CHAPTER X._Missionary Survey As An Aid To Intelligent Co-Operation In Foreign Missions

SURVEY OF THE WORK IN A PROVINCE.

In few parts of the world is a mission station really an isolated unit.

In most of the countries to which we go there are many stations of many

different missions, all aiming more or less definitely at the

establishment of a native Church, whatever their conception of the

Church may be. In the vast majority of cases these stations have some

relationship to one another. The definition of districts for the mission

stations is commonly recognised, and in planning new work directors of

missions frequently allow themselves to be influenced, in some way and

in some degree, by the position of existing mission stations. There are

also in some parts of the world bodies composed of leading members of

many of the missions that work in the country, who meet to consider the

progress of the Christian faith in the province or the country as a

whole, and deliberately plan their work with some consideration of the

position and character of the work done by the others. Now in all this

there is a manifest approach to the idea that mission work in the

country or province is a common work, and that the various missions

engaged in it are not antagonists, but allies. It is certainly true that

we are far from having reached the stage of a common direction and a

real unification of work Rivalry and antagonism are still rampant, but

the recognition of the fact that we must consider the position and

character of other missions in directing our own is a most important

advance; and it implies that we ought, in some measure at least, to be

able to express the work of any mission station in relation to all the

mission work done in the province or country, and to understand, at any

rate in some degree, what place it takes in the mission work in the

province viewed as a whole. It is true that a great many missionaries

would refuse to admit that the recognition of other stations in the

planting of our own is an acknowledgment of the unity of our work; but

whether they acknowledge it, or whether they do not, it is so, and we

for our part recognise it with thankfulness and look forward to a day

when missions will not only recognise others by avoiding them, but by

planning missions deliberately to assist each other. For that seems to

us the necessary conclusion. The moment we recognise a station as a

Christian mission station which we must not disturb, we have gone a long

way towards recognising it as a mission station which our own must not

only not disturb, but must complement; and when we know that one mission

must complement another we are really not far removed from establishing

our missions with common consultation each to supply what is lacking to

the other.

Holding this view, we desire to discover what place each mission station

occupies when we take a wider view and survey the province or country.

Here we shall be able to adjust many apparent inequalities in the

mission stations viewed by themselves. From our previous survey of the

mission stations one by one we may have got the impression that some of

them as mission stations designed for work in a district were very

ill-balanced. The medical work, or institutional work of some kind, may

have seemed to be out of all proportion to the other forms of the work,

and this impression may remain when we view the province. But on the

other hand it may be seriously modified; because when we review the

work of the province as a whole, we may find that the institutional work

of the province as a whole is out of proportion to the evangelistic

work, and in that case we should think the disproportion at the station

more serious. On the other hand we might find the institutional work in

the province inadequate, and in that case the emphasis which seemed

undue in the one place, and may really be improper in that one place,

nevertheless, in view of the situation in the whole province, may be

shown to be reasonable in relation to the whole province. How then can

we gather together the returns from all the stations so as to present a

view of the work in the province? For that is the first thing. We cannot

put the station into its proper place in the province until we have a

view of the work in the province treated as a unity.

In provinces, large cities and towns, which are not reckoned as part of

any mission station district, have to be taken into account. These large

cities, capitals of provinces, countries, or empires, need special

consideration, and must often be surveyed separately. They are centres

in which many societies have their head-quarters, and many missionaries

live, yet the work done in them is not always so impressive or

extensive as the numbers of missionaries might suggest: occasionally the

missionaries are all congregated in one quarter of the city, and large

portions are practically untouched. In them, too, are sometimes large

city congregations, self-supporting indeed and self-governing, but

sucking into themselves all the more vigorous elements of the Christian

community and employing them within a somewhat narrow circle. The

problem of the evangelisation of these cities is a very serious one.

We suggest that these great cities might be treated either as one

district or as several, and that they ought to be surveyed

systematically by a body representative of all the missions in each

city. If a proper survey were made and the facts tabulated, the

statistical tables would be similar to those for the station district,

and we could use them to complete a survey of the work done in the

province treated as a unity.

But to view the work in the province as a unity we do not need all the

detail of the station districts, indeed we should only find the

multiplication of detail confusing. To gain a general view of work in a

large area such as a province or a small country we must first of all

select those features which are common to all the parts and vitally

important. We venture to suggest that the important features to be

represented are five. (1) The work to be done in the whole area. (2) The

strength of the whole force at work in relation to the work to be done.

(3) The extent to which emphasis is laid on various forms of work. (4)

The extent to which different classes, races, and religions in the area

are reached. (5) The extent to which the Church has attained to

self-support.

1. If the mission stations and their allotted districts covered the

whole country, we should need to do no more than add together the

returns obtained from the station statistics which we have already drawn

up. But in most countries there are large unoccupied areas of the size

and population of which we are more or less ignorant. What we have is,

either a census return for the whole province, or an estimate of its

area and population. In dealing with the whole province then we must

treat the station returns of towns and villages occupied and of the

numbers of the Christian constituency as work done; and then we must

find out the relation of these to the whole area and population. This

would have to be done probably first on a large scale map which would

show the density of the population in different parts of the area, and

would show the stations and the strength of the Christian constituency

in relation to the area and population. These facts could then be

expressed in a table, and we should gain at once an idea of the extent

to which the missions were in a position to reach the population. The

table would be exceedingly simple and give us no more than the barest

idea of the work to be done in its vaguest expression.

------------------------------------------------------------------

| | | Christian Con- | Non-Christian

Province. | Area. | Population. | stituency. | Population.

------------------------------------------------------------------

| | | |

__________|________|______________|________________|____________

If, in addition to this, there was either a census return or a credible

estimate of the cities, towns, and villages, in the area, a table could

be drawn of the cities, towns, and villages occupied, in the sense that

there were Christians resident in them, and the work could be expressed

in that form also, which would greatly assist the understanding of the

other.

________________________________________________________________

| |

| Occupied. | Unoccupied.

Province.|__________________________|___________________________

| | | | | |

_________|_______|_______|__________|________|_______|__________

| | | | | |

_________|_______|_______|__________|________|_______|__________

We ought here to repeat that we do not imagine for a moment that the

Foreign Missions are to occupy all the villages or even all the cities

and towns. We believe that a careful statement of work to be done in

this form would very speedily force us to realise, with a clearness and

power never before experienced, the truth which we often repeat, that

the conversion of the country must be the work of native Christians.

2. The force at work in relation to the work to be done. Here again it

would not be sufficient to add together the figures returned from the

stations, because in a large area like a province or a small country

there are often many missionaries not at mission stations but at some

large centre engaged in work for the whole province rather than for any

particular mission district; as, for instance, translators or

journalists; men engaged in hostels or Y.M.C.A. work; or in large

institutions, such as training colleges, medical or educational or

industrial; or in some special form of Christian philanthropy, such as

work amongst lepers, blind, deaf and dumb, and other infirm or defective

persons; or men engaged in assisting the missionaries all over the

country as directors, or forwarding agents; and all these must be taken

into account in considering the foreign force in the province. Including

all these we should get a table for the foreign force similar to that

which we had for the station, and that force we could relate directly to

the work to be done.

____________________________________________________________________

| | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | Re-

_______|_______|_______|______|_______|_______|______|_______|______

| | | | | | | |

_______|_______|_______|______|_______|_______|______|_______|______

We cannot sacrifice the proportions, because the life is in them.

Comparison of conditions in different areas can only be made on

proportions. The mere statement of the figures with the suggestion that

anyone can work out the proportions would reveal a singular ignorance of

human nature.

For the native force all that we need for the present purpose is a

table that will show us the Christian constituency, communicants, and

workers in the whole province in proportion to one another. Here also we

must include many workers and some congregations in large towns which

the station district survey may have omitted.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| |of |of Christian |of |and

---------------------------------------------------------------------

constituency| ---- | ---- | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Communicants| ---- | ---- | ---- | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Paid workers| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Workers | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |

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3. It is important to consider carefully the proportions in which the

force is engaged in different forms of work since, as we have already

explained, these different forms are often, if not generally, treated as

distinct and separate methods of propaganda, and men want to know what

is the effectiveness of each. They ask, what are the fruits of medical

and educational work, and they expect an answer in terms of additions to

the Church. If the dominant object of missions is the establishment of a

native Church this is indeed not unnatural; but, as we have already

said, many educational and medical missionaries might resent this

demand, for they have other ideas of the nature and purpose of their

work. Nevertheless, since this native Church is constantly presented to

us as the dominant purpose of all our efforts, it is only right that we

should make the inquiry here, as we did in the earlier chapters, and ask

how the force in the field is divided. It seems almost absurd that we

should have no idea in what proportion medicals, educationalists, and

evangelists should be employed in any field. In some countries medical

work is by far the most effective, if not the only possible form of

propaganda; in some fields the evangelists can work effectively almost

alone, and medical institutions are not the same necessity, and their

establishment does not produce great results in the building of the

Church when compared with the work of evangelists and educationalists.

In some places their aid was at first apparently necessary to success,

but as time went on that first desperate importance ceased. We have not

so large a medical force that we can afford to use it for any but the

most important and necessary purposes; yet, if the establishment of a

native Church is the dominant purpose, large numbers of medicals are

doing work which is (from this point of view only) of second-rate

importance, whilst work which only they could do is left undone, and

cries aloud for their assistance. Similarly, if the establishment of a

native Church is really the dominant object, educationalists are often

wrongly directed and placed. They are not producing fruit in this regard

(of course in this regard only) in anything like the abundance which

they might produce if they were free to attack the real questions of the

education of the native Church. In many centres they are doing splendid

work for the enlightenment of the people, but close beside them are

large bodies of Christians who from the point of view of the

establishment of a native Church need their help much more.

We ought then to know in each province how the force is divided and what

is the fruit of the labours of each class of missionaries viewed from

the standpoint of the building up of the native Church.

Now if we know the proportions of the workers in each class in each

country, and if we could have a table which told us with any degree of

accuracy the numbers of the inquirers, communicants, and places opened

by the labours of each class, we should surely have some facts from

which we might gain light on this most practical question, in what

proportion the work of each class of workers was most effective in each

country as an evangelistic and church-building agency. We propose then

two tables (see opposite page).

(i)

_____________________________________________________________________

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Evangelistic| -- | -- | -- | -- |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Medical | -- | -- | -- | -- |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Educational | -- | -- | -- | -- |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

of work. | -- | -- | -- | -- |

_____________________________________________________________________

(ii)

_____________________________________________________________________

| Inquirers | | Places Opened | Remarks

| Derived | Communicants | Directly Through | and Con-

| From | Derived from | Influence of | clusions.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Evangelistic| -- | -- | -- |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Medical | -- | -- | -- |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Educational | -- | -- | -- |

_____________________________________________________________________

If we desire to know the influence of our medical and educational work

upon the native Church we ought certainly to have a table which, for the

schools at least, would show us what proportion of the pupils who passed

through the schools became valuable members of the Church. But every one

who has had any scholastic experience, and has tried to follow the

after-history of his pupils, knows that that is not easy, even in

external and material affairs, and when the inquiry is concerned with

internal convictions and religious influence that difficulty is

insuperable. A few specially endowed and devoted educationalists could

indeed tell the after-history of a considerable number of their pupils,

and ideally all schools ought to have a record of the history of pupils

for at least a few years after leaving the school; but there would

always be a percentage of loss; in many cases that percentage would be

very high, and we doubt whether many schools have any record at all.

Under these circumstances to put into an inquiry such as that which we

propose a question concerning the after-life of scholars or patients

seems almost impossible. Yet we cannot be content. There are mission

schools which go on year after year educating boys for a business

career, and generation after generation of boys pass through the school,

large sums of mission money are expended on them, and the results _from

a missionary point of view_ are shrouded in Cimmerian gloom; or the

general darkness is relieved by one or two exceptional pupils who,

because they do very well, appear to justify the existence of the

institution in which they were educated, though they would probably have

been as valuable Christians if they had been educated in any other

school. In this way a very low average is often concealed. If a school

is judged by a few exceptionally good scholars, it should also be judged

by a few exceptionally bad ones. It is indeed of serious importance that

the missionary value of some of our medical and educational, especially

the educational, institutions should be carefully examined and tested by

an appeal to indisputable facts. It is generally supposed that education

in mission schools must necessarily produce a strong, enlightened, and

zealous Christian community. That it produces a large number of

Christians intellectually enlightened is certain: that they are zealous

evangelists is not as certain. We want a statistical table to reveal the

missionary value, not the commercial value, of the education given. But

what table can we draw? The preceding table which sets forth inquirers

and communicants is clearly insufficient though it is better than

nothing. Until every school keeps a careful record of the after-history

of at least a large number of its pupils it seems impossible to get any

clear light on the question.

4. With regard to the extent to which different races and classes are

reached by the missions, we may safely assume that the Christian

missions ought to extend their benefits to all classes and races in the

area, and that there ought to be some proportion between the efforts

made in each case. If, and when, the responsible leaders of the missions

decided that the time had come to concentrate on one particular kind of

work for one particular class, we may be perfectly certain that they

would have no difficulty in justifying their action. But in any case

action should not be taken without consideration of proportions, and,

therefore, it is important that the proportions should be known.

But in dealing with work in the province or small country we cannot

simply repeat the table prepared for the mission district. In the

province or country there are often missionaries at work who give

themselves up wholly to one class. It is difficult, if not impossible,

to distinguish every possible form of work; but seeing that very

considerable work is done amongst students, we have thought it well to

add one column in which the proportion of the children of different

classes who are attending Christian schools or living in Christian

hostels is set forth:--

_____________________________________________________________________

________________|______|________|________|__________|________|_______

Population -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |

________________|______|________|________|___________________________

In Christian -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |

________________|______|________|________|__________|________|_______

hostels, -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |

of | | | | | |

________________|______|________|________|__________|________|_______

With respect to work among different races, castes, etc., no addition to

the table prepared for the district seems necessary, and we therefore

repeat it:--

--------------|-----------------------------------------|------------

| Races, Religious Castes, etc., whatever| Remarks

| they may be. | And

| |Conclusions.

--------------|-----------------------------------------|------------

In Population | ---- |

--------------|-----------------------------------------|------------

In Christian | ---- |

Constituency | |

--------------|-----------------------------------------|------------

5. Concerning self-support, one table should, we think, suffice. We

cannot possibly adopt any estimated necessary expenditure such as we

proposed in the table for the station district because in the province

that estimate would be almost impossible to make. Different missions

have different ideas, and their estimates have for themselves some

reality; but they have no reality for others, and a mere average of the

estimates given for all the missions of the province would have still

less reality. It would be an absurd guess, meaning nothing. If we want

to judge progress in self-support we must have some definite key figure

by which to judge it. What figure then can we use? The total cost of all

the work carried on in the province is an impossible figure.[1] The mere

contribution of the native Christians by itself means nothing. That is

the figure generally given. The native Christian subscribed $6000 last

year, $7000 this year. Here is progress. The progress is an addition of

$1000. But does that tell us their progress towards self-support unless

we know what self-support implies? In the year the Church ought to have

increased in numbers, and the $7000 may represent exactly the same

position as the $6000 represented last year. Expenses may have

increased: the $7000 may be actually further removed from self-support

than the $6000 last year. We must have a proportion of which we can

trace the variation if we want to see progress. But is there any expense

which we can use to strike the proportion? Suppose then we suggest the

pay of all evangelistic and pastoral workers and provision and upkeep of

churches, chapels, and preaching rooms. That would at least give us

something to work by. But it might be difficult to calculate. We would

propose then, as a secondary item, some easily calculable and known

expense, something which every missionary accountant knows, such as the

pay of all native pastors and evangelistic workers, and then compare

with these the contributions of the Christians for Church and

evangelistic work only, excluding all fees for education and medicine.

That would, we think, give us a standard which we could apply without

having to consider complications introduced by such things as Government

grants to schools or hospitals. We propose then to judge progress in

self-support thus:--

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| Total Cost | Total | Total |

| of all | Salaries of | Native |

| Evangelistic | all Paid | Contribution, |

Province.| and | Native | excluding | Remarks and

| Pastoral | Evangelistic | School or | Conclusions.

| Work, Men | Workers, | Hospital |

| and Material. | including | Fees or |

| | Pastors. | Donations. |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| | | |

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[Footnote 1: In Dr. Eugene Stock's "History of the C.M.S.," vol. ii., p.

420, we are told that "In 1863,... 400 families raised 1371 rupees,

equal then to £137. These families consisted mainly of labourers earning

(say) 2s. a week; so that a corresponding sum for 400 families of

English labourers earning 12s. a week would be £137 x 6 = £822, or over

£2 a year from each family. A few years later, taking the whole of the

C.M.S. districts in Tinnevelly and reckoning catechumens as well as

baptised Christians, their contributions were such that, supposing the

whole thirty millions of people in England were poor labourers earning

12s. a week, and there were no other source of wealth, their

corresponding contributions should amount to £6,000,000 per annum." Yet

he says on the very next page that "It was not possible for the native

Church, liberal as its contributions were, to maintain its pastors and

meet its other expenses (he does not say what the _other expenses_ were)

entirely. The society must necessarily help for a while.... This grant,

in the first instance, had to be large enough to cover much more than

half the expenditure."

If this was the case in one part of a province, what would happen if we

took the whole expense of all work carried on in a whole province or

country and used that as a standard by which to test progress in

self-support?]

Turning now from the force at work we must consider the force in

training, for this is prophetic. Let us then take first a table which

shows the proportion in which students are being trained for pastoral

and evangelistic work, for medical mission work, and for educational

mission work, in the province or country, regardless of the place at

which they are being trained, whether that place is inside or outside

the area under consideration. This ought to show us on what lines we may

expect the work to develop in the near future.

_____________________________________________________________________

_________|______________|________|_______|_______|__________|________

| | | | | |

_________|______________|________|_______|_______|__________|________

Then we must examine more closely, if we can;--and first of the

_evangelistic_ workers. The difficulty is to classify, because

ecclesiastical nomenclature is so confused that it is almost impossible

to use any terms which would be widely recognised. The best we can do is

to distinguish grades of training, beginning from the top thus:--

1st grade, college or university.

2nd " high school.

3rd " regular Bible school.

4th " intermittent, irregular Bible instruction.

It will probably be found that the first grade is commonly prepared for,

and looks forward to, the charge of a settled congregation, or of an

organised church, and the lower grades do the pioneer work, and it may

well suggest itself to thoughtful men whether this is rightly so.

Then, _educationalists_ in training: again we divide by grades

roughly:--

1st grade, college or university.

2nd " normal school.

3rd " high school.

4th " teachers of illiterates.

The college students presumably look forward to work in the high

schools, or colleges, or normal schools; the normal school pupils to

work in normal schools, high schools, and large primary schools; the

high school pupils to work in village schools; and the teachers of

illiterates to village work, or work among the poor in the towns. Of

_medicals_ the generally recognised distinctions seem to be, qualified

practitioners, assistants, and nurses.

Following these lines we should obtain simple prophetic tables for each

of the three branches of work.

(i) Students in Training for _Evangelistic_ Work.

----------------------------------------------------------

1st Grade. | 2nd. | 3rd. | 4th.

College. | High School. | Regular | Intermittent.

| Bible School | Teaching |

------------------------------------------- --------------

| | |

----------------------------------------------------------

(ii) For _Educational_ Work.

----------------------------------------------------------

1st Grade. | 2nd. | 3rd. | Teachers of

College. | Normal. | High School. | Illiterates.

------------------------------------------- --------------

| | |

----------------------------------------------------------

(iii) For _Medical_ Work.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

1st Grade. | 2nd. | 3rd.

To be Qualified Doctors. | Assistants, including Dispensers, |Nurses.

| etc. |

----------------------------------------------------------------------

| |

----------------------------------------------------------------------

If we had those tables for _men and women_ we should see fairly plainly

how the work might be expected to develop.

But here we ought to remember the difficulty which we set forth earlier

in discussing the missionary influence of our various activities,

medical and educational, from a Church building point of view. A great

many boys are educated and trained at mission expense to be evangelists,

medicals, and teachers in mission employ, who serve indeed for a period

according to their contract and then disappear into Government service

or private practice. It is a serious question whether missionaries can

be raised up successfully in this way. "I will give you training if you

will promise to serve the mission," is not a very certain way of

securing ready, wholehearted, zealous service of Christ. We have found

out its uncertainty in many cases at home; we have found it out in

still more frequent cases in the mission field. Unless we keep a very

careful record of the after-life of those whom we train, and a very

honest one, we are apt to ignore the failure, a failure which we cannot

properly afford, and consequently we cannot know what we are really

doing by our training. We ought to know the truth in this matter, both

for our encouragement and our admonition. Happily here, we think, we can

find an easy and a valuable test. If we ask what proportion of those

whom we train continue in their missionary work after the end of their

first term of service, we shall certainly have some enlightenment; for

it is true of medicals and educationalists, and of evangelists, though

in a much less degree, that if any man continues in missionary work

after he has fulfilled the letter of his contract, it will generally be

because he has his heart in the work; for missionary work seldom, if

ever, offers the emoluments of Government service, or of private

practice. We ask then--

SURVEY OF WORK IN A PROVINCE

---------------------------------------------------------------------

|Evangelistic | Medical | Educational

--------------------------------+-------------+---------+------------

Total Students | | |

--------------------------------+-------------+---------+------------

Trained at Mission Expense, | | |

Wholly or in Part. | | |

--------------------------------+-------------+---------+------------

Number who Continue in | | |

Mission Work after the end | | |

of the Term of their Contract. | | |

--------------------------------+-------------+---------+------------

Proportion of Total Students | | |

who so Continue. | | |

--------------------------------+-------------+---------+------------

Remarks and Conclusions. | | |

--------------------------------+-------------+---------+------------

If the institutions in which the training is actually carried on lie

within the province, then we ought to have tables such as we have for

the schools in the station area for these institutions. We need no

elaborate statistics in this place, because the work of these

institutions should be specially treated in departmental surveys. Here,

all that we need is to relate the work of the schools or hospitals which

were omitted in the station district survey, because they served a

larger area than the station area, to the work done in the province or

country. The educational returns from each station area must be added

together and the returns of these larger institutions added to the total

educational statistics; that will give us the work done in the larger

area in proportion to population.

But in the province it is important to consider the relation in which

the different grade schools stand to one another; because if the aim of

the missionary educational system is the education of the Christian

community, and the higher schools are designed primarily for Christian

pupils from the lower schools, this relation is of importance. It is

possible to build an organisation too narrow at the base and too heavy

at the top, and then to fill the higher schools with non-Christian

pupils without any definite understanding of the way in which that

practice is to serve the main purpose of the mission. Then these schools

stand on a distinct and separate basis from the rest of the mission

activities, and the work of Christian missions in the country is split,

part aiming directly at the establishment of a native Christian Church,

and part "aiming at the general improvement of morals, and social,

religious, and political enlightenment. Thus we arrive at that chaotic

state in which the mission as a whole is not subordinate to any dominant

idea of the purpose for which it exists, which alone can unify the work

of all its members. But if the colleges and schools are designed for

mutual support, and if the higher have any relation to the lower grades,

then there must be some proportion between the base and the

superstructure, and that proportion must be known and expressed in any

survey worthy of the name. We include, therefore, the following table:--

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| Mission | Proportion | Proportion | Remarks

| Schools, | to | to | and

| Number | Population. | High | Conclusions.

| of. | | Schools. |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Primary | | | |

Schools | | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

High | | | |

Schools | | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Normal | | | |

Schools | | | |

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Colleges| | | |

--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-------------------

In the province also we must know the educational facilities afforded by

non-missionary agencies, if we are to have any true conception of the

work of the educational missions. We must therefore add a table for

these schools.

------------------------------------------------------------

| Non- | Proportion | Remarks. |

| Missionary | to | |

| Schools, | Population. | |

| Number of. | | |

-------------------------------------------------------------

Primary Schools | | | |

-------------------------------------------------------------

High Schools. | | | |

-------------------------------------------------------------

Normal School | | | |

-------------------------------------------------------------

Colleges. | | | |

-------------------------------------------------------------

Here it is not necessary for us to find the proportion between the

higher and lower grade schools, because we are not surveying the

non-missionary educational work, and their scheme of proportions is not

our business.

A comparatively slight addition to the tables for medical work in the

various station districts will suffice to give an adequate impression of

the medical work done in the whole area. We need not go into details,

for the medical work should be, and generally is, reviewed by Medical

Boards in their reports. For us now, all that is needed is the addition

of tables, similar to those which we used for hospitals in the station

area, for hospitals excluded from any station survey.

Two other subjects ought to be included in this provincial survey,

namely, literature and industrial work. First, we must try to find a

table which will express the work done by those important missionaries

who are engaged in providing Christian literature, both for the

Christian community and the heathen outside. Here we find once more the

difficulty that, whilst a few missionaries are wholly engaged in this

form of missionary work, much is produced by missionaries who have

already been included in the tables as either evangelistic or

educational or medical missionaries, and we also touch bookselling and

other kindred commercial questions. With the commercial aspect of this

work we cannot deal. The following tables will throw light on the extent

to which Christian literature is being produced and read:--

(i)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Number of Missionaries wholly Engaged | Proportion of Total

in Literary Work. | Missionaries.

---------------------------------------+-----------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Number of Vernacular | Number of | Proportion of Sales

Christian Books Produced | Christian Books | to Population.

in the Year. | Sold in the Year.|

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| Bibles or | | Bibles or |

| Scripture | Other | Scripture | Other

| Portions. | Books.| Portions. | Books.

-------------------------+-----------+--------+------------+---------

| | | |

-------------------------+-----------+--------+------------+---------

If the business side of literary work is difficult, the whole position

of industrial missions is still more difficult. In some countries

industrial missions seem to be trading ventures with a Christian

intention, in others industrial missions are really almost entirely

educational establishments. The best tables which we have ever seen

dealing with this subject were those drawn by Mr. Sidney Clark in one of

his papers, "From a Layman to a Layman".[1] All that we can do is to

suggest that industrial missions which are in the main clearly and

unmistakably educational should be included in the educational work, and

that the missions with large commercial interests, even if they are

doing a valuable educational work for the community, should be treated

separately, thus:--

[Footnote 1: Printed for private distribution by Mr. S.J.W. Clark, 3

Tudor Street, Blackfriars, London, E.C. 4.]

_Industrial Missions_,

(a)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Province. | Number of | Amount of Mission | Proportion of

| Industrial | Funds Allotted to | Total Mission

| Missions. | such Work. | Funds.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| | |

__________|______________|_____________________|_____________________

(b)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| Number of | Number of Missionaries | Proportion of

Province. | Industrial | Engaged in such | Total

| Institutions. | Institutions. | Missionaries

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| | |

__________|________________|________________________|________________

(c)

-------------------------------------------------------------

| Number of | Number of | Proportion of

Province. | Industrial | Native Agents | Native Christian

| Missions. | Employed. | Workers Employed.

-------------------------------------------------------------

| | |

__________|_____________|________________|___________________

In some missions the proportion of missionaries and native workers so

employed would be very small; in others they would be very considerable.

There is now a tendency to hand over some of the industrial work as it

develops along commercial lines to Boards of Christian men who are

interested in the social and spiritual aspect of the work.

In the province we must also consider union work, work done in common by

two or more societies,[1] sometimes evangelistic, sometimes medical or

educational training, sometimes the establishment, or enlargement of an

educational or medical institution; or sometimes, as in Kwangtung in

South China, several societies unite in a "Board of Co-operation". This

union of societies for the better and more efficient performance of

their work is a most important development of the last few years:

important both to the workers on the field and to us at home. We ought,

therefore, to have a short table to show what is being done.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

| Number of Societies | |

Number | Co-operating in |Number of |

of |--------------------------------| Societies |Remarks

---------+------------+-------+-----------+-------------+------------

| | | | |

---------+------------+-------+-----------+-------------+------------

[Footnote 1: The larger and more important movements towards corporate

union, such as those now taking place in S. India, China, and E. Africa,

lie outside the scope of this survey until their completion affects

their statistical returns. Then the importance of them will speedily

appear.]

Missionary Survey As An Aid To Intelligent Co-Operation In Foreign Missions · 第 10 / 11 章