MCWP3-11.3
Scouting and Patrolling
[Illustration]
U.S. Marine Corps
17 April 2000
PCN 143 000075 00
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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
Headquarters United States Marine Corps
Washington, DC 20380-1776
17 April 2000
FOREWORD
1. PURPOSE
Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-11.3, _Scouting and
Patrolling_, provides the doctrinal foundation and the tactics,
techniques, and procedures for scouting and patrolling conducted
by Marines from the fire team to the company level. Although the
information focuses on infantry units, much of the information is
also applicable to combat support units that are assigned patrolling
missions.
2. SCOPE
MCWP 3-11.3 provides all Marines with the instructional material they
need to build the skills necessary to become effective scouts and
patrol team members. This publication provides the fundamentals of
scouting and patrolling and their relationship to each other. It also
addresses organizational structure of teams and patrols, the training
required to develop teamwork, and reporting requirements.
3. SUPERSESSION
MCWP 3-11.3 supersedes Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 6-7,
_Scouting and Patrolling_, dated 6 January 1989.
4. CERTIFICATION
Reviewed and approved this date.
BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OF THE MARINE CORPS
[Illustration: J. E. Rhodes]
J. E. RHODES
Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps
Commanding General
Marine Corps Combat Development Command
DISTRIBUTION: 143 000075 00
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1. SCOUTING
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Scouting
1001 Purpose 1-1
1002 Required Scouting Skills 1-1
Chapter 2. Terrain, Maps, and Direction
2001 Terrain Features 2-1
2002 The Lensatic Compass 2-1
2003 Stars, Sun, and Other Features 2-5
2004 Range Determination 2-6
Chapter 3. Enemy Activity
3001 Estimating Enemy Strengths 3-1
3002 Interpreting Signs and Tracks 3-1
3003 Knowing the Enemy 3-2
Chapter 4. Daylight Scouting
4001 Cover and Concealment 4-1
4002 Camouflage 4-2
4003 Individual Movement 4-3
4004 Route Selection 4-5
Chapter 5. Night Scouting
5001 Night Vision 5-1
5002 Appearance of Objects 5-3
5003 Sounds 5-3
5004 Smells and Touch 5-3
5005 Clothing and Weapons 5-3
5006 Concealment 5-3
5007 Aids to Night Scouting 5-4
5008 Aids to Night Movement 5-4
5009 Locating and Plotting the Enemy at Night 5-6
50010 Routes of Movement 5-8
Chapter 6. Observing and Reporting
6001 Observation Posts 6-1
6002 Reporting 6-2
Chapter 7. Scouting Fire Team
7001 Positioning 7-1
7002 Locating Enemy Positions 7-2
7003 Action With an Attacking Platoon 7-2
7004 Action With an Enveloping Unit 7-5
PART 2. INFANTRY PATROLLING
Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Infantry Patrolling
8001 Definitions 8-1
8002 Relation of Patrolling to Scouting 8-1
8003 Purpose 8-1
8004 Types of Patrols 8-1
8005 Training 8-2
8006 Keys to Successful Patrolling 8-3
Chapter 9. Patrol Organization
9001 General Organization 9-1
9002 Task Organization 9-1
Chapter 10. Patrol Preparation
10001 Mission 10-1
10002 Factors Influencing Patrol Size 10-1
10003 Commander’s Duties 10-1
10004 Patrol Leader Duties 10-2
Chapter 11. Movement to and Return from the Objective Area
11001 Passage of Lines 11-1
11002 Organization for Movement 11-1
11003 Control Measures for Movement 11-4
11004 Precautions at Danger Areas 11-5
11005 Hide 11-6
11006 Immediate Actions Upon Enemy Contact 11-6
11007 Patrol Leader’s Action in a Developing Situation 11-10
11008 Return From Objective Area 11-10
Chapter 12. Reconnaissance Patrols
12001 General Missions 12-1
12002 Specific Missions 12-1
12003 Types of Reconnaissance 12-2
12004 Task Organization 12-2
12005 Size of Reconnaissance Patrols 12-3
12006 Reconnaissance Equipment 12-3
12007 Reconnaissance Patrol Actions at the Objective Area 12-3
Chapter 13. Combat Patrols
13001 Task Organization 13-1
13002 Equipment 13-1
13003 Raid Patrols 13-1
13004 Contact Patrols 13-3
13005 Ambush Patrols 13-3
13006 Security Patrols 13-7
13007 Urban Patrols 13-8
Chapter 14. Information and Reports
14001 Reporting 14-1
14002 Captured Items 14-1
14003 Prisoners 14-2
14004 Patrol Report 14-2
14005 Patrol Critique 14-2
Appendix A. Patrol Warning Order A-1
Appendix B. Patrol Order B-1
Appendix C. Patrol Evaluation Checklist C-1
Appendix D. Ambush Formations D-1
Appendix E. Acronyms E-1
Appendix F. References F-1
PART 1. SCOUTING
CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF SCOUTING
Scouting involves observing terrain and/or the enemy, and
accurately reporting those observations. Scouting requires
proficiency in the use of weapons, cover and concealment,
route selection, and skill in unobserved day or night
movement.
1001. PURPOSE
When an infantry unit is not actively fighting the enemy, it should
be actively searching for the enemy, which is the primary purpose
of scouting. The unit attempts to keep the enemy off balance while
making preparations for further attacks. Physically locating and
keeping the enemy off balance are normally accomplished by small
units ranging from a two-person scouting party to a squad-size patrol.
Infantrymen are sent out as scouts or as members of a patrol because
the commander needs information about the enemy, terrain, and the
location of friendly troops. The lives of the entire unit may depend
upon the success or failure of a scout or patrol and the accuracy
and timeliness of the report. The success of the scout or patrol
will depend upon their training, preparation by the commander, and
understanding their mission and the commander’s requirements.
To wage combat successfully, a commander must have accurate,
detailed, and timely information about the enemy, the terrain, and
adjacent friendly units. Well-trained scouts and capably led patrols
are among the most effective means the commander has for acquiring
the information necessary to plan tactical actions and make decisions
in execution.
1002. REQUIRED SCOUTING SKILLS
To be effective, a scout must be able to--
• Recognize terrain features.
• Read a map and determine direction.
• Practice and implement the principles of cover and concealment.
• Fully utilize movement and route selection.
• Know the enemy (estimate enemy unit composition and strength).
• Observe and report information accurately.
• Select routes and move through numerous types of terrain.
CHAPTER 2. TERRAIN, MAPS, AND DIRECTION
A scout must understand map symbols, identify elevations
from contour interval lines, scale distance on a map,
relate natural and man-made features shown on the map to
the actual features on the ground, plot a course from
one point to another, and locate his current position.
To relate a map to the actual terrain and its features,
a scout must be able to orient it to the ground using a
compass, two points, a watch, and the sun or the stars.
2001. TERRAIN FEATURES
Since the infantry works and fights on the ground, terrain ashore
information that scouts gather and report on is of great importance.
Hills, valleys, woods, and streams are the forms and growths commonly
referred to as natural land features. Artificial or man-made features
include houses, bridges, and railroads. Figure 2-1 shows some
important terrain features.
[Illustration: Figure 2-1. Natural and Artificial Terrain Features.]
2002. THE LENSATIC COMPASS
The best method of finding direction, during both day and night, is
with a compass. The lensatic and M2 are the two types of compasses
issued to infantry units. Both work on the same principle.
The standard compass for general use in the Marine Corps is the
pivot-mounted lensatic compass, so called because azimuths are read
through a magnifying lens in the eyepiece. Figure 2-2, on page 2-2,
shows the lensatic compass and its nomenclature. The meter graphic
scale on the side of the compass is 1:50,000, which is the most
used scale in military mapping. The graphic scale is useful in the
field as a straightedge, an aid in orienting the map, and a means of
reading map grid coordinates. The plastic dial is graduated in both
degrees and mils. Numbers on the dial are printed in black. There
are luminous markings on the bezel, floating dial, and on both ends
of the sighting wire, plus a 3-degree bezel serration and clicking
device that permit reading azimuths at night. The compass is carried
in a nylon case that may be attached to the cartridge belt.
[Illustration: Figure 2-2. Lensatic Compass.]
Magnetic compasses are affected by the presence of iron or magnetic
fields. Consequently, the scout should not be within the influence
of local magnetic attraction while using a compass to determine
direction. The rifle, pistol, and other metal objects must be laid
aside when reading the compass. The minimum distances the scout
should be from visible masses of iron and electrical fields of
magnetism for the compass to provide accurate readings are provided
below.
Minimum
Magnetic Fields Distances
(meters)
High tension powerlines 60
Field guns 20
Vehicles (wheeled or tracked) 20
Telephone and telegraph wires 10
Barbed wire 10
Machine gun 3
Rifle, pistol 1
Reading an Azimuth
To read an azimuth to any point, the cover of the compass is raised
to an angle of 90 degrees in relation to the index face, and the
eyepiece is lifted to a 45-degree angle in relation to the bezel, or
so the numbers on the dial can be seen. The thumb of either hand is
placed in the thumb loop, the index finger extended along the side of
the compass case, and the remainder of the hand closed. The closed
hand and wrist are grasped with the other hand. The elbows are drawn
in close to the body, forming a firm foundation for the compass. The
eye is placed to the lens on the eyepiece. The compass is pointed at
the object or point to which the azimuth is to be read. A sighting
is taken through the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and the point is
lined up with the sighting wire in the cover. The compass is held
until the dial steadies; then the reading is taken through the lens
of the eyepiece. This reading is the magnetic azimuth of the line
from the observer to the point.
Reading a Back Azimuth
A back azimuth is the direction opposite the line of sight. If the
azimuth is less than 180 degrees, the back azimuth is obtained by
adding 180 degrees. If the azimuth is greater than 180 degrees, the
back azimuth is obtained by subtracting 180 degrees. Back azimuths
are used to determine a return route or to resection to determine a
current position.
Circumventing Obstacles
When a scout is traveling on an azimuth and comes upon an
obstacle--such as a contaminated area, minefield or swamp--the
following steps (sometimes referred to as the _90-degree offset_
method) is employed to go around or circumvent the obstacle and
resume movement along the original azimuth (see fig. 2-3). The steps
are as follows:
1. Move up to the obstacle and make a full 90-degree turn to the
right (or left).
2. Walk beyond the obstacle, keeping track of the distance in paces
or meters.
3. Stand at the end of the obstacle, face in the original direction
of march, and follow that azimuth until the obstacle has been passed.
4. Make a 90-degree turn to the left (or right) and move the distance
previously measured to return to the original line of march.
[Illustration: Figure 2-3. Circumventing an Obstacle.]
Following an Azimuth During the Day
The eye is placed to the lens in the eyepiece and the compass moved
until the desired azimuth reading is visible beneath the fixed
index. Without moving the compass, the vision is shifted from the
lens through the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and a sighting is
taken out beyond the sighting wire in the cover. A prominent terrain
feature on this line of sight is selected, the compass closed, and
the landmark approached. When the scout reaches the landmark, the
procedure is repeated.
Following an Azimuth at Night
It is necessary to prepare and set the compass before departing
on a night movement because at night only the luminous parts of
the compass can be seen. To prepare the compass for night use, the
luminous parts must be fully charged by sunlight or artificial light,
such as a flashlight. To set a compass--
1. Move the compass so that the desired azimuth on the dial is
directly under the index line on the lower glass.
2. Rotate the upper movable glass so that the luminous line is
directly above the north arrow of the dial.
3. Set the compass for marching at night on the specified azimuth.
--OR--
1. Face the general direction of movement.
2. Line up the north arrow and the luminous line on the bezel with
the luminous sighting dots.
3. Hold the compass still with one hand and grip the knurled bezel
ring with the other hand.
4. Turn the bezel ring the prescribed number of clicks in the proper
direction, remembering that each click equals 3 degrees. For example,
to set an azimuth of 21 degrees, the bezel ring would be turned seven
clicks to the left.
5. Turn the whole compass until the north needle lines up with the
luminous line. The compass is then set on the desired azimuth. The
azimuth is the line formed by the two luminous sighting dots on the
inside of the cover.
[Illustration: Figure 2-4. Following a Night Azimuth.]
To march on a preset azimuth during night movement, open the compass
and move it so the north arrow is directly below the luminous line
(see fig. 2-4). Move in the direction of the line formed by the two
luminous sighting dots. It is necessary to refer to the compass more
frequently at night than during the day. If stars are visible, find
a prominent star along the azimuth of movement to use as a reference
point. When the view of the sky is restricted by overcast conditions
or vegetation, send a scout forward along the azimuth of movement to
the limit of visibility. This scout is guided along the azimuth of
movement by a stationary navigator. When the scout reaches the limit
of visibility, the navigator moves to the scout’s location. This
process is repeated until the destination is reached.
A more rapid method for reaching the scout’s destination is to equip
the navigator with a compass. The navigator can set the compass as
explained earlier and the scout proceeds providing security 180
degrees to the front on the specified azimuth, receiving right and
left corrections from the navigator while both are on the move.
The point scout must stay within visual range of the navigator. If
available, a strip of white or luminous tape on the back of the point
scout’s helmet will assist.
Intersection
Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively
occupying at least two, preferably three known positions and
sightings on the unknown point. It is used to locate features not
depicted on the map or not readily identifiable. To determine an
intersection, perform the following steps (see fig. 2-5):
1. Orient the map using the compass.
2. Locate and mark your position on the map.
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to the unknown position; then convert
to grid azimuth.
4. Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth.
5. Move to a second known position from which unknown point is
visible. Locate this position on the map and again orient the map
using the compass. The second unknown position should be a minimum of
30 degrees offset from the first position.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
[Illustration: Figure 2-5. Intersection.]
To check accuracy, move to a third position and repeat steps 1
through 4. Where the lines cross is the location of the unknown
position. Using three lines, a triangle is sometimes formed--called
the _triangle of error_--instead of an intersection. If the triangle
is large, recheck your work to find the error. Do not assume that the
position is at the center of the triangle.
Resection
Resection is the location of the user’s unknown position by sighting
on two or three known features that are identifiable on the map. To
determine a resection, perform the following steps (see fig. 2-6):
1. Orient the map using the compass.
2. Locate two or three known positions on the ground and mark them on
the map.
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to a known position then convert to
grid azimuth.
4. Change the grid azimuth to a back azimuth and draw a line on the
map from the known position back toward the unknown position.
5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 to determine a second known position.
[Illustration: Figure 2-6. Resection.]
To check accuracy, repeat the steps above for a third known position.
The intersection of the lines is your location. Using three lines, a
triangle of error may be formed. If the triangle is large, recheck.
2003. STARS, SUN, AND OTHER FEATURES
In rare cases when a scout is without a compass, the following
examples are alternate means to determine direction. When using
constellations to determine direction, identify your location’s
Temperate Zone. A Temperate Zone is the area between the tropics and
the polar circles.
At night, the stars provide an excellent means of maintaining a line
of march. In the North Temperate Zone (north of the equator), the
Big Dipper constellation is one key to determining direction of true
north. It is made up of seven fairly bright stars in the shape of a
dipper with a long curved handle (see fig. 2-7). The two stars that
form the side of the cup farthest from the handle, used as pointers,
are situated in the direction of a bright star that is about five
times the distance between the two stars of the dipper cup. This
bright star is the North Star and is directly over the North Pole.
The pointers always designate the North Star, which is the direction
of true north.
[Illustration: Figure 2-7. Locating the North Pole.]
[Illustration: Figure 2-8. Locating the South Pole.]
In the Southern Hemisphere, true south is determined in relation
to the Southern Cross, a constellation composed of five stars. Two
bright pointer stars in the vicinity of the Southern Cross serve as
locators to help locate true south (see fig. 2-8). The outer four
stars are fairly bright and form a cross. This cross is imagined as
the frame of a kite. A straight tail, four and one half times as long
as the length of the kite itself, is put on the kite using finger
widths for a measuring stick. The end of this tail will be close to
a position directly over the South Pole. Usually, it will not be
possible to see a star in the immediate vicinity, because there is no
bright star visible directly above the South Pole.
During daylight hours, a watch and the sun can be used to determine
direction within 8 degrees. In the North Temperate Zone, the watch is
held horizontally, face up, and the hour hand pointed at the sun (see
fig. 2-9). The north-south line and the direction of south can be
found midway between the hour hand and the number 12, if the watch is
set on standard time. If in daylight savings time, the direction of
south is found midway between the hour hand and the number 1.
[Illustration: Figure 2-9. Determining Direction by Watch and Sun
(North Temperate Zone).]
In the South Temperate Zone, if the watch is set on standard time,
the number 12 on the watch is pointed at the sun; if the watch is set
on daylight savings time, the number 1 is pointed at the sun. North
is midway between 12 (or 1) and the hour hand (see fig. 2-10).
When laying in a north-south line, if any doubt exists as to which
end of the line is north, remember that the sun is in the east before
noon and in the west in the afternoon.
[Illustration: Figure 2-10. Determining Direction by Watch and Sun
(South Temperate Zone).]
In addition to the sun and stars, other methods a scout without a
compass can use to determine direction include determining prevailing
wind direction and using a mountain for orientation. By previous
study of maps and photographs, a scout can keep informed of location
and direction by using a distinctive edge of woods, a deep ravine
or the direction of a stream’s flow. A scout should constantly
evaluate and memorize both the immediate terrain and general area for
prominent features and landmarks.
2004. RANGE DETERMINATION
Range determination is the method of finding the distance between
an observer and an enemy target or an object. By accurate range
determination, the members of a given unit can set their sights
correctly and place effective fire on enemy targets. The degree of
accuracy is dependent on several factors, such as terrain relief,
time available, and experience of the observer.
Mental Estimation
A mental distance estimate is made using a known unit of measure.
Distance is estimated to the nearest 100 meters by determining the
number of known units of measure between the observer’s position
and a target. For example, a football field, which is 100 yards,
can be used as a known unit of measure for determining the distance
between an observer’s position and a target. For longer distances,
progressive estimation may be necessary. To do this, the observer
determines the number of units of measure to an intermediate point
and doubles the value. The observer should consider the effects in
table 2-1 in estimating distances.
Table 2-1. Effects to Consider
in Mental Estimation of Distances.
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Objects Appear | Objects Appear More |
| Nearer | Distant |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| In bright light. | In poor light or in fog. |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| In clear air at high altitude. | Only a small part of the |
| | object can be seen. |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| The background is in contrast | The background is similar |
| with the color of the | in color to that of the |
| object. | object. |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| The observer is looking | The observer is looking |
| down from a height. | over a depression, most of |
| | which is visible. |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| The observer is looking | The observer is kneeling |
| over a depression, most of | or sitting, especially on a |
| which is hidden. | hot day, when the ground |
| | is moist. |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| The observer is looking | |
| down a straight feature | |
| such as a road. | |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| The observer is looking | |
| over water, snow, or a uniform | |
| surface such as a | |
| cultivated field or desert. | |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+
Estimating in Good Visibility
When visibility is good, distances can be estimated by using the
appearance of tree trunks, branches, and foliage (as seen by the
naked eye) in comparison with map data. Table 2-2 is a guide for
wooded terrain. Table 2-3 is a guide for urban environments.
Estimating From a Terrain Study
The Marine should always use terrain/map analysis to assist in
estimating distances. When the Marine is looking in a specific
direction, the estimation of distance can be enhanced by studying
the terrain and comparing it with the map. Particular emphasis
should be given to color contrasts of terrain features seen along
the observer-target line (OTL). For example, the distance across
successive ridge lines or depressions in the distance may be
identifiable by only slight changes of color to the eye. Different
colors of grass might reveal a hidden terrain feature such as a
stream.
Table 2-2. Estimating Distance
in Wooded Terrain.
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| Distance | |
| in | Tree Description |
| Meters | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| 1,000 | Trunk and main branches are visible. Foliage |
| | appears in cluster-like shape. Daylight may be |
| | seen through the foliage. |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| 2,000 | Trunk visible, main branches distinguishable, |
| | foliage appears as smooth surface. Outline of |
| | foliage of separate trees distinguishable. |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| 3,000 | Lower half of trunk visible. Branches blend |
| | with foliage. Foliage blends with adjoining |
| | trees. |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| 4,000 | Trunk and branches blend with foliage and |
| | appears as a continuous cluster, smooth in |
| | appearance. Movement of foliage due to wind |
| | cannot be detected. |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| 5,000 and | Whole area covered by trees and appears |
| beyond | smooth and dark. |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
Table 2-3. Estimating Distance
in Urban Terrain.
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| Distance in | Object Identified by the |
| Meters | Unaided Eye |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 1,000 | Lone tree trunk |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 1,500 | Individuals and horsemen |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 3,000 | Chimneys on rooftops |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 4,000 | Windows in houses |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 4,000–5,000 | Individual houses in populated area |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 8,000–9,000 | Villages and individual houses |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
| 15,000–18,000 | Large houses, towers, and steeples |
+---------------+-------------------------------------+
CHAPTER 3. ENEMY ACTIVITY
A commander often acts on information furnished by scouts.
Therefore, scouts must aim at absolute accuracy in
reporting enemy activity. This chapter discusses estimating
enemy strengths, interpreting signs and tracks, and knowing
the enemy.
3001. ESTIMATING ENEMY STRENGTHS
If troops cannot be counted, their strength may be estimated by:
noting the length of time it takes various types of moving columns to
pass a given point, the area required of a unit in camp or bivouac,
or the front on which they are deployed. When the ground is dry,
infantry on the march raise a low, thick cloud of dust, and motor
vehicles or mechanized units raise a thick, rapidly moving cloud.
Additionally, through practice, a scout may gain information as to
the strength and composition of enemy forces by listening to noises
and observing lights, fires, and smoke. A scout gains valuable
experience in estimating enemy strengths by observing friendly forces
in camp, on the march, and deployed. The knowledge scouts gain
during field exercises of the appearance and tactical dispositions
of squads, platoons, companies, and larger units will be of great
assistance in estimating the strength and composition of enemy units
observed under various conditions.
3002. INTERPRETING SIGNS AND TRACKS
In addition to estimates made through direct observation, a scout
may often be able to estimate size, composition, direction, rate of
movement, condition, discipline, state of training, and morale of
enemy forces through signs and tracks left behind.
Signs
The examination of vacated enemy positions provides valuable
information. The size of a bivouac or defense area ordinarily
indicates the number of enemy occupants. Clothing, ration containers,
dumps, etc., further indicate the quantity of the departed enemy
force. The condition of the bivouac area and amount of material
abandoned give an indication of the enemy morale, training, and
discipline. A well-policed area indicates good discipline. Rubbish,
ration and smoking residue, and nonessential personal items of
equipment adrift indicate a lower state of morale, training, and
discipline. Stores and material left behind in good condition
may indicate a hasty movement or withdrawal. Burned or destroyed
materials indicate a deliberate, orderly withdrawal or movement.
Letters, insignia, and other articles may reveal the identity of the
enemy unit.
In the case of a moving enemy, the distance between periodic halts
indicates the rate of march if enemy habits relative to marches and
halts are known. Condition of the halt areas indicates the state of
morale, training, and discipline.
The physical condition of enemy dead and wounded and their personal
equipment and weapons are reported. The general condition and state
of maintenance of destroyed or abandoned vehicles should also be
reported.
Tracks
A track is a mark left on the ground by the passage of a person or
object. Examination of tracks reveals information about the enemy.
_Troops_
A few tracks overlapping each other on both sides of a road or trail
may indicate a patrol in staggered formation. A large number of
tracks indicates troops in column formation. A large column will wear
a dry road smooth and flat. In damp terrain, a freshly made track
will have sharp edges; ordinarily, signs of moisture will disappear
in about 15 minutes. A runner’s toes are dug into the ground; a
walker’s footprint is fairly even.
_Vehicles_
The type of track indicates whether the vehicle is wheeled or
tracked. A scout acquires the necessary experience to make the proper
determination by observing vehicle tracks during training.
The direction of travel can be determined by the way tracks pass
across ruts, by impressions on the edges of holes in the ground,
how water is splashed from puddles, or by the way grass, twigs, and
branches are bent; for example--
• A vehicle (wheeled or tracked) entering a rut pushes dirt into
the rut and leaves an indentation on the exit side of the rut.
• A wheel going over holes in the ground leaves a deeper
impression on the edge toward the direction of travel.
• The side of a puddle with the greater splash indicates the
direction of travel of the vehicle.
• When traveling cross-country, the direction in which grass is
bent and/or twigs, branches, and bushes are broken indicates
direction of travel.
A general rate of speed can be estimated by the amount of water or
mud splattered. A fast-moving vehicle will throw larger amounts
of water or mud a greater distance to the front and sides than a
slow-moving vehicle, and it leaves a deeper impression on the exit
edges of holes. The faster the travel, the deeper the impression.
3003. KNOWING THE ENEMY
A scout should learn as much as possible about enemy psychology,
habits, organization, and tactics. The more knowledge gained about
the enemy, particularly the enemy’s normal security measures, the
better the scout’s chances are to observe and obtain accurate
information with minimum risk to the mission’s success. Scouts gain
much of this knowledge through experience, but they also gain a great
deal of their preliminary information, particularly that pertaining
to enemy organization and tactics, during training and may be updated
by unit commanders and intelligence officers.
CHAPTER 4. DAYLIGHT SCOUTING
A scout must be able to operate in all types of terrain
and under all conditions of visibility. He must be
thoroughly familiar with the principles for using cover and
concealment, camouflage, individual movement, and route
selection, both to and from the objective.
4001. COVER AND CONCEALMENT
Cover is protection from the fire of hostile weapons. Concealment
is protection from observation or surveillance from hostile air
and ground observation, but not from hostile fire. Both cover and
concealment are divided into two main categories: natural and
artificial. Natural cover includes small hills, ditches, rocks or
vegetation. Fighting holes, bunkers, and brick walls are examples
of artificial cover. Some features, such as buildings, provide
both cover and concealment. In deciding whether to seek cover or
concealment, a scout must make the best choice to complete the
mission (see fig. 4-1).
Concealment Principles
Concealment principles are as follows:
• Remain motionless while observing. Anything in motion attracts
the eye.
• Use all available concealment.
• Observe from the prone position (it offers a low silhouette and
makes detection by the enemy difficult).
• Expose nothing that reflects light.
• Blend with the background because contrasting colors are
noticeable.
• Remain in the shade because moving shadows attract attention.
• Distort or change the regular outline of objects. Most military
objects have distinctive shapes that make obvious shadows and
silhouettes.
• Avoid the skyline. Figures on the skyline can be seen from great
distances and are easily identified by their outlines.
Concealment Techniques
Concealment techniques are as follows:
• When observing, the scout looks around an object’s side (unless
it is transparent) and prepares to fire, if necessary, around
the side of or, if possible, through an object.
• Looking or firing over an object can make the scout an easily
visible target for the enemy. If the scout must fire over the
top of concealment or cover, the outline of the head or helmet
should be broken or distorted.
• Upon the approach of an airplane, the scout takes a prone
position, turns face-down, and remains motionless. If surprised
by an airplane, the scout remains in place and does not look up.
• The scout covers exposed body parts such as the face, back of
the neck, and hands with grease paint, mud or other materials to
reduce sun reflection.
• Camouflage for equipment can be improvised from garnishing or
sandbags to prevent sun reflection.
• In snowy terrain, white overgarments are worn.
• The helmet cover outline should be distorted.
[Illustration:
CORRECT OBSERVING POSITION PRONE AROUND RIGHT SIDE OF TREE
FROM A DITCH OBSERVE OVER BROKEN EDGE WITH BACKGROUND
OBSERVE THRU BUSH IN PRONE POSITION
OBSERVE OVER A CREST AT A POINT WHERE IT IS BROKEN OR GRASSY
OBSERVE PRONE AROUND RIGHT SIDE OF ROCK
OBSERVE PRONE UNDER CROSSBAR OF FENCE
Figure 4-1. Correct Use of Cover.]
4002. CAMOUFLAGE
Camouflage is the use of concealment and disguise to minimize the
possibility of detection and/or identification of troops, material,
equipment, and installations. The purpose of camouflage is to provide
concealment of military objects from enemy observation. Camouflage
is also used to conceal an object by making it look like something
else. A scout’s mission usually requires individual and equipment
camouflage. If natural camouflage is not adequate, the position
is camouflaged. In using camouflage, remember that objects are
identified by their form (outline), shadow, texture, and color. The
principal purpose of camouflage in the field is to prevent direct
observation and recognition.
Individual Camouflage
Successful individual camouflage involves the ability to recognize
and take advantage of all forms of natural and artificial concealment
available (vegetation, soil, debris, etc.) and knowledge of the
proper use of artificial camouflage materials.
Aids to Individual Camouflage
A scout must recognize the terrain’s dominant color and pattern and
must change the appearance of clothing and equipment accordingly in
order to blend and not contrast with the terrain (see fig. 4-2).
The helmet is camouflaged by breaking up its shape, smooth surface,
and shadow. Use of a helmet cover works best. In the absence of
a helmet cover, mud can be irregularly blotched on the helmet to
disguise its form and dull the surface. A helmet cover may be
improvised from irregularly colored cloth or burlap to blend with the
background. Foliage can be draped to prevent the visor of the helmet
from casting a dark shadow across the face. Foliage should not stick
up like plumes because any head movement will give away the position.
A small, thin bush in the shadow of a large bush makes a good
observation point. Lone trees, rocks, fence corners, and outstanding
landmarks are easily picked up by the enemy as obvious observation
posts.
If camouflage clothing is not available, other available clothing can
be attached in irregular splotches of appropriate colors.
Exposed skin reflects light and attracts the enemy’s attention. Even
very dark skin will reflect light because of its natural oil. The
buddy system is recommended when applying camouflage. Standard Marine
Corps issue camouflage face paint sticks are two toned:
• Loam and light green for light-skinned troops, in all but snow
regions.
• Sand and light green for dark-skinned troops.
• Loam and white for troops in snow-covered terrain.
[Illustration: Figure 4-2. Avoid Contrasting Backgrounds.]
Shiny areas (forehead, cheekbones, nose, and chin) are painted
with a dark color. Shadow areas (around the eyes, under the nose,
and under the chin) are painted with a light color. Skin that is
exposed on the back of the neck and hands is painted with a two-color
combination in an irregular pattern (see fig. 4-3).
When standard issue face paint sticks are not available, burnt cork,
charcoal or lamp black can be used to tone down exposed areas of skin.
Mud is used only in an emergency because it changes color as it dries
and may peel off, leaving the skin exposed. Since mud may contain
harmful bacteria, mud should be washed off as soon as possible.
[Illustration:
SPLOTCHING
STRIPING
SPLOTCHING & STRIPING
Figure 4-3. Face Camouflage.]
Any equipment that reflects light should be covered with a
nonreflective material that aids in the concealment of the weapon
(for example, black electrical tape or mud). The straight line of the
rifle or other infantry weapons may be very conspicuous to an enemy
observer. The barrel and hand guard should be wrapped with strips
of contrasting colored cloth or tape to break the regular outline.
Mud or dirt dulls the reflecting surface of the stock, barrel, and
bayonet where coloring has been worn. Lamp black may also be used on
metal parts. The function of the weapon must not impaired.
If time, material, and surroundings permit, a ghillie suit should be
constructed. (Refer to MCWP 3-15.3, _Scout Sniping_.)
Aids to Camouflage a Position
To successfully camouflage a position, the scout must remember to--
• Camouflage the position as soon as it is occupied.
• Avoid using too much material for camouflage. Even though
natural materials are used, too much may make the object and
its shadow stand out from its surroundings, thus attracting the
attention of a hostile observer.
• Inspect completed camouflage work from the enemy’s point of view
to check effectiveness.
Continuous Camouflage
Camouflage around and on the scout’s position must be maintained in
a fresh condition as wilted and dead foliage can give the position
away. If the mission dictates that the position should be occupied
for longer periods, wilted foliage should be replaced during periods
of reduced visibility.
4003. INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT
Principles
The principles of individual movement are as follows:
• Scouts move from one concealed position to another. When not
changing positions, they remain motionless.
• The scout’s head is lifted slowly but steadily, without abrupt
movements, to search for a new position.
• Scouts select the next stopping place before moving and ensure
it is not contained by the enemy.
• Scouts change position on the run: springs up, runs with the
body bent low, zigzags, quickly drops to the ground slightly
to the right or left of the objective, then rolls or crawls to
the desired position. (Remember the phrase, “I’m up--he sees
me--I’m down.”)
Rushing
When starting from the prone position--
• Raise the head slowly and steadily and select a new position.
• Lower the head slowly, draw arms inward, cock right leg forward,
and prepare to rush.
• Use one movement to raise the body by straightening both arms.
• Spring to your feet, stepping off with the left foot.
• Bend forward as low as possible when running. Never advance
directly to the next position; always zigzag.
When hitting the deck--
• Stop.
• Plant both feet in place.
• Drop quickly to the knees and slide the hand to the heel of the
rifle.
• Fall forward, breaking your fall with the butt of the rifle. (To
confuse the enemy, roll over after hitting the deck and roll
into firing position with feet, knees, and stomach flat on the
ground.)
• Keep head down if you do not intend to fire.
When rolling over--
• Hit the deck and assume the prone position.
• Bring the rifle in close to the body, placing the rifle butt in
the crotch.
• Roll over swiftly to confuse any enemy observers as to final
intended location. Never reappear at the same place you went
down.
Low Crawl
The low crawl is used when--
• Cover and concealment are scarce.
• The enemy has good observation over the area in which the scout
is moving.
• Speed is not essential.
To perform the low crawl, keep the body as flat as possible against
the ground. Grasp the rifle sling at the upper sling swivel. Let the
balance of the rifle rest on the forearm and let the butt of the
rifle drag on the ground. Keep the muzzle off the ground.
To start forward, push arms forward and pull right leg forward. To
move forward, pull with arms and push with right leg. Change the
pushing leg frequently to avoid fatigue.
High Crawl
The high crawl is used when--
• Cover and/or concealment are available.
• Poor visibility reduces enemy observation.
• Greater speed of movement is required.
To perform the high crawl, keep body off the ground. Rest weight on
forearms and lower legs. Cradle rifle in arms, keeping the muzzle off
the ground. Keep knees well behind the buttocks to stay low.
Move forward, alternately advancing right forearm and left knee; then
left forearm and right knee.
Movement Aids
Aids to movement include--
• Carrying only necessities. Additional weight causes premature
fatigue and impedes free movement.
• Not disturbing birds or animals whose flight would betray your
presence. If birds or animals are alerted, remain motionless
under cover for a few minutes, as the enemy’s attention may also
be attracted.
• Moving during an incident that diverts attention, such as an
airplane flight, a distant disturbance or sudden bursts of fire.
• Fog, smoke, or even light haze offer concealment for movement;
however, the enemy may have thermoimagery and night vision
devices. Therefore, darkness and smoke cannot be used as easily.
• Following a stream or road by staying as far away from them as
possible while still keeping them in sight. Keep close to the
dune line when moving along a beach.
• When moving through tall grass or similar growth, move when the
wind blows, changing direction frequently. A straight route will
be more readily noticed.
• Whenever possible, avoid areas of soft ground so as not to leave
tracks.
• When crossing a road or water obstacle, choose crossing sites
where the enemy’s observation is restricted (an area in shadows
or near a bend) and cross rapidly.
4004. ROUTE SELECTION
Prior to Movement
A scout and the immediate commander conduct a map reconnaissance
before starting on a mission. This assists them in selecting the
route according to available cover and concealment and any indicated
enemy activity.
Prior to and during the course of the mission, move to an observation
point to visually reconnoiter the terrain for movement and select the
tentative route. It may be necessary to make wide detours around open
spaces or those containing enemy patrols or other enemy activity.
Carefully study the country to be traversed and pay close attention
to the general features, streams, ridges to be crossed, and their
relation to the general direction to be taken (see fig. 4-4).
Make notes of terrain features and landmarks along the proposed
route and rely on notes for guidance (see fig. 4-5 on page 4-6).
Additionally, determine the compass direction and readings for each
change of direction at the start. Finally, learn the location of
unit boundaries and observation/listening posts as well as general
location of other friendly or scouting parties. Be sure to avoid
man-made and natural obstacles as they will slow progress and overall
success of the mission. If possible, use the local populace as a
source of intelligence. When returning to friendly lines, avoid using
the same route.
En Route
En route, the actual advance will be a series of movements from one
observation point to the next. The distance and route will depend
on cover and terrain. Assess the cover, terrain, and any enemy or
civilian activity to determine whether or not to modify the approach
or return routes. Unless the mission requires it, avoid danger
areas (for example, houses, villages, potential assembly or bivouac
areas, roads, and streams) that may give away your position by being
observed by the enemy. When required to reconnoiter danger areas,
choose a covered approach and return, and make entry or passage as
quietly and quickly as possible. If part of a larger effort, the
approach and return should be covered by observation and fires of the
other members of the scouting party or patrol.
[Illustration:
STARTING POINT
CORRECT COVERED ROUTE
DIRECT ROUTE TO OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
SCOUT TRAVELING BY DIRECT ROUTE WILL BE VISIBLE ON FORWARD SLOPES
OBJECTIVE
Figure 4-4. Choosing a Concealed Route of Advance from a Map.]
Stream Crossings
When the crossing does not appear to be held by the enemy, advance
upon it rapidly. If there are two or more scouts, one crosses while
the other(s) provide protection. Note the length, width, depth,
and approaches to a crossing. Observe the condition of the road or
trail that crosses the stream, and report on the suitability of the
crossing for use by tracked and wheeled vehicles. If the crossing is
under observation by enemy, seek another crossing site or dash across
to avoid detection.
[Illustration: Figure 4-5. Proposed Route Sketch.]
CHAPTER 5. NIGHT SCOUTING
Night scouting presents many of the same problems
encountered in day operations--such as cover, concealment,
movement, and camouflage--as well as additional
considerations. Knowledge of human eye construction and
operation will enable maximum advantage under night
conditions or poor visibility.
5001. NIGHT VISION
Certain parts of the eye correspond to parts of a simple camera
(see fig. 5-1). The lens focuses light entering the eye similar to
a camera lens. The iris (colored part of eye) corresponds to the
diaphragm of a camera, opening and closing to regulate the amount of
light entering the eye through the pupil. The retina corresponds to
camera film. Light rays strike the retina, form an image, and cause
an impression to be transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve.
In a camera, the image is formed and fixed on film.
[Illustration: Figure 5-1. The Eye is Like a Camera.]
The retina is composed of cone cells and rod cells, so-called
because of their shapes. Cone cells distinguish color, shape, and
sharp contrast. Because they are activated by light conditions, they
are blind during periods of low illumination. Rod cells produce
a chemical substance called visual purple that makes them active
in darkness, low illumination or night conditions. Rod vision
distinguishes black, white, shades of gray, and general outlines.
Principles
To effectively “see” at night, the principles of night vision dark
adaptation, off-center vision, and scanning are applied.
_Dark Adaptation_
Allowing the eyes to become accustomed to low levels of illumination
is called dark adaptation. It takes the rod cells about 30 minutes
to produce enough visual purple to activate them and enable the eye
to distinguish objects in dim light. This may also be accomplished
by staying in a red-lighted area, or by wearing red goggles for 20
minutes, followed by 10 minutes in darkness (which allows the pupils
to open wide). This method saves valuable time by allowing Marines to
be in a lighted area to receive orders, check equipment, or perform
some other function before moving into darkness.
_Off-Center Vision_
The technique of focusing on an object without looking directly at
it is called off-center vision. When looking directly at an object,
the image is formed on the cone region, which is not sensitive at
night (see fig. 5-2 on page 5-2). When looking slightly to the left,
right, above or below an object, the image is formed on the area of
the retina containing rod cells, which are sensitive in darkness. The
most sensitive area varies in individuals, but is usually found by
looking 6 to 10 degrees away from an object; in effect, out of the
corner of the eye (see fig. 5-3 on page 5-2).
_Scanning_
Off-center vision used to observe an area or an object is called
scanning. When using rod vision, the visual purple in the rod cells
bleaches or blacks out in 4 to 10 seconds and the object observed
disappears. As the visual purple in the rod cells in one area
bleaches out, the eyes must slightly shift to use fresh rod cells.
Eyes should be moved in short, abrupt, irregular movements over and
around the target (see fig. 5-4).
[Illustration: LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE OBJECT SO THAT THE IMAGE IS
FORMED ON THE CONE REGION (YOUR DAY EYES)
Figure 5-2. Day Vision.]
[Illustration: CENTER OBJECT AT 12 O’CLOCK AND LOOK SLIGHTLY TOWARD
11 O’CLOCK OR 1 O’CLOCK]
[Illustration: LOOK SLIGHTLY AWAY FROM THE OBJECT SO THAT THE IMAGE
IS FORMED ON THE ROD REGION (YOUR NIGHT EYES)]
Figure 5-3. Night Vision.
Preserving Night Vision
Night vision is quickly destroyed if bright light is allowed to
enter the eye. When entering a lighted area or when observing in a
temporarily lighted area (illumination, flares), one eye should be
closed and covered to preserve its night vision. When the light goes
off, fades or the lighted area is exited, the night vision retained
by the protected eye enables it to see until the other eye adapts to
the darkness. Red light helps preserve night vision, but like white
light, it can be observed at long distances.
Factors that decrease night visual acuity include fatigue, lack of
oxygen, long exposure to sunlight, alcohol, nicotine (within the past
48 hours), and age. When night vision has been attained, straining
will not improve effectiveness; however, practice identifying objects
at night will improve perception.
5002. APPEARANCE OF OBJECTS
Darkness not only makes objects difficult to see but also changes
their appearance, distorts size, and blots out details. A tree
visible against the night sky appears smaller than in the daytime
because the twigs at the end of branches cannot be seen. A scout must
train to identify objects by block outlines at night and cannot rely
on details visible in daylight. Binoculars enlarge objects or parts
of objects otherwise too small to be seen and help identify objects
already spotted. Night observation devices increase night visibility
and should be used whenever possible.
5003. SOUNDS
At night, sounds become very important. By listening, a scout gains
information about the enemy and by exercising care, keeps information
from the enemy. A scout stops frequently to listen. Scouts must
listen for long periods in perfect silence. Hearing is amplified with
the mouth open; removing the helmet will reduce sound distortion.
Sounds are transmitted a greater distance in wet weather and at night
than in dry weather and in the daytime. By holding the ear close to
the ground sounds of people walking and vehicles moving can be heard.
Sound travels approximately 370 meters a second. When a flash from
a fired weapon is observed, the range to the weapons can be easily
estimated by counting the time interval between the flash and hearing
the report. For example, counting to three (one thousand one, one
thousand two, one thousand three), indicates the distance is 1,110
meters. The cadence is determined by actual practice at known ranges.
[Illustration: Figure 5-4. Scanning]
5004. SMELLS AND TOUCH
A scout’s sense of smell can warn of enemy fires, cooking, motor
parks, gasoline and diesel engines, and bodies of water. A scout
must feel and recognize objects in the dark, and adjust and operate
equipment quietly by sense of touch.
5005. CLOTHING AND WEAPONS
All loose clothing must be secured (string or tape can be used) to
prevent snagging on barbed wire, brambles, and brush. Helmet covers
are worn to muffle sounds made by low branches.
The belt buckle should be turned around to the side in order to move
in a prone position without scraping the buckle against stones or
hard surfaces. Identification tags can be taped together to prevent
rattling. Hands, face, and neck can be blackened so skin does not
reflect light or appear as white spots in the darkness. (Refer to
para. 4002.)
Scouts are normally armed with rifles. Rifle slings should be taped
to prevent rattling. All weapons parts should be checked for glare
elimination measures.
5006. CONCEALMENT
Although total darkness provides concealment, scouts must observe the
same principles of concealment during moonlight conditions as in the
daytime. Scouts should assume enemy employment of night observation
devices and observe the principles of night movement such that
presence will not be disclosed by noise when close to the enemy.
5007. AIDS TO NIGHT SCOUTING
Aids to night scouting include the following:
• Carry out scouting missions close to or within hostile positions
on dark or rainy nights.
• Stifle a threatening sneeze by pressing fingers upward against
the nostrils.
• Stifle a threatening cough by applying slight pressure with the
finger on the Adam’s apple.
• Stop a ringing sound that interferes with hearing by yawning.
• Speak softly rather than whispering if voice communication is
necessary.
• Move boldly and rapidly when taking advantage of any sound--such
as shelling, rustling wind or distant firing--to push forward if
firing is taking place.
• Avoid shell craters and depressions in damp weather conditions
if the enemy has employed chemical munitions.
• Move the eyes constantly; concentrating on one object too long
will strain them.
• Take notice of the enemy’s use of flares. When the enemy employs
flares, few enemy patrols are apt to be out; when flares are not
employed, the enemy’s patrols are likely to be numerous.
• Drop to a prone position upon hearing a flare being fired and
before it illuminates. Remain motionless while it is burning. If
open or moving when a flare bursts in the air, freeze or drop
quickly in the split second after the flare illuminates while
the enemy is blinded. You are an easy target for the enemy if
the flare bursts in the air or on the ground behind you. Never
look at a flare. If you activate a trip flare, drop to the
ground and crawl away from the illuminated area.
• Consider all patrols or individuals encountered as hostile
until proven friendly. If encountering someone, crouch low,
silhouetting the approaching person against the sky. At the same
time, make yourself an indistinct target in case the person
encountered is an enemy.
• Return fire only to avoid capture if fired on when close to
enemy positions.
5008. AIDS TO NIGHT MOVEMENT
Aids to night movement include the following:
• Move silently.
• Advance in stealthy legs. Each leg should follow some terrain
feature that serves as a guide. When there are no terrain
features to serve as guides, move in a straight or nearly
straight line from one defined point to another, or maintain
direction by using a compass.
• Avoid running, except in an emergency.
• Take advantage of sounds that may distract the enemy.
• Fall silently without making an outcry.
Walking
When walking at night--
• Place the heel down first. Balance the weight of the body on the
rear foot until a secure spot is found.
• Lift the forward foot high to clear any stiff grass, brush, or
other obstruction.
• Continue to balance body weight on the rear foot, lower the
forward foot gently, toe first, to explore the ground for
objects that might make noise. Step over fallen logs and
branches, not on them.
• Lower the heel of the forward foot slowly; gradually
transferring body weight to that foot.
Creeping
The low crawl and high crawl are not suitable at night when very near
the enemy because an easily heard shuffling noise results. Creeping
is the recommended method of movement:
• Creep at night on the hands and knees.
• Use your hands to feel for twigs, leaves or other substances
that might make a noise. Clear a spot to place your knee.
Keeping your hand at that spot, bring your knee forward until
it meets your hand. Then place your knee on the ground and
repeat the action with the other hand and knee.
[Illustration]
• Lay the rifle on the ground at your side and clear an area for
it. Lift the rifle up and move it forward. Movement is slow and
tedious, since it must be done silently.
[Illustration]
Hitting the Deck at Night (Right-Handed Shooter)
To safely hit the deck at night from the standing position--
• Advance your left leg, place the butt of the rifle in your right
armpit with the hand remaining on the pistol grip, and grasp it
with the right hand at the balance.
[Illustration]
• Quietly drop down on the right knee and left hand.
[Illustration]
• Move the left leg carefully to the rear, and then move the right
leg to the rear.
[Illustration]
• Lie flat on the ground, or take up a firing position if
necessary.
[Illustration]
Wire Obstacles
[Illustration: Figure 5-5. Crossing Wire Silently at Night.]
A mission often requires a scout to pass through and work behind
enemy positions. To accomplish this, the scout must be able to
quietly pass through enemy wire obstacles and cross trenches. Cutting
a gap in wire is time-consuming. If possible, walk over the low bands
of enemy wire and crawl under the high bands (see fig. 5-5). Avoid
movement along wire barriers, as enemy covering fires are generally
planned parallel to them to take advantage of canalization and
enfilade fire.
To step over low wire at night, crouch low to view the strands
against the sky. Grasp the top strand with one hand; with the other
hand, reach forward and feel for a clear spot for foot placement
without stepping on other strands or any object apt to make a noise.
Raise the body up, still grasping the top strand of wire. To avoid
catching the foot in another strand, lift the foot up and over,
passing it close to the hand grasping the wire.
If a high wire obstacle is encountered at night and wire cutters are
not available, pass under the wire with your back on the ground.
Grasp the lowest strands in your hands and hold them clear of the
body while you slide under them.
When cutting wire and working solo, cut a wire near a post (see fig.
5-6), then dispose of all but one loose end. Grasp the wire close to
a post and cut between your hand and the post, muffling the sound and
keeping the loose wire in your grasp. When cutting wire in tandem,
one firmly holds the wire with the hands positioned close to the
cutters, in order to muffle the sound and prevent the loose ends from
flying back, while the other one cuts. In both instances, the loose
ends of the wire are bent back to form a passage.
[Illustration:
WHEN TWO SCOUTS CUT WIRE TOGETHER, ONE HOLDS WIRE FIRMLY, CLOSE TO
CUTTERS, IN ORDER TO MUFFLE SOUND AND KEEP LOOSE WIRE FROM SNAPPING
BACK WHILE THE OTHER SCOUT CUTS.
IN CUTTING WIRE ALONE, A SCOUT GRASPS WIRE CLOSE TO A STAKE AND HIS
HAND, THUS MUFFLING SOUND AND KEEPING LOOSE WIRE IN HIS GRASP TO
PREVENT ITS SNAPPING BACK.
Figure 5-6. Cutting Wire Silently at Night.]
Wrap a sandbag around the wire cutters and wire to deaden the sound.
Do not cut a complete gap in the wire; cut only the bottom wire(s).
Leave the top wire(s) intact to lessen the chance of discovery by the
enemy.
Crossing Trenches
Before approaching a trench, wait outside the trench for a while
and listen. Do not enter or cross a trench near its junction with a
communication trench. Crawl silently up to the edge of the trench
and look into it. Remove all loose dirt and rocks from the edge. If
it is a narrow trench, spring up and jump across, sinking quietly to
the ground on the other side and remaining there a moment to listen
before proceeding. If the trench is wide, climb silently and slowly
down into it and out the other side, using the revetment for support
(see fig. 5-7). Do not enter enemy trenches unless it is absolutely
necessary in order to accomplish the mission. Ordinarily, work is
better accomplished from outside the trench. Sentries usually pay
more attention to sounds in front of them; therefore, if it is
necessary to enter a trench, cross it first at the place where enemy
observation is restricted, then approach from the rear.
[Illustration:
CRAWL SILENTLY UP TO TRENCH AND LOOK IN. REMOVE ALL LOOSE DIRT AND
ROCKS FROM EDGE IF IT IS A NARROW TRENCH.
SPRING UP. LEAP ACROSS THE TRENCH LANDING ON ONE FOOT WITH THE OTHER
FOOT HELD BEHIND TO CATCH YOURSELF IN CASE YOU MISS THE EDGE OF THE
TRENCH IN JUMPING.
ON THE OTHER SIDE, DROP NOISELESSLY TO THE GROUND. LIE MOTIONLESS
AND LISTEN BEFORE PROCEEDING.
WIDE TRENCH
CLIMB SILENTLY DOWN ONE SIDE AND UP THE OTHER MAKING USE OF
REVETMENT FOR SUPPORT.
Figure 5-7. Crossing Trenches Silently at Night.]
5009. LOCATING AND PLOTTING THE ENEMY AT NIGHT
For night work, a scout must understand the use of a lensatic
compass. (Refer to para. 2002.) Using the lensatic compass, the scout
can guide the platoon into position, locate adjoining elements of the
command, keep direction when on patrol, determine the location of
gaps in the enemy wire and the position of enemy out guards.
Locating Gaps in Enemy Wire
When searching for gaps in enemy wire, at least two lensatic
compasses are needed: one to register the gap in the wire and the
other for navigation. When a gap in enemy wire is located, lie
outside the gap, keeping a distance of 10 meters from the barbed
wire. Sight with the lensatic compass on a prominent point on the
skyline in line with the gap. In selecting the prominent point in
the skyline, pick one that appears on the map (i.e., hill mass,
house, road junction). If the only prominent point available is one
not identifiable on a map (i.e., a tree, destroyed vehicle, enemy
position), use it. The exact location of this point can be fixed the
next day by visual reconnaissance of the area from an observation
point. When the needle rests--
• Clamp it in place by lowering the eyepiece to the closed position
• Rotate the movable bezel ring until the luminous line is
directly over the north end of the needle. The azimuth of the
gap from the prominent point is now registered.
The compass is carried back without further adjustment. The azimuth
setting can be recorded later on a map (see fig 5-8).
[Illustration: LIE OUTSIDE OF GAP IN ENEMY’S WIRE AND SIGHT WITH
COMPASS ON A PROMINENT POINT ON THE SKYLINE BEHIND OWN LINES. ROTATE
THE LUMINOUS INDEX TO A POINT OVER THE NORTH END OF THE NEEDLE AND
RECORD THE AZIMUTH.
GAP IN THE ENEMY’S WIRE
Figure 5-8. Locating a Gap in Enemy Wire at Night.]
Locating Enemy Out Guards
At night, locate enemy guards by their sounds and failure to
maintain light discipline. As sounds of the enemy are heard, and/or
observations of the enemy made, shoot an azimuth with one compass.
When the needle comes to rest, clamp the compass by lowering the
eyepiece to the closed position.
Note the time and nature of each sound, the estimated distance, and
which compass was used to fix the location. Plot this data on a map
then wait until the debrief to turn in the notes and compasses. See
figure 5-9.
[Illustration: ADVANCE ON A KNOWN AZIMUTH, ARRIVING AT A KNOWN POINT
OUTSIDE THE ENEMY’S POSITION. LIE HERE UNTIL SOUNDS INDICATE POSITION
OF ONE OF THE ENEMY OUTGUARDS.
ENEMY OUTGUARD
Figure 5-9. Locating Enemy Outguards at Night.]
50010. ROUTES OF MOVEMENT
Prior to beginning a night mission, a scout studies the ground in
detail from an observation point, air photos, and a map during
daylight. The route of advance should be below the skyline. Avoid
becoming a silhouette (see fig. 5-10).
Unless the moon is bright, avoid, if possible, passing through woods,
ditches, ravines, and brush, because noises of movement may lead to
discovery. If the enemy is known to have night observation device
capability, avoiding these kinds of terrain may not be possible. To
avoid enemy ambushes, return by a different route from the advance
and change routes on successive nights.
~DAY~ (white arrows)
SCOUT COMES OVER THE HILL UNDER COVER OF WOODS
WORKS ON IN BRUSH HEDGE
MOVES BEHIND SCRUB ALONG FENCE
ENTERS BUSHES
CONTINUES IN COVER AFFORDED BY BANK AND BUSHES ALONG STREAM
[Illustration]
~NIGHT~ (black arrows)
SCOUT AVOIDS WOODS ON ACCOUNT OF NOISE AND COMES OVER HILL IN LOW
PLACE
AVOIDS HEDGE AND COMES DOWN LOW OPEN DRAW
CONTINUES DOWN DRAW AVOIDING BUSHES.
AVOIDS BUSHES.
AVOIDING STREAM, BANKS, AND BUSHES GOES ON IN LOW GROUND WHERE
STREAM FLOWS.
[Illustration:
When moving at night without a compass, use the stars and objects
that appear silhouetted against the sky as your guide.]
Figure 5-10. Difference Between Correct Routes by Day or Night.
CHAPTER 6. OBSERVING AND REPORTING
When sent out on a mission, a scout’s duties are to
observe and report. The first five chapters covered scout
protection measures and movement in enemy territory. This
chapter discusses performing the assigned mission and
reporting the mission after its completion.
6001. OBSERVATION POSTS
Positions
The following guidelines apply to observation posts. See figure 6-1.
• When selecting observation posts, scouts should chose the least
prominent position.
• Scouts may occupy one or more observation posts.
• An observation post should not be manned for more than 24 hours.
• A selected observation post should be observed for 10 to 15
minutes to ensure it is not occupied.
• Scouts move to the chosen observation post by a concealed route.
• If the post is located on a hill, crawl to a position where the
skyline is broken.
• If a tree is used, the position should have a background so
as not to be silhouetted against the sky while climbing or
observing.
• When leaving the observation post, a different route from that
of the approach should be used.
• If a radio is used, its antenna should be located to provide
clear communication to the controlling commander but masked
from enemy observation and direction-finding equipment.
Upon departure, scouts should remove the antennae from the
observation post so as not to give away the position.
[Illustration:
OBSERVE DESIRED POSITION FROM A PLACE OF CONCEALMENT FOR SIGNS
OF HOSTILE OCCUPATION. APPROACH SELECTED POSITION BY A CONCEALED
ROUTE.
Figure 6-1. Method of Approaching an Observation Post.]
Observing
Using all senses available, be particularly alert for movement,
objects, sounds, and smells inappropriate to the surroundings. While
observing, avoid all unnecessary movement. If observing from a
building, keep back from doors and windows.
In daylight, look first at the ground nearest you. Begin observing
close to your post and search a narrow strip 50 meters or less deep,
going from right to left parallel to your front; then search from
left to right a second and similar strip farther away but overlapping
the first. Continue to observe until the entire field of view has
been searched (see fig. 6-2 on page 6-2).
At night, use a night observation device. If one is not available,
search the horizon with short, jerky movements, and short pauses.
Look a little to one side of an object and then to the other. Lower
the head close to the ground to view the object more clearly. Use
low-powered field glasses to increase sight range.
[Illustration: Figure 6-2. Method of Searching Ground.]
6002. REPORTING
It is imperative that the scout accurately and completely report
who, where, when, and what was observed to the proper authority upon
mission completion. In most cases, a scout will not be equipped with
a radio.
Verbal Reports
Verbal reports should be made when writing is impractical, when
the information is not complicated or when the enemy is likely to
intercept a messenger carrying a written message.
Written Messages
Written messages, preferred to verbal reports, are recorded in
message book blanks issued for that purpose (see fig. 6-3) and
delivered to a higher authority as soon as possible. The NATO spot
report (SPOTREP) should be reviewed as the written message is a NATO
format.
[Illustration: Figure 6-3. Sample Field Message.]
The message body is brief, accurate, and clear; facts and opinions
are distinguished. If secondhand information is reported, its source
is included. Reports include all information of value, first about
the enemy, and then about the originator. Information about the enemy
should cover--
• Size and/or strength.
• Actions or activity.
• Location and direction of movement.
• Unit identification. (The designation of the enemy unit may be
derived from unit markings, uniforms worn or through prisoner
interrogation.)
• Time of observation.
• Equipment and weapons.
Messages are printed in block letters. Individual items of
information are numbered and separated into paragraphs. If doubt
exists as to message receipt by the commander, a summary of its
contents is included in the next message. Information about the
originator or writer should cover--
• Location at the time of enemy observation (reference to an
important terrain feature, by map coordinates, by the back
azimuth from each of two definitely located points, or the back
azimuth and distance from one known point).
• Intentions. (Remain in position? Continue on the mission? Take
other action?)
The message is carefully reread and if possible read by another
person to ensure understandability. If a messenger is used, the
messenger must read and understand the message in order to answer any
questions the commander might have.
Sketch
Information difficult to describe may be given accurately on a simple
sketch. The sketch may give all the necessary information or it
may be used to supplement a written message. A military sketch is
generally one of two types: simple or panoramic. The simple sketch is
easily made and read.
Figure 6-4 shows a simple sketch that has been included in the
message itself. The sketch may be on a separate sheet of paper, but
all of the necessary information must be contained in either the
sketch, the message or both.
The panoramic sketch is a picture of the terrain’s elevation in
perspective, as seen from one point of observation. Although a
panoramic sketch is not difficult to create, skill and training are
necessary to enhance usefulness. Figure 6-5 on page 6-4 illustrates
how to make a panoramic sketch.
Overlay
The same information sent back to higher headquarters on the sketch
may be sent on an overlay, if the sender and the person to whom the
message is to be sent have copies of the same map. Figure 6-6 on page
6-6 illustrates a simple overlay. The overlay is drawn on transparent
paper as follows:
• Orient the map and place it on a hard, flat surface.
• Place the transparent paper over the part of the map of the
object or information to be transmitted and hold the paper in
this position.
• Orient the overlay to the map by tracing in the intersecting
grid lines at two opposite corners of the overlay. Write the
correct number designation on the overlay. The cross made by the
intersection is called a _tick mark_ and enables the receiver to
locate the exact area on the map covered by the overlay.
• Sketch the object seen or the information to be transmitted on
the tracing paper (the sheet on top of the map) in the exact
location it would appear on the map (the sheet underneath the
tracing paper). Explanatory notes are annotated in the overlay’s
margin, arrows point to the objectives.
[Illustration:
TREE CLUMP ON SMOKE HILL
071405 JULY 1999
FIND THE AZIMUTH AND ESTIMATE THE DISTANCE TO THE OBJECT
SAME FOR REFERENCE POINT SHOWN ON MAP
Figure 6-4. Making a Simple Sketch.]
• Indicate with an “X” and an appropriate explanation the position
from which the observer saw the object or obtained information.
• Include title and scale of the map from which the overlay was
made, date and hour the information was obtained, and signature
of the observer on the overlay in the lower right-hand corner.
[Illustration:
DRAW THE HORIZONTAL LINES OF A LANDSCAPE.
PUT IN THE PROMINENT POINTS.
TRENCHES IN WHEAT FIELD RED TANK AND BARN AZIMUTH 22°
PUT NOTES ABOVE SKETCH. PUT AZIMUTH FROM POSITION TO MOST PROMINENT
POINT IN THE SKETCH.
GIVE SKETCH A TITLE. SHOW WHERE IT WAS MADE, THE DATE AND TIME, AND
SIGN IT.
Tree Clump on Smoke Hill 071405 July 1999
Figure 6-5. Panoramic Sketch.]
[Illustration:
NOT TO SCALE
MAP EMMITSBURG SHEET
0800 5 OCTOBER 1999
Figure 6-6. Simple Overlay.]
CHAPTER 7. Scouting Fire Teams
Upon completion of individual training, a Marine adapts
this training to the functioning of the unit. The basic
tactical unit for scouting is the fire team. Within the
fire team, scouts normally work in pairs to furnish
security and gather information. Information gathered by
the individual scouts is passed to the fire team leader.
7001. POSITIONING
When a rifle platoon in the approach march is not preceded by
adjacent units (left, right, front, and rear), it employs its own
scouting elements. The scouting element for a platoon is usually one
fire team; however, an entire squad may be used.
A fire team used as a scouting element is called a scouting fire team
and is controlled by the platoon commander, assisted by the squad
leader. A squad leader whose squad is providing the scouting fire
teams normally marches near the platoon commander to assist in the
control of the scouting fire teams.
A scouting fire team moves aggressively to cover the front of the
advancing platoon and to locate the enemy’s position(s). It generally
moves in a wedge or skirmisher’s formation. Normally, a scouting fire
team is deployed on a frontage of 50 to 75 meters (10 to 17 meters
between each individual scout). The entire squad may be employed
to cover a wider frontage. The platoon commander coordinates the
movement of the scouting fire team(s) so as to protect the main body
of the platoon from enemy fire from points within 400 to 600 meters
away, or in close terrain from points within the limits of enemy
observation.
Scouting fire team(s) should have enough firepower to overcome
resistance from small enemy advanced posts and patrols; the intent
is to make enemy riflemen and machine gunners open fire and disclose
their positions. Without scouts in advance, the platoon may move into
areas where enemy fire may prevent further advance or maneuver and
inflict heavy casualties (see fig. 7-1).
Scouting fire teams are covered by the platoon or, when the platoon
is masked, the fire team leader ensures individual scouts are
maneuvered and coordinated so that the fire team covers its own
advance. The fire team leader constantly watches for signals from the
platoon commander and remains in visual contact at all times.
The distance between the scouting fire team and the platoon is
terrain-dependent. The scouting fire team should not be beyond
visibility of the platoon. In open terrain, the platoon commander
usually directs the scouting fire team to move by bounds along a
succession of locations designated by the platoon commander as
intermediate objectives.
Individual scouts should advance as stealthily as possible, while
remaining consistent with their mission of reconnaissance to the
front, taking advantage of cover without delaying the advance. An
occasional glimpse of scouts constantly advancing over a wide front
can make the enemy uneasy. It is this activity, and not the target
the scouts offer, that may cause the enemy to open fire and disclose
its location.
[Illustration:
Figure 7-1. Position of Scouts Preceding an Attacking Platoon.]
When fired upon, scouts must drop to cover and return fire only when
necessary to complete the mission. If necessary, one scout reports
back to the fire team leader who informs the platoon commander.
7002. LOCATING ENEMY POSITIONS
The key terrain of defensive positions are those points that afford
extended observation over the ground where the attack must advance.
The enemy will place machine guns and infantry to defend critical
points.
Members of a scouting fire team preceding an attacking platoon
identify the probable enemy infantry and machine gun positions (see
fig. 7-2). They use concealment and cover to conduct their advance in
order to discover the exact location of enemy positions.
7003. ACTION WITH AN ATTACKING PLATOON
The scouting fire team reconnoiters to the front of the advancing
platoon. As soon as the scouting fire team leader indicates the area
is secure, the platoon advances and the scouting fire team moves
forward. Squads within the platoon advance by bounds; at least one
squad is positioned to support the other(s) by fire. Successive
positions along the line of advance are selected and designated by
the platoon commander as intermediate objectives, and reconnoitered
by the scouting fire team before occupation. By conducting proper
reconnaissance, surprise by the enemy or movement in the wrong
direction may be prevented.
Movement
The distance between the scouting fire team and the front of the
main body of the platoon is dependent on the mission, enemy, terrain
and weather, troops and support available, and time available
(METT-T). In close terrain, such as dense woods, the scouting fire
team’s movements closely resemble those used for night operations.
In approaching houses, woods, and villages, one scout of each pair
covers the other while the latter reconnoiters (see fig. 7-3).
A scouting fire team moves forward aggressively to cover the front of
the advancing platoon, usually adopting either skirmisher’s or wedge
formation in order to be prepared to go into action immediately and
to cover a wide frontage of 50 to 75 meters.
[Illustration:
PICK OUT POSSIBLE POSITIONS THAT HAVE A GOOD FIELD OF FIRE,
INDICATED BY ↓ ↑ BELOW.
POSITIONS WHICH AFFORD THE ENEMY COVER ARE POSSIBLE MACHINEGUN
POSITIONS.
POSITIONS FROM WHICH FLANKING FIRE CAN BE DELIVERED ARE CONSIDERED
THE MOST DANGEROUS.
Figure 7-2. Assessing Probable Enemy Machine Gun Positions.]
As a scouting fire team advances in open terrain, it is supported
when possible by elements of the platoon; in close terrain, by
mutual support within each fire team. Mutual support within the
fire team is accomplished by the fire team leader and the automatic
rifleman forming a team that supports by fire the advance of the
rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman until they reach a location
designated by the fire team leader. The rifleman and assistant
automatic rifleman then support by fire the movement of the team
leader and automatic rifleman. These successive points to which the
sub elements of the fire team move are normally designated as fire
team intermediate objectives by the fire team leader. The fire team
leader sets as many fire team intermediate objectives as necessary
to maintain mutual support within the team. This process is repeated
until the team can be covered by other elements of the rifle platoon.
A scouting fire team takes advantage of available cover and
concealment without delaying its advance. The orders of the platoon
commander govern the distance at which it precedes the platoon. The
terrain and the probable position of the enemy affect the scouting
fire team’s distance in front of the platoon. It may be as much as
400 to 600 meters in advance of the platoon. In open terrain, the
platoon commander usually directs that the scouting fire team move by
bounds to a succession of intermediate objectives. In close terrain
or conditions of limited visibility, the scouting fire team is
normally ordered to precede the platoon at the limit of visibility,
maintaining visual contact with the platoon commander.
[Illustration:
With platoon in woods, scouts reach open field and see house ahead.
They signal halt, meaning that the platoon should not advance
beyond this point.
Reconnaissance shows house to be clear. Scouts signal forward and
proceed.]
[Illustration:
Crossing open space, scout sees position from which machine gun may
sweep this area. He signals double time and points to the MG
position meaning this area is dangerous. From that point platoon
should hurry across.]
[Illustration:
Scout reconnoiters for a short distance into woods. Finding edge of
woods to be unoccupied, another scout returns to edge of woods
and signals forward. They both enter woods and wait for platoon
to close up.]
Figure 7-3. Conduct of Scouts Preceding a Platoon.
Action in Woods
When a scouting fire team is directed to advance over open ground
to the edge of a woodline, two members of the team, preferably the
rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman, reconnoiter inside the
woodline while the remainder of the fire team covers them. It is not
recommended they separate until finished with their reconnaissance of
the far side of the danger area. Both members staying together can
cover the same area using a zigzag reconnaissance and they are better
equipped to overcome any opposition.
In heavy underbrush and/or poor visibility, the rifleman and
assistant automatic rifleman proceed into the woodline together for
50 to 60 meters. The two then separate, searching out either flank to
the first high ground or limits of observation, probably 50 to 100
meters (see fig. 7-4 on page 7-4). After the initial search and out
posting the limit of advance, the remaining scout signals the fire
team forward.
In light underbrush and/or good visibility, the assistant automatic
rifleman remains at the edge of the woodline while the rifleman
searches the woodline, (see fig. 7-5 on page 7-5). The rifleman
searches the woodline in a zigzag pattern, reports back to the
assistant automatic rifleman, then moves to an outpost position at
the limit of advance. In turn, the fire team leader signals the
platoon commander that it is safe for the platoon to move forward.
The fire team leader then moves the remainder of the fire team into
the woods, joining up with the forward scout manning the outpost. The
scouting fire team occupies and holds a line 50 to 75 meters within
the woods and observes toward the direction of movement until the
platoon closes up. The scouting fire team leader awaits further word
from the platoon commander before moving the team further into the
woods.
When directed, the scouting fire team leader moves the team forward
until they reach the far edge of the woods. The team is held at the
edge of the woods and the fire team leader notifies the platoon
commander of the situation. The platoon commander moves the platoon
to a position where it can cover the scouting fire team as it exits
the woods and directs the team leader to move out and continue the
scouting mission.
[Illustration:
A--Both scouts enter woodline.
B--Scouts separate.
C--Scouts link up; one scout stops and signals all clear to
the fire team leader. The other scout again advances into
the woods.
D--Outpost position of scout.
Figure 7-4. Searching Edge of a Woodline (Dense Underbrush/Poor
Visibility).]
A scouting fire team passing through woods ahead of its unit
maintains a distance allowing visual and oral communications. If an
obstacle is encountered, reconnaissance to its front and flanks must
be carried out. When advancing along a road or path, scouts precede
the platoon to provide necessary protection and to prevent surprise
fire on the platoon. When crossing a road or path, they reconnoiter
well to the flanks before signaling “all clear” to the platoon.
The scouting fire team will not exit the woods until the arrival of
the platoon commander, who will then be given an opportunity to alter
the disposition or direction of march. The point where the platoon
exits the woods is considered a danger area where the platoon is
vulnerable to enemy fire. The scouting fire team is sent ahead to
reconnoiter the danger area, as well as the next area to be occupied
by the platoon. They signal back whether conditions require a halt,
an advance or a quick rush across the open area. The scouting fire
team leader must be continually on the lookout for signals from the
rear.
Action Under Fire
When a scouting fire team is fired upon, they immediately take cover,
locate targets, and return fire. The scouting fire team leader then
determines--
• Location of enemy (range and reference points).
• Extent of position (location of flanks).
• Types of positions (obstacles, bunkers, fighting holes,
etc.).
• Number of enemy.
• Enemy weapons (machine guns, mortars, tanks, etc.).
The platoon commander assesses the situation as quickly as possible
based on the limited information obtained. Usually the platoon
commander brings up the remaining squads, sets up a base of fire,
and assaults the enemy position. Should the enemy position prove too
strong for the platoon, the platoon remains engaged with the enemy
as a base of fire until the remainder of the company is committed to
clear the enemy resistance.
[Illustration:
A--Both scouts enter woods. Assistant automatic rifleman
remains here and covers forward movement of rifleman.
B through G--Rifleman moves to these positions, stopping and
observing before moving to next position.
G to A--Rifleman reports results of his search to the
assistant automatic rifleman.
A to H--Rifleman moves to outpost position.
Figure 7-5. Searching Edge of a Woodline (Light Underbrush/Good
Visibility).]
7004. ACTION WITH AN ENVELOPING UNIT
When a platoon is given the mission to envelop an enemy position, a
scouting fire team is employed for protection and reconnaissance in
the same way as when the platoon is advancing in the approach march.
PART 2. INFANTRY PATROLLING