The principal works on the calendar are the following:--Clavius, _Romani
Calendarii a Gregorio XIII. P.M. restituti Explicatio_ (Rome, 1603); _L'Art
de vérifier les dates_; Lalande, _Astronomie_ tome ii.; _Traité de la
sphère et du calendrier_, par M. Revard (Paris, 1816); Delambre, _Traité de
l'astronomie théorique et pratique_, tome iii.; _Histoire de l'astronomie
moderne; Methodus technica brevis, perfacilis, ac perpetua construendi
Calendarium Ecclesiasticum, Stylo tam novo quam vetere, pro cunctis
Christianis Europae populis, &c._, auctore Paulo Tittel (Gottingen, 1816);
_Formole analitiche pel calcolo delta Pasgua, e correzione di quello di
Gauss, con critiche osservazioni sù quanta ha scritto del calendario il
Delambri_, di Lodovico Ciccolini (Rome, 1817); E.H. Lindo, _Jewish Calendar
for Sixty-four Years_ (1838); W.S.B. Woolhouse, _Measures, Weights, and
Moneys of all Nations_ (1869).
(T. G.; W. S. B. W.)
CALENDER, (1) (Fr. _calendre_, from the Med. Lat. _calendra_, a corruption
of the Latinized form of the Gr. [Greek: kulindros], a cylinder), a machine
consisting of two or more rollers or cylinders in close contact with each
other, and often heated, through which are passed cotton, calico and other
fabrics, for the purpose of having a finished smooth surface given to them;
the process flattens the fibres, removes inequalities, and also gives a
glaze to the surface. It is similarly employed in paper manufacture
(_q.v._). (2) (From the Arabic _qalandar_), an order of dervishes, who
separated from the Baktashite order in the 14th century; they were vowed to
perpetual travelling. Other forms of the name by which they are known are
Kalenderis, Kalenderites, and Qalandarites (see DERVISH).
CALENUS, QUINTUS FUFIUS, Roman general. As tribune of the people in 61
B.C., he wa$ chiefly instrumental in securing the acquittal of the
notorious Publius Clodius when charged with having profaned the mysteries
of Bona Dea (Cicero, _Ad. Att._ i. 16). In 59 Calenus was praetor, and
brought forward a law that the senators, knights, and tribuni aerarii, who
composed the judices, should vote separately, so that it might be known how
they gave their votes (Dio Cassius xxxviii. 8). He fought in Gaul (51) and
Spain (49) under Caesar, who, after he had crossed over to Greece (48),
sent Calenus from Epirus to bring over the rest of the troops from Italy.
On the passage to Italy, most of the ships were captured by Bibulus and
Calenus himself escaped with difficulty. In 47 he was raised to the
consulship through the influence of Caesar. After the death of the
dictator, he joined Antony, whose legions he afterwards commanded in the
north of Italy. He died in 41, while stationed with his army at the foot of
the Alps, just as he was on the point of marching against Octavianus.
Caesar, _B.G._ viii. 39; _B.C._ i. 87, iii. 26; Cic. _Philippicae_, viii.
4.
CALEPINO, AMBROGIO (1435-1511), Italian lexicographer, born at Bergamo in
1435, was descended of an old family of Calepio, whence he took his name.
Becoming an Augustinian monk, he devoted his whole life to the composition
of a polyglott dictionary, first printed at Reggio in 1502. This gigantic
work was afterwards augmented by Passerat and others. The most complete
edition, published at Basel in 1590, comprises no fewer than eleven
languages. The best edition is that published at Padua in seven languages
in 1772. Calepino died blind in 1511.
CALES (mod. _Calvi_), an ancient city of Campania, belonging Originally to
the Aurunci, on the Via Latina, 8 m. N.N.W. of Casilinum. It was taken by
the Romans in 335 B.C., and, a colony with Latin rights of 2500 citizens
having been established there, it was for a long time the centre of the
Roman dominion in Campania, and the seat of the quaestor for southern Italy
even down to the days of Tacitus.[1] It was an important base in the war
against Hannibal, and at last refused further contributions for the war.
Before 184 more settlers were sent there. After the Social War it became a
_municipium_. The fertility of its territory and its manufacture of black
glazed pottery, which was even exported to Etruria, made it prosperous. At
the end of the 3rd century it appears as a colony, and in the 5th century
it became an episcopal see, which (jointly with Teano since 1818) it still
is, though it is now a mere village. The cathedral, of the 12th century,
has a carved portal and three apses decorated with small arches and
pilasters, and contains a fine pulpit and episcopal throne in marble
mosaic. Near it are two grottos [v.04 p.1004] which have been used for
Christian worship and contain frescoes of the 10th and 11th centuries (E.
Bertaux, _L'Art dans l'Italie méridionale_ (Paris, 1904), i. 244, &c.).
Inscriptions name six gates of the town: and there are considerable remains
of antiquity, especially of an amphitheatre and theatre, of a supposed
temple, and other edifices. A number of tombs belonging to the Roman
necropolis were discovered in 1883.
See C. Hülsen in Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopädie_, iii. 1351 (Stuttgart,
1899).
(T. AS.)
[1] To the period after 335 belong numerous silver and bronze coins with
the legend _Caleno_.
CALF. (1) (A word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. German
_Kalb_, and Dutch _kalf_), the young of the family of _Bovidae_, and
particularly of the domestic cow, also of the elephant, and of marine
mammals, as the whale and seal. The word is applied to a small island close
to a larger one, like a calf close to its mother's side, as in the "Calf of
Man," and to a mass of ice detached from an iceberg. (2) (Of unknown
origin, possibly connected with the Celtic _calpa_, a leg), the fleshy
hinder part of the leg, between the knee and the ankle.
CALF, THE GOLDEN, a molten image made by the Israelites when Moses had
ascended the Mount of Yahweh to receive the Law (Ex. xxxii.). Alarmed at
his lengthy absence the people clamoured for "gods" to lead them, and at
the instigation of Aaron, they brought their jewelry and made the calf out
of it. This was celebrated by a sacred festival, and it was only through
the intervention of Moses that the people were saved from the wrath of
Yahweh (cp. Deut. ix. 19 sqq.). Nevertheless 3000 of them fell at the hands
of the Levites who, in answer to the summons of Moses, declared themselves
on the side of Yahweh. The origin of this particular form of worship can
scarcely be sought in Egypt; the Apis which was worshipped there was a live
bull, and image-worship was common among the Canaanites in connexion with
the cult of Baal and Astarte (_qq.v._). In early Israel it was considered
natural to worship Yahweh by means of images (cp. the story of Gideon,
Judg. viii. 24 sqq.), and even to Moses himself was attributed the
bronze-serpent whose cult at Jerusalem was destroyed in the time of
Hezekiah (2 Kings xviii. 4, Num. xxi. 4-9). The condemnation which later
writers, particularly those imbued with the spirit of the Deuteronomic
reformation, pass upon all image-worship, is in harmony with the judgment
upon Jeroboam for his innovations at Bethel and Dan (1 Kings xii. 28 sqq.,
xvi. 26, &c.). But neither Elijah nor Elisha raised a voice against the
cult; then, as later, in the time of Amos, it was nominally Yahweh-worship,
and Hosea is the first to regard it as the fundamental cause of Israel's
misery.
See further, W.R. Smith, _Prophets of Israel_, pp. 175 sqq.; Kennedy,
Hastings' _Dict. Bib._ i. 342; and HEBREW RELIGION.
(S. A. C.)
CALGARY, the oldest city in the province of Alberta. Pop. (1901) 4091;
(1907) 21,112. It is situated in 114° 15' W., and 51° 4½' N., on the Bow
river, which flows with its crystal waters from the pass in the Rocky
Mountains, by which the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway crosses
the Rocky Mountains. The pass proper--Kananaskis--penetrates the mountains
beginning 40 m. west of Calgary, and the well-known watering-place, Banff,
lies 81 m. west of it, in the Canadian national park. The streets are wide
and laid out on a rectangular system. The buildings are largely of stone,
the building stone used being the brown Laramie sandstone found in the
valley of the Bow river in the neighbourhood of the city. Calgary is an
important point on the Canadian Pacific railway, which has a general
superintendent resident here. It is an important centre of wholesale
dealers, and also of industrial establishments. Calgary is near the site of
Fort La Jonquiere founded by the French in 1752. Old Bow fort was a trading
post for many years though now in ruins. The present city was created by
the building of the Canadian Pacific railway about 1883.
* * * * *
Corrections made to printed original.
p. 795, Bülow, Hans Guido von: "married in his twenty-eighth year":
'twenty-eight' in original.
p. 843, Internal Communications: "a great deal of road construction":
'constuction' in original.
p. 854, "Italian work Saggi sul Ristabilimento...": 'Saggj' in original.
p. 884, 6th para: "Throughout the whole of the Analogy it is manifest":
'manfest' in original.
p. 894, Buys Ballot's Law: "takes its name from C.H.D. Buys Ballot":
'Ballott' in original.
p. 904, 4th para: "additions to already existing types": 'exsiting' in
original.
p. 905, Biographies etc: Prisoner of Chillon and other Poems, edited by E.
Kölbing (1896): '1869' in original, the place in this list implies 1896 and
other sources support this.
p. 914, Cabasilas, Nicolaus: "a speech against usurers": 'againt' in
original.
p. 970, 3rd para: "coloured by cobalt": 'colbalt' in original.
p. 976, 1st equation: "P = ½ l²/c w": the = sign is printed vertically in
original.
p. 979, 11th piece of text: "A_2 is proportional to the roll of W_2": 'roll
of w_2' in original: but properly W_2 is the wheel, w_2 is the measure of
its roll.
p. 996, Table III: column 11 begins 20-17-19-17-16 in original, this should
be 20-19-18-17-16 (as described earlier, the columns are arranged in the
order of the natural numbers, beginning at the bottom and proceeding to the
top of the column.)
p. 997, Table IV: Nov 27. contains "25'24" in original: according to the
text, 25 beside 24 should not be accented.
p. 999 Condition "When E < 24": 'When < 24' in original.
p. 1000, Table VII: 5620 shown starting "29 Sept. 1858" in original: must
be 1859.