HURON, the second largest of the Great Lakes of North America, including
Georgian Bay and the channel north of Manitoulin Island, which are
always associated with it. It lies between the parallels of 43 deg. and
46 deg. 20' N. and between the meridians of 80 deg. and 84 deg. W., and
is bounded W. by the state of Michigan, and N. and E. by the province of
Ontario, Georgian Bay and North Channel being wholly within Canadian
territory. The main portion of the lake is 235 m. long from the Strait
of Mackinac to St Clair river, and 98 m. wide on the 45th parallel of
latitude. Georgian Bay is 125 m. long, with a greatest width of 60 m.,
while North Channel is 120 m. long, with an extreme width of 16 m., the
whole lake having an area of 23,200 sq. m. The surface is 581 ft. above
the sea. The main lake reaches a depth of 802 ft.; Georgian bay shows
depths, especially near its west shore, of over 300 ft.; North Channel
has depths of 180 ft. Lake Huron is 20 ft. lower than Lake Superior,
whose waters it receives at its northern extremity through St. Mary
river, is on the same level as Lake Michigan, which connects with its
north-west extremity through the Strait of Mackinac, and is nearly 9 ft.
higher than Lake Erie, into which it discharges at its south extremity
through St Clair river.
On the mainland, the north and east shores are of gneisses and
granites of archaean age, with a broken and hilly surface rising in
places to 600 ft. above the lake and giving a profusion of islands
following the whole shore line from the river St Mary to Waubaushene
at the extreme east end of Georgian bay. Manitoulin Island and the
Saugeen Peninsula are comparatively flat and underlaid by a level bed
of Trenton limestone. The southern shores, skirting the peninsula of
Michigan, are flat. The rock formations are of sandstone and
limestone, while the forests are either a tangled growth of pine and
spruce or a scattered growth of small trees on a sandy soil. This
shore is indented by Thunder bay, 78 sq. m. in area, and Saginaw bay,
50 m. deep and 26 m. wide across its mouth.
The chief tributaries of the lake on the U.S. side are Thunder bay
river, Au Sable river and Saginaw river. On the Canadian side are
Serpent river, Spanish river, French river, draining Lake Nipissing,
Muskoka river, Severn river, draining lake Simcoe, and Nottawasaga
river, all emptying into Georgian bay and North Channel, and Saugeen
and Maitland rivers, flowing into the main lake. These have been or
are largely used in connexion with pine lumbering operations. They,
with smaller streams, drain a basin of 75,300 sq. m.
There is a slight current in Lake Huron skirting the west shore from
inlet to outlet. At the south end it turns and passes up the east coast.
There is also a return current south of Manitoulin Island and a current,
sometimes attaining a strength of half a knot, passes into Georgian bay
through the main entrance. Ice and navigation conditions and yearly
levels are similar to those on the other Great Lakes (q.v.).
Practically all the United States traffic is confined to vessels passing
through the main lake between Lakes Superior and Michigan and Lake Erie,
but on the Canadian side are several railway termini which receive grain
mostly from Lake Superior, and deliver mixed freight to ports on that
lake. The chief of these are Parry Sound, Midland, Victoria Harbour,
Collingwood, Owen Sound, Southampton, Kincardine, Goderich and Sarnia,
at the outlet of the lake. The construction of a ship canal to connect
Georgian bay with Montreal by way of French river, Lake Nipissing and
Ottawa river began in 1910. A river and lake route with connecting
canals, in all about 440 m. long, will be opened for vessels of 20 ft.
draught at a cost estimated at L20,000,000 saving some 340 miles in the
distance from Lake Superior or Lake Michigan to the sea.
There is a large fishing industry in Lake Huron, the Canadian catch
being valued at over a quarter million dollars per annum. Salmon trout
(_Salvelinus namaycush_, Walb.) and whitefish (_Coregonus clupeiformis_,
Mitchill) are the most numerous and valuable. Amongst the islands on the
east shore of Georgian bay, which are greatly frequented as a summer
resort, black bass (_micropterus_) and maskinonge (_Esox nobilior_, Le
Sueur) are a great attraction to anglers.
See _Georgian Bay and North Channel Pilot_, Department of Marine and
Fisheries (Ottawa, 1903); _Sailing Directions for Lake Huron, Canadian
Shore_, Department of Marine and Fisheries (Ottawa, 1905); _Bulletin
No. 17, Survey of Northern and North-Western Lakes_, United States,
War Department (Washington, 1907); _U.S. Hydrographic Office
Publication, No. 108 C. Sailing Directions for Lake Huron_, &c. U.S.
Navy Department (Washington, 1901).
HURRICANE, a wind-storm of great force and violence, originally as
experienced in the West Indies; it is now used to describe similar
storms in other regions, except in the East Indies and the Chinese seas,
where they are generally known as "typhoons." Hurricane is the strongest
force of wind in the Beaufort scale. The Caribbean word _huracan_ was
introduced by the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch explorers of the 15th
and 16th centuries into many European languages, as in Span. _huracan_,
Portu. _furacao_, Ital. _uracane_, Fr. _ouragan_, and in Swed., Ger. and
Dutch as _orkan_, or _orkaan_. A "hurricane-deck" is an upper deck on a
steamer which protects the lower one, and incidentally serves as a
promenade.
HURRY (or URRY), SIR JOHN (d. 1650), British soldier, was born in
Aberdeenshire, and saw much service as a young man in Germany. In 1641
he returned home and became Lieut.-Colonel in a Scottish regiment. At
the end of the same year he was involved in the plot known as the
"Incident." At the outbreak of the Civil War Hurry joined the army of
the earl of Essex, and was distinguished at Edgehill and Brentford.
Early in 1643 he deserted to the Royalists, bringing with him
information on which Rupert acted at once. Thus was brought about the
action of Chalgrove Field, where Hurry again showed conspicuous valour;
he was knighted on the same evening. In 1644 he was with Rupert at
Marston Moor, where with Lucas he led the victorious left wing of horse.
But a little later, thinking the King's cause lost, he again deserted,
and eventually was sent with Baillie against Montrose in the Highlands.
His detached operations were conducted with great skill, but his
attempt to surprise Montrose's camp at Auldearn ended in a complete
disaster, partly on account of the accident of the men discharging their
pieces before starting on the march. Soon afterwards he once more joined
Charles's party, and he was taken prisoner in the disastrous campaign of
Preston (1648). Sir John Hurry was Montrose's Major-General in the last
desperate attempt of the Scottish Royalists. Taken at Carbisdale, he was
beheaded at Edinburgh, May 29th, 1650. A soldier of fortune of great
bravery, experience and skill, his frequent changes of front were due
rather to laxity of political principles than to any calculated idea of
treason.
HURST, JOHN FLETCHER (1834-1903), American Methodist Episcopal bishop,
was born in Salem, Dorchester county, Maryland, on the 17th of August
1834. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1854, and in 1856 went to
Germany and studied at Halle and Heidelberg. From 1858 to 1867 he was
engaged in pastoral work in America, and from 1867 to 1871 he taught in
Methodist mission institutes in Germany. In 1871-1873 he was professor
of historical theology at Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, New
Jersey, of which he was president from 1873 till 1880, when he was made
a bishop. He died at Bethesda, Maryland, on the 4th of May 1903. Bishop
Hurst, by his splendid devotion in 1876-1879, recovered the endowment of
Drew Theological Seminary, lost by the failure in 1876 of Daniel Drew,
its founder; and with McClintock and Crooks he improved the quality of
Methodist scholarship. The American University (Methodist Episcopal) at
Washington, D.C., for postgraduate work was the outcome of his projects,
and he was its chancellor from 1891 to his death.
He published _A History of Rationalism_ (1866); Hagenbach's _Church
History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries_ (2 vols., 1869);
von Oosterzee's _John's Gospel: Apologetical Lectures_ (1869); Lange's
_Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans_ (1869); _Martyrs to the
Tract Cause: A Contribution to the History of the Reformation_ (1872),
a translation and revision of Thelemann's _Martyrer der Traktatsache_
(1864); _Outlines of Bible History_ (1873); _Outlines of Church
History_ (1874); _Life and Literature in the Fatherland_ (1875),
brilliant sketches of Germany; a brief pamphlet, _Our Theological
Century_ (1877); _Bibliotheca Theologica_ (1883), a compilation by his
students, revised by G. W. Gillmore in 1895 under the title
_Literature of Theology; Indika: the Country and People of India and
Ceylon_ (1891), the outgrowth of his travels in 1884-1885 when he held
the conferences of India; and several church histories (Chautauqua
text-books) published together as _A Short History of the Christian
Church_ (1893).
HURSTMONCEAUX (also HERSTMONCEAUX), a village in the Eastbourne
parliamentary division of Sussex, England, 9 m. N.E. of Eastbourne. Pop.
(1901) 1429. The village takes its name from Waleran de Monceux, lord of
the manor after the Conquest, but the castle, for the picturesque ruins
of which the village is famous, was built in the reign of Henry VI. by
Sir Roger de Fiennes. It is moated, and is a fine specimen of
15th-century brickwork, the buildings covering an almost square
quadrangle measuring about 70 yds. in the side. Towers flank the
corners, and there is a beautiful turreted entrance gate, but only the
foundations of most of the buildings ranged round the inner courts are
to be traced. The church of All Saints is in the main Early English, and
contains interesting monuments to members of the Fiennes family and
others. In the churchyard is the tomb of Archdeacon Julius Charles Hare,
the theologian (1855). Much material from the castle was used in the
erection of Hurstmonceaux Place, a mansion of the 18th century.