go through all the accessible parts of the huge series now known
collectively as Mitchelstown Cave, and also to examine the series
referred to by Dr. Jameson, who had been unable to undertake their
exploration. Our impression was that little or nothing was known of
the latter series, and it was not until after our return from Ireland
that we were startled and puzzled by turning up an account in _The
Postchaise Companion_ (1805 ed., pp. 301, 302) of a cave in this place
already known and celebrated thirty years before the discovery of the
Mitchelstown Cave. The explanation probably is that the guides find
one cave a more profitable investment than two. To show the second (or
rather the first, since the other is the usurper) would involve twice
as much labour, but would hardly bring in twice the income. Since 1833,
then, the original cavern has been suppressed, so successfully that
even the omniscient Baddeley never suspected that there are two series,
although he had read Young's description and confused it with the
other. Dr. Hill let me down a few feet into the old cave-mouth, just
such a narrow slit as Young depicts; but we found that the rock was cut
away immediately beneath, and without more hauling power, the only way
to get down was to use a long ladder, and this we could not obtain.
The guide told us that the hole led into nothing of any interest, and
that the entrance had been used as a receptacle for deceased dogs
and other excreta. This effectually took away any wish to pursue our
researches in that direction for the present. Still, the old cave ought
not to be lost sight of; and we propose, if no one else undertakes the
work, to explore the lower series on some future visit to Ireland. The
unscientific explorers of a hundred years ago may have left discoveries
to future workers as important as those which remained for so many
years after the early explorations in the neighbouring great cave.
What was done in the latter during the first year after the discovery
may be read in an article by Dr. Apjohn in the _Dublin Penny Journal_
for December 27, 1834, an article reproduced from the _Dublin
Geological Journal_, vol. i. Dr. Apjohn carried out a most elaborate
and painstaking survey to points considerably beyond the second
great cavity, now known as the "House of Lords," but failed to reach
"O'Leary's Cave," the key of the farther ramifications, or to explore
the tunnels connected with "The River." His plan, worked out to scale,
and showing the differences of level with great minuteness, remained
the only map of the cave until M. Martel's survey in 1895. Meanwhile
various adventurers had got to more distant points, particularly to
the long chain of caverns running east to Brogden's, at the end of
which M. Martel's chart stops. The French explorer does not seem to
have broken any fresh ground; but his plan, which appeared in _The
Irish Naturalist_ for April 1896, with an account of his visit, was a
brilliant achievement, especially when the short time at his disposal
is considered, six hours for the whole of the cavern. Parts of this
chart were only hastily sketched in, either from a rapid survey or
from information supplied by the guide, as M. Martel explained to me in
a conversation some time ago, and errors of detail were, under these
conditions, unavoidable. For instance, "O'Leary's Cave" is much larger
than appears on the plan, and the "Chimney" is not situated at the
far end of a passage, but actually opens in the floor of "O'Leary's
Cave." The caves running east, again--O'Callaghan's and Brogden's--are
not such a simple series of straight passages as they seem on the
chart; our guide had considerable difficulty in threading his way
among the various bifurcations. As will transpire later, there is a
mystery connected with the name of "Cust's Cave," the real Cust's being
in a totally different part of the series, and a different chamber
altogether in shape. Unfortunately we did not go prepared to carry out
any survey, believing that all this had been done; so that we can at
the most point out some places where the existing plans are at fault.
We were also unfortunate in not being prepared to take a large number
of photographs, the accounts we had read not leading us to anticipate
the actual grandeur and extent of the scenery. M. Martel compares the
Mitchelstown Cave with such famous continental caverns as those of
Adelsberg, Padirac, Dargilan, and Han-sur-Lesse, and it comes off but
poorly in such a comparison. I have seen his lantern slides of these
caves, and after exploring all the most beautiful caves discovered as
yet in England, I venture to say there is not one English cave that
would not come off badly if set beside any of these. Compared, however,
with other British caverns, that of Mitchelstown can hold its own
easily; though individual chambers may be surpassed, there is nothing
like the same extent of brilliant subterranean scenery anywhere else in
these islands.
The tourist portion of the cavern, a fraction of the whole, but yet
a considerable extent of underground passages, is deservedly much
frequented. The spacious vault, nicknamed the "House of Commons," vies
in dimensions and dignity with those in the Peak of Derbyshire, but
it is far surpassed by the "House of Lords." Seventeen massy columns
of pure white stalactite, surmounting enormous cones of terraced
stalagmite, tower from floor to roof of this impressive dome, some
140 feet in span and 70 feet high. The grandeur of its height is lost
somewhat through the mountain of fallen blocks that rises from the
entrance almost to the apex of the roof. Behind this vast accumulation
a sort of ambulatory runs round under the walls, opening here and there
into side chapels and irregular cavities, all bountifully adorned with
the fairy-like work of the Limestone carbonate. The so-called "Tower of
Babel" is a majestic pillar rising from the summit of a pyramidal mass
of stalagmite, 40 feet in circumference, that being also the measure
of its total height. A crowd of other Limestone freaks, some aptly and
some incongruously nicknamed, and many extremely beautiful, are found
in this chamber.
The cavities and passages that lie to the north-east of the first great
chamber are not often visited. They start from "Sadlier's Cave," which
is not large but bewilderingly picturesque, and contains a superb
pillar, "Lot's Wife," almost of the prodigious size of the "Tower."
The "Kingston Gallery" is a straight rift, nearly 300 feet long, but
only two or three feet wide, with sheets of snowy white sweeping down
the walls, and breaking into whole garlands of scrolls and pennons and
curtains, which in places have been thrown right across the gallery,
dividing it into lofty cells. Manholes, actually, had to be cut through
these diaphanous partitions to create a passage. From the cave at the
end, a lower passage, the Sand Cave, comes back in a parallel direction
to the point of junction, and from the quantities of fine sand on
its bed, was evidently an important stream-course after the Kingston
Gallery was drained of its waters. It has one unique feature, the
succession of parallel rifts, called the "Closets," which are connected
together by rents in their dividing walls. Some of these are extremely
narrow, and by candlelight it is impossible to see any limit to their
height, depth, or length. Similar widenings of the master joints and
degradation of the Limestone separating them, are a special feature of
the Mitchelstown Cave, and the key to its ground-plan, with its maze of
right-angles.
The great eastern vault, the Garret, which is only 19 feet below the
level of the entrance, does not fall, as stated by M. Martel, towards a
series of choked swallets, that originally carried the waters farther
down, but rises towards inlets from the surface. Its fretted roof has
fallen in at the upper end. A little to the south is a nameless series
of charming vestibules, grottoes, and tunnels, meandering towards the
insignificant lakelet called the "River." Here we spent the whole of
our first day. It is possible, we learned, to reach the easternmost
series of caverns by this route, which also takes one into the square
cavity designated as "Cust's Cave" on M. Martel's chart. We chose the
other way, that is, through the passage from the "House of Lords" to
the "Cathedral."
In the tangle of contrary passages into which this leads we lost
ourselves several times, in the absence of the guide, and only
recovered the thread by careful observation with the compass.
Eventually we found the way into "O'Leary's Cave," which struck us as
one of the most impressive chambers in the whole cavern. It is not
only much larger than is shown on the plan, but different in shape.
Apparently it is the most recent of all in formation, although this may
be only an appearance caused by the falling in of the roof. Unlike the
other parts, where every bit of débris is sealed down by a glistening
layer of stalagmite, this great cavity is heaped high with loose
fragments, as free from incrustation as if the ceiling had collapsed
yesterday. So wild and vast is the configuration of "O'Leary's Cave"
that, standing on the lower side and looking across a depression in
the middle to the ascending ground opposite, one fancied oneself, in
the dim candlelight, gazing across a valley to a range of hills in the
distance. We spent some time vainly searching for the horizontal tunnel
supposed to end at the "Chimney," and before the guide joined us were
lucky enough to hit upon a string of chambers that seem never to have
been entered before. These run, so far as we could make out without
actual measurement, right over the O'Callaghan series. In fact there
were openings in the floor which we might have explored but for the
aggressive and tenacious clay bedaubing everything, apparently leading
down to these nether passages. Brilliant draperies swept down to the
bold masses of stalagmite below the walls, and long crystalline wands
hung from the roof in thousands, so that we could not move without
committing havoc in this pendulous forest.
Conducted by the guide, we now descended the "Chimney" into the
tortuous passages leading to the "Scotchman's Cave," which lies under
O'Leary's. It is a small but very beautiful chamber, giving one the
idea that it has been hollowed out in a mountain of Parian marble. Now
we struck into the long series running east through "O'Callaghan's
Cave" to the farthest point yet reached. This was one of the principal
channels by which the ancient waters descended, from openings now
unknown and inaccessible, to the labyrinth of forsaken waterways we
had left behind. Our guide, who astonished us by the rapidity with
which he got over difficult ground, was unable to make very speedy
progress here. The ramifications are extremely hard to unravel, and he
had only been in this part twice before, in 1895 with M. Martel, and
twenty-five years earlier, as a boy, with his father. Eventually, after
many wanderings, we reached "Brogden's Cave," where hitherto all direct
progress had stopped. On the south side (not on the north, as shown
in the chart) is the "Chapel," which M. Martel rightly described as
the most beautiful thing in the whole cavern. It is an arched recess,
canopied with stalagmite of the purest and most delicate lustre.
Whilst my companion rested, I joined the guide, who was hunting for the
passage to a cave where his father had taken him thirty-five years ago.
We discovered the opening at last, and after wriggling and squirming
round innumerable twists and corners, we dropped over a low cliff,
beyond which a short wriggle brought us into a long and lofty cave,
magnificently walled and pillared with snowy calcite. Floor, walls,
and roof were a spotless white, wrought into intricate reliefs and
embroideries by the flow of the freakish stalagmite. The guide stated
that this was "Cust's Cave," and the one beyond, where our progress
stopped, he called the "Demon's Cave." M. Martel's chart shows a
"Cust's Cave" of a totally different shape and size, near the "River";
and, as there is no mention extant of any cave beyond Brogden's, I take
it that this, the real Cust's, was unknown to him. Unfortunately I had
followed the guide without bringing the plan or a compass, unaware
that we were going so far from the known parts of the cavern; and
now, to my disgust, the guide was unable to find the way out. Twice
he descended into a hole at our end of the cave, and emerged with the
intelligence, "It's not there, sir." We ransacked every opening in
wall and floor, but failed to hit on any exit whatever. The guide grew
alarmed, and rushed off to the farther end of the cave, wondering if
we had completely lost our sense of direction. He tried whistling; but
the hundreds of feet of rock between us and our companion were well
able to guard their ancient silence. Tired with these exertions, he
next proposed that we should put out the lights and rest for a while.
Whether his idea was to husband the only provisions we had, I could not
say; but at any rate the situation did look serious, since rescuers
might have taken days to discover our position in this remote corridor,
of whose very existence, probably, our guide was the only man in
Ireland that knew anything. But where there is a way in, there is a way
out, as I very well knew from several similar experiences; and after a
pretty bad half-hour, we did manage to recover the trail, and got back
to our friend, who had been completely mystified by our disappearance,
and was almost as relieved as we by our return. After many hours of
fatiguing work, we were glad to follow our guide back through the
labyrinthine passages, by the most direct route to the open air.
Our chief regret was that we had relied too much on the completeness of
previous surveys, and had not taken materials for correcting the map.
We had secured many photographs of the earlier chambers, but had not
taken the camera into the innermost cavities, where photography would
be most profitable. M. Martel's dictum can still be endorsed that there
is a great field for research in the Mitchelstown Cavern.
INDEX
Abergele, 123.
_Abîmes, Les_, 34, 39.
Adelsberg, 43, 162.
Albanets of Couvin (Belgium), 31.
Alfred (King), 3.
Alps, 43.
Anemolites, 90.
_Angels and Men_ (quotation), 45.
Antiquity of caverns, 18, 21, 25.
Apjohn (Dr.), 161.
Arragonite, 119, 124.
Arthur (King), 2.
Attrition, effect of, 29.
Avalon, Isle of, 2.
Aveline's Hole, 99, 103.
Aven de Vigne Close (Ardèche), 37.
Avignon, 33.
Axbridge, 106.
Axe, the river, 2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 36, 46, 57,
70, 82.
Badger Hole, 13, 23.
Bagshawe Cavern, 42, 93.
Balch (Mr.), 31, 36, 37, 48, 61, 71, 83, 101.
Bamforth (Mr. H.), 71, 83, 85, 100, 138.
Banwell Cave, 22, 28, 113.
Barnes (Mr.), 71.
Bath, 10, 69.
Bats, 54, 93, 125.
Bear, 14, 23, 24.
Beehive, 30.
Beehive Chamber, Lamb's Lair, 117.
Betsy Camel's Hole, 14.
Bishop's Lot Swallet, 8.
Bishop's Palace at Wells, 5.
Bison, 23, 24.
Blackdown, 3, 17, 99, 104.
Blackwater, 159.
Blue John Mine, 38, 88, 90.
Bonheur (Gard), 39.
Bos, 14.
Boule (M.), 31.
Bouvier (M.), 33.
Bowling Alley, 139.
Bramabiau (Gard), 39.
Bristol, 1, 2, 69.
Bristol Channel, 3.
Brogden's Cave, 166.
Brue, 2, 3.
Buckland (Dean), 33.
Bull Pit, 147, 148, 149.
Bunter Sandstone, 129.
Burrington, 17, 28, 42, 62, 97, 99, 102, 104.
Buxton, 29.
Cadbury, 3.
Calamine, 33.
Cales Dale, 154, 155, 156.
Camden's _Britannia_, 46.
Camelot, 3.
Canyon, 64, 65, 72, 73, 81, 150.
Carbonic acid (action of), 4.
Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 26,
28, 29, 53, 106.
Cascades, 6.
Castle of Comfort, 17, 29.
Castleton, 37, 144, 157.
Causse de Gramat (Padirac), 40.
Cave-earth, 21.
_Cave Hunting_, 47.
Cave Man of Cheddar, 85, 86.
Ceiriog Valley, 133.
Cevennes, 37.
Chapel-en-le-Frith, 144.
Charterhouse, 17, 27, 97.
Cheddar, 3, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 82, 96.
Cheddar Water, 5, 82, 92.
Chokes, 9, 34, 63.
Clemens Alexandrinus, 45.
Clevedon, 4.
Coalpit Mine, 145.
Compton Bishop, 28, 106, 113.
Compton Martin, 25.
Copper, 33.
Coral Cave, 28, 105.
Corridors, 9.
Cotherstone Hill, 123.
Cows hounded over cliff, 24.
Cox's Cavern, 83, 92.
Cox's Hole, 10, 11.
Croft (Mr. J.), 138.
Crook's Peak, 110, 111.
Croscombe, 14.
Cross, 106.
Crosse (Andrew), 124.
Cust's Cave, 162, 164, 166.
Dangers of exploration, 41, 43.
Dargilan, 162.
Dawkins (Prof. Boyd), 23, 31, 33, 46, 99, 101, 102.
De Launey (M.), 31.
Deer, 14, 23, 24, 74.
Demon's Cave, 166.
Denny's Hole, 111.
Denudation, 2, 5.
Derbyshire, 1, 29, 42, 43, 44, 91, 138.
Devil's Hole, 47.
Devil's Punchbowl, 29.
Dinder Wood, 15.
Dolomitic Conglomerate, 12, 13, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 48,
53, 110.
Dovedale, 133.
Doveholes, 29.
Downside Monastery, 12.
Drayton, 47.
Dulcote, 2, 14.
East Harptree, 116.
Eastwater, 7, 8, 9, 30, 36, 37, 42, 48, 60, 70.
Ebbor, 3, 7, 13, 17, 29.
Elden Hill, 149.
Elden Hole, 38, 149, 150.
English Channel, 3.
Enmore, 123.
Eocene, 31.
Exeter, 1.
Exploration (dangers of), 41, 43, 72.
Extinct animals, 22, 23, 34, 74.
Fairy Slats, 12.
Fauna of caves, 33, 74.
Fissures, 5, 12, 27, 33, 39, 66, 73, 85, 87, 89, 94.
Flatholm, 4.
Fluor-spar, 33.
Fontaine de Vaucluse, 33.
Foreland, 1.
Foxe's Hole (Burrington), 99.
Fox's Hole (Compton Bishop), 110.
Frome, 1, 7, 27.
Frost (action of), 6.
Galtees, 159.
Gaping Ghyll, 35, 37.
Gautries Hill, 149.
Geological Survey, 25.
Giant's Hole, 144, 145, 151.
Gibson (Mr. James), 101, 104.
Glacial drift, 29, 31.
Glastonbury, 3.
Goatchurch Cavern, 42, 62, 99, 100, 104.
Golden Cap, 3.
Gough (Messrs.), 16, 19, 28, 82, 93, 106.
Grassington, 138.
Gravel, 8.
Great Cavern of Cheddar, 82, 83, 92.
Great Chamber of Lamb's Lair, 116.
Green How, 138.
_Grotten und Höhlen von Adelsberg, Die_, 34.
Gurney Slade, 27.
Gypsum, 33.
Han-sur-Lesse, 162.
Harptree, 18.
Harrington (Dr.) of Bath, 46.
Helln Pot, 37.
Hiley (Mr.), 70.
Hill (Dr.), 160.
Hillgrove, 7, 61, 70, 114.
Holwell, 27, 123, 124.
Hope, Dale of, 37.
Horse, 14.
Hyæna, 23, 24, 46.
Hyæna Den, 13, 22, 23, 24.
Hydrology, 33.
Ingleborough Cave, 35, 37.
Inscriptions, 22, 30.
Irish Elk, 23, 24.
_Irlande et Cavernes Anglaises_, 34.
Jackdaws, 54.
Jacob's Well, 140.
Jameson (Dr.), 160.
Joints, 5, 11, 13, 71.
Katavothra, 33.
Kent's Cavern, 30.
Kentucky, 43.
Keuper, 31.
Knockmealdown Mountains, 159.
Kyndwr Club, 138.
Labyrinths, 8, 9, 62.
Laibach, 33.
Lake village, 3.
Lamb's Lair, 30, 39, 115.
Lathkill Dale, 152, 153, 154.
Lathkill River, 156.
Lead, 33.
Leland, 46.
Lewsdon, 3.
Lias, 27, 28, 29.
Lion, 23, 24.
Llangollen, 133.
Long Hole, 19, 28, 97.
Long Kin Hole, 37.
Long Wood, 97.
Lower Limestone Shales, 2, 4, 5.
Loxton, 112, 113.
Mammoth, 23, 24.
Manifold, 150, 151.
Marble Arch, 42.
Marshall (Mr.), 11, 13.
Martel (Mons.), 17, 19, 30, 34, 37, 39, 57, 145, 160, 161, 164,
165, 167.
Master-joint, 34, 131.
Matlock, 104.
Mazauric (M.), 39.
McMurtrie (Mr. J.), 122.
Mendip plateau, 36.
Middle Hill, 147.
Mitchelstown Cave, 159.
Monyash, 153.
Morfa Rhuddlan, 131.
Morland (Mr. J. O.), 83.
Murray's Guide, 116, 122.
Natural wells, 18.
Neolithic barrows, 3.
Niagara (Gough's Caves), 30.
Nidderdale, 138.
North Hill, 3, 60.
O'Callaghan's Cave, 162, 165.
Offa's Dyke, 133.
Ogo, 45, 127.
Ogof, 45, 127.
Old Red Sandstone, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 26, 53, 60.
O'Leary's Cave, 161, 164.
Ookey, 45.
Oonakareaglisha, 159.
Outfit, 41, 62.
Padirac, 162.
Parrett, 3.
Peace of Wedmore, 3.
Peak, 34, 38, 39, 42, 47, 144, 159.
Peak's Hill, 147.
Peak's Hole, 145.
Peak's Hole (source of water of), 150.
Pen Hill, 2, 4, 60.
Percolating water, 6.
Percy's _Reliques_, 46.
Perryfoot, 145, 150.
Phelps, 106.
Phosphorites, 31.
Pilsdon, 3.
Pleistocene gravel, 28.
Pliocene, 29.
Plumley's Den, 100, 103, 104.
_Polyolbion_, 47.
Pot, 34, 84.
Pothole Cavern, 155, 156.
Potholes, 6, 68, 72.
Pottery, 21, 22, 58, 74.
Priddy, 7, 8, 17, 48, 60, 61, 98.
Primitive man, 13, 22, 24, 34, 47, 128.
Puttrell (Mr. J. W.), 138.
Quantocks, 123.
Quercy, 31.
Radstock, 27.
Radstock Coalfield, 10.
Rain (action of), 6.
Rakes, 33, 38.
Ravine formation, 19.
Ravines, 6, 20, 23.
Raymond, Walter, 98.
Red Deer, 23, 24.
Reindeer, 23.
_Reliquiæ Diluvianæ_, 33.
Revolving stones (action of), 6.
Rhaetic, 27, 31.
Rhinoceros, 24.
Rickford, 28, 102, 104.
Ricklow Cavern, 157.
Ricklow Dale, 153.
Risings (extent of flow), 17.
"Rock of Ages," 104.
Rock shelter, 15.
Roman Cave of Cheddar, 93, 95.
Roman mines, 97.
Romano-British pottery, 21, 22, 58, 74.
Rookham, 2, 28.
Rowberrow Farm, 17.
Rushup Edge, 144, 147.
Russet Well, 144, 145.
"S" bends, 65, 68.
St. Andrew's Well, 5, 28, 31.
St. Dunstan's Well, 10, 11.
St. George's Cave, 127, 130.
"St. Paul's," 86, 88.
St. Swithin's Hole, 7.
"Salle à Manger," 38.
Sand (action of), 6.
Sand Pit Hole, 8.
Schmidl (Dr. Adolph), 34.
Scotchman's Cave, 165.
Secondary Rocks, 5, 12, 18, 27, 28.
Sedgemoor, 3.
Severn, 4.
Shakeholes, 29.
Sheldon (Dr.), 83, 84, 90, 100.
Sheldon (Mr., of Wells), 17.
Shipham, 100.
Silt, 10, 11.
Siphons, 33, 34.
Skeheenarinky, 159.
Slater (Mr.), 71.
Smith (W. W.), 45.
Snowdonia, 130.
Société de Spéléologie, 34.
"Solomon's Temple," 86, 88.
Somerville (A. F.), 14, 15.
Sorgue, 33.
Sparrowpit, 144, 145.
Speedwell Mine, 38, 144.
Speleology, 32.
Spiders, 54.
Springs, 5, 11.
Spur and Wedge, 53, 56.
Squire's Well, 104.
Stalactites, 10, 76, 77, 80, 89, 118, 140, 142.
Stalagmite bridges, 78.
Steepholm, 4.
Stoke Lane, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13.
Stratton-on-the-Fosse, 11.
Stump Cross Cavern, 138.
Subterranean streams, 6, 7, 8, 72.
Subterranean waterfalls, 72.
Swallets, swallow-holes, 1, 5, 7, 8, 12, 26, 27, 34, 60, 61, 84,
148.
Swildon's Hole, 7, 8, 36, 48, 61, 70.
Tanyrogo, 127.
Tennyson, 4.
Thornyash, 153.
Tideswell, 148.
Tindoul de la Vayssière (Aveyron), 40.
Tone, 3.
Torquay, 30.
Tower Rock, 14.
Traps, 34, 65.
Trias, 18, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 106, 109, 110, 130.
Troup (Mr.), 21, 59, 70, 71.
_Two Men o' Mendip_, 98.
Ubley Farm, 98.
Undermining, 4, 6, 25.
Upper Langford, 105.
Van den Broeck, 31.
Vaucluse, 33.
Wastdale, 96.
Wavering Down, 106, 110.
Wedmore, 3.
Well (in Swildon's Hole), 73, 77.
Wells, 2, 5, 7, 8, 17, 26, 28, 29, 36, 83.
Wells Museum, 14.
West Riding, 34.
Weston-super-Mare, 16.
Wharfedale, 138.
Wightman (Mr. F.), 138.
Wild Boar, 23.
Wild Goat, 23.
Wild Horse, 23.
Willcox (Mr.), 30.
William of Worcester, 45.
Williams, (W. H. and G. D.), 152.
Wills Neck, 123.
Wind (action of), 6.
Winnats, 91, 144.
Wirral, 129.
Witch of Wookey, 46.
Wolf, 23, 24.
Wookey, 45.
Wookey Hole, 5, 7, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 30, 31, 36, 37, 42,
43, 45, 52, 60, 70, 82, 127.
Woolly Rhinoceros, 23.
Wrington Vale, 115.
Yoredales, 144.
Yorkshire, 1, 10, 29, 35, 44.
Young's Cavern, 160.
_Printed by_ J. BAKER & SON, _Clifton_
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
Obvious printer errors have been corrected. Otherwise, the author's
original spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been left intact.