[1] The title of earl of Huntingdon had previously been held in other
families (see HUNTINGDONSHIRE). The famous Robin Hood (?1160-?1247)
is said to have had a claim to the earldom.
HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707-1791), English religious
leader and founder of a sect of Calvinistic Methodists, known as the
Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, was the daughter of Washington
Shirley, 2nd Earl Ferrers. She was born at Stanton Harold, a mansion
near Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, on the 24th of August 1707,
and in her twenty-first year was married to Theophilus Hastings, 9th
earl of Huntingdon. In 1739 she joined the first Methodist society in
Fetter Lane, London. On the death of her husband in 1746 she threw in
her lot with Wesley and Whitefield in the work of the great revival.
Isaac Watts, Philip Doddridge and A. M. Toplady were among her friends.
In 1748 she gave Whitefield a scarf as her chaplain, and in that
capacity he frequently preached in her London house in Park Street to
audiences that included Chesterfield, Walpole and Bolingbroke. In her
chapel at Bath there was a curtained recess dubbed "Nicodemus's corner"
where some of the bishops sat incognito to hear him. Lady Huntingdon
spent her ample means in building chapels in different parts of England,
e.g. at Brighton (1761), London and Bath (1765), Tunbridge Wells (1769),
and appointed ministers to officiate in them, under the impression that
as a peeress she had a right to employ as many chaplains as she pleased.
It is said that she expended L100,000 in the cause of religion. In 1768
she converted the old mansion of Trevecca, near Talgarth, in South
Wales, into a theological seminary for young ministers for the
connexion. Up to 1779 Lady Huntingdon and her chaplains continued
members of the Church of England, but in that year the prohibition of
her chaplains by the consistorial court from preaching in the Pantheon,
a large building in London rented for the purpose by the countess,
compelled her, in order to evade the injunction, to take shelter under
the Toleration Act. This step, which placed her legally among
dissenters, had the effect of severing from the connexion several
eminent and useful members, among them William Romaine (1714-1795) and
Henry Venn (1725-1797). Till her death in London on the 17th of June
1791, Lady Huntingdon continued to exercise an active, and even
autocratic, superintendence over her chapels and chaplains. She
successfully petitioned George III. in regard to the gaiety of
Archbishop Cornwallis's establishment, and made a vigorous protest
against the anti-Calvinistic minutes of the Wesleyan Conference of 1770,
and against relaxing the terms of subscription in 1772. Her sixty-four
chapels and the college were bequeathed to four trustees. In 1792 the
college was removed to Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, where it remained till
1905, when it was transferred to Cambridge. The college is remarkable
for the number of men it has sent into the foreign mission field.
The connexion in 1910 consisted of 44 churches and mission stations,
with a roll of about 2400 communicants under 26 ordained pastors. The
government is vested by the trust deed, sanctioned by the court of
Chancery on the 1st of January 1899, in nine trustees assisted by a
conference of delegates from each church in the trust. The endowments
of the trust produce L1500 per annum, and are devoted to four
purposes: grants in aid of the ministry; annuities to ministers over
sixty years of age who have given more than twenty years' continuous
service in the connexion, or to their widows; grants for the
maintenance and extension of the existing buildings belonging to the
trust; grants to assist in purchasing chapels and chapel sites. In
addition the trustees may grant loans for the encouragement of new
progressive work from a loan fund of about L8000.
See _The Life of the Countess of Huntingdon_ (London, 2 vols., 1844);
A. H. New, _The Coronet and the Cross, or Memorials of Selina,
Countess of Huntingdon_ (1857); Sarah Tytler, _The Countess of
Huntingdon and her Circle_ (1907).
HUNTINGDON, a market town and municipal borough and the county town of
Huntingdonshire, England, on the left bank of the Ouse, on the Great
Northern, Great Eastern and Midland railways, 59 m. N. of London. Pop.
(1901) 4261. It consists principally of one street, about a mile long,
in the centre of which is the market-place. Of the ancient religious
houses in Huntingdon few traces remain. The parish church of St Mary
occupies the site of the priory of Augustinian Canons already existing
in the 10th century, in which David Bruce, Scottish earl of Huntingdon,
was afterwards buried. The church, which was restored by Sir A. W.
Blomfield, in 1876, contains portions of the earlier building which it
replaced in 1620. All Saints' church, rebuilt about a century earlier,
has slight remains of the original Norman church and some good modern,
as well as ancient, carved woodwork. The church registers dating from
1558 are preserved, together with those of the old parish of St John,
which date from 1585 and contain the entry of Oliver Cromwell's baptism
on the 29th of April 1599, the house in which he was born being still in
existence. Some Norman remains of the hospice of St John the Baptist
founded by David, king of Scotland, at the end of the 12th century were
incorporated in the buildings of Huntingdon grammar school, once
attended by Oliver Cromwell and by Samuel Pepys. Hinchingbrooke House,
on the outskirts of the town, an Elizabethan mansion chiefly of the 16th
century, was the seat of the Cromwell family, others of the Montagus,
earls of Sandwich. It occupies the site of a Benedictine nunnery granted
by Henry VIII. at the Dissolution, together with many other manors in
Huntingdonshire, to Sir Richard Williams, alias Cromwell, whose son, Sir
Henry Cromwell, entertained Queen Elizabeth here in 1564. His son, Sir
Oliver Cromwell, was the uncle and godfather of the Protector. Among the
buildings of Huntingdon are the town hall (1745), county gaol, barracks,
county hospital and the Montagu Institute (1897). A racecourse is
situated in the bend of the Ouse to the south of the town, and meetings
are held here in August. The town is governed by a mayor, 4 aldermen and
12 councillors. Area, 1074 acres.
Huntingdon (_Huntandun_, _Huntersdune_) was taken by the Danes in King
Alfred's reign but recovered c. 919 by Edward the Elder, who raised a
castle there, probably on the site of an older fortress. In 1010 the
Danes destroyed the town. The castle was strengthened by David, king of
Scotland, after the Conquest, but was among the castles destroyed by
order of Henry II. At the time of the Domesday Survey Huntingdon was
divided into four divisions, two containing 116 burgesses and the other
two 140. Most of the burgesses belonged to the king and paid a rent of
L10 yearly. King John in 1205 granted them the liberties and privileges
held by the men of other boroughs in England and increased the farm to
L20. Henry III. further increased it to L40 in 1252. The borough was
incorporated by Richard III. in 1483 under the title of bailiffs and
burgesses, and in 1630 Charles I. granted a new charter, appointing a
mayor and 12 aldermen, which remained the governing charter until the
Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 changed the corporation to a mayor, 4
aldermen and 12 councillors. The burgesses were represented in
parliament by two members from 1295 to 1867, when the number was reduced
to one, and in 1885 they ceased to be separately represented. Huntingdon
owed its prosperity to its situation on the Roman Ermine Street. It has
never been noted for manufactures, but is the centre of an agricultural
district. The market held on Saturday was granted to the burgesses by
King John. During the Civil Wars Huntingdon was several times occupied
by the Royalists.
See _Victoria County History, Huntingdon_; Robert Carruthers, _The
History of Huntingdon from the Earliest to the Present Times_ (1824);
Edward Griffith, _A Collection of Ancient Records relating to the
Borough of Huntingdon_ (1827).
HUNTINGDON, a borough and the county-seat of Huntingdon county,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Juniata river, about 150 m. E. of
Pittsburg, in the S. central part of the state. Pop. (1890) 5729; (1900)
6053 (225 foreign-born); (1910) 6861. It is served by the Pennsylvania
and the Huntingdon & Broad Top Mountain railways, the latter running to
the Broad Top Mountain coal-fields in the S.W. part of the county. The
borough is built on ground sloping gently towards the river, which
furnishes valuable water power. The surrounding country is well adapted
to agriculture, and abounds in coal, iron, fire clay, limestone and
white sand. Huntingdon's principal manufactures are stationery, flour,
knitting-goods, furniture, boilers, radiators and sewer pipe. It is the
seat of Juniata College (German Baptist Brethren), opened in 1876 as the
Brethren's Normal School and Collegiate Institute, and rechartered as
Juniata College in 1896, and of the State Industrial Reformatory, opened
in 1888. Indians (probably Oneidas) settled near the site of Huntingdon,
erected here a tall pillar, known as "Standing Stone"; the original was
removed by the Indians, but another has been erected by the borough on
the same spot. The place was laid out as a town in 1767 under the
direction of Dr William Smith (1727-1803), at the time provost of the
college of Pennsylvania (afterwards the university of Pennsylvania); and
it was named in honour of the countess of Huntingdon, who had
contributed liberally toward the maintenance of that institution. It was
incorporated as a borough in 1796.
HUNTINGDONSHIRE (HUNTS), an east midland county of England, bounded N.
and W. by Northamptonshire, S.W. by Bedfordshire and E. by
Cambridgeshire. Among English counties it is the smallest with the
exception of Middlesex and Rutland, having an area of 366 sq. m. The
surface is low, and for the most part bare of trees. The south-eastern
corner of the county, bounded by the Ouse valley, is traversed by a low
ridge of hills entering from Cambridgeshire, and continued over the
whole western half of the county, as well as in a strip about 6 m. broad
north of the Ouse, between Huntingdon and St Ives. These hills never
exceed 300 ft. in height, but form a pleasantly undulating surface. The
north-eastern part of the county, comprising 50,000 acres, belongs to
that division of the great Fen district called the Bedford Levels. The
principal rivers are the Ouse and Nene. The Ouse from Bedfordshire
skirts the borders of the county near St Neots, and after flowing north
to Huntingdon takes an easterly direction past St Ives into
Cambridgeshire on its way to the Wash. The Kym, from Northamptonshire,
follows a south-easterly course and joins the Ouse at St Neots, while
the Alconbury brook, flowing in a parallel direction, falls into it at
Huntingdon. The Nene forms for 15 m. the north-western border of the
county, and quitting it near Peterborough, enters the Wash below
Wisbech, in Cambridgeshire. The course of the Old River Nene is eastward
across the county midway between Huntingdon and Peterborough, and about
1(1/2) m. N. by E. of Ramsey it is intersected by the Forty Foot, or
Vermuyden's Drain, a navigable cut connecting it with the Old Bedford
river in Cambridgeshire.
_Geology._--The geological structure is very simple. All the
stratified rocks are of Jurassic age, with the exception of a small
area of Lower Greensand which extends for a short distance along the
border, north of Potton. The Greensands form low, rounded hills.
Phosphatic nodules are obtained from these beds. On the north-western
border is a narrow strip of Inferior Oolite, reaching from Thrapston
by Oundle to Wansford near Peterborough. It is represented about
Wansford by the Northampton sands and by a feeble development of the
Lincolnshire limestone. The Great Oolite Series has at the base the
Upper Estuarine clays; in the middle, the Great Oolite limestone,
which forms the escarpment of Alwalton Lynch; and at the top, the
Great Oolite clay. The Cornbrash is exposed along part of the Billing
brook, and in a small inlier near Yaxley. Over the remainder of the
county the lower rocks are covered by the Oxford clay. It is about 600
ft. thick. This clay cannot be distinguished from the Kimmeridge clay
except by the fossils; the two formations probably graduate into one
another, but thin limestones are found in places, and at St Ives a
patch of the intermediate Corallian rock is present. All the
stratified rocks have a general dip towards the south-east.
Much glacial drift clay with stones covers the older rocks over a good
deal of the county; it is a bluish clay, often containing masses of
chalk, some of them being of considerable size, e.g. the one at
Catworth. The Fens on the eastern side of the county are underlain by
Oxford clay, which here and there projects through the prevailing
newer deposit of silt and loam. There are usually two beds of peat or
peaty soil observable in the numerous drains; they are separated by a
bed of marine warp. Black loamy alluvium and valley gravels, the most
recent deposits, occur in the valleys of the Ouse and Nene. Calcareous
tufa is formed by the springs near Alwalton. Oxford clay is dug on a
considerable scale for brick-making at Fletton, also at St Ives,
Ramsey and St Neots.
_Agriculture._--Huntingdonshire is almost wholly an agricultural county;
nearly nine-tenths of its total area is under cultivation, and much
improvement has been effected by drainage. On account of the tenacity of
the clay the drains often require to be placed very close. Much of the
soil is, however, undrained, and only partly used for pasturage. On the
drained pasturage a large number of cattle are fed. The district
comprising the gravel of the Ouse valley embraces an area of 50,000
acres. On the banks of the Ouse it consists of fine black loam deposited
by the overflow of the river, and its meadows form very rich pasture
grounds. The upland district is under arable culture. Wheat is much more
extensively grown than any other grain. Barley is more widely cultivated
than oats, but its quality on many soils is lean and inferior, and
unsuitable for malting purposes. Beans and pease are largely grown,
while mangold and cabbage and similar green crops are chiefly used for
the feeding of sheep. During the last quarter of the 19th century there
was a large decrease in the areas of grain crops and of fallow, and an
increase in that of permanent pasture. Market-gardening and
fruit-farming, however, greatly increased in importance. Willows are
largely grown in the fen district. Good drinking water is deficient in
many districts, but there are three natural springs, once famous for the
healing virtues their waters were thought to possess, namely, at Hail
Weston near St Neots, at Holywell near St Ives and at Somersham in the
same district. Bee-farming is largely practised. Dairy-farming is not
much followed, the milk being chiefly used for rearing calves. The
village of Stilton, on the Great North Road, had formerly a large market
for the well-known cheese to which it has given its name. Large numbers
of cattle are fattened in the field or the fold-yard, and are sold when
rising three years old. They are mostly of the shorthorn breed, large
numbers of Irish shorthorns being wintered in the fens. Leicesters and
Lincolns are the most common breeds of sheep; they usually attain great
weights at an early age. Pigs include Berkshire, Suffolk and Neapolitan
breeds, and a number of crosses. Their fattening and breeding are
extensively practised.
_Other Industries._--There is no extensive manufacture, but the chief is
that of paper and parchment. Madder is obtained in considerable
quantities, and in nearly every part of the county lime burning is
carried on. Lace-making is practised by the female peasantry; and the
other industries are printing, iron-founding, tanning and currying,
brick and tile making, malting and brewing.
_Communications._--The middle of the county is traversed from south to
north by the Great Northern railway, which enters it at St Neots and
passing by Huntingdon leaves it at Peterborough. A branch line running
eastward to Ramsey is given off at Holme junction, midway between
Huntingdon and Peterborough. From Huntingdon branch lines of the Midland
and the Great Eastern run respectively west and east to Thrapston
(Northamptonshire) and to Cambridge via St Ives. From St Ives Great
Eastern lines also run N.E. to Ely (Cambridgeshire) via Earith Bridges
on the county border, and N. to Wisbech (Cambridgeshire) with a branch
line westward from Somersham to Ramsey. The north-western border is
served by the Great Northern and the London and North-Western railways
between Peterborough and Wansford, where they part.
_Population and Administration._--The area of the ancient county is
234,218 acres, with a population in 1891 of 57,761, and in 1901 of
57,771. The area of the administrative county is 233,984 acres. The
county contains 4 hundreds. The municipal boroughs are Godmanchester
(pop. 2017), Huntingdon, the county town (4261) and St Ives (2910). The
other urban districts are Old Fletton (4585), Ramsey (4823) and St Neots
(3880). The county is in the south-eastern circuit, and assizes are held
at Huntingdon. It has one court of quarter sessions, and is divided into
five petty sessional divisions. There are 105 civil parishes.
Huntingdonshire, which contains 87 ecclesiastical parishes or districts
wholly or in part, is almost wholly in the diocese of Ely, but a small
part is in that of Peterborough. The parliamentary divisions, each of
which returns one member, are the Northern or Ramsey and the Southern
or Huntingdon. Part of the parliamentary borough of Peterborough also
falls within the county.
_History._--The earliest English settlers in the district were the
Gyrwas, an East Anglian tribe, who early in the 6th century worked their
way up the Ouse and the Cam as far as Huntingdon. After their conquest
of East Anglia in the latter half of the 9th century, Huntingdon became
an important seat of the Danes, and the Danish origin of the shire is
borne out by an entry in the Saxon Chronicle (918-921) referring to
Huntingdon as a military centre to which the surrounding district owed
allegiance, while the shire itself is mentioned in the _Historia
Eliensis_ in connexion with events which took place before or shortly
after the death of Edgar. About 915 Edward the Elder wrested the
fen-country from the Danes, repairing and fortifying Huntingdon, and a
few years later the district was included in the earldom of East Anglia.
Religious foundations were established at Ramsey, Huntingdon and St
Neots in the 10th century, and that of Ramsey accumulated vast wealth
and influence, owning twenty-six manors in this county alone at the time
of the Domesday Survey. In 1011 Huntingdonshire was again overrun by the
Danes and in 1016 was attacked by Canute. A few years later the shire
was included in the earldom of Thored (of the Middle Angles), but in
1051 it was detached from Mercia and formed part of the East Anglian
earldom of Harold. Shortly before the Conquest, however, it was bestowed
on Siward, as a reward for his part in Godwin's overthrow, and became an
outlying portion of the earldom of Northumberland, passing through
Waltheof and Simon de St Liz to David of Scotland. After the separation
of the earldom from the crown of Scotland during the Bruce and Balliol
disputes, it was conferred in 1336 on William Clinton; in 1377 on
Guichard d'Angle; in 1387 on John Holand; in 1471 on Thomas Grey,
afterwards marquess of Dorset; and in 1529 on George, Baron Hastings,
whose descendants hold it at the present day.
The Norman Conquest was followed by a general confiscation of estates,
and only four or five thanes retained lands which they or their fathers
had held in the time of Edward the Confessor. Large estates were held by
the church, and the rest of the county for the most part formed outlying
portions of the fiefs of William's Norman favourites, that of Count
Eustace of Boulogne, the sheriff, of whose tyrannous exactions bitter
complaints are recorded, being by far the most considerable. Kimbolton
was fortified by Geoffrey de Mandeville and afterwards passed to the
families of Bohun and Stafford.
The hundreds of Huntingdon were probably of very early origin, and that
of Norman Cross is referred to in 963. The Domesday Survey, besides the
four existing divisions of Norman Cross, Toseland, Hurstingstone and
Leightonstone, which from their assessment appear to have been double
hundreds, mentions an additional hundred of Kimbolton, since absorbed in
Leightonstone, while Huntingdon is assessed separately at fifty hides.
The boundaries of the county have scarcely changed since the time of the
Domesday Survey, except that parts of the Bedfordshire parishes of
Everton, Pertenhall and Keysoe and the Northamptonshire parish of
Hargrave were then assessed under this county. Huntingdonshire was
formerly in the diocese of Lincoln, but in 1837 was transferred to Ely.
In 1291 it constituted an archdeaconry, comprising the deaneries of
Huntingdon, St Ives, Yaxley and Leightonstone, and the divisions
remained unchanged until the creation of the deanery of Kimbolton in
1879.
At the time of the Domesday Survey Huntingdonshire had an independent
shrievalty, but from 1154 it was united with Cambridgeshire under one
sheriff, until in 1637 the two counties were separated for six years,
after which they were reunited and have remained so to the present day.
The shire-court was held at Huntingdon.
In 1174 Henry II. captured and destroyed Huntingdon Castle. After
signing the Great Charter John sent an army to ravage this county under
William, earl of Salisbury, and Falkes de Breaute. During the wars of
the Roses Huntingdon was sacked by the Lancastrians. The county
resisted the illegal taxation of Charles I. and joined in a protest
against the arrest of the five members. In 1642 it was one of the seven
associated counties in which the king had no visible party.
Hinchingbrook, however, was held for Charles by Sir Sydney Montagu, and
in 1645 Huntingdon was captured and plundered by the Royalist forces.
The chief historic family connected with this county were the Cromwells,
who held considerable estates in the 16th century.
Huntingdonshire has always been mainly an agricultural county, and at
the time of the Domesday Survey contained thirty-one mills, besides
valuable fisheries in its meres and rivers. The woollen industry
flourished in the county from Norman times, and previous to the draining
of its fens in the 17th century, by which large areas were brought under
cultivation, the industries of turf-cutting, reed-cutting for thatch and
the manufacture of horse-collars from rushes were carried on in Ramsey
and the surrounding district. In the 17th century saltpetre was
manufactured in the county. In the 18th century women and children were
largely employed in spinning yarn, and pillow-lace making and the
straw-plait industry flourished in the St Neots district, where it
survives; pillow lace was also manufactured at Godmanchester. In the
early 19th century there were two large sacking manufactures at
Standground, and brewing and malting were largely carried on.
Huntingdonshire was represented by three members in parliament in 1290.
From 1295 the county and borough of Huntingdon returned two members
each, until in 1868 the representation of the borough was reduced to one
member. By the act of 1885 the borough was disfranchised.
_Antiquities._--Huntingdonshire early became famous on account of its
great Benedictine abbey at Ramsey and the Cistercian abbey founded in
1146 at Sawtry, 7 m. W. of Ramsey; besides which there were priories at
Huntingdon and Stonely, both belonging to the Augustinian canons, and at
St Ives and St Neots belonging to the Benedictines, together with a
Benedictine nunnery at Hinchingbrook, near Huntingdon. Of these
buildings almost the only remains are at Ramsey and St Ives. The most
interesting churches for Norman architecture are Hartford near
Huntingdon, Old Fletton near Peterborough (containing on the exterior
some carved ornament said to have belonged to the original Saxon
cathedral at Peterborough), Ramsey and Alwalton, a singular combination
of Norman and Early English. Early English churches are Kimbolton,
Alconbury, Warboys and Somersham, near Ramsey, and Hail Weston near St
Neots, with a 15th-century wooden tower and spire. Decorated are Orton
Longueville and Yaxley, both near Peterborough, the latter containing
remains of frescoes on its walls; Perpendicular, St Neots, Connington
near Ramsey and Godmanchester. At Buckden near Huntingdon are remains of
a palace (15th century) of the bishops of Lincoln. There were two
ancient castles in the county, at Huntingdon and at Kimbolton, of which
only the second remains as a mansion. Hinchingbrook House, Huntingdon,
was the seat of the Cromwell family. Connington Castle passed, like the
title of earl of Huntingdon, through the hands of Waltheof, Simon de St
Liz and the Scottish royal family, and was finally inherited by Sir
Robert Cotton the antiquary, who was born in the neighbourhood, and is
buried in Connington church. Elton Hall, on the north-west border of the
county, was rebuilt about 1660, and contains, besides a good collection
of pictures, chiefly by English masters, a library which includes many
old and rare prayer-books, Bibles and missals.
Norman Cross, 13 m. N. of Huntingdon, on the Great North Road, marks
the site of the place of confinement of several thousand French
soldiers during the Napoleonic wars at the beginning of the 19th
century. The village of Little Gidding, 9 m. N.W. of Huntingdon, is
memorable for its connexion with Nicholas Ferrar in the reign of
Charles I., when the religious community of which Ferrar was the head
was organized. Relics connected with this community are preserved in
the British Museum.
HUNTINGTON, DANIEL (1816-1906), American artist, was born in New York on
the 14th of October 1816. In 1835 he studied with S. F. B. Morse, and
produced "A Bar-Room Politician" and "A Toper Asleep." Subsequently he
painted some landscapes on the river Hudson, and in 1839 went to Rome.
On his return to America he painted portraits and began the illustration
of _The Pilgrim's Progress_, but his eyesight failed, and in 1844 he
went back to Rome. Returning to New York in 1846, he devoted his time
chiefly to portrait-painting, although he has painted many genre,
religious and historical subjects. He was president of the National
Academy from 1862 to 1870, and again in 1877-1890. Among his principal
works are: "The Florentine Girl," "Early Christian Prisoners," "The
Shepherd Boy of the Campagna," "The Roman Penitents," "Christiana and
Her Children," "Queen Mary signing the Death-Warrant of Lady Jane Grey,"
and "Feckenham in the Tower" (1850), "Chocorua" (1860), "Republican
Court in the Time of Washington," containing sixty-four careful
portraits (1861), "Sowing the Word" (1869), "St Jerome," "Juliet on the
Balcony" (1870), "The Narrows, Lake George" (1871), "Titian," "Clement
VII. and Charles V. at Bologna," "Philosophy and Christian Art" (1878),
"Goldsmith's Daughter" (1884). His principal portraits are: President
Lincoln, in Union League Club, New York; Chancellor Ferris of New York
University; Sir Charles Eastlake and the earl of Carlyle, the property
of the New York Historical Society; President Van Buren, in the State
Library at Albany; James Lenox, in the Lenox Library; Louis Agassiz
(1856-1857), William Cullen Bryant (1866), John A. Dix (1880) and John
Sherman (1881). He died on the 19th of April 1906 in New York City.
HUNTINGTON, FREDERIC DAN (1819-1904), American clergyman, first
Protestant Episcopal bishop of central New York, was born in Hadley,
Massachusetts, on the 28th of May 1819. He graduated at Amherst in 1839
and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1842. In 1842-1855 he was pastor
of the South Congregational Church of Boston, and in 1855-1860 was
preacher to the university and Plummer professor of Christian Morals at
Harvard; he then left the Unitarian Church, with which his father had
been connected as a clergyman at Hadley, resigned his professorship and
became pastor of the newly established Emmanuel Church of Boston. He had
refused the bishopric of Maine when in 1868 he was elected to the
diocese of central New York. He was consecrated on the 9th of April
1869, and thereafter lived in Syracuse. He died in Hadley,
Massachusetts, on the 11th of July 1904. His more important publications
were _Lectures on Human Society_ (1860); _Memorials of a Quiet Life_
(1874); and _The Golden Rule applied to Business and Social Conditions_
(1892).
See _Memoir and Letters of Frederic Dan Huntington_ (Boston, 1906), by
Arria S. Huntington, his wife.
HUNTINGTON, a city and the county-seat of Huntington county, Indiana,
U.S.A., on the Little river, about 25 m. S.W. of Fort Wayne. Pop. (1900)
9491, of whom 621 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 10,272. Huntington is
served by three railways--the Wabash, the Erie (which has car shops and
division headquarters here) and the Cincinnati, Bluffton & Chicago
(which has machine shops here), and by the Fort Wayne & Wabash Valley
Traction Company, whose car and repair shops and power station are in
Huntington. The city has a public library, a business college and
Central College (1897), controlled by the United Brethren in Christ (Old
Constitution). Woodenware is the principal manufacture. The value of the
factory product in 1905 was $2,081,019, an increase of 20.6% since 1900.
The municipality owns and operates the waterworks and the
electric-lighting plant. Huntington, named in honour of Samuel
Huntington (1736-1796), of Connecticut, a signer of the Declaration of
Independence, was first settled about 1829, was incorporated as a town
in 1848 and was chartered as a city in 1873.
HUNTINGTON, a township of Suffolk county, New York, U.S.A., in the
central part of the N. side of Long Island, bounded on the N. by
Huntington Bay, a part of Long Island Sound. Pop. (1905, state census)
10,230; (1910) 12,004. The S. part of the township is largely taken up
with market-gardening; but along the Sound are the villages of
Huntington, Cold Spring Harbor, Centreport and Northport, which are
famous for the fine residences owned by New York business men; they are
served by the Wading river branch of the Long Island Railroad.
Northport--pop. (1910 census) 2096--incorporated in 1894, is the most
easterly of these; it has a large law-publishing house, shipbuilding
yards and valuable oyster-fisheries. Cold Spring Harbor, 32 m. E. of
Brooklyn, is a small unincorporated village, once famous for its
whale-fisheries, and now best known for the presence here of the New
York State Fish Hatchery, and of the Biological Laboratory of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and of the laboratory of the
Department of Experimental Evolution of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington. The village of Huntington, 3(1/2) m. E. of Cold Spring, is
unincorporated, but is the most important of the three and has the
largest summer colony. There is a public park on the water-front. The
Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Building is occupied by the public
library, which faces a monument to Nathan Hale on Main Street. A big
boulder on the shore of the bay marks the place of Hale's capture by the
British on the 21st of September 1776. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)
occupied the village and built a British fort here near the close of the
American War of Independence. Huntington's inhabitants were mostly
strong patriots, notably Ebenezer Prime (1700-1779), pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church, which the British used as a barracks, and his son
Benjamin Young Prime (1733-1791), a physician, linguist and patriot
poet, who was the father of Samuel Irenaeus Prime (1812-1885), editor of
the New York _Observer_. Walt Whitman was born near the village of
Huntington, and established there in 1836, and for three years edited,
the weekly newspaper the _Long Islander_. The first settlement in the
township was made in 1653; in 1662-1664 Huntington was under the
government of Connecticut. The township until 1872 included the present
township of Babylon to the S., along the Great South Bay.
HUNTINGTON, a city and the county-seat of Cabell county, West Virginia,
U.S.A., about 50 m. W. of Charleston, W. Va., on the S. bank of the Ohio
river, just below the mouth of the Guyandotte river. Pop. (1900) 11,923,
of whom 1212 were negroes; (1910 census) 31,161. It is served by the
Baltimore & Ohio and the Chesapeake & Ohio railways, and by several
lines of river steamboats. The city is the seat of Marshall College
(founded in 1837; a State Normal School in 1867), which in 1907-1908 had
34 instructors and 1100 students; and of the West Virginia State Asylum
for the Incurable Insane; and it has a Carnegie library and a city
hospital. Huntington has extensive railway car and repair shops, besides
foundries and machine shops, steel rolling mills, manufactories of
stoves and ranges, breweries and glass works. The value of the city's
factory product in 1905 was $4,407,153, an increase of 21% over that of
1900. Huntington dates from 1871, when it became the western terminus of
the Chesapeake & Ohio railway, was named in honour of Collis P.
Huntington (1821-1900), the president of the road, and was incorporated.
HUNTINGTOWER AND RUTHVENFIELD, a village of Perthshire, Scotland, on the
Almond, 3 m. N.W. of Perth, and within 1 m. of Almondbank station on the
Caledonian railway. Pop. (1901) 459. Bleaching, the chief industry,
dates from 1774, when the bleaching-field was formed. By means of an old
aqueduct, said to have been built by the Romans, it was provided with
water from the Almond, the properties of which render it specially
suited for bleaching. Huntingtower (originally Ruthven) Castle, a once
formidable structure, was the scene of the Raid of Ruthven (pron.
_Rivven_), when the Protestant lords, headed by William, 4th Lord
Ruthven and 1st earl of Gowrie (1541-1584), kidnapped the boy-king James
VI., on the 22nd of August 1582. The earl's sons were slain in the
attempt (known as the Gowrie conspiracy) to capture James VI. (1600),
consequent on which the Scots parliament ordered the name of Ruthven to
be abolished, and the barony to be known in future as Huntingtower.
HUNTLY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF. This Scottish title, in the Gordon
family, dates as to the earldom from 1449, and as to the marquessate
(the premier marquessate in Scotland) from 1599. The first earl (d.
1470) was Alexander de Seton, lord of Gordon--a title known before 1408;
and his son George (d. 1502), by his marriage with Princess Annabella
(afterwards divorced), daughter of James I. of Scotland, had several
children, including, besides his successor the 3rd earl (Alexander), a
second son Adam (who became earl of Sutherland), a third son William
(from whom the mother of the poet Byron was descended) and a daughter
Katherine, who first married Perkin Warbeck and afterwards Sir Matthew
Cradock (from whom the earls of Pembroke descended). Alexander, the 3rd
earl (d. 1524), consolidated the position of his house as supreme in the
north; he led the Scottish vanguard at Flodden, and was a supporter of
Albany against Angus. His grandson George, 4th earl (1514-1562), who in
1548 was granted the earldom of Moray, played a leading part in the
troubles of his time in Scotland, and in 1562 revolted against Queen
Mary and was killed in fight at Corrichie, near Aberdeen. His son George
(d. 1576) was restored to the forfeited earldom in 1565; he became
Bothwell's close associate--he helped Bothwell, who had married his
sister, to obtain a divorce from her; and he was a powerful supporter of
Mary till he seceded from her cause in 1572.
GEORGE GORDON, 1st marquess of Huntly (1562-1626), son of the 5th earl
of Huntly, and of Anne, daughter of James Hamilton, earl of Arran and
duke of Chatelherault, was born in 1562, and educated in France as a
Roman Catholic. He took part in the plot which led to the execution of
Morton in 1581 and in the conspiracy which delivered King James VI. from
the Ruthven raiders in 1583. In 1588 he signed the Presbyterian
confession of faith, but continued to engage in plots for the Spanish
invasion of Scotland. On the 28th of November he was appointed captain
of the guard, and while carrying out his duties at Holyrood his
treasonable correspondence was discovered. James, however, who found the
Roman Catholic lords useful as a foil to the tyranny of the Kirk, and
was at this time seeking Spanish aid in case of Elizabeth's denial of
his right to the English throne, and with whom Huntly was always a
favourite, pardoned him. Subsequently in April 1589 he raised a
rebellion in the north, but was obliged to submit, and after a short
imprisonment in Borthwick Castle was again set at liberty. He next
involved himself in a private war with the Grants and the Mackintoshes,
who were assisted by the earls of Atholl and Murray; and on the 8th of
February 1592 he set fire to Murray's castle of Donibristle in Fife, and
stabbed the earl to death with his own hand. This outrage, which
originated the ballad "The Bonnie Earl of Moray," brought down upon
Huntly his enemies, who ravaged his lands. In December the "Spanish
Blanks" were intercepted (see ERROL, FRANCIS HAY, 9TH EARL OF), two of
which bore Huntly's signature, and a charge of treason was again
preferred against him, while on the 25th of September 1593 he was
excommunicated. James treated him and the other rebel lords with great
leniency. On the 26th of November they were freed from the charge of
treason, being ordered at the same time, however, to renounce Romanism
or leave the kingdom. On their refusal to comply they were attainted.
Subsequently Huntly joined Erroll and Bothwell in a conspiracy to
imprison the king, and the former two defeated the royal forces under
Argyll at Glenlivat on the 3rd of October 1594, Huntly especially
distinguishing himself. His victory, however, gained no real advantage;
his castle of Strathbogie was blown up by James, and he left Scotland
about March 1595. He returned secretly very soon afterwards, and his
presence in Scotland was at first connived at by James; but owing to the
hostile feeling aroused, and the "No Popery" riot in Edinburgh, the king
demanded that he should abjure Romanism or go into permanent banishment.
He submitted to the Kirk in June 1597, and was restored to his estates
in December. On the 7th of April 1599 he was created a marquess, and on
the 9th of July, together with Lennox, appointed lieutenant of the
north. He was treated with great favour by the king and was reconciled
with Murray and Argyll. Doubts, however, as to the genuineness of his
abjuration again troubled the Kirk. On the 10th of December 1606 he was
confined to Aberdeen, and on the 19th of March 1607 he was summoned
before the privy council. Huntly thereupon went to England and appealed
to James himself. He was excommunicated in 1608, and imprisoned in
Stirling Castle till the 10th of December 1610, when he signed again the
confession of faith. Accused of Romanist intrigues in 1616, he was
ordered once more to subscribe the confession, which this time he
refused to do; imprisoned at Edinburgh, he was liberated by James's
order on the 18th of June, and having joined the court in London was
absolved from excommunication by Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury; which
absolution, after some heartburnings at the archbishop's interference,
and after a further subscription to the confession by Huntly, was
confirmed by the Kirk. At the accession of Charles I. Huntly lost much
of his influence at court. He was deprived in 1630 of his heritable
sheriffships of Aberdeen and Inverness. The same year a feud broke out
between the Crichtons and Gordons, in the course of which Huntly's
second son, Lord Melgum, was burnt to death either by treachery or by
accident, while being entertained in the house of James Crichton of
Frendraught. For the ravaging of the lands of the Crichtons Huntly was
held responsible, and having been summoned before the privy council in
1635 he was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle from December till June 1636.
He left his confinement with shattered health, and died at Dundee while
on his journey to Strathbogie on the 13th of June 1636, after declaring
himself a Roman Catholic.
GEORGE GORDON, 2nd marquess of Huntly (d. 1649), his eldest son by Lady
Henrietta, daughter of the duke of Lennox, was brought up in England as
a Protestant, and created earl of Enzie by James I. On succeeding to his
father's title his influence in Scotland was employed by the king to
balance that of Argyll in the dealings with the Covenanters, but without
success. In the civil war he distinguished himself as a royalist, and in
1647 was excepted from the general pardon; in March 1649, having been
captured and given up, he was beheaded by order of the Scots parliament
at Edinburgh. His fourth son CHARLES (d. 1681) was created earl of
Aboyne in 1660; and the eldest son LEWIS was proclaimed 3rd marquess of
Huntly by Charles II. in 1651. But the attainder was not reversed by
parliament till 1661.
GEORGE GORDON, 4th marquess (1643-1716), served under Turenne, and was
created 1st duke of Gordon by Charles II. in 1684 (see GORDON). On the
death of the 5th duke of Gordon in 1836 the title of 9th marquess of
Huntly passed to his relative GEORGE GORDON (1761-1853), son and heir of
the 4th earl of Aboyne; who in 1815 was made a peer of the United
Kingdom as Baron Meldrum, his descendants being the 10th and 11th
marquesses.
HUNTLY, a police burgh, burgh of barony and parish of Aberdeenshire,
Scotland, capital of the district of Strathbogie. Pop. (1901) 4136. It
lies at the confluence of the rivers Deveron and Bogie, 41 m. N.W. of
Aberdeen on the Great North of Scotland Railway. It is a market town and
the centre of a large agricultural district, its chief industries
including agricultural implement-making, hosiery weaving, weaving of
woollen cloth, and the manufacture of lamps and boots. Huntly Castle,
half a mile to the north, now in ruins, was once a fortalice of the
Comyns. From them it passed in the 14th century to the Gordons, by whom
it was rebuilt. It was blown up in 1594, but was restored in 1602. It
gradually fell into disrepair, some of its stones being utilized in the
building of Huntly Lodge, the residence of the widow of the "last" duke
of Gordon, who (in 1840) founded the adjoining Gordon schools to his
memory. The Standing Stones of Strathbogie in Market Square have offered
a permanent puzzle to antiquaries.
HUNTSMAN, BENJAMIN (1704-1776), English inventor and steel-manufacturer,
was born in Lincolnshire in 1704. His parents were Germans. He started
business as a clock, lock and tool maker at Doncaster, and attained a
considerable local reputation for scientific knowledge and skilled
workmanship. He also practised surgery in an experimental fashion, and
was frequently consulted as an oculist. Finding that the bad quality of
the steel then available for his products seriously hampered him, he
began to experiment in steel-manufacture, first at Doncaster, and
subsequently at Handsworth, near Sheffield, whither he removed in 1740
to secure cheaper fuel for his furnaces. After several years' trials he
at last produced a satisfactory cast steel, purer and harder than any
steel then in use. The Sheffield cutlery manufacturers, however, refused
to buy it, on the ground that it was too hard, and for a long time
Huntsman exported his whole output to France. The growing competition of
imported French cutlery made from Huntsman's cast-steel at length
alarmed the Sheffield cutlers, who, after vainly endeavouring to get the
exportation of the steel prohibited by the British government, were
compelled in self-defence to use it. Huntsman had not patented his
process, and its secret was discovered by a Sheffield ironfounder, who,
according to a popular story, obtained admission to Huntsman's works in
the disguise of a tramp. Benjamin Huntsman died in 1776, his business
being subsequently greatly developed by his son, William Huntsman
(1733-1809).
See Smiles, _Industrial Biography_ (1879).
HUNTSVILLE, a city and the county-seat of Madison county, Alabama,
U.S.A., situated on a plain 10 m. N. of the Tennessee river, 18 m. from
the northern boundary of the state, at an altitude of about 617 ft. Pop.
(1900) 8068, of whom 3909 were of negro descent; (1910 census) 7611.
There is a considerable suburban population. Huntsville is served by the
Southern and the Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis railways. The public
square is on a high bluff (about 750 ft. above sea-level), at the base
of which a large spring furnishes the city with water, and also forms a
stream once used for floating boats, loaded with cotton, to the
Tennessee river. The surrounding country has rich deposits of iron, coal
and marble, and cotton, Indian corn and fruit are grown and shipped from
Huntsville. Natural gas is found in the vicinity. The principal industry
is the manufacture of cotton. The value of the city's factory products
increased from $692,340 in 1900 to $1,758,718 in 1905, or 154%. At
Normal, about 3(1/2) m. N.E. of Huntsville, is the State Agricultural
and Mechanical College for Negroes. Huntsville was founded in 1805 by
John Hunt, a Virginian and a soldier in the War of Independence; in 1809
its name was changed to Twickenham, in memory of the home of the poet
Alexander Pope, some of whose relatives were among the first settlers;
but in 1811 the earlier name was restored, under which the town was
incorporated by the Territorial Government, the first Alabama settlement
to receive a charter. Huntsville was chartered as a city in 1844. Here,
in 1819, met the convention that framed the first state constitution,
and in 1820 the first state legislature. On the 11th of April 1862
Huntsville was seized by Federal troops, who were forced to retire in
the following September, but secured permanent possession in July 1863.
HUNYADI, JANOS (c. 1387-1456), Hungarian statesman and warrior, was the
son of Vojk, a Magyarized Vlach who married Elizabeth Morzsinay. He
derived his family name from the small estate of Hunyad, which came into
his father's possession in 1409. The later epithet Corvinus, adopted by
his son Matthias, was doubtless derived from another property, Piatra da
Corvo or Raven's Rock. He has sometimes been confounded with an elder
brother who died fighting for Hungary about 1440. While still a youth,
he entered the service of King Sigismund, who appreciated his qualities
and borrowed money from him; he accompanied that monarch to Frankfort in
his quest for the imperial crown in 1410; took part in the Hussite War
in 1420, and in 1437 drove the Turks from Semendria. For these services
he got numerous estates and a seat in the royal council. In 1438 King
Albert II. made him ban of Szoreny, the district lying between the Aluta
and the Danube, a most dangerous dignity entailing constant warfare with
the Turks. On the sudden death of Albert in 1439, Hunyadi, feeling
acutely that the situation demanded a warrior-king on the throne of St
Stephen, lent the whole weight of his influence to the candidature of
the young Polish king Wladislaus III. (1440), and thus came into
collision with the powerful Cilleis, the chief supporters of Albert's
widow Elizabeth and her infant son, Ladislaus V. (see CILLEI, ULRICH;
and LADISLAUS V.). He took a prominent part in the ensuing civil war and
was rewarded by Wladislaus III. with the captaincy of the fortress of
Belgrade and the voivodeship of Transylvania, which latter dignity,
however, he shared with his rival Mihaly Ujlaki.
The burden of the Turkish War now rested entirely on his shoulders. In
1441 he delivered Servia by the victory of Semendria. In 1442, not far
from Hermannstadt, on which he had been forced to retire, he annihilated
an immense Turkish host, and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of
Wallachia and Moldavia; and in July he vanquished a third Turkish army
near the Iron Gates. These victories made Hunyadi's name terrible to the
Turks and renowned throughout Christendom, and stimulated him in 1443 to
undertake, along with King Wladislaus, the famous expedition known as
the _hosszu haboru_ or "long campaign." Hunyadi, at the head of the
vanguard, crossed the Balkans through the Gate of Trajan, captured Nish,
defeated three Turkish pashas, and, after taking Sofia, united with the
royal army and defeated Murad II. at Snaim. The impatience of the king
and the severity of the winter then compelled him (February 1444) to
return home, but not before he had utterly broken the sultan's power in
Bosnia, Herzegovina, Servia, Bulgaria and Albania. No sooner had he
regained Hungary than he received tempting offers from the pope,
represented by the legate Cardinal Cesarini, from George Brankovic,
despot of Servia, and George Castriota, prince of Albania, to resume the
war and realize his favourite idea of driving the Turk from Europe. All
the preparations had been made, when Murad's envoys arrived in the royal
camp at Szeged and offered a ten years' truce on advantageous terms.
Both Hunyadi and Brankovic counselled their acceptance, and Wladislaus
swore on the Gospels to observe them. Two days later Cesarini received
the tidings that a fleet of galleys had set off for the Bosporus to
prevent Murad (who, crushed by his recent disasters, had retired to Asia
Minor) from recrossing into Europe, and the cardinal reminded the king
that he had sworn to co-operate by land if the western powers attacked
the Turks by sea. He then, by virtue of his legatine powers, absolved
the king from his second oath, and in July the Hungarian army recrossed
the frontier and advanced towards the Euxine coast in order to march to
Constantinople escorted by the galleys. Brankovic, however, fearful of
the sultan's vengeance in case of disaster, privately informed Murad of
the advance of the Christian host, and prevented Castriota from joining
it. On reaching Varna, the Hungarians found that the Venetian galleys
had failed to prevent the transit of the sultan, who now confronted them
with fourfold odds, and on the 10th of November 1444 they were utterly
routed, Wladislaus falling on the field and Hunyadi narrowly escaping.
At the diet which met in February 1445 a provisional government,
consisting of five Magyar captain-generals, was formed, Hunyadi
receiving Transylvania and the ultra-Theissian counties as his district;
but the resulting anarchy became unendurable, and on the 5th of June
1446 Hunyadi was unanimously elected governor of Hungary in the name of
Ladislaus V., with regal powers. His first act as governor was to
proceed against the German king Frederick III., who refused to deliver
up the young king. After ravaging Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and
threatening Vienna, Hunyadi's difficulties elsewhere compelled him to
make a truce with Frederick for two years. In 1448 he received a golden
chain and the title of prince from Pope Nicholas V., and immediately
afterwards resumed the war with the Turks. He lost the two days' battle
of Kossovo (October 17th-19th) owing to the treachery of Dan, hospodar
of Wallachia, and of his old enemy Brankovic, who imprisoned him for a
time in the dungeons of the fortress of Semendria; but he was ransomed
by the Magyars, and, after composing his differences with his powerful
and jealous enemies in Hungary, led a punitive expedition against the
Servian prince, who was compelled to accept most humiliating terms of
peace. In 1450 Hunyadi went to Pressburg to negotiate with Frederick the
terms of the surrender of Ladislaus V., but no agreement could be come
to, whereupon the Cilleis and Hunyadi's other enemies accused him of
aiming at the throne. He shut their mouths by resigning all his
dignities into the hands of the young king, on his return to Hungary at
the beginning of 1453, whereupon Ladislaus created him count of
Bestercze and captain-general of the kingdom.
Meanwhile the Turkish question had again become acute, and it was plain,
after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, that Mahommed II. was rallying
his resources in order to subjugate Hungary. His immediate objective was
Belgrade, and thither, at the end of 1455, Hunyadi repaired, after a
public reconciliation with all his enemies. At his own expense he
provisioned and armed the fortress, and leaving in it a strong garrison
under the command of his brother-in-law Mihaly Szilagyi and his own
eldest son Laszlo, he proceeded to form a relief army and a fleet of two
hundred corvettes. To the eternal shame of the Magyar nobles, he was
left entirely to his own resources. His one ally was the Franciscan
friar, Giovanni da Capistrano (q.v.), who preached a crusade so
effectually that the peasants and yeomanry, ill-armed (most of them had
but slings and scythes) but full of enthusiasm, flocked to the standard
of Hunyadi, the kernel of whose host consisted of a small band of
seasoned mercenaries and a few _banderia_ of noble horsemen. On the 14th
of July 1456 Hunyadi with his flotilla destroyed the Turkish fleet; on
the 21st Szilagyi beat off a fierce assault, and the same day Hunyadi,
taking advantage of the confusion of the Turks, pursued them into their
camp, which he captured after a desperate encounter. Mahommed thereupon
raised the siege and returned to Constantinople, and the independence of
Hungary was secured for another seventy years. The Magyars had, however,
to pay dearly for this crowning victory, the hero dying of plague in his
camp three weeks later (11th August 1456).
We are so accustomed to regard Hunyadi as the incarnation of Christian
chivalry that we are apt to forget that he was a great captain and a
great statesman as well as a great hero. It has well been said that he
fought with his head rather than with his arm. He was the first to
recognize the insufficiency and the unreliability of the feudal levies,
the first to employ a regular army on a large scale, the first to depend
more upon strategy and tactics than upon mere courage. He was in fact
the first Hungarian general in the modern sense of the word. It was only
late in life that he learnt to read and write, and his Latin was always
very defective. He owed his influence partly to his natural genius and
partly to the transparent integrity and nobility of his character. He is
described as an undersized, stalwart man with full, rosy cheeks, long
snow-white locks, and bright, smiling, black eyes.
See J. Teleki, _The Age of the Hunyadis in Hungary_ (Hung.), (Pesth,
1852-1857; supplementary volumes by D. Csanki 1895); G. Fejer, _Genus,
incunabula et virtus Joannis Corvini de Hunyad_ (Buda, 1844); J. de
Chassin, _Jean de Hunyad_ (Paris, 1859); A. Per, _Life of Hunyadi_
(Hung.) (Budapest, 1873); V. Fraknoi, _Cardinal Carjaval and his
Missions to Hungary_ (Hung.) (Budapest, 1889); P. Frankl, _Der Friede
von Szegedin und die Geschichte seines Bruches_ (Leipzig, 1904); R. N.
Bain, "The Siege of Belgrade, 1456," (_Eng. Hist. Rev._, 1892); A.
Bonfini, _Rerum ungaricarum libri xlv, editio septima_ (Leipzig,
1771). (R. N. B.)
HUNYADI, LASZLO (1433-1457), Hungarian statesman and warrior, was the
eldest son of Janos Hunyadi and Elizabeth Szilagyi. At a very early age
he accompanied his father in his campaigns. After the battle of Kossovo
(1448) he was left for a time, as a hostage for his father, in the hands
of George Brankovic, despot of Servia. In 1452 he was a member of the
deputation which went to Vienna to receive back the Hungarian king
Ladislaus V. In 1453 he was already ban of Croatia-Dalmatia. At the diet
of Buda (1455) he resigned all his dignities, because of the accusations
of Ulrich Cillei and the other enemies of his house, but a
reconciliation was ultimately patched up and he was betrothed to Maria,
the daughter of the palatine, Laszlo Garai. After his father's death in
1456, he was declared by his arch-enemy Cillei (now governor of Hungary
with unlimited power), responsible for the debts alleged to be owing by
the elder Hunyadi to the state; but he defended himself so ably at the
diet of Futak (October 1456) that Cillei feigned a reconciliation,
promising to protect the Hunyadis on condition that they first
surrendered all the royal castles entrusted to them. A beginning was to
be made with the fortress of Belgrade, of which Laszlo was commandant,
Cillei intending to take the king with him to Belgrade and assassinate
Laszlo within its walls. But Hunyadi was warned betimes, and while
admitting Ladislaus V. and Cillei, he excluded their army of
mercenaries. On the following morning (9th of November 1456) Cillei,
during a private interview, suddenly drew upon Laszlo, but was himself
cut down by the commandant's friends, who rushed in on hearing the clash
of weapons. The terrified young king, who had been privy to the plot,
thereupon pardoned Hunyadi, and at a subsequent interview with his
mother at Temesvar swore that he would protect the whole family. As a
pledge of his sincerity he appointed Laszlo lord treasurer and
captain-general of the kingdom. Suspecting no evil, Hunyadi accompanied
the king to Buda, but on arriving there was arrested on a charge of
compassing Ladislaus's ruin, condemned to death without the observance
of any legal formalities, and beheaded on the 16th of March 1457.
See I. Acsady, _History of the Hungarian Realm_ (Hung.), vol. i.
(Budapest, 1904). (R. N. B.)
HUNZA (also known as KANJUT) and NAGAR, two small states on the
North-west frontier of Kashmir, formerly under the administration of the
Gilgit agency. The two states, which are divided by a river which runs
in a bed 600 ft. wide between cliffs 300 ft. high, are inhabited
generally by people of the same stock, speaking the same language,
professing the same form of the Mahommedan religion, and ruled by
princes sprung from the same family. Nevertheless they have been for
centuries persistent rivals, and frequently at war with each other.
Formerly Hunza was the more prominent of the two, because it held
possession of the passes leading to the Pamirs, and could plunder the
caravans on their way between Turkestan and India. But they are both
shut up in a recess of the mountains, and were of no importance until
about 1889, when the advance of Russia up to the frontiers of
Afghanistan, and the great development of her military sources in Asia,
increased the necessity for strengthening the British line of defence.
This led to the establishment of the Gilgit agency, the occupation of
Chitral, and the Hunza expedition of 1891, which asserted British
authority over Hunza and Nagar. The country is inhabited by a Dard race
of the Yeshkun caste speaking Burishki. For a description of the people
see GILGIT. The Hunza-Nagar Expedition of 1891, under Colonel A. Durand,
was due to the defiant attitude of the Hunza and Nagar chiefs towards
the British agent at Gilgit. The fort at Nilt was stormed, and after a
fortnight's delay the cliffs (1000 ft. high) beyond it were also carried
by assault. Hunza and Nagar were occupied, the chief of Nagar was
reinstated on making his submission, and the half-brother of the raja of
Hunza was installed as chief in the place of his brother.
HUON OF BORDEAUX, hero of romance. The French _chanson de geste_ of Huon
de Bordeaux dates from the first half of the 13th century, and marks the
transition between the epic _chanson_ founded on national history and
the _roman d'aventures_. Huon, son of Seguin of Bordeaux, kills Charlot,
the emperor's son, who had laid an ambush for him, without being aware
of the rank of his assailant. He is condemned to be hanged by
Charlemagne, but reprieved on condition that he visits the court of
Gaudisse, the amir of Babylon, and brings back a handful of hair from
the amir's beard and four of his back teeth, after having slain the
greatest of his knights and three times kissed his daughter Esclarmonde.
By the help of the fairy dwarf Oberon, Huon succeeds in this errand, in
the course of which he meets with further adventures. The Charlot of the
story has been identified by A. Longnon (_Romania_ viii. 1-11) with
Charles l'Enfant, one of the sons of Charles the Bald and Irmintrude,
who died in 866 in consequence of wounds inflicted by a certain Aubouin
in precisely similar circumstances to those related in the romance. The
epic father of Huon may safely be identified with Seguin, who was count
of Bordeaux under Louis the Pious in 839, and died fighting against the
Normans six years later. A Turin manuscript of the romance contains a
prologue in the shape of a separate romance of _Auberon_, and four
sequels, the _Chanson d'Esclarmonde_, the _Chanson de Clarisse et
Florent_, the _Chanson d'Ide et d'Olive_ and the _Chanson de Godin_. The
same MS. contains in the romance of _Les Lorrains_ a summary in
seventeen lines of another version of the story, according to which
Huon's exile is due to his having slain a count in the emperor's palace.
The poem exists in a later version in alexandrines, and, with its
continuations, was put into prose in 1454 and printed by Michel le Noir
in 1516, since when it has appeared in many forms, notably in a
beautifully printed and illustrated adaptation (1898) in modern French
by Gaston Paris. The romance had a great vogue in England through the
translation (c. 1540) of John Bourchier, Lord Berners, as _Huon of
Burdeuxe_. The tale was dramatized and produced in Paris by the
Confrerie de la Passion in 1557, and in Philip Henslowe's diary there is
a note of a performance of a play, _Hewen of Burdoche_, on the 28th of
December 1593. For the literary fortune of the fairy part of the romance
see OBERON.
The _Chanson de geste_ of Huon de Bordeaux was edited by MM F.
Guessard and C. Grandmaison for the _Anciens poetes de la France_ in
1860; Lord Berners's translation was edited for the E.E.T.S. by S. L.
Lee in 1883-1885. See also L. Gautier, _Les Epopees francaises_ (2nd
ed. vol. iii. pp. 719-773); A. Graf, _I complementi della Chanson de
Huon de Bordeaux_ (Halle, 1878); "Esclarmonde, &c.," by Max Schweigel,
in _Ausg. u. Abhandl ... der roman. phil._ (Marburg, 1889); C.
Voretzsch, _Epische Studien_ (vol. i., Halle, 1900); _Hist. litt. de
la France_ (vol. xxvi., 1873).
HUON PINE, botanical name _Dacrydium Franklinii_, the most valuable
timber tree of Tasmania, a member of the order Coniferae (see
GYMNOSPERMS). It is a fine tree of pyramidal outline 80 to 100 ft. high,
and 10 to 20 ft. in girth at the base, with slender pendulous
much-divided branchlets densely covered with the minute scale-like
sharply-keeled bright green leaves. It occurs in swampy localities from
the upper Huon river to Port Davey and Macquarie Harbour, but is less
abundant than formerly owing to the demand for its timber, especially
for ship-and boat-building. The wood is close-grained and easily worked.
HU-PEH, a central province of China, bounded N. by Ho-nan, E. by
Ngan-hui, S. by Hu-nan, and W. by Shen-si and Szech'uen. It has an area
of 70,450 sq. m. and contains a population of 34,000,000. Han-kow,
Ich'ang and Shasi are the three open ports of the province, besides
which it contains ten other prefectural cities. The greater part of the
province forms a plain, and its most noticeable feature is the Han
river, which runs in a south-easterly direction across the province from
its northwesterly corner to its junction with the Yangtsze Kiang at
Han-kow. The products of the Han valley are exclusively agricultural,
consisting of cotton, wheat, rape seed, tobacco and various kinds of
beans. Vegetable tallow is also exported in large quantities from this
part of Hu-peh. Gold is found in the Han, but not in sufficient
quantities to make working it more than barely remunerative. It is
washed every winter from banks of coarse gravel, a little above I-ch'eng
Hien, on which it is deposited by the river. Every winter the supply is
exhausted by the washers, and every summer it is renewed by the river.
Baron von Richthofen reckoned that the digger earned from 50 to 150 cash
(i.e. about 1(1/2)d. to 4(1/4)d.) a day. Only one waggon road leads
northwards from Hu-peh, and that is to Nan-yang Fu in Ho-nan, where it
forks, one branch going to Peking by way of K'ai-feng Fu, and the other
into Shan-si by Ho-nan Fu.
HUPFELD, HERMANN (1796-1866), German Orientalist and Biblical
commentator, was born on the 31st of March 1796 at Marburg, where he
studied philosophy and theology from 1813 to 1817; in 1819 he became a
teacher in the gymnasium at Hanau, but in 1822 resigned that
appointment. After studying for some time at Halle, he in 1824 settled
as _Privatdocent_ in philosophy at that university, and in the following
year was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at Marburg. There
he received the ordinary professorships of Oriental languages and of
theology in 1827 and 1830 respectively; thirteen years later he removed
as successor of Wilhelm Gesenius (1786-1842) to Halle. In 1865 he was
accused by some theologians of the Hengstenberg school of heretical
doctrines. From this charge, however, he successfully cleared himself,
the entire theological faculty, including Julius Muller (1801-1878) and
August Tholuck (1799-1877), bearing testimony to his sufficient
orthodoxy. He died at Halle on the 24th of April 1866.
His earliest works in the department of Semitic philology
(_Exercitationes Aethiopicae_, 1825, and _De emendanda ratione
lexicographiae Semiticae_, 1827) were followed by the first part
(1841), mainly historical and critical, of an _Ausfuhrliche Hebraische
Grammatik_, which he did not live to complete, and by a treatise on
the early history of Hebrew grammar among the Jews (_De rei
grammaticae apud Judaeos initiis antiquissimisque scriptoribus_,
Halle, 1846). His principal contribution to Biblical literature, the
exegetical and critical _Ubersetzung und Auslegung der Psalmen_, began
to appear in 1855, and was completed in 1861 (2nd ed. by E. Riehm,
1867-1871, 3rd ed. 1888). Other writings are _Uber Begriff und Methode
der sogenannten biblischen Einleitung_ (Marburg, 1844); _De primitiva
et vera festorum apud Hebraeos ratione_ (Halle, 1851-1864); _Die
Quellen der Genesis von neuem untersucht_ (Berlin, 1853); _Die heutige
theosophische oder mythologische Theologie und Schrifterklarung_
(1861).
See E. Riehm, _Hermann Hupfeld_ (Halle, 1867); W. Kay, _Crisis
Hupfeldiana_ (1865); and the article by A. Kamphausen in Band viii. of
Herzog-Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_ (1900).
HURD, RICHARD (1720-1808), English divine and writer, bishop of
Worcester, was born at Congreve, in the parish of Penkridge,
Staffordshire, where his father was a farmer, on the 13th of January
1720. He was educated at the grammar-school of Brewood and at Emmanuel
College, Cambridge. He took his B.A. degree in 1739, and in 1742 he
proceeded M.A. and became a fellow of his college. In the same year he
was ordained deacon, and given charge of the parish of Reymerston,
Norfolk, but he returned to Cambridge early in 1743. He was ordained
priest in 1744. In 1748 he published some _Remarks_ on an _Enquiry into
the Rejection of Christian Miracles by the Heathens_ (1746), by William
Weston, a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He prepared editions,
which won the praise of Edward Gibbon,[1] of the _Ars poetica_ and
_Epistola ad Pisones_ (1749), and the _Epistola ad Augustum_ (1751) of
Horace. A compliment in the preface to the edition of 1749 was the
starting-point of a lasting friendship with William Warburton, through
whose influence he was appointed one of the preachers at Whitehall in
1750. In 1765 he was appointed preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and in 1767 he
became archdeacon of Gloucester. In 1768 he proceeded D.D. at Cambridge,
and delivered at Lincoln's Inn the first Warburton lectures, which were
published later (1772) as _An Introduction to the Study of the
Prophecies concerning the Christian Church_. He became bishop of
Lichfield and Coventry in 1774, and two years later was selected to be
tutor to the prince of Wales and the duke of York. In 1781 he was
translated to the see of Worcester. He lived chiefly at Hartlebury
Castle, where he built a fine library, to which he transferred Alexander
Pope's and Warburton's books, purchased on the latter's death. He was
extremely popular at court, and in 1783, on the death of Archbishop
Cornwallis, the king pressed him to accept the primacy, but Hurd, who
was known, says Madame d'Arblay, as "The Beauty of Holiness," declined
it as a charge not suited to his temper and talents, and much too heavy
for him to sustain. He died, unmarried, on the 28th of May 1808.
Hurd's _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_ (1762) retain a certain
interest for their importance in the history of the romantic movement,
which they did something to stimulate. They were written in continuation
of a dialogue on the age of Queen Elizabeth included in his _Moral and
Political Dialogues_ (1759). Two later dialogues _On the Uses of Foreign
Travel_ were printed in 1763. Hurd wrote two acrimonious defences of
Warburton: _On the Delicacy of Friendship_ (1755), in answer to Dr J.
Jortin; and a _Letter_ (1764) to Dr Thomas Leland, who had criticized
Warburton's _Doctrine of Grace_. He edited the _Works_ of William
Warburton, the _Select Works_ (1772) of Abraham Cowley, and left
materials for an edition (6 vols., 1811) of Addison. His own works
appeared in a collected edition in 8 vols. in 1811.
The chief sources for Bishop Hurd's biography are "Dates of some
occurrences in the life of the author," written by himself and
prefixed to vol. i. of his works (1811); "Memoirs of Dr Hurd" in the
_Ecclesiastical and University ... Register_ (1809), pp. 399-452; John
Nichols, _Literary anecdotes_, vol. vi. (1812), pp. 468-612; Francis
Kilvert, _Memoirs of ... Richard Hurd_ (1860), giving selections from
Hurd's commonplace book, some correspondence, and extracts from
contemporary accounts of the bishop. A review of this work, entitled
"Bishop Hurd and his Contemporaries," appeared in the _North British
Review_, vol. xxxiv. (1861), pp. 375-398.