THE SIEGE AND DEFENCE OF A MEDIEVAL CASTLE
A work upon castellation would undoubtedly be incomplete if it omitted
to deal with the interesting subject of the means by which the medieval
knight defended his castle, and of the methods he employed for attacking
his neighbour's, or an enemy's town, whether in a private feud or
legitimate warfare.
Through the almost universal habit of perusing medieval romances the
general public has formed a mental picture of the hero and his followers
riding round a castle and summoning it to surrender, or challenging the
garrison to emerge from their retreat and essay mortal combat in the
open. As the engineer and captain of the sappers and miners, the
director of the artillery, the designer of movable towers, and the
general head of the various artifices calculated to bring the besieged
to their senses, the hero is less well known.
The _coup de main_ method of attack has probably been the same in most
ages, and undoubtedly was the chief means resorted to by primitive man.
His missile weapons during the Stone, Bronze, and Early Iron Ages were
of no use against earth ramparts crowned by thick palisading; sling,
stones, arrows, and spears were only efficacious against the bodies of
his enemies, and hand-to-hand combat was therefore a necessity. Hence we
may imagine a concentration against a presumably weak point, a sudden
rush, the plunge into the dry ditch and a rapid scramble up the scarp
towards the palisades under a shower of arrows, stones, and other
missiles; the mad escalade of the defences surmounting the earthwork and
the fierce resistance of the defenders, followed by a successful entry
or a disastrous repulse and retreat.
Precisely the same course was pursued in the medieval period when a
rapid bridging of the moat by planks and beams would be attempted,
scaling ladders would be reared, and, protected by their shields from
the rain of missiles, the assailants, covered by their archers' fire of
arrows and bolts upon the ramparts, would mount their ladders and
attempt to effect a lodgment upon the walls. And, although weapons and
conditions have changed, the assault to-day is made upon the self-same
methods.
If, instead of the _coup de main_, a sustained siege is decided upon the
knight will order his "gyns" to be brought up to the front, and large
and heavy ones to be built upon the spot. From the time when Uzziah
"made in Jerusalem engines, invented by cunning men, to be on the towers
and upon the bulwarks, to shoot arrows and great stones withal,"[1] down
to the invention of cannon, the ingenuity of man has been exercised in
devising machines for hurling missiles to a distance.
The Greeks, Romans, and other nations of antiquity brought them to
perfection, and marvellous results were obtained in ancient sieges; the
vivid account by Plutarch of the great engines used at the attack upon
Syracuse, B.C. 214-212, reads almost like romance. Caesar frequently
mentions this artillery, and especially the portable balistae for
throwing arrows and casting stones; they were fitted with axles and
wheels and manoeuvred like batteries of cannon at the present day.
Larger engines were constructed as required like those of the medieval
period.
[Footnote 1: 2 Chron. xxvi. 15.]
[Illustration: TANTALLON CASTLE, HADDINGTONSHIRE.]
The ancient engines were distinct from those of a later age in depending
for their efficacy upon the forces of tension and torsion as compared
with that of counterpoise in the middle ages. The art of preparing the
sinews of animals so as to preserve their elastic powers was known to
the ancients, and great bundles so treated were utilised in different
ways in the various engines. Experiments on sinews, ropes of hair, and
other materials at the present day have proved that loss of elasticity
soon occurs, whereas we learn that such was not the fact in classical
times with their special method of preparation. By fixing an endless
skein in a suitable frame, stretching it tightly and then twisting the
skein in the centre by means of a beam of wood, the necessary torsion
was obtained; if a missile were placed upon the beam when drawn back and
the beam released, the projectile would be hurled to a distance
proportionate to the velocity of the arm and the weight of the missile.
The principle may readily be gleaned from the accompanying diagram which
exemplifies the two vertical skeins used in a portable balista for
throwing arrows; by being fixed in a suitable frame an action like that
of the bow could be obtained. By using immense coils of twisted sinew
the nations of antiquity, and especially the Greeks, threw stones
weighing 50 lbs. or more to a distance of from 400 to 500 yards, and as
a general rule with marvellous accuracy, while lighter missiles are
stated to have been hurled to between 700 and 800 yards. These engines
received the general name of "catapults," although the Greeks generally
referred to them under the term "tormentum," in reference to the twisted
sinews, thongs, and hair, of which the skeins were made. Broadly
speaking, catapults shot darts, arrows, and the falarica,--a long
iron-headed pole; balistas projected stones or similar missiles, though
the names are often interchanged by the chroniclers. Some time after the
fall of the Roman empire the secret of preparing the sinews was lost.
[Illustration: DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTION IN
CLASSICAL ENGINES.]
_The Trebuchet._--Another force was called into play for medieval
artillery. This was the counterpoise, or gravitation, and the principle
upon which all large engines or "gyns" were constructed during the
middle ages. A long wooden arm was pivoted in a framework so that a
short and a long portion projected upon either side; to the shorter part
a great weight in a swinging cradle was fixed which necessarily raised
the longer arm to the vertical position. If the latter were drawn
backwards and downwards the great weight was accordingly raised, and
upon release the long arm would sweep upwards in a curve and project any
missile attached to it. By fixing a sling of suitable length to the arm
the efficiency was immensely increased (_see_ Title-page). Such was the
principle of the "trebuchet," the enormous engines which carried
devastation and destruction to medieval castles. The French are said to
have introduced these in the twelfth century, and by the end of the
thirteenth they were the most formidable siege engines of the time.
[Illustration: STIRLING CASTLE, STIRLINGSHIRE.]
The transition period in England between the classical weapons and the
trebuchet was the twelfth century and the early part of the thirteenth.
The veterans from the crusades undoubtedly introduced the torsion and
tension engines, but found that the home-made article could not compete
in efficiency with the Oriental examples and therefore the advent of the
trebuchet was welcomed. Roughly speaking, the original balista or
catapults depending upon torsion, and throwing shafts rather than balls,
were not so frequently in use as those engines which depended upon
tension and threw heavy stones. In the early part of the thirteenth
century the balista catapult came into vogue once more; it was of the
cross-bow type, and at the end of the century was called the espringale
and mounted on wheels.
The counterpoises used in large trebuchets weighed sometimes between 8
and 9 tons; the throwing arm was often 50 feet in length, and the engine
could hurl a projectile weighing between 2 cwt. and 3 cwt. to a distance
of about 300 yards. Dead horses were at times sent whirling over the
battlements into a besieged town, while casks of matter of an offensive
character and likely to breed pestilences were common missiles. But the
chief use and purpose of the trebuchet was the smashing-up of
bretasches; the pounding of the battlements and upper works to
facilitate escalades; the filling up of the moat in selected places by
throwing large quantities of earth, stones, etc., into it and against
the walls, and, occasionally, to hurl some unfortunate envoy back again
into a town or fortress when the messages he carried were distasteful to
the besiegers. In a medieval MS. full directions are given for trussing
a man intended for use as a projectile.
Camden states that at the siege of Bedford Castle by King John one of
the mangonels, _i.e._ trebuchets, threw millstones into the castle. He
mentions seven great machines being at work at one time. Again, when
Henry III. besieged Kenilworth, in 1266, stones of extraordinary size
were used as missiles; some are still preserved at the Castle and two
are at the Rotunda, Woolwich, the diameters being 18-1/2 inches and
16-1/4 inches; the weight 256 lbs. and 165 lbs. respectively. At
Pevensey Castle catapult stone shot of 144, 156, and 241 lbs.
respectively have been discovered. The great trebuchet constructed by
Edward I. for the siege of Stirling Castle cast balls weighing between
two and three hundredweight. The several parts of this great machine
were sent by sea, but the Castle surrendered before its efficacy could
be tried. The King was annoyed that this, his pet device, the
"War-Wolf," as it was termed, had not had an opportunity, and therefore
ordered the garrison to remain within while he took a few "pot-shots" at
their defences.
Such projectiles would almost demolish a house, and were nearly as
formidable as modern shells; their great weight would batter every
portion of a medieval castle except the very thickest of walls. The
platforms of earth thrown up by besiegers to sustain their great engines
remain in many places intact to-day; thus round Berkhampstead Castle are
eight, upon which the trebuchets of the Dauphin were erected in 1216,
when he battered the castle into submission in about a fortnight. The
terms mangonel, petrary, balista, onager, scorpion, perrier, catapult,
etc., when used by historians of the middle ages, generally apply to the
trebuchet and its varieties, large and small.
_The Arblast, Espringale, and Spurgardon_ were engines based upon the
cross-bow or tension principle; some were of considerable size and threw
huge bolts tipped with iron. Another and a common use was to convey
ignited incendiary matter into the enemy's quarters by their means. They
were mounted upon towers, curtain walls, and in the baileys, while in
the open when placed upon wheels they served the purpose of
field-pieces.
[Illustration: RAISING THE PORTCULLIS.]
_The Ram_, based upon the weapon used by the ancients, was in frequent
use. The working parts and the men manipulating it were protected by a
pent-house called the "Snail," or "Whelk," having a roof of considerable
thickness. In this house it was suspended by chains and pulled backwards
and forwards by hand or mechanical appliances; when released, it smashed
the stones in the wall to powder, so that they could be subsequently
removed from the defences. To mitigate the effects the besieged let down
mattresses, bags of wool, and coiled rope mats by chains from the
ramparts.
_The Terebra._--A machine based upon the classical _terebra_ was also in
use. It consisted of a heavy beam which could be rotated; the iron head
being furnished with a spike of square section was inserted in a joint
into which it bored its way, breaking up the surrounding stones and
facilitating their removal.
_The Cat, or Sow_, was in constant use for mining and underpinning
walls. It was a covered house upon wheels, with an enormously strong
roof calculated to withstand the heavy stones, beams of wood, hot
water, molten lead, and spiked poles which were invariably launched from
the battlements for its destruction. Under its cover the besiegers
tunnelled beneath the walls, which they supported with woodwork until
their task was completed; by starting a conflagration in the chamber
thus excavated the supports were consumed and the wall was breached. At
other times the stones, previously shattered or loosened by the ram or
the terebra, were removed until the wall above was incapable of bearing
its own weight. Mining, like other operations, had to be carried out
with discretion and was undoubtedly a precarious operation. Thus in the
siege of Dryslwyn Castle, Carmarthenshire, in the time of Edward I.,
Lord Stafford and other leaders lost their lives by a sudden collapse of
the walls they were undermining. The mine was often met by a
counter-mine of the garrison as in modern warfare.
_The Beffroi, Belfry, or Movable Tower_ was a machine for facilitating
the capture of fortified positions. It could be built upon the spot or
carried from place to place in pieces. When mounted upon wheels it was
pushed forward towards the walls, the object being to give the
assailants the same advantage of height which was shared by the
besieged. From the upper platform the archers could command the
battlements and approaches; those in lower stages sent their missiles
into loopholes and other openings; in the lowest stage a ram was often
mounted. One feature of its construction was a hinged platform which
fell outwards upon the battlements and over which the assailants
endeavoured to enter the fortress. The besieged hindered the approach of
this terror by digging pitfalls for the wheels, shooting incendiary
missiles, making sallies for its destruction by fire, or concentrating
such a body of men upon the walls that none could live under the hail of
missiles poured into it.
The methods of assailing a castle thus enumerated were, as a rule, put
into operation at the same time and supported one another. Thus in the
siege of Bedford Castle, defended by the followers of Faukes de Breauté,
in 1224, the siege was carried out by King Henry III. in person. Two
wooden Beffrois were made and advanced towards the walls,--these were
occupied by longbow-men and arbalestiers; sappers approached the walls
and undermined by means of a Cat; seven trebuchets cast their ponderous
projectiles against, or into, the castle without intermission night and
day, while lesser artillery hurled lead-covered stones, darts, bolts,
and other missiles among the defenders upon the walls, or through the
oillets and louvre-covered windows. The barbican was taken and then the
outer bailey; a breach in the defending wall gave admission to the inner
bailey, and when, by judicious sapping, one portion of the great Shell
Keep sank and produced a wide breach, the castle was surrendered.
In medieval manuscripts we meet with many illustrations of petardiers
hurling vessels containing Greek fire upon the various engines attacking
a castle or town, and perhaps this terrifying missile deserves more
notice than has hitherto been paid to it. Introduced from the East
during the time of the Crusades it was used with other incendiary
bodies, but as no great objects were specially achieved by its use in
our islands, or rather, as chroniclers do not make special mention of
such results, we are probably justified in thinking that the effects
were more of a terrifying character than of actual effectiveness in
besieging or defending a castle.
INDEX
Adulterine Castles, 90, 91
Ages--Stone, Bronze, Iron, dates of, 7
l'Aigle, Matilda de, 94
Albini, Nigel de, Cainhoe Castle, 56
Alnwick Castle, description of, 68
Alselin, Geoffrey, Laxton Castle, 56
Alur, 117, 168
Ambresbury Banks, Essex, 29
Anderida, 45
Angus, Earl of, 187
Arbalesteria, 78, 117
Arblast, 196
Archer, the English, 150
Aros Castle, 179
Arundel Castle, 54, 65, 151, 158
description of, 71
Shell Keep, 72
siege of, 72
Arundel Cathedral, 73
Aspiks, 152
Avalon, Isle of, 11
Badbury, Berks, 31
Badbury Rings, Wimborne, 22, 23, 32
Badlesmere, Bartholomew, 148
Bailey, buildings in, 53
Bailey or Base Court, 53
Bakewell, 42
Baliol, Robert, 184
Balista, 192, 194, 196
stones, 192
Bamborough Castle, 41
description of, 93
Keep of, 94, 96
siege of, 93
wards of, 96
Banks, Sir John, and Lady, 139
Barbican, or ravelin, 67
Barnard Castle, the Keep, 106
Bartizans, 178, 180
Base Court or Bailey, 53
Basilisks, 152
Battlemented parapets, 41
Bayeux tapestry, 55
Beauchamp Tower, Tower of London, 135
Beaufort, Duke of, 142, 164
Beaumaris Castle, 122
_Bebban burh_ or Bamborough, 41
Bedford Castle, Shell Keep of, 200
siege of, 195
Beffroi, 81, 94, 198, 199
Bek, Anthony, Bishop of Durham, 69
Belesme, Robert de, 71, 87
Belfry, 198
Belvoir Castle, position of, 59
Todenei, Robert, 57
Berkeley Castle, 65
Berkhampstead Castle, 196
Mortaign, Robert, Count of, 56
Berm, Cadbury Castle, 24
Verulamium, 37
Berwick Castle, 183
Bigot family, 142
Bodiam Castle, 165, 179
description of, 157
Boleyn, Anne, 161
Sir Geoffrey, 160
Sir Thomas, 161
Bolingbroke, 121
Bombards, 148, 152
Bothwell Castle, description of, 181
Bowyer Tower, Tower of London, 135
Bradbury, 14
Bretasche, 167, 194
description of, 103
Motte and Bailey Castle, 50
Breauté, Faukes de, 199
Brick Castles, 155
Brick-making, art of, 165
British Isles, earthworks of, 2, 173
Broch, 174
at Cockburn Law, 175
of Mousa, 174
Bronllys Castle, 133
Bronze Age, 7, 189
Broughton Castle, 172
Bruce, Robert, 183
Buckingham, Duke of, 162
Builth Castle, 133
Bures Mount, Essex, 50
Burgh, Hubert de, 81
Burh, bury, borough, and burgh, 39, 40
Burhs, Nottingham, 42
Saxon, 38, 39
Stafford, Tarn worth and Warwick, 42
Witham and Maldon, 42
Busli, Roger de, Tickhill Castle, 57
Cadbury, Tiverton, 22
Castle, 23
Berm of, 24
Caerlaverock Castle, 186
Caerphilly Castle, 131
description of, 126
Caesar, artillery of, 190
Cainhoe Castle, Albini, Nigel de 56
Campbell Castle, 179
Canmore, Malcolm, 183
Cannon, early, 147
gargoyles, 181
shot, weight of, 154
Canterbury Castle, Keep of 89
Carew Castle, 132
Carisbrooke Castle, 65
description of, 73
Carnarvon Castle, 118
description of, 123
town walls of, 124
Castellated Mansion, 147, 155
Castellation, the first, 2
transition period, 156
Castle-building Stephen's reign, 92
Castles, centre of boroughs, 57
centre of feudal baronies, 56
definition of, 1
in Gascony, 156
Herefordshire, 55
Hertfordshire, 56
Leicestershire, 56
Nottinghamshire, 56
of Scotland, 173
sites of, 57
Cat, 197, 200
Catapult, 192, 194, 196
Chapel-en-le-Frith, 11
Chaworth, Payn de, 130
Chepstow Castle, 131
description of, 141
Château Gaillard, description of, 110
the Keep, 111
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 62
Cilgerran Castle, 132
Cissbury, 14, 24
Civil War, efficiency of Castles, 153
Clare, Earl of, 46
Gilbert de, 127
family, 142
Classification of earthworks, 5
Clavering Castle, Essex, 49
Clawll y Milwyr, 8
Cleves, Anne of, 161
Clickamin Broch, 175
Cliff Castles, 7-9
Clifford's Castle, Northants, 50, 52
Clifton Camps, 9
Clinton, William de, 162
Clun Castle, Keep of, 88, 92
Cobham, Lord, 160
Colchester Castle, 134
Chapel of, 85
Colepeper family, 144
Comb Moss, 11
Compton, Sir William, 162
Concentric Castle, 110
essential principles of, 113
Conisborough Castle, description of, 106
Constantinople, fortifications of, 112
Contour forts, 14
Conway, town wall of, 120
Castle, 118
description of, 120
Corbelling, mania for, 180
Corfe Castle, 131
Buttavant Tower, 140
description of, 137
Keep of, 139
"slighting" of, 140
Coucy Castle, 102, 104, 105, 181
Counterpoise engines, 193
Counterpoises of trebuchets, 194
_Coup-de-main_ attack, 189
Craigmillar Castle, 179
Crenellated walls, 41
Crévecoeur family, 143
Criccieth Castle, description of, 118
Cromlechs, 8
Cromwell, Ralph, Lord, 168
Crowstep gables, 181
Curtain walls, 67
Cutts, Lord, 75
Cylindrical Keep, 101
Dalyngrugge, Sir Edward, 157
Danish burhs, 43
Dauphin, 98
Definition of a castle, 1
"Devil of Belesme," 87
Differentiation of earthworks, 3
Dilke family, 162
Dinas, 9
Dirleton Castle, 176
Dog-tooth ornament, 92
Dolebury, 14
Donjon, 102, 181
Dorchester, Oxon, 10
Douglas family, 181
Doune Castle, 186
Dover Castle, 49
description of, 80, 92
the Keep, 82
Dragons, 152
Drum Castle, 178, 182
Dryslwyn Castle, 198
Dudley Castle, Fitz-Ansculf, William, 56
Dumbarton Castle, 176
Dunnottar Castle, description of, 185
Keep of, 185
Dunster Castle, Mohun, William de, 56
Durability of earthworks, 4
Durham Castle, 65
Dyke Hills, 10
Eagle Tower, Carnarvon Castle, 126
Earls Barton Castle, Northants, 52
Earthworks, auxiliary aids to, 18
British Isles, 2
classification of, 5
destruction of, 14
differentiation of, 3
durability of, 4
English, 3
with stockades, 18
Edinburgh Castle, 176, 183
Argyle Tower, 183
Edinburgh Castle, St. Margaret's Chapel, 184
Wellhouse Tower, 184
Edin's Hold, 175
"Edwardian" Castle, 118
Edward the Martyr, 138
Eleanor, wife of Humphrey of Gloucester, 144
Elfreton, Henry de, 121
Ely, 43
Engines, ancient, 191
English earthworks, 3
Escalade, 189
Espringale, 194, 196
Ethelfleda of the Mercians, 41, 42
Exburgh Manor-House, 168
Eye Castle, Malet, Robert de, 56
Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 164
Falarica, 86, 192
Fane, Ralph, 169
Fergeant, Alan, 99
Ferrers, Henry de, Tutbury Castle, 57
Feudal baronies, castles centre of, 56
Fiennes, Sir Roger, 165
Thomas, execution of, 166
First castellation, 2
Fishguard, 9
Fitz-Ansculf, William, Dudley Castle, 56
Fitz-John, Eustace, 68, 94
Fitz-Osborne, William, Earl of Hereford, 73
William, 142
Fitz-Scrob, Richard, 48
Flanking Towers, 67
Flint Castle, 122
Flying bridge, Motte and Bailey Castle, 50
Fonmon Castle, Glamorganshire, 93
Forebuildings, 78
Rochester Castle, 98
Fortified Hill-Tops, classification of, 13
strengthened, 5, 13
Gam, Sir David, 163
Gannock's Castle, near Tempsford, 44, 45
Gaveston, Piers, 74
Glendower, Owen, 119
Gloucester Castle, Keep of, 89
Humphrey, Duke of, 169
Golden Valley, Castle at, 48
Gravitation engines, 193
Greek fire, 200
Grey, Sir Ralph, 95, 152
Guildford Castle, Chapel of, 85
Keep of, 88
Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 134
Gunpowder, introduction of, 147
"Gyns," 190, 193
Ham Hill, Somerset, 15
Hampton Court, Herefordshire, 172
Harlech Castle, 118, 152
Harquebuses, openings for, 158
Hastings Castle, 55
Hatton, Sir Christopher, 139
Haut, Ivo de, 170
Haverfordwest Castle, 133
Hedingham Keep, Essex, 83
Hembury Fort, Honiton, 14
Herefordshire, Castles in, 55
Hereford, Motte and Bailey Castle, 48, 49
Herstmonceaux Castle, 167, 168
description of, 164
Hertfordshire, Castles in, 56
Hever Castle, 160
Sir William de, 160
Hill forts, 173
Hilton Castle, 172
Home Castle, 176
Earls of, 181
Homestead moats, 6
developed, 6
Humfreys, Sir William, 161
Hunsbury, Northants, 30
Ifan, Davydd ap, 152
Ightham Mote, 170
Iron Age, 7, 189
Isabella, Queen of Edward II., 144
Isle of Avalon, 11
Juliets, 102
Keep, Scottish, plan of, 176
Kemyss, Sir Nicholas, 143
Kenilworth Castle, 151
siege of, 195
Kidwelly Castle, Carmarthenshire, 118, 129
Kildrummie Castle, 176
Lacy, Ilbert de, Pontefract Castle, 57
Lambert, General, 186
Lamphey Castle, 133
"Land of Castles," 131
Launceston Castle, the Keep, 105
Laxton Castle, Alselin, Geoffrey, 56
Leconfield, Lord, 160
Leeds Castle, Kent, 105, 148
Baileys of, 145
Barbicans of, 146
description of, 143
Keep of, 145
Leicestershire, Castles in, 56
Lewes Castle, 65
Lewkenor, Sir Thomas, 158
Licences to crenellate, 90
Lincoln Castle, 65
Lisle, Warine de, 159
Llandilo, Castle near, 130
Llawhaddon Castle, 133
Loch Doon Castle, 176
Loch Leven Castle, 179
Logan Stone, 8
Ludlow, family of, 172
Machicolation, 104, 116, 158, 165, 167, 181
earliest example of, 111
Maiden Castle, 14, 16, 22, 32
entrances of, 17
Malet, Robert de, Eye Castle, 56
_Malvoisin_, 94
Mam Tor, Derbyshire, 27
the shivering mountain, 27
Mangonel, 104, 196
Manorbier Castle, 9, 133
"March of the Men of Harlech," 120
Marmion, Robert le, Tamworth Castle, 56
Maxstoke Castle, 162
Medieval walls, construction of, 78
Melandra, near Glossop, 34
Menhirs, 8
Merlons, 117, 124, 165, 168
Meurtriers, 78, 116, 142
Mining, method of, 198
Missile engines of the ancients, 190
Mohun, William de, Dunster Castle, 56
Monk, General, 187
Montfort, Simon de, 46, 98
Montgomery, family of, 71
Morgan, Colonel, 142
Mortaign, Robert, Count of, Berkhampstead Castle, 56
Earl of, 46
Motte and Bailey Castle, 48
advantages of, 60
bretasche of, 50
construction of, 49
flying bridge of, 50
positions of, 58, 59
positions of mound of, 54
rapid erection of, 60
Scottish, 175
Mount and Fosse, 5
Mount (or Motte) and Bailey, 5
Mount, The, Caerleon, 50
Movable Tower, 198
Mowbray, de, 94
Narberth Castle, 133
Natural fortresses strengthened, 5-6
Neidpath Castle, 178
description of, 182
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Castle,
Chapel of, 85
Forebuilding of, 79
Keep of, 89
Newquay, 7
Newton Castle, Montgomeryshire, 53
Nineveh marbles, 41
Norham Castle, 105
Norwich Castle, 134
Nottingham Castle, 87
Keep of, 88
Nottinghamshire, Castles in, 56
Odin's Hold, Berwickshire, 175
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, 46, 97, 143
Oillets, 78, 124, 166, 200
Old Castle Head, 9
Onager, 86, 196
Ongar Castle, Essex, 52, 53
_Oppidum_ of Cassivelaunus, 33
Orford Castle, Suffolk, 109
Oubliettes, 78
Oxford Castle, Keep of, 89
Parapet, location of, 4
Peel Towers, 180
Pelham, Lady Jane, 46
Sir John, 46
Pembroke Castle, 132, 153
Keep of, 106
Penhow Castle, Monmouthshire, 93
Penshurst Place, description of, 169
Percy, Earl, 70
Sir Henry de, 69
Sir Thomas, 159
Perrier, 196
Petardier, 200
Petrary, 81, 86, 196
Pevensey Castle, 45, 131
inner Castle of, 47
Pharos at Dover, 80
Pickering Castle, Keep of, 88
"Pit," or Prison, 178
Pitt Rivers, General, 25, 29
Plantagenet, Hamelin, 109
Plateau forts, 6, 11, 13
Pleshey Castle, Essex, 52
Pontefract Castle, 109, 154
Lacy, Ilbert de, 57
Porchester Castle, 37
Portland, 9
Primitive weapons, 1
Projectiles, men as, 195
millstones as, 195
Promontory forts, 6
Protected village sites, 6
Pulteneye, Sir John de, 169
Quatford Castle, 87
Quia Emptores, Statute of, 149
Raglan Castle, 141
description of, 163
Keep of, 164
Ram, 81, 197
Ravelin, or barbican, 67
Ravensburgh Castle, Hexton, 25
Rectangular Keep, 76
Chapel of, 85
Forebuilding of, 78
construction of, 77
Crypt of, 85
impregnability of, 87
internal arrangements of, 83
introduction of, 76
Ramparts of, 84
Reculvers, Isle of Thanet, 36
Redvers, Baldwin de, 139
Richard de, 74
Regalia Scottish, 186
Richard's Castle, Herefordshire, 48, 59
Richborough Castle, Sandwich, 36
Richmond Castle, Barbican of, 100
Chapel of, 99
Crypt of, 99
description of, 99
Keep of, 99
Ring Hill, Essex, 31
Roche Castle, 133
Rochester Castle, 134
description of, 96
Keep of, 89, 97, 98
siege of, 87, 97
Roman fortification, 37
Romano-British Period, 33
Roman wall, Tower of London, 134
Roxburgh Castle, 183
Royal Castles in Kent, 96
St. Burian, 8
St. David's Head, 8
St. John's Chapel, Tower of London, 136
St. Leger, Sir Anthony, 144
Sakers, 152
Saxon burh, 38, 39
MSS., 41
Period, 38
Say, de, family of, 172
_Segontium_ (Carnarvon), 36
Serpentines, 152
Seymour, Charles, Duke of Somerset, 70
family of, 159
Scales, Lord, 74
Scarborough Castle, siege of, 154
Scorpion, 196
Scottish Castles, Periods of, 176-181
Second Period, 177
Third Period, 179
Fourth Period, 180
Shell Keep, 64
configuration of, 66
position of, 65
Shirburn Castle, description of, 158
Shoulsbury, Exmoor, 22
Siege and defence of a medieval castle, 188
Sigismund, Emperor, 144
Silchester, 34, 37
Simple artificial enclosures, 5, 33
Smith, Sir Richard, 144
"Snail," 197
Solar, 180
Somerset, family of, 164
Sir Charles, 142
South Cadbury, Sherborne, 15
Sow, 81, 197
Spurgardon, 196
Spurious castles, 90
Stafford, Edward, 162
family of, 169
Humphrey, Earl of, 162
Lord, 198
Stockades, 18, 19
construction of, 19, 20, 21
Gallic, 19
on earthworks, 18
Stone Age, 7, 189
circles, 8
Stokesay Castle, description of, 171
Stirling Castle, 176, 183
description of, 184
Palace of, 185
Parliament Hall, 184
siege of, 195
Strongbow, Richard, 142
Sudley Castle, 172
Swegen the Sheriff, 49
Sydney, Sir Philip, 169
William, 169
Syracuse, attack on, 190
Syrens, 152
Tamworth Castle, Marmion, Robert le, 57
Tantallon Castle, 179
description of, 186
Keep of, 186
sieges of, 187
Tattershall Castle, crypt of, 167
description of, 167
Taunton burh, 41
Terebra, 197
Thetford Castle, Norfolk, 52
Thomas, Sir William ap, 163
Thurnham Castle, Kent, 53
Tickhill Castle, 148
Busli, Roger de, 57
Todenei, Robert, Belvoir Castle, 57
_Tormentum_, 192
Torsion and tension engines, 193
Torwoodlee Broch, 175
Totnes Castle, 65
Towcester, 42
Tower of London, St. John's Chapel, 85, 136
description of, 133
Keep of, 136
Traitors' Gate, 135
Trebuchets, 81, 86, 97, 152, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200
projectiles of, 194, 195, 196
Treryn Castle, 8
Tretower Castle, 133
Trevalgue Head, 7
Tutbury Castle, 148
Ferrers, Henry de, 57
Tyler, Wat, 98
Uzziah, 190
Valence, Aymer de, 181
Vaulting Ribs, 92
Verdun, family of, 172
Vere, de, family of, 84
Verulamium, St. Albans, 34
Vescy, Ivo de, 68
Vitrified forts, 173, 174
Waldegrave, Sir Edward, 161
Waldo, Sir T., 161
Wales, Rhys of, 131
Wallace, Sir William, 186
Waller, Sir William, 71, 158
Wallingford, 39
Castle, 109
Walls, medieval, construction of, 78
Warkworth Castle, 109
Warwick Castle, 66, 148, 151
"War-Wolf," 196
Watling Street, 35
West Malling, 134
West Saxons, Harold, Earl of, 49
"Whelk," 197
Whelpley Hill, Bucks, 32
Whitton Castle, Durham, 172
Winchester, Statute of, 149
Windsor Castle, 53, 65
Barbican of, 61
description of, 60
Motte of, 61
St. George's Chapel, 62
Shell Keep of, 62
Wingfield Manor-House, 168, 172
Wollaston Castle, Northants, 52
Wren, Sir Christopher, 136
Wressle Castle, 159
Wyatt, the architect, 166
Wyndham, Sir William, 70
Yarnbury, Wilts, 32
Yester, Hays of, 182
York Castle, 65, 109
Keep of, 88
Zigzag moulding, 83, 84
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