first appears in Western Europe as THEOBALDUS DE NATURIS XII.
ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates from before the fourth
century, and appears to have been altered at the will of each writer.
PLATEARIUS SALERNITANUS (circ. 1100) was Johannes, one of a family of
physicians at Salerno. His work is called the PRACTICA. A book on the
virtues of herbs. [Lugd., 1525, etc.]
PLATO (430-348 B.C.). The TIMAEUS is quoted, probably from Chalcidius.
PLINY (d. 79). Natural History. This and Isidore's work are the two
chief sources of medieval knowledge of Nature.
PRISCIAN (circ. 525). Grammarian and physicist.
PTOLEMY (circ. 130). An Alexandrian astronomer, known through Arabic
translations only at that time. [Ven., 1509, etc.]
RABANUS MAURUS (776-856) of Fulda, pupil of Alcuin. A Benedictine,
afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, who wrote DE UNIVERSO MUNDO. [1468;
Col., 1627, etc.]
RASIS (d. 935). An Arab physician, perhaps the greatest of the School.
[Ven., 1548, etc.]
REMIGIUS (d. 908). A teacher of Grammar in the School of Paris. His
grammar remained in use there four centuries. He wrote a gloss on
Marcianus Capella.
RICARDUS DE ST. VICTOR (d. 1173). A Scottish theologian, Prior of St.
Victor. A mystic of considerable acuteness. [Ven., 1506, etc.]
RICARDUS RUFUS (circ. 1225). A Cornishman who was a doctor in great
renown, both at Oxford and Paris. He afterwards joined the
Franciscans.
ROBERTUS LINCOLN., GROSTÊTE (d. 1253), the celebrated Bishop of
Lincoln and patron of Bacon. Taught at Paris and at Oxford.
Commentaries on Aristotle.
SALUSTIUS (d. 363?). DE DIIS ET MUNDO. A geographer.
SCHOLA SALERNITANA (circ. 1100). A treatise on the preservation of
health in leonine verse for popular use, said to be addressed to
Robert of England. It has been translated and commented on hundreds of
times. The Middle Age very sensibly thought preservation from disease
a branch of medicine equally important with the cure of it.
SECUNDUS. A writer on Medicine.
SOLINUS (circ. 100). Wrote an account of things in general--
POLYHISTORIA.
STEPHANUS (circ. 600). Commentary on Galen.
STRABUS (d. 847). A Benedictine, Abbot of Reichenau, near Constance.
One of the authors of the Gloss.
SYMON CORNUBIENSIS (?).
VARRO, M. T. (116-26 B.C.). Most celebrated grammarian.
VIRGIL (70-19 B.C.).
WILLIAM CONCHES (d. 1150). Lectured at Paris, 1139, on Grammar, wrote
DE NATURA.
ZENO (circ. 400), A writer on Medicine, and teacher at Alexandria.
_This list of Authorities cited is that given at the end of the
complete work of Bartholomew._
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_Latin Editions_
Date. Place Printer. Remarks.
HC *2500 Pr 8530 Pell 1867 1480 July 29 Lyon . Philippi & Reinhard.
HC 2501 1048 1868 1481 Köln . Koelhoff
HC 2502 8573 1869 1482 Nov. 21 Lyon . Petrus of Hungary
HC 2503 8531a 1870 1482 Dec. 10 Lyon . Philippi & Reinhard.
HC *2504 1055 1871 1483 Jan. 19 Köln . Koelhoff.
H 2505 2036 1872 1483 May 30 Nürnberg Koberger
H *2506 592 1873 1485 Feb. 14 Strassburg Press xv.
HC *2507 3130 1874 1488 May 23 Heidelberg Press i.
H 2508 .. .. 1488 Strassburg (Panzer I 36, 139)
HC *2509 665 1875 1491 Aug. 11 Strassburg Press xv.
HC *2510 2073 1876 1492 June 20 Nürnberg Koberger
H 2511 .. .. 1495 Strassburg (Panzer I 52, 286)
HC *2498 1105 1865 n.d. Köln Press viii. [circ 1473]
formerly attributed to Zell.
HC *2499 7452 1866 n.d. Basel Ruppel.[circ 1468]
10003 .. 1505 Aug. 11 Strassburg Husner.
11131 .. 1519 May 11 Nürnberg Peypus f.J.Koberger
.. 1571 Venezia (Graesse III. 92)
.. 1574 Paris. (Graesse III. 92)
.. 1575 Strassburg (Graesse III. 92)
.. 1601 Frankfurt Richter B.M.
.. 1609 Frankfurt Stein Bib. Nat.
_Dutch Version_
H 2521 1479 ? ?
HC 2522 9173 1886 1485 Haarlem Bellaert
Note--Pr. = Proctor.
_French Version by Jehan Corbichon in_ 1372
Date Place Printer Remarks
HC 2514 Pr 8556 Pell 1880 . 1482 Nov.12 Lyon Huss.
HC 2518 8561 1882 . 1485 Oct.23 Lyon Huss.
HC 2515 .. 1881 . 1485-[6],Jan.26 Lyon Le Roy
H 2516 .. 1883 . 1487, April 7 Lyon Huss.
HC 2517 8564 1884 . 1491-[2],Mar.15 Lyon Huss.
.. 1885 . 1496-[7] Lyon Huss. (Cop. II 884)
HC 2519 .. .. . 1500 Lyon Le Diamantier
HC 2513 8540 1879 . n.d. Lyon Siber (c.1482)
.. 1877 . ? Lyon? Imperfect
HC 2512 .. 1878 . n.d. Paris for A. Verard
.. 1510 Paris for Petit& Lenoir
(Brunet II 1622)
.. 1512 Rouen n.p. (Brunet II
1622)
.. 1518 Paris for Petit & Lenoir
Bib.Nat.
.. 1525 Paris P. Lenoir B.M.
.. 1528,May 5 Paris Gandoul Voynich.
.. c. 1530 [Paris] B.M.
.. 1539 Paris Longis B.M.
.. 1556 Paris L'Anglier
(Brunet II 1623), Grasse says 1566
.. 1556 Paris Groulleau Bib. Nat.
.. 1556 Paris De Banville Bib.
Nat.
.. 1556 Paris M.Boursette B.M.
Bib Nat.
_Spanish Version by Fr. Vincent de Burgos_
HC 2523 Pr 8722 Pell 1887 1494,Sep.18 Toulouse Mayer
1556 Toledo De Avila B.M.
_English Version by John of Trevisa in_ 1397
HC 2520 Pr 9725 n.d. Westminster W. de Worde
[c.1495]
1535 London Berthelet B.M.
1582 London East B.M.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The first edition of this selection was published at London in 1893.
The 1535 edition has 8 unpaged leaves (title, table, prologue, and
Book I.), 338 numbered leaves, and printer's mark of Lucretia. The
following errors in pagination are noted: 181 for 189, 197 for 187,
201 for 200, 203 for 201, 211 for 209.
The chief point of interest in the Bibliography is the question raised
by Wynkyn de Worde's positive statement in his edition in his
epilogue:
And also of your charyte call to remembraunce
The soule of William Caxton first prynter of this boke
In latin tonge at Coleyn hymself to avaunce
That every well disposyd man may theron loke
And John Tate the yonger Joy mote he broke
Which late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne
That now in our Englyssh this boke is prynted Inne.
Mr. Gordon Duff is disposed to think that Caxton may have worked on
the undated Cologne edition (H.C. *2498), which must in that case be
put before 1476, finding a link between his Bruges type and the
Cologne presses in a work printed at Louvain in 1475 which contains
type of both descriptions.
Most of these editions are in the British Museum. The copy of the
Berthelet edition there has an autograph of Shakespeare in it--one of
the Ireland forgeries.
GLOSSARY
Accord, _n._, harmony
According, _part._, punning, or in harmony
Adamant, _n._, a diamond
Addercop, _n._, a spider
Afeard, _part._, affrighted
Afore, _prep._, before
Almery, _n._, a cupboard, a buttery
Anon, _adv._, immediately
Apaid, _v._, served, repaid
Apaired, _adj._, injured, impaired
Areared, _adj._, upright
Assay, _v._, to try
Aught, _n._, anything
Avisement, _n._, forethought, counsel
Away with, _v._, to suffer
Awreak, _v._, revenge
Ayencoming, _n._, returning
Ayenge, _prep._, against
Ayenward, _adv._, vice versa
Bate, _v._, _hawking_, to flutter the wings as if preparing
for flight
Bays, _n._, the fruit of the laurel
Because, _conj._, in order that
Beclip, _v._, embrace, enfold
Behind forth, _adv._, from back to front
Behooteth, _v._, advises, gives
Behove, _v._, to be necessary
Bernacle, _n._, a bridle
Beshine, _v._, to illuminate
Bisse, _n._, a second
Blemish, _v._, shrink, blench
Blow, _v._, to obtain lead, etc., from ores in a furnace
Boisterous, boystous, _adj._, thick, strong, solid
Bourgeon, _v._, to bud, burst forth
Bray, _v._, to pound
Brock, _n._, a badger
Buck, _v._, to wash
Busily, _adv._, carefully
But, _prep._, except
Car, _n._, means or instrument
Carfle, _v._, to pound
Carrions, _n._, corpses
Cast, _v._, to intend
Chaffer, _n._, trade
Chine, _n._, chink, cleft
Clarity, _n._, clearness
Clepe, _v._, call
Cliff, _n._, shore
Clue, _n._, a clew or hank (of yarn)
Comfort, _v._, to strengthen
Common, _v._, to share one's food with others and ayenward
Conject, _v._, conjecture
Coverture, _n._, covering
Craftily, _adv._, skilfully
Culvour, _n._, pigeon
Curtel, _n,_, a kirtle, a short coat, a covering
Deadly, _adv._, mortal
Deeming, _n._, judgment, opinion
Default, _n._, deficiency
Depart, _v._, to separate, share out
Despiteously, _adv._, contemptuously
Detty, _adj._, generous
Disperple, _v._, to scatter, destroy
Do, done, _v._, to put, to don
Doomsman, _n._, judge
Draust, _n._, dross, impurity
Ear, _v._, to reap
Else, _adv._, otherwise
Enform, _v._, to make
Even tofore, _adv._, opposite to
Expert, _adv._, tried
Fare, _v._, to happen
Fear, _v. a._, to frighten
Fell, _n._, an undressed skin
Fen, _n._, clay
Fine, _n._, a boundary
Fleet, _v._, to float, to swim; _cf_. "to flit"
Flux, _n._, a flow, a catarrh
Fore, _n._, trail, spoor; _cf_. "foor"
Frot, _v._, to rub
Fumous, _adj._, vaporous, cloudy
Fumosity, _n._, vapour
Fundament, _n._, foundation
Gentle, _adj._, noble, high-minded
Gesses, _n._, jesses, cords for fastening the legs of a hawk
Gete, _n._, goats
Ghastful, _adj._, frightful
Gin, _a._, machine
Glad, _v. a._, to please
Glimy, _adj._, slimy
Gloss, _n._, the comment on Scripture, compiled in the ninth
century from the fathers
Glue, _n._. any glutinous substance
Gnod, _v._, to rub?
Grieve, _v._, to hurt
Grutching, _n._, growling
Gutter, _n._, drop
Hale, _v._, to drag
Hap, _n._, chance
Hards, hirds, _n._, tow
Haught, _part._, hatched
Heckle, _v._, to straighten out lint by a coarse comb
Hele, _v._, to cover; _cf._, heling
Hight, _v._, is called
Hoar, _adj._, feathered
Hop, _n._, the seed case of the flaxplant
Horrible, _adj._, unpleasant to hear
Housebond, _n._, husband
Hovey, _part._, hovel, cottage
Hoving, _part._, staying
Infect, _adj._, spotted, injured
Intendment, _n._, understanding
Jape, _v._, to cry out
Kele, _v._, to cool
Kind, _n._, nature
Kindly, _adj._, natural; _adv._, naturally
Langhaldes, _n._, ropes connecting the fore and hind legs of a
horse or cow to stay it from jumping
Latten, _n._, a kind of brass
Lea, _n._, pasture land
Lesings, _n._, untruths
Let, _v._, to hinder
Lewd, _adj._, ignorant
Liefer, _adv._, rather
Likelihood, _n._, resemblance
Limb, _n._, an instrument; _cf._, "limb of the law"
Limbmeal, _adv._, limb by limb; _cf._, "piecemeal"
List, _n._, a limit, border
Lodesman, _n._, pilot
Lowte, _v._, to trumpet
Make, _n._, a mate
Manner, _adj._, manner of, kind of
Mawmet, _n._, an idol or toy
Mean, _n._, intermediary, means
Mean, _v._, to assert, consider
Medley, _v._, to mix
Meinie, _n._, domestics, household
Merry, _adj._, fortunate
Meselry, _n._, leprosy Mess,_n._, portion
Messager, _n._, messenger
Mete, _v._, measure, apportion
Mews, _n._, originally a place in which hawks were kept "mewed
up"
Mildness, _n._, generosity
Minish, _v._, to narrow
Mirror, _n._, seems to have been used only when the surface was
curved, the word "shewer" being used for a plane mirror
Mistake, _v._, to take wrongly
Namely, _adj._, especially
Nathless, _con._, nevertheless
Ne, _con._, nor
Needly, _adj._, necessarily
Nerve, _n._, sinew
Nesh, _adj._, soft
Nether, _adj._, lower
Nice, _adj._, silly, small, trifling
Nicely, _adv._, sillily
Nother, _con._, neither
Noyful, _adj._, noxious, hurtful
Noying, _n._, harm
Ordinate, _adj._, ordered, prescribed
Otherdeal, _adv._, otherwise
Overthwart, _adj._, crossed over on itself
Passing, _adj._, surpassing
Patent, _n._, a plate or paten (patine)
Pight, _adj._, put, pitched
Powder, _n._, dust of any kind
Pricket, _n._, a spike used for candlestick, hence a candle
Principles, _n._, indecomposable elements
Pure, _v.a._, to purify
Pursueth, _v_, suiteth?
Quicken, _v.i._, to come to life
Quiver, _adj._, nimble, active
Ramaious, _adj._, (_hawking_), slow
Ravish, _v._, to snatch
Reclaim, _n._, (_hawking_}, the calling back of a hawk
Refudation, _n._, a process in which vinegar is poured on lead,
distilled off, and again suffered to act on it
Relief, _n._, a dessert
Rese, _v._, to rush on anyone
Resolve, _v._, to loosen, weaken, to dissolve
Rheum, _n._, salt humour
Ribbed, _adj._, beaten with a "rib," in dressing flax
Ridge, _n._, the back bone
Riever, _n._, a violent, robber, a raider
Rivelled, _adj._, wrinkled
Rively, _adv._, wrinkled, shrunk
Rodded, _adj._, separated from tow--"redded"
Routs, _n._, crowds
Ruthful, _adj._, sorrowful
Sad, _adj._, steadfast, solid
Sanguine, _adj._, blood-like
Scarce, _adj._, sparing, avaricious
Seethe, _v._, to boil
Selde, _adv._, seldom
Sele, _v._, to cover
Shamefast, _adj._, shamefaced
Sheltrons, _n._, palisades
Shern, _adj._, shore
Shewer, _n._, a looking-glass
Shingle, _n._, in _roofing_, brushwood, or small boards
Shipbreach, _n._, shipwreck
Shore, _adj._, shorn (of the hair)
Shrewd, _adj._, bitter; _cf._, shrew
Silly, _adj._, blessed, _hence_ innocent, _hence_
simple
Sinew, _n._, a nerve
Slubber, _v._, to do anything carelessly
Smirch, _v._, to soil
Sod, _adj._, stewed
Solar, _n._, an upper floor
Solemn, _adj._, celebrated, earnest
Somedeal, _adv._, somewhat
Sometime, _adv._, once
Sooth, _n._, truth
Spanells, _n._, ropes connecting the fore or hind feet of an
animal to impede its movements
Spousehood, _n._, marriage
Spousebreach, _n._, adultery
Spronge, _adj._, sprinkled
Stare, _v._, to stay
Startling, _part._, leaping and jumping
Stint, _v._, to stop
Stint, _adj._, stopped
Straight, _adj._, confined
Straited, _adj._, narrowed
Sty, _v._, to climb
Suspect, _adj._, in suspicion
Tatch, _n._, spot
Tatched, _adj._, spotted
Tewly, livid
Tilth, _v._, to cultivate
Tilth, _n._, tillage
Tofore, _prep._, before
Toll, _v._, to entice
Trow, _v._, to believe; _cf._, trust
Unmighty, _adj._, unable
Unneth, _adv._, hardly
Uplandish, _adj._, rustic
Utter, _adj._, outer
Very, _adj._, true
Wait, _n._, a guard
Wanhope, _n._, despair
Warily, _adv._, carefully
Ween, _v._, consider, think
Wem, _n._, blemish, fault
Wend, _adj._, wound up
Werish, _adj._, insipid
Whelk, _n._, a swelling
Whet, _v._, to sharpen
Whiche, _n._, a wicket-gate _cf._, "wych gate"
Wilful, _adj._, of set purpose
Wit, _n._, a sense; _cf_ "out of his wits"
Witty, _adj._, sensibly
Wonder, _adj._, wondrous
Wonderly, _adv._, wondrously
Wood, _adj._, crazy, frantic
Woodness, _n._, madness
Woose, _n._, fluid
Worship, _n._, reverence, authority
Wosen, _n._, the arteries
Wot, _v._, knew
Wrang, _adj._, injured, wrung
Wreak, _n._, revenge
Wreck, _v._, to revenge
Wrecker, _n._, avenger