the
navigator to bring his ship unerringly to port over leagues of pathless
water, or as those devices with which the surveyor strikes a level
through a range of mountains, are the instruments which enable the
gunner to drop a heavy projectile exactly on his target without seeing
it at all.
The old days of sighting a cannon point-blank at the visible enemy
over the open sights on the barrel of the weapon passed with the Civil
War. As the power of guns increased and their ranges lengthened, the
artillerists began firing at objects actually below the horizon or
hidden by intervening obstacles. These conditions necessarily brought
in the method of mathematical aim which is known as indirect fire.
In the great war indirect firing was so perfected that within a few
seconds after an aviator or an observer in a captive balloon had
definitely located an enemy battery, that battery was deluged with
an avalanche of high-explosive shell and destroyed, even though the
attacking gunners were located several miles away and hills and forests
intervened to obscure the target from view. With the aid of correlated
maps in the possession of the battery gunners and the aerial observer,
a mere whisper of the wireless sufficed to turn a torrent of shell
precisely upon the enemy position which had just been discovered.
So accurate had indirect artillery fire become that a steel wall of
missiles could be laid down a few yards ahead of a body of troops
advancing on a broad front, and this wall could be kept moving steadily
ahead of the soldiers at a walking pace with few accidents due to
inaccurate control of the guns firing the barrage.
The chief difference between the old and the new methods of artillery
practice is the degree of precision attained. At the time of the
Civil War the artillery was fired relatively blindly, reliance being
placed upon the weight of the fire regardless of its accuracy and its
effectiveness; but modern artillery has recognized the importance of
the well-placed shot and demands instruments that must be marvels
of accuracy, since a slight error in the aiming at modern ranges
means a miss and the total loss of the shot. Such uncanny accuracy is
made possible by the use of those instruments of precision known as
fire-control apparatus. The gunner who is not equipped with proper
fire-control instruments can not aim correctly and is placed at a
serious disadvantage in the presence of the enemy. These instruments
must not only be as exact as a chronometer, but they must be
sufficiently rugged to withstand the concussion of close artillery fire.
Equipment classified under "Sights and fire-control apparatus"
comprises all devices to direct the fire of offensive weapons and to
observe the effect of this fire in order to place it on the target.
Included in this list are instruments of a surveying nature which serve
to locate the relative position of the target on the field of battle
and to determine its range. For this purpose the artillery officer uses
aiming circles, azimuth instruments, battery commander telescopes,
prismatic compasses, plotting boards, and other instruments. Telescopes
and field glasses equipped with measuring scales in them are also
employed in making observations.
Instruments of a second group are attached directly to the gun to train
it both horizontally and vertically in the directions given by the
battery commander. These devices include sights of different types,
elevation quadrants, clinometers, and other instruments. The intricate
panoramic sight which is used especially in firing at an unseen target
is one of the most important instruments of this group.
Still another set of instruments comprises devices such as range
deflection boards, deviation boards, and wind indicators which,
together with range tables and other tables, assist the battery
commander to ascertain the path of the projectile under any condition
of range, altitude, air pressure, temperature, and other physical
influences. When it is understood that the projectile fired by such a
weapon as the German long-range gun which bombarded Paris at a distance
of 70 miles mounts so high into the air that it passes into the highly
rarified layers of the air envelope surrounding the earth and thus
into entirely different conditions of air pressure, it can be realized
how abstruse these range calculations are and how many factors must be
taken into account. The fire-control equipment enables the artilleryman
to make these computations quickly.
In addition to the above items many auxiliary devices are needed by the
Artillery, notable among these being the self-luminous aiming posts
and other arrangements which enable the gunners to maintain accuracy
of fire at night. This whole elaborate set of instruments is supplied
to the field and railway artillery--the big guns--and in part to
trench-mortar batteries and even to machine guns, which in the latter
months of the war were used in indirect firing.
Still another group of pointing instruments is used by antiaircraft
guns against hostile aircraft to ascertain their altitude, their speed,
and their future location in order that projectiles fired by the
antiaircraft guns may hit these high and rapidly moving targets. Sights
are also used on the airplanes themselves to aid the pilot and the
observer in the dropping of bombs and in gunfire against enemy planes
or targets. One of these sights corrects automatically for the speed
and direction of the airplane.
Fuse setters, which enable the gunner to time the fuse in the shell so
that the projectile moving with enormous speed explodes at precisely
the desired point, were required in large numbers.
The responsibility for the design, procurement, production, inspection,
and supply of the above equipment to the American Expeditionary Forces
was lodged in the Ordnance Department. The effectiveness of the
artillery on the field of battle depended directly on the fire-control
equipment furnished by this bureau.
The optical industry in this country before the war was in the hands of
a few firms. Several of these were under German influence, and one firm
was directly affiliated with the Carl Zeiss Works, of Jena, Germany;
the workmen were largely Germans or of German origin; the kinds and
design of apparatus produced were for the most part essentially
European in character; optical glass was procured entirely from abroad
and chiefly from Germany.
It was easier and cheaper for manufacturers to order glass from abroad
than to develop its manufacture in this country. Educational and
research institutions obtained a large part of their equipment from
Germany and offered no special inducement for American manufacturers to
provide such apparatus. Duty-free importation favored and encouraged
this dependence on Germany for scientific apparatus.
With our entrance in the war the European sources of supply for optical
glass and optical instruments were cut off abruptly and we were
brought face to face with the problem of furnishing these items to the
Army and Navy for use in the field. Prior to 1917 only three private
manufacturers in the United States had built fire-control apparatus
in any quantity for the Government. The Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.,
Rochester, N. Y., had made range finders and field glasses for the
Artillery and Infantry, and gun sights, range finders, and spy glasses
and field glasses for the Navy; the Keuffel & Esser Co., Hoboken, N.
J., had produced some fire-control equipment for the Navy; the Warner
& Swasey Co., Cleveland, Ohio, with J. A. Brashear, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
had furnished depression-position finders, azimuth instruments, and
telescopic musket sights to the Army. The only other source of supply
in this country had been the Frankford Arsenal.
Prior to 1917 the largest order for fire-control equipment which our
Army had ever placed in a single year amounted to $1,202,000. The total
orders for such instruments placed by the Ordnance Department alone
during the 19 months of war exceeded $50,000,000, while the total
orders for fire-control apparatus placed by the Army and Navy exceeded
$100,000,000.
To meet the situation, existing facilities had to be increased, new
facilities developed, and other, allied, industries converted to the
production of fire-control material.
Quantity production had to be secured through the assembling of
standardized parts of instruments which heretofore had either never
been built in this country or only in a small, experimental way. A
large part of the work had of necessity to be done by machines operated
by relatively unskilled labor. The manufacturing tolerances had to be
nicely adjusted between the different parts of each instrument, so that
wherever less precise work would answer the purpose the production
methods were arranged accordingly. Only by a careful coordination
of design, factory operations, and field performance could quantity
production of the desired quality be obtained in a short time. Speed
of production meant everything if our troops in the field were to be
equipped with the necessary fire-control apparatus and thus enabled to
meet the enemy on even approximately equal terms.
To accomplish this object a competent personnel within the Army had to
be organized and developed; the Army requirements had to be carefully
scrutinized and coordinated with reference to relative urgency;
manufacturers had to be encouraged to undertake new tasks and to be
impressed with the necessity for whole-hearted cooperation and with the
importance of their part in the war; raw materials had to be secured
and their transportation assured. These and other factors were faced
and overcome.
Although American fire-control instruments did not reach the front
in as large numbers as were wanted, great quantities were under way,
and we had attained in the manufacturing program a basic stage of
progress which would have cared for all of our needs in the spring and
summer of 1919. Incidentally there has been developed in this country
a manufacturing capacity for precision optical and instrument work,
which, if desired, will render us independent of foreign markets. At
the present time there exists in this country a trained personnel
and adequate organization for the production of precision optical
instruments greatly in excess of the needs of the country. One of
the problems which we now have to consider is the conversion of this
development brought about by war-time conditions into channels of
peace-time activity.
At the present time American manufacturers are in a position to make
instruments of precision equal to the best European product, and the
industry will continue, provided there is an adequate market for its
product. Such a market will exist if the universities and commercial
laboratories of the country will obtain scientific apparatus from
American manufacturers rather than import it from abroad as has
heretofore been the custom.
In April, 1917, the most serious problem in the situation was the
manufacture of optical glass. Prior to 1914 practically all of the
optical glass used in the United States had been imported from abroad;
manufacturers followed the line of least resistance and preferred to
procure certain commodities, such as optical glass, chemical dyes, and
other materials difficult to produce, direct from Europe rather than
to undertake their manufacture here. The war stopped this source of
supply abruptly, and in 1915 experiments on the making of optical glass
were under way at five different plants--the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
at Rochester N. Y.; the Bureau of Standards at Pittsburgh, Pa.; the
Keuffel & Esser Co. at Hoboken, N. J.; the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
at Charleroi, Pa.; the Spencer Lens Co. at Hamburg, Buffalo, N. Y.
By April, 1917, the situation had become acute; some optical glass
of fair quality had been produced, but nowhere had its manufacture
been placed on an assured basis. The glass-making processes were not
adequately known. Without optical glass fire-control instruments could
not be produced; optical glass is a thing of high precision and in
its manufacture accurate control is required throughout the factory
processes. In this emergency the Government appealed to the Geophysical
Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington for assistance.
This laboratory had been engaged for many years in the study of
solutions, such as that of optical glass, at high temperatures and
had a corps of scientists trained along the lines essential to the
successful production of optical glass. It was the only organization
in the country with a personnel adequate and competent to undertake a
manufacturing problem of this character and magnitude. Accordingly,
in April, 1917, a group of its scientists was placed at the Bausch &
Lomb Optical Co. and given virtual charge of the plant; its men were
assigned to the different factory operations and made responsible for
them. By November, 1917, the manufacturing processes at this plant had
been mastered and large quantities of optical glass of good quality
were being produced. In December, 1917, the work was extended, men from
the Geophysical Laboratory taking practical charge of the plants of the
Spencer Lens Co. and of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
The cost to the Geophysical Laboratory of contributing to the
Government the solution of the optical glass problem amounted to about
$200,000, but the results attained surely more than justified these
expenditures. These results could not have been attained, however,
without the hearty cooperation of the manufacturers and of the Army and
Navy, which assisted in the procurement and transportation of the raw
materials. An ordnance officer was in charge of the Rochester party
from the Geophysical Laboratory and was responsible for much of the
pioneer development work accomplished there. It was at this plant,
that of the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. at Rochester, that the methods
of manufacture were first developed and placed on a production basis.
The Bureau of Standards aided in the development of a chemically and
thermally resistant crucible in which to melt optical glass; also in
the testing of optical glass, and especially in the testing of optical
instruments. The Geological Survey aided in locating sources of raw
materials, such as sand of adequate chemical purity.
By February, 1918, the supply of optical glass was assured; but the
manufacture of optical instruments was so seriously behind schedule
that a military optical glass and instrument section was formed in the
War Industries Board and took charge of the entire optical instrument
industry of the country. Through the efforts of its chief, Mr. George
E. Chatillon, of New York, the entire industry was coordinated.
By September, 1918, the production of fire-control instruments in
sufficient quantities to meet the requirements of both the Army and
Navy during 1919 was believed to be assured.
To the accomplishment of this result the Ordnance Department
contributed most effectively. The information and long experience
of Frankford Arsenal in instrument manufacture and in the work of
precision optics were placed at the service of contractors; trained
officers of the Ordnance Department were stationed at the different
factories; in many factories these officers rendered valuable aid in
devising and developing proper and adequate factory operations, in
establishing production on a satisfactory basis, in securing the proper
inflow of raw materials, in devising testing fixtures, in establishing
proper manufacturing tolerances, and in testing the performance of the
assembled instruments. Schools for operatives in precision optics were
established at Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., at Rochester, N.
Y., and at Mount Wilson Observatory, Pasadena, Cal. To many contractors
financial aid had to be extended. The fire-control program required, in
short, all the available talent and resources of the country to carry
it to a successful finish.
The general procedure adopted by the Ordnance Department was to assign
the more difficult instruments to manufacturers who had had experience
along similar lines. To others, who had produced articles allied only
in a distant way to fire-control instruments, less intricate types of
instruments were awarded. In certain instances the optical elements
were produced by one firm, the mechanical parts by another, the final
assembly of the instrument being then accomplished by the latter.
Because our Army had adopted a number of French guns for reproduction
here, it became necessary to build sights for these weapons according
to the French designs. This gave us much trouble, not only because of
the delay in securing samples and drawings from France, but because of
the difficulties in producing articles from these French drawings by
American methods and with American workmen.
The most intricate of these French sights was the Schneider
quadrant sight. It was used with the French 155-millimeter gun, the
155-millimeter howitzer, and the 240-millimeter howitzer. The structure
of this sight was highly complicated, and extreme accuracy was required
at every stage of production. These sights were put into production by
the Emerson Engineering Co. of Philadelphia, the Raymond Engineering
Co. of New York, and by Slocum, Avram & Slocum of New York.
The design of this sight was received from France early in 1918, yet it
was the 1st of November--10 days before the armistice was signed--when
the first Schneider sight was delivered to the Army; but at all times
the progress made was as rapid as could be expected. A total of 7,000
Schneider quadrant sights was ordered, which meant a year's work for
1,000 men. Of this order 3,500 sights were to be manufactured by
the Schneider Co. in France and the rest by the three firms in this
country. On November 11 the American factories had delivered 74 sights
and since that time over 560 have been completed.
The amount of labor involved in the case of Schneider quadrant sights
is shown by the fact that while the raw material for it cost about $25,
the finished sight is worth about $600. In order to expedite production
the Government extended financial assistance to some of the factories
to aid in the procurement and installation of additional equipment.
On November 11 the number of these sights completed was short of
requirements for installation on completed carriages by about 400, but
the rate of progress which had been attained in production would have
overtaken the output of gun carriages by January 1, 1919.
Another difficult task was the construction of telescopic sights
for the French 37-millimeter guns, the "Infantry cannon" which we
adopted for reproduction in this country. Here again we encountered
the same difficulty of adapting French plans to our methods. The
original contract was placed with a firm which had had no experience
with optical instruments of precision, but no other company was
available for the work. When by May, 1918, this concern had produced
only a few sights the contract was taken from it and placed with a
subcontractor, the Central Scientific Co., of Chicago, who had been
building mechanical parts for the sights. In this plant the complete
force had to be educated in the art before any production could begin.
When the armistice was signed the gun factories had produced 884 of the
37-millimeter guns, but only 142 telescopic sights had been completed.
The rate of production of these sights by the Central Scientific Co.
was such, however, that the shortage would have ceased to exist shortly
after January 1, 1919.
The French design for the telescopic sight for the 37-millimeter
gun used on the tanks was also adopted by the Army. Here again
difficulty was experienced in manufacture, but excellent progress was
made especially by one firm (Burke & James of Chicago, Ill.), and
the output in adequate quantities was assured for 1919. The French
collimator sight for the 75-millimeter gun presented difficulties
to the manufacturer, especially in the optical parts. These were,
however, overcome by the Globe Optical Co., who furnished the optics
to the Electric Auto-Lite Corporation and to the Standard Thermometer
Co. of Boston, with the result that at the time of the signing of the
armistice the production of these sights was progressing well.
Periscopes from 20 inches to nearly 20 feet in length were produced in
quantity. These periscopes enabled the men in the front-line trenches
to look over the top with comparative safety. The long periscopes were
used in deep-shelter trenches and bomb proofs. The production of the
short-base periscopes and also of the battery commanders' periscopes
by the Wollensak Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y., and of the 3-meter and
6-meter periscope by the Andrew J. Lloyd Co. of Boston, Mass., was
progressing at such a rate that the needs of the Army for 1919 would be
met on time.
At the outbreak of the war the policy followed by the Ordnance
Department was to place orders for standard fire-control apparatus,
such as range finders of different base lengths, battery commander
telescopes, aiming circles, panoramic sights, musket sights, and
prismatic compasses with firms of established reputation and
experience. The result was that when requests from the Army in France
came for instruments of new design, new sources of manufacture had
to be sought out and these organizations educated in the methods of
precision optics. Such a procedure necessarily caused delay, but it was
the only course of action left. Wherever possible part of the total
contract was awarded to an experienced manufacturer, so that some
production was assured.
[Illustration: PANORAMIC SIGHT.]
[Illustration: BATTERY COMMANDER'S TELESCOPE.]
[Illustration: BATTERY COMMANDER'S PERISCOPE.]
[Illustration: AIMING CIRCLE.]
[Illustration: BRACKET FUSE SETTER, MODEL OF 1916.]
[Illustration: RANGE FINDER.]
[Illustration: FRENCH QUADRANT SIGHT WITH AMERICAN PANORAMIC SIGHT.]
[Illustration: SIGHT FOR 75-MILLIMETER FIELD GUN.]
The records show that the experienced manufacturers overcame the
difficulties encountered and had obtained in general a rate of output
which was satisfactory at the time of the signing of the armistice.
Thus the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. had delivered large numbers of
range finders of base lengths of 80 centimeters, 1 meter and 15 feet,
and battery commanders' telescopes; Keuffel & Esser had made many
prismatic compasses and a few range finders; the Spencer Lens Co. had
produced aiming circles in quantity; the Warner & Swasey Co., with J.
A. Brashear of Pittsburgh, had furnished large numbers of the valuable
panoramic sights with which much of the artillery fire is directed.
Much credit is due the above organizations for the efficient manner
in which they placed the manufacture of these items on a high-speed
production basis. Frankford Arsenal proved to be a most reliable source
of supply for battery commander telescopes, panoramic sights, azimuth
instruments for 3-inch telescopes, plotting boards, and other ordnance
fire-control instruments.
The manufacture of many other types of instruments was undertaken in
this country. Among these the French sitogoniometer, a device which
assists the battery commander in obtaining data for the direction
of fire, was successfully produced by the Martin-Copeland Co. of
Providence, R. I.; quadrant sights for the 37-millimeter gun by the
Scientific Materials Co. of Pittsburgh; lensatic compasses and Brunton
compasses were furnished by Wm. Ainsworth & Sons of Denver, Colo.;
prismatic compasses by the Sperry Gyroscope Co. of Brooklyn, N. Y.;
telescopes for sights on antiaircraft carriages by the Kollmorgen
Optical Corporation of Brooklyn; altimeters, gunners' quadrants,
elevation quadrants, and aiming stakes by the J. H. Deagan Co. of
Chicago, Ill.; panoramic telescopes and fuse setters by the Recording
& Computing Machines Co. of Dayton, Ohio; battery commander telescopes
by Arthur Brock of Philadelphia; tripods for fire-control instruments
by the National Cash Register Co. of Dayton, Ohio. Optics for different
sights were furnished by the American Optical Co. of Southbridge,
Mass., and by the Mount Wilson Observatory of Pasadena, Calif. These
and other organizations entered into the task and devoted their energy
to the production of equipment desired by the Government.
At no time during the fighting did our artillery units have a
sufficient supply of fire-control instruments. This was due to the fact
that we were not able to secure in Europe the amount of this equipment
required to take care of our needs while our own industry was being
developed.
With almost a total lack of optical glass in this country, with an
equal lack of factories and workmen familiar with military optical
instrument-making, we were suddenly called upon to produce about 200
different types of instruments in large quantities. These included many
new designs of fire-control apparatus made necessary by new artillery
developments both among the allies and in our own factories, by the
adoption of trench warfare in place of open warfare, by the development
of weapons for use against aircraft, by the extension of indirect
fire-control methods to weapons which formerly had been fired by direct
sighting, and by the use of railway and seacoast artillery.
While we did not solve all the difficulties in this development, we
had met and conquered the worst of them, and we were making such great
strides in production when the war ended that all the requirements of
the Army would have been met early in 1919. It has been a source of
inspiration to witness the high sense of patriotic duty and cooperation
shown by the manufacturers which made possible the remarkable expansion
of the optical glass and instrument industry in the United States
during the period of the war.
The following table shows the principal items of sights and
fire-control apparatus, the firms that did the work, the quantity of
the various kinds of instruments ordered, and the deliveries made up to
November 11, 1918, and to February 20, 1919:
--------------------+---------------------------+---------+-----------------
| | | Deliveries to--
Material. | Firm. | Total +--------+--------
| | ordered.|Nov. 11,|Feb. 20,
| | | 1918. | 1919.
+-------------------+---------------------------+---------+--------+---------
Aiming circle, |Spencer Lens Co., | 1,473 | 717 | 1,117
model 1916 | Buffalo, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Frankford Arsenal, | 98 | 98 | 98
| Philadelphia | | |
| | | |
Aiming stakes |J. C. Deagan Co., | 16,618 | | 1,320
for machine gun | Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Aiming posts, |Metropolitan Manufacturing | 16,791 | 25 | 250
field artillery | Co., Detroit, Mich. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Dahlstrom Metallic Door | 10,791 | |
| Co., Jamestown, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Aiming devices |National Vitaphone | 5,700 | | 150
| Corporation, | | |
| Plainfield, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Angle of |Atwater Kent | 4,468 | 4,401 | 4,468
site instruments | Manufacturing Co., | | |
| Philadelphia | | |
| | | |
Do. |Blair Tool Machine Co., | 1,090 | 1,090 | 1,090
| New York City | | |
| | | |
Azimuth instruments,|Warner & Swasey Co., | 129 | 126 | 129
model 1910 | Cleveland, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Azimuth instruments,|Spencer Lens Co., | 669 | | 1
model 1918 | Buffalo, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Boards, |Premier Metal Etching Co., | 13 | |
gun deflection | New York City | | |
| | | |
Boards, |Metallograph Corporation, | 628 | |
Pirie deviation | New York City | | |
| | | |
Boards, plotting |McFarlan Motor Co., | 4,811 | 4,811 | 4,811
| Connersville, Ind. | | |
| | | |
Boards, Pratt range |F. F. Metzger, | 134 | | 65
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Boards, |Gorham Manufacturing Co., | 741 | |
range deflection | Providence, R. I. | | |
| | | |
Boards, rocket |Liquid Carbon Co., | 3,000 | | 630
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Chronographs |Precision Thermometer Co., | 19 | 9 | 19
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Chronographs, |Leeds Northrup Co., | 20 | 18 | 20
Aberdeen | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Clinometers, |Atwater Kent | 26,972 | 8,270 | 21,972
machine-gun | Manufacturing Co., | | |
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Central Scientific Co., | 10,644 | |
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Clinometers, machine|F. F. Metzger, | 25 | 25 | 25
gun, model 1912 | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Compass, lensatic |Wm. Ainsworth & Sons, | 11,651 | 8,150 | 11,651
| Denver, Colo. | | |
| | | |
Compass, prismatic |Sperry Gyroscope Co., | 9,575 | 600 | 3,000
| Brooklyn, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Keuffel & Esser Co., | 4,028 | 3,828 | 4,028
| Hoboken, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Compass, transit, |Wm. Ainsworth & Sons, | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,500
pocket, Brunton | Denver, Colo. | | |
| | | |
Cylinders, |Wilton Tool Co., | 8,000 | 8,000 | 8,000
cannon pressure | Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Depression position |Pratt-Whitney Co., | 90 | 81 | 90
finders, Lewis | Hartford, Conn.; J. A. | | |
| Brashear, Pittsburgh, Pa.| | |
| | | |
Electrical equipment|Line Material Corporation, | 26,888 | | 11,765
for aiming posts | Milwaukee, Wis. | | |
| | | |
Electric lighting |Guide Motor Lamp Co., | 5,352 | |
devices | Cleveland, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Flash lights |Delta Electric Co., |136,861 | 73,066 |125,448
| Marion, Ind. | | |
Do. |Novo Manufacturing Co., | 13,563 | 13,563 | 13,563
| New York City | | |
| | | |
Do. |American Ever-ready Works, |341,373 |194,878 |257,258
| Long Island City, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Glass, optical, lbs.|Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.,| 45,000 | 23,761½| 24,010
| Charleroi, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Spencer Lens Co., Buffalo, | 3,490 | | 517½
| N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., | 4,450 | 4,450 | 4,450
| Rochester, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Goniometers, |Sloane & Chase | 90 | |
model 1917 | Manufacturing Co., | | |
| Newark, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Levels, |Young & Sons, | 1,310 | 934 | 1,201
longitudinal, | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
3-inch | | | |
| | | |
Levels, |Arthur Brock, jr., | 1,474 | 864 | 864
longitudinal | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Levels, sight |Electric Auto-Lite | 1,277 | 560 | 1,277
| Corporation, Toledo, | | |
| Ohio | | |
| | | |
Levels, testing |Carlson-Wenstrom Co., | 1,620 | 196 | 590
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Lighting devices for|Globe Machine & Stamping | 27,240 | | 8,000
field carriages | Co., Cleveland, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Night firing boxes |New Method Stove Co., | 16,618 | | 3,196
for machine gun | Mansfield, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |Delta Electric Co., | 16,818 | | 4,417
| Marion, Ind. | | |
| | | |
Periscopes, battery | do. | 11,701 | 289 | 5,000
commander's | | | |
| | | |
Periscopes, mirror |J. R. Young Co. (Penn Toy | 60,000 | 60,000 | 60,000
| Co.), Pittsburgh, Pa. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |Seneca Camera Co., | 36,625 | 72 | 72
| Rochester, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Periscopes, rifle, |Oneida Community, |140,527 |115,236 |115,236
model 1917 | Oneida, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |John W. Browne | 58,313 | 58,313 | 58,313
| Manufacturing Co., | | |
| Detroit, Mich. | | |
| | | |
Periscopes, 3 m. |A. J. Lloyd Co., | 2,234 | | 16
deep, shelter | Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Periscopes, 6 m. | do. | 2,234 | 276 | 700
deep, shelter | | | |
| | | |
Periscopes, trench, |Wollensak Optical Co., | 32,512 | 2,948 | 9,252
No. 10 | Rochester, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Plane tables |Pfau Manufacturing Co., | 4,928 | 3,200 | 4,928
| Norwood, Ohio | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Protractors, |Metallograph Corporation, | 13,945 | |
Alidade | New York City | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |Wm. Ainsworth & Co., | 1,000 | | 108
| Denver, Colo. | | |
| | | |
Protractors and |Frankford Arsenal, | 1,284 | 1,284 | 1,284
straightedges | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Eugene Dietzgen Co., | 35,112 | 35,112 | 35,112
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Whitehead Hoag Co., | 5,000 | | 3,500
| Newark, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Celluloid Co., | 12,422 | 12,422 | 12,422
| New York, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Keuffel & Esser Co., | 6,509 | 6,509 | 6,509
| Hoboken, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Quadrants, elevation|Recording & Computing | 214 | 74 | 106
| Machine Co., | | |
| Dayton, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |J. C. Deagan Co., | 120 | 45 | 120
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Quadrants, gunner's |International Register Co.,| 72 | 72 | 72
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |Central Scientific Co., | 6,245 | | 2,852
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |J. C. Deagan Co., | 6,245 | | 2,552
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |Gorham Manufacturing Co., | 491 | 137 | 329
| Providence, R. I. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Quadrants, range |Talbot Reel Manufacturing | 200 | 101 | 186
| Co., Kansas City, Mo. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Slocum, Avram & Slocum, | 1,386 | 431 | 940
| Newark, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Range finders, 80-cm|Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., | 5,470 | 2,167 | 2,600
| Rochester, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |Keuffel & Esser Co., | 1,000 | |
| Hoboken, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Range finders, |Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., | 7,131 | 1,508 | 1,665
1-meter | Rochester, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Range finders, | do. | 65 | 55 | 55
15-foot | | | |
| | | |
Range finders, |Keuffel & Esser Co., | 86 | |
9-foot | Hoboken, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Recording |Bristol Co., | 439 | 439 | 439
thermometers | Waterbury, Conn. | | |
| | | |
Rules, battery |Wescott Jewel Co., | 26,406 | 26,406 | 26,406
commander's | Seneca Falls, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Stanley Rule & Level Co., | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,500
| New Britain, Conn. | | |
| | | |
Rules, elevation, |J. E. Sjostrom Co., | 200 | 200 | 200
slide, model 1918 | Detroit, Mich. | | |
| | | |
Rules, Hitt-Browne, |U. S. Infantry Association,| 24,058 | | 24,058
for machine gun | Washington, D. C. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Rules, musketry |Taft-Pierce Manufacturing | 80,000 | 80,000 | 80,000
| Co., Woonsocket, R. I. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Metallograph Corporation, | 55,067 | | 55,067
| New York | | |
| | | |
Rules, slide |J. H. Weil Co., | 4,852 | 4,852 | 4,852
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Rules, slide, |Frankford Arsenal, | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,500
model E | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Rules, 2-foot |Stanley Rule & Level Co., | 52,519 | 52,519 | 52,519
| New Britain, Conn. | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Do. |Lufkin Rule Co., | 38,540 | 38,540 | 38,540
| Saginaw, Mich. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Upson Nut Co., | 14,358 | 14,358 | 14,358
| Cleveland, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |Chapin-Stephens Co., | 7,040 | 7,040 | 7,040
| Pine Meadow, Conn. | | |
| | | |
Rules, zinc, for |Clapp Eastman Co., | 5,193 | | 5,193
machine guns | Cambridge, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Rules, 3-foot |L. S. Starrett Co., | 343 | 343 | 343
| Athol, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Rules, boxwood |Stanley Rule & Level Co., | 2,000 | 2,000 | 2,000
| New Britain, Conn. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Lufkin Rule Co., | 15,630 | 3,000 | 7,509
| Saginaw, Mich. | | |
| | | |
Rule, zigzag | do. | 2,312 | 2,312 | 2,312
| | | |
Sights, |Recording & Computing | 25 | 25 | 25
antiaircraft, | Machines Co., | | |
model 1917 | Dayton, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |New Britain Machine Co., | 60 | 1 | 60
| New Britain, Conn. | | |
| | | |
Sights for | do. | 519 | 27 | 63
antiaircraft | | | |
carriages | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopes, |Kollmorgen Optical Co., | 519 | 66 | 255
for antiaircraft | Brooklyn, N. Y. | | |
carriages | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopes, | do. | 90 | | 16
for goniometers | | | |
| | | |
Sights, optics, for |Mount Wilson Observatory, | 467 | | 467
altimeter | Pasadena, Calif. | | |
telescope, | | | |
model 1917 | | | |
| | | |
Sights, bomb |Globe Optical Co., | 100 | 100 | 100
| Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Sights, bore |Benjamin Electric | 2,191 | 1 | 2,191
| Manufacturing Co., | | |
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Poole Engineering | 1,500 | 524 | 1,357
| & Machine Co., | | |
| Hagerstown, Md. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Buffalo Forge Co., | 900 | 900 | 900
| Buffalo, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Sights, panoramic, |Atwater-Kent | 6,000 | | 525
for machine gun | Manufacturing Co., | | |
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Scientific Materials Co., | 4,510 | |
| Pittsburgh, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Sights for 1917 |Recording & Computing | 123 | 123 | 123
6-inch gun | Machines Co., | | |
carriages | Dayton, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Sights, luminous |Radium Luminous Material | 1,250 | 1,215 | 1,250
| Corporation | | |
| | | |
Sights, luminous, |Watson Luminous Gunsight |123,236 | 18,018 | 87,236
for machine gun | Co., New York | | |
| | | |
Sights, panoramic, |Warner & Swasey Co., | 9,500 | 1,336 | 2,180
model 1917 | Cleveland, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |Frankford Arsenal, | 800 | 800 | 800
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Recording & Computing | 6,000 | 100 | 230
| Machines Co., | | |
| Dayton, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Sights, panoramic, |Frankford Arsenal, | 237 | 237 | 237
model 1915 | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Sights, panoramic, |Recording & Computing | 30 | 30 | 30
for 8-in gun | Machines Co., | | |
| Dayton, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Sights, quadrants, |Emerson Engineering Co., | 800 | |
Schneider | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Raymond Engineering Co., | 764 | | 1
| New York City | | |
| | | |
Do. |Slocum, Avram & Slocum, | 3,800 | 74 | 567
| New York City | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, |Winchester Repeating Arms | 89 | | 89
rifle, style B | Co., New Haven, Conn. | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, | do. | 400 | 400 | 400
rifle, 5A, | | | |
mounted on rifle | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, | do. | 32,000 | |
rifle, model 1918 | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, |Warner & Swasey Co., | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000
rifle, model 1913 | Cleveland, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Sights, optics for |Eastman Kodak Co., | 42,607 | |
telescopic, | Rochester, N. Y. | | |
rifle, model 1918 | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, |Central Scientific Co., | 4,100 | 142 | 578
37-mm. Infantry | Chicago, Ill. | | |
gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, Telescopic, |Universal Optical Co., | 1,225 | |
for 37-mm. | Providence, R. I. | | |
Infantry gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, |Globe Optical Co., | 50 | 50 | 50
for 37-mm gun | Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Sights, optics, |American Optical Co., | 1,692 | 910 | 1,692
clinometer, for | South Bridge, Mass. | | |
37-mm. gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, telescopic, |Burke & James Co., | 6,576 | 50 | 386
for 37-mm tank | Chicago, Ill. | | |
gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, optics for |American Optical Co., | 784 | 784 | 784
telescopic, for | South Bridge, Mass. | | |
37-mm gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, quadrant, |Scientific Materials Co., | 3,192 | 600 | 1,207
for 37-mm gun | Pittsburgh, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Sights for 75-mm. |Electric Auto-lite | 2,632 | 221 | 1,100
gun | Corporation, | | |
| Toledo, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |Standard Thermometer Co., | 2,000 | |
| Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Sights, master, for |Electric Auto-Lite | 820 | | 7
75-mm. gun | Corporation, Toledo, | | |
| Ohio | | |
| | | |
Do. |Standard Thermometer Co., | 410 | | 26
| Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Sights, optics for |Globe Optical Co., | 2,632 | 385 | 1,500
model 1901, for | Rochester, N. Y. | | |
75-mm. gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, model 1918, |Ansco Co., | 3,142 | |
for 75-mm. gun | Binghamton, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Sights, shanks for |American Standard | 2,178 | |
telescopic, model | Motion-Picture Machine | | |
1918, for 75-mm. | Co., New York | | |
gun | | | |
Sights, for 3-inch |Peerless Printing Press | 1,456 | 455 | 591
gun, model 1916 | Co., Palmyra, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Sights, peep, for |Standard Thermometer Co., | 2,000 | 900 | 1,600
3-inch gun | Boston, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Sights for 3-inch |Frankford Arsenal, | 366 | 366 | 366
gun | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Sights, model 1916, | do. | 40 | 40 | 40
for 3.8-inch | | | |
howitzer carriage | | | |
| | | |
Sights, peep, for |Electro Auto-Lite | 2,632 | 96 | 960
Schneider | Corporation, | | |
quadrants | Toledo, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Sights, peep, for | do. | 720 | 24 |
4.7-inch gun | | | |
| | | |
Sights, for |Carlson-Wenstrom Co., | 286 | 70 | 126
4.7-inch gun | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Emerson Engineering Co., | 500 | | 125
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Sights for 5-inch |Blair Tool & Machine Co., | 26 | |
improvised gun | New York City | | |
carriage | | | |
| | | |
Sights for 6-inch | do. | 143 | |
improvised gun | | | |
carriage | | | |
| | | |
Sights, dial, |Arthur Brook, jr., | 75 | |
8-inch howitzer | Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Sights, clinometer, | do. | 75 | |
8-inch howitzer | | | |
| | | |
Rocking bar, 8-inch | do. | 75 | |
| | | |
Sights, lens for |Central Scientific Co., | 615 | | 615
master, for 75-mm.| Chicago, Ill. | | |
gun | | | |
| | | |
Sitogoniometer |Martin Copeland Co., | 5,100 | | 5,100
| Providence, R. I. | | |
| | | |
Squares, zinc |Metallograph Corporation, | 13,551 | 13,551 | 13,551
| New York | | |
| | | |
Squares, zinc, for |Clapp Eastman Co., | 12,752 | 456 | 12,752
machine gun | Cambridge, Mass. | | |
| | | |
Staffs, sighting |Colson Co., Elyria, Ohio | 1,205 | 1,205 | 1,205
| | | |
Staffs, Jacob's, |McFarlan Motor Co., | 15,745 | | 15,745
for field glass | Connersville, Ind. | | |
supports | | | |
| | | |
Tapes, steel, |Justus Roe & Sons, | 50,000 | | 50,000
5 feet | Patchogue, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Lufkin Rule Co., | 31,791 | 31,791 | 31,791
| Saginaw, Mich. | | |
| | | |
Tapes, steel | do. | 4,250 | 4,250 | 4,250
60 feet | | | |
| | | |
Tapes, steel | do. | 1,422 | |
| | | |
Tapes, metallic | do. | 10,441 | 5,608 | 8,988
linen | | | |
| | | |
Telescopes, azimuth |Spencer Lens Co., | 1,579 | |
instrument, | Buffalo, N. Y. | | |
model 1918 | | | |
| | | |
Telescopes, battery |Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., | 6,428 | 2,820 | 3,698
commander's | Rochester, N. Y. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Arthur Brock, jr., | 2,029 | |
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Central Scientific Co., | 2,000 | |
| Chicago, Ill. | | |
| | | |
Do. |Frankford Arsenal, | 52 | 52 | 52
| Philadelphia, Pa. | | |
| | | |
Telescopes, battery |National Cash Register Co.,| 15,730 | 9,858 | 15,730
commander's, | Dayton, Ohio | | |
tripod | | | |
| | | |
Telescopes for |Recording & Computing | 217 | 41 | 50
panoramic 4 and | Machines Co., | | |
10 power | Dayton, Ohio | | |
| | | |
Telescopes, |Keuffel & Esser Co., | 1,579 | |
periscopic | Hoboken, N. J. | | |
| | | |
Tripods for machine-|Herschede Hall Clock Co., | 7,854 | |
gun sights | Cincinnati, Ohio | | |
+-------------------+---------------------------+---------+--------+---------