PART II.--NOTES

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CICERO

CATILINARIAN ORATIONS

_E. A. UPCOTT_

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO

MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY

CICERO

SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA

_WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES_

BY

E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.

LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD

ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE

=PART I.--INTRODUCTION AND TEXT=

_THIRD EDITION, REVISED_

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1900

NOTE.

The text adopted in the following Orations is that of Halm (11th

Edition, Berlin, 1882), from whose notes I have derived much help. I

have also consulted the English edition of the Speeches, based on that

of Halm, by Mr. A. S. Wilkins. My best thanks are due to Mr. Evelyn

Abbott, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, the Editor of the Series,

for his kind assistance in superintending the printing of the book.

E. A. U.

WELLINGTON COLLEGE,

_June, 1887._

INTRODUCTION.

The four speeches against Catilina were delivered during the latter part

of the year B.C. 63, when Cicero was Consul.

L. Sergius Catilina, the author of the conspiracy against which they

were directed, was descended from one of the oldest patrician families

of Rome, though for many years no one of his house had held any public

office. He was a man of ambitious and energetic disposition,

distinguished among his contemporaries for great powers both of mind and

body, which enabled him to exercise a remarkable degree of influence

over others[1]. At the same time he was notorious for the dissoluteness

and extravagance of his life, which were excessive even in an age when

such characteristics were common; he was, moreover, suspected of grave

crimes, such as the murder of his wife and son. But as these charges

rest to a great extent upon the authority of his opponent Cicero, it is

possible that they have been exaggerated.

He was born probably about B.C. 108, though the exact date is unknown.

His first appearance in public life was during the dictatorship of Sulla

(B.C. 82-79). When the latter issued his proscription list, Catilina was

among those who took an active part in carrying out the work of

bloodshed and confiscation. This, however, was from personal motives,

and not from any sympathy with the Senatorial party which had triumphed

under Sulla; for he subsequently attached himself entirely to the

popular side.

In B.C. 68 he filled the office of Praetor in Rome; the following year

he governed the province of Africa as Propraetor. Immediately on his

return home he became a candidate for the Consulship for the year 65[2].

He was obliged, however, to withdraw, as an indictment for extortion in

his province was brought against him, and Roman law did not allow a

citizen against whom a legal suit was pending to be a candidate for any

magistracy. It so happened that the Consuls elect for 65, P. Autronius

Paetus and P. Cornelius Sulla, were convicted of bribery. Their election

consequently became void, and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus

were declared Consuls in their stead. Enraged at his disappointment,

Autronius entered into communication with Catilina, and the two, in

conjunction with Cn. Piso and others, formed a plot, sometimes known as

the 'First Catilinarian conspiracy.' The intention was, it is said, to

murder Cotta and Torquatus on the day of their entering upon office

(January 1, 65). Catilina and Autronius were then to proclaim themselves

Consuls, while they were to be supported by an army which Piso was to

raise on their behalf in Spain. The execution of this plot was

postponed, however, until February 5, when it failed, as we are told,

through Catilina's impatience in giving the signal too soon, before the

armed bands on which he relied had collected in sufficient number. It is

to this conspiracy that Cicero alludes in Cat. 1. §15. It was asserted

that both Caesar and Crassus were concerned in it, but the facts are

surrounded by a great deal of mystery. Whatever the design was, it came

to nothing, and the Senate did not take steps against anyone in

consequence.

During this year (65) Catilina was acquitted on the charge of extortion.

The trial had, however, been postponed long enough to prevent him from

standing for the Consulship for the year 64.

He was obliged, therefore, to postpone his candidature till the next

year, when he had among his competitors M. Tullius Cicero and C.

Antonius Hybrida, of whom the latter was believed to be partly in

sympathy with him. He was known to entertain revolutionary designs of

the most sweeping character, which he hoped as Consul to carry out.

Prominent among these was a declaration of _novae tabulae_[3], or

general cancelling of debts, and a wholesale confiscation of property.

Many of the Roman aristocracy were hopelessly in debt, and he thus

collected round him a numerous body of adherents, partly composed of

those to whom his designs seemed to promise relief from their

embarrassments, partly also of wild and turbulent spirits to whom any

prospect of revolution was welcome. Alarmed at these schemes, the

Optimates[4] threw their influence upon the side of Cicero, overcoming

their natural jealousy of a _novus homo_, that is, one whose ancestors

had never held any curule office. He was also strongly supported by the

Equites[5], who, as the wealthiest class in Rome, were naturally most

opposed to any general attack upon property. Accordingly, he was elected

by a large majority. Antonius was returned as his colleague by a small

majority over Catilina.

Defeated in his immediate object, Catilina began to entertain the idea

of carrying out his designs by force. The time was eminently favourable

for an armed insurrection against the government. Seventeen years

before, Sulla had rewarded the soldiers of his victorious army by

establishing them in colonies in various parts of Italy, and assigning

them allotments of land. Unsuited for an agricultural life, these men

had for the most part mismanaged their farms and exhausted their

resources. Accordingly they were restless and discontented, and desired

nothing so much as a return of the civil wars, with fresh chances of

plunder. From among these and other discontented spirits, Catilina began

secretly to recruit and organize an army, selecting as his leader one

Manlius, who had served with distinction under Sulla as centurion. At

the same time he opened secret negotiations with the schools of

gladiators in different parts of Italy. Thus prepared, he again stood

for the Consulship for the year 62; his intention being to bring about a

general rising if he should be once more defeated.

The situation of the government was dangerous in the extreme, for there

was no regular army in Italy, and the only general of distinction, Cn.

Pompeius, was absent in the East, where after bringing the third

Mithridatic war to a close (65) he was occupied in settling the affairs

of Syria, and could not be expected to return for some time.

Cicero, however, was kept accurately informed of the progress of the

conspiracy. One of its members, Q. Curius, had talked of the plot to his

mistress Fulvia. She had not kept the secret; and Cicero, employing her

as his agent, had induced Curius by large promises to reveal to him all

the details. The consular elections were this year postponed somewhat

beyond their usual time. On the day before they should have been held,

Cicero induced the Senate to resolve that they should on the next day,

instead of holding the election, take into consideration the state of

public affairs. He thereupon revealed to them what he knew of the

conspiracy, and invited Catilina to clear himself of the charges against

him. The latter replied in threatening language; but, notwithstanding

his violence, the Senate took no decisive resolution[6]. Shortly

afterwards the elections were held; Cicero appearing with a cuirass

under his toga, and surrounded by a guard of his friends, to testify to

the designs upon his life[7]. Catilina was again defeated, and D. Junius

Silanus and L. Licinius Murena elected as Consuls for 62.

Thus once more foiled, Catilina resolved to proceed to active measures.

Alarmed at the news that an army was actually collecting in Etruria, and

roused by further disclosures from Cicero[8], the Senate, on October 21,

passed what was known as the 'Ultimum Decretum;' '_videant consules ne

quid detrimenti respublica capiat._' This, the usual formula in cases of

emergency, declared the State to be in danger, and called on the Consuls

as the executive magistrates to take measures for its safety. Whether it

actually conferred any additional powers upon them, is not certain[9].

At the same time they placed the gladiatorial schools under strict

surveillance, established patrols in the city, and offered large rewards

for information. The praetors, Q. Pompeius Rufus and Q. Metellus Celer,

were sent to Capua and Picenum respectively to raise what troops they

could. Cicero had already detached his colleague Antonius from the

conspiracy, and induced him to support the cause of order, by ceding to

him the lucrative province of Macedonia[10].

On October 27 Manlius set up his standard at Faesulae in Etruria.

Catilina proposed to go thither himself shortly; he was anxious however

to conceal his designs as long as possible, and having been indicted for

inciting to riot (_de vi_) by L. Paullus, he had offered to place

himself in free custody[11] under the charge of some citizen of

reputation in order to disarm suspicion.

On the night of November 6, he assembled his partisans in the house of

M. Porcius Laeca. There he disclosed his plans, and declared it to be

essential to success that Cicero should be removed before his own

departure. Two of his adherents, C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius,

undertook the duty of visiting Cicero's house in the early morning,

under pretence of giving the customary salutation, and there murdering

him.

The attempt was actually made, though probably not until the morning of

November 8[12]. But Cicero, who was informed of the plot through the

agency previously described, refused his visitors admittance. He

immediately summoned the Senate to meet, for the sake of safety, in the

temple of Jupiter Stator on the Palatine. The equites thronged the hill

in large numbers, to secure the safety of the Consul, and to protest

against the designs of the conspirators. Catilina did not scruple to

attend, whereupon Cicero rose, and delivered the speech known as the

_First Catilinarian Oration_. He revealed to the Senate all the

particulars of the plot, including the attempt upon his own life,

denounced Catilina as a public enemy, and called upon him to leave the

city. His adversary attempted a few words of exculpation, but the

feeling roused by the Consul's address was too strong, and finding

himself assailed on all sides by reproaches, he left the Senate

abruptly, declaring that his enemies were driving him to ruin, but that

if he was to fall he would involve others in his overthrow. The same

evening he left the city for Etruria, travelling by the Via Aurelia,

which was the coast road, in order to create the impression that he was

going into exile at Massilia. He left in the city a large number of

adherents, the chief of whom was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, with

directions to prosecute the plans previously agreed upon. Cicero on the

following day assembled the people in the Forum, and in the _Second

Catilinarian Oration_ recounted to them what had taken place in the

Senate, explaining and justifying his own action.

In a few days the news arrived that Catilina had joined the camp of

Manlius at Faesulae. Upon this the Senate declared them both public

enemies. At the same time they issued a proclamation promising immunity

to those of their adherents who should lay down their arms before a

fixed date. Meanwhile the Consul Antonius was directed to take such

military measures as might be necessary against the insurgents, Cicero

being retained for the protection of the city.

The proclamation did not have any effect in reducing the number of

Catilina's forces, nor did the rewards previously offered lead to any

disclosures. Cicero had hoped that the effect of his speeches would be

to drive all the conspirators into open rebellion, as they would thus be

more easily dealt with. In this he was disappointed, for though the

chief had left the city, his agents had remained in Rome, and Cicero

could not venture to proceed against them without direct evidence. It

was not long, however, before their carelessness put into his hands the

proofs he desired.

The Allobroges, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, had sent delegates to

petition the Senate for relief from certain exactions to which they were

subjected. Knowing that these men, from their desperate condition, were

likely to favour a revolution, Lentulus opened negotiations with them,

with a view to securing the aid of their countrymen for the

conspirators. They took counsel however of their 'patronus' Q. Fabius

Sanga, and by his advice revealed the whole affair to Cicero. Acting

under his directions they pretended to enter heartily into the schemes

of Lentulus, and obtained from him letters written and sealed by himself

and his friends, addressed to their nation, stating and confirming by

oath the rewards they were to receive for their assistance. A letter was

also given them for Catilina, whose camp they were to visit on their way

home. With these letters they set out from Rome on the night of December

2, accompanied by T. Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus. Cicero, as

previously agreed upon, posted two Praetors with an armed force at the

Mulvian Bridge, on the Via Flaminia, a few miles to the north of Rome.

They there arrested the whole party, and carried them, with the

compromising papers, to the Consul. He at once summoned the chief

conspirators to his presence. One, Caeparius, made his escape, though he

was eventually recaptured; but Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and

Gabinius came unsuspectingly, and were at once conveyed by Cicero to the

presence of the Senate, which he had convoked at the Temple of Concord.

There Volturcius, under promise of impunity, made a full disclosure, and

the conspirators were further confronted with the evidence of the

Allobroges, and their own letters, the authenticity of which they were

compelled to acknowledge. Lentulus, who was Praetor at the time, was

obliged to abdicate his office, and he and his companions were placed in

free custody under the charge of several prominent citizens. Rewards

were voted to the informers, and a 'supplicatio' or thanksgiving for the

averted danger decreed in honour of Cicero, who after leaving the Senate

addressed to the people assembled in the Forum the _Third Catilinarian

Oration_, giving a full account of what had just taken place.

Two days later (December 5) the Senate was once more convened, and

Cicero as Consul put to them the formal question, 'what was their advice

with respect to the conspirators actually in custody?'

The Consul elect, D. Silanus, who was first asked for his vote, proposed

that they should be put to death. The other consulars supported him.

When it came to the turn of Caesar, who was praetor elect, he proposed

as an alternative that their property should be confiscated, and that

they should be imprisoned for life in some of the provincial towns of

Italy. These two proposals were before the Senate when Cicero intervened

with the _Fourth Catilinarian Oration_. It does not pronounce a formal

_sententia_, for the Consul, as president, would not himself vote, but

places the alternative proposals before the house for their

consideration; indicating, however, a preference for that of Silanus.

But Caesar's speech had made a great impression, and Silanus announced

that he would agree to a motion for a postponement of the decision,

which had been suggested as a compromise. The matter was eventually

decided by a speech of M. Cato, who was tribune elect. He attacked the

conspirators with great vigour, and proposed that they should be

summarily put to death _more maiorum._ His words produced such an effect

that his proposal was carried forthwith. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius,

Gabinius and Caeparius were at once conducted to the Tullianum, the

prison underneath the slopes of the Capitol, and there strangled[13].

This summary proceeding effectually checked the plans of Catilina. From

this moment he received no fresh reinforcements, and his original

adherents began to leave him. The retreat of his army into Gaul was

blocked by the Praetor Metellus Celer, while M. Petreius, acting as the

legate of Antonius, advanced against him from the south. Early in the

following year (62) the opposing forces met at Pistoria in Etruria,

where Catilina and his followers, after fighting with desperate courage,

were defeated and slain to a man.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See 3. §§16, 17 and Cic. pro Caelio, ch. 5.

[2] The Consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, generally in

July. They entered on their office on the succeeding first of January.

Thus the Consuls for 65 would be elected in July 66; during the interval

they were called 'Consules designati.'

[3] See note on 2. §18.

[4] See note on _bonorum_, 1. §1.

[5] The 'equites' were all those citizens, not senators, who had

property to the amount of 400,000 sesterces (£3,200). They were so

called from the fact that in earlier times, all who had sufficient

property were obliged to serve in the citizen cavalry, but they had long

ceased to have any connection with the army. They were now the

mercantile class in Rome, having most of the trading operations in their

hands, and forming a body intermediate between the aristocracy and the

populace.

[6] See Cic. pro Murena, chs. 25, 26. This is often identified with the

meeting in the Senate on Oct. 21; but Cicero, after describing his

speech and Catilina's answer on this occasion, says expressly 'neque

tamen (senatus) satis severe pro rei indignitate decrevit' which he

could not have said had they then passed the 'ultimum decretum' (see

page 11).

[7] 1. §11.

[8] 1. §7.

[9] On this question see below Note B.

[10] See on 4. §23.

[11] See on 1. §19.

[12] There is some uncertainty about the dates here. Cicero (pro Sulla

§52) says the meeting in Laeca's house took place _nocte ea quae

consecuta est posterum diem Nonarum Novembrium_; this (if genuine) fixes

it to the night of Nov. 6. At this meeting his assassination was

resolved upon. We should naturally suppose that the attempt was made on

the morning of Nov. 7; and this agrees with Sallust Cat. 28 and Cic. in

Cat. 1. §9 (_illa ipsa nocte_). But elsewhere (see esp. 1. §1, 1. §8, 2.

§13) Cicero seems to distinguish between what had happened on the 'night

before last' (_superiore_ or _priore nocte_), i.e. the meeting in

Laeca's house; and 'last night' (_proxima nocte_), i.e. the attempt on

his own life. Hence it seems better to assume that there was an interval

of a day between the meeting and the attempted murder.

[13] On the whole question as to the jurisdiction of the Senate and the

legality of the execution, see below Note B.

* * * * *

NOTE A.

The above sketch follows in the main the traditional account of the

Catilinarian conspiracy, which has been generally accepted by later

historians. It is fair to add that some writers have adopted a different

view, which may be thus briefly stated. They believe that historians

have been mistaken in regarding Catilina as the leader of a mere band of

desperadoes; that his so-called 'conspiracy' was really an act of revolt

against the authority of the Senate on the part of the whole democratic

party, of which he was the recognized leader (a similar movement, in

fact, to those which had been organized by Gaius Gracchus in 123 B.C.,

by Saturninus in 100 B.C., by M. Lepidus in 78 B.C., and others); that

he was driven to use force by the opposition of the Optimates to his

schemes, and that Cicero, as the spokesman of the latter, purposely

misrepresented him as the leader of an anarchist conspiracy, whose sole

object was confiscation and plunder.

The received account is derived almost entirely from two sources; the

speeches and writings of Cicero; and the 'History of the Catilinarian

Conspiracy' by Sallust, written probably about 44 B.C. The former is

undoubtedly a prejudiced witness, and statements resting on his

authority alone must be received with caution. Sallust, however, was a

partisan of Caesar, and a member of the democratic party. He had

consequently no motive to represent the character of Catilina as worse

than it really was, especially as his patron Caesar was commonly

supposed to have been implicated in the first conspiracy (66 B.C.)[14],

if not the second also. He certainly hints that the worst charges

against Catilina, which he repeats, rested on very doubtful authority;

but as to the main features of the conspiracy, he confirms Cicero on

every point; and this is a strong argument in favour of the received

account. The question is too large to be fully discussed within the

limits of this book; those who wish to see the contrary view maintained

with great spirit and ability should read the very interesting article

in 'Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius,' by Professor E. S. Beesly[15].

FOOTNOTES:

[14] See page 8.

[15] See also the criticism on this in the Introduction to Capes'

Sallust, pp. 24-27.

* * * * *

NOTE B.

_On the Legality of the Execution._

On account of his action in this matter, Cicero was afterwards attacked

by Clodius, who, as tribune in 58 B.C., carried a law enacting that 'any

one who had put Roman citizens to death without trial should be

forbidden fire and water.' As Clodius was supported by Caesar and

Pompeius, Cicero did not make any resistance, but retired temporarily

into exile.

Had his action been really illegal or not? The Valerian, Porcian, and

Sempronian laws certainly enacted that no citizen should be put to death

except by vote of the people, after a formal trial before them. Cicero

justifies his apparent violation of these laws on two grounds--

(1) That the conspirators, having become _hostes_ by their own act, and

having been recognised as such by resolution of the Senate, had _ipso

facto_ forfeited the rights of citizens (1. §28; 4. §10).

As regards this, we may remark that, though the conduct of the

conspirators might justify the adoption of active measures against them,

it could not _legally_ be held to deprive them, when arrested, of the

benefit of trial. For the question, whether they had acted as _hostes_

or not, would be exactly the point which the law-court would have to

decide. The argument is, in fact, from the legal point of view, a

_petitio principii_.

(2) That the 'ultimum decretum' of the Senate (see Introduction, page

11) invested the Consul with dictatorial powers, including the right of

summary execution. (1. §4 _habemus senatus consultum_, etc.)

In support of this he recalls the fact that C. Gracchus (121) and

Saturninus (100) had been killed by the Consuls Opimius and Marius

respectively, acting under a similar decree. It is certain that a party

in the Senate claimed the right of thus arming the Consul with

exceptional powers in cases of emergency, and Sallust (Cat. 29)

distinctly says that they possessed it. On the other hand, the right had

never been admitted by the popular leaders, who had, as a protest,

brought Opimius to trial for the murder of C. Gracchus, though they had

not secured a conviction. They had, moreover, during this year (63)

accused of murder one C. Rabirius, who had been concerned in the death

of Saturninus thirty-seven years before. The trial was avowedly

instituted for the purpose of contesting the right of the Senate to

invest the Consul with dictatorial powers. Cicero, who defended

Rabirius, claimed that the 'ultimum decretum' acquitted his client of

all liability. But it seems probable that he would have been condemned,

had not his supporters found means to prevent the trial from coming to a

decision.

It is on this point that the question of legality or illegality really

turns, and as the Romans were not themselves agreed upon it, we can

scarcely pronounce a decision. If the Consul did possess dictatorial

powers in virtue of the 'ultimum decretum,' then the execution was

legal; if (as seems, perhaps, the more reasonable view) he did not, then

it was illegal. In any case, it is clear that the _Senate_, as such,

could not order the execution of any citizen. They could only arm the

Consul, and though he was at liberty to consult them on this, as on any

matter of importance, the responsibility of the particular measures

taken rested with him alone.

Unconstitutional actions may, however, sometimes be justified on the

ground of the necessities of the case; and Cicero might fairly plead

that the executions had proved efficacious in checking the spread of the

conspiracy, (a result which the measures previously taken had entirely

failed to secure,) and that it was very doubtful whether, if the

prisoners had been kept for trial, a general rising could have been

avoided.

The position of Caesar is somewhat hard to understand. As a popular

leader, he must have held the view that neither the Consul nor the

Senate had the right of dealing summarily with the accused; yet by

proposing the alternative punishment of imprisonment he seems to admit

their jurisdiction. Possibly he took this course as the best means of

saving their lives for the moment, but if so it is not clear why he

should have added the provision that their property should be

confiscated.

* * * * *

The first and fourth speeches are _orationes pro senatu habitae_, the

second and third are _contiones ad populum_.

IN CATILINAM ORATIONES.

ORATION I.

BEFORE THE SENATE.

_How long, Catilina, will you abuse our patience? Can you not

read the signs of public excitement which show that your

designs are known to all of us? Yet you dare to come here, and

we hesitate to inflict upon you the death you deserve. Your

predecessors in revolution were summarily dealt with_; we _have

allowed the Senate's decree to lie idle for twenty days._

=1.= Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? quam 1

diu etiam furor iste tuus eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit

audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae,

nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic

munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt?

Patere tua consilia non sentis? constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri

coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum

ignorare arbitraris? O tempora, o mores! senatus haec intellegit, 2

consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit,

fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum

quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei publicae

videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci

iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam, quam

tu in nos machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, 3

pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter labefactantem statum rei

publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam, orbem terrae caede atque

incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? Nam illa nimis

antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, novis rebus

studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica

virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum quam

acerbissimum hostem coërcerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te,

Catilina, vehemens et grave; non deest rei publicae consilium neque

auctoritas huius ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.

=2.= Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne 4

quid res publica detrimenti caperet: nox nulla intercessit; interfectus

est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo

patre, avo, maioribus; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis.

Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa

res publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum pl. et C.

Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos

vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis.

_You have presumed upon our leniency; you are now collecting an

army in Etruria. All good citizens would applaud me, if I put

you to death; but I spare your life, though I keep a check upon

your designs, till all the world shall recognise the justice of

your punishment._

Habemus enim huius modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis,

tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim

interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad

deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me

esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum

videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. Castra 5

sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata,

crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem castrorum

imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus

intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te iam,

Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi,

ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum

esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa

de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique interficiere, cum iam

nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis inveniri poterit, qui

id non iure factum esse fateatur. Quam diu quisquam erit, qui te 6

defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis

praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis.

Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt,

speculabuntur atque custodient.

_You had better abandon those designs; for they are known. I

told the Senate that you would be in arms on Oct. 27, and I was

not mistaken. I foretold and prevented your intended massacre

of the aristocracy, and your attempt upon Praeneste._

=3.= Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius exspectes, si neque nox

tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus

continere voces coniurationis tuae potest? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt

omnia? Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede: obliviscere caedis atque

incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia

omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministine me ante diem 7

xii Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui

dies futurus esset ante diem VI Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae

satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo

res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est

admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium

contulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi principes

civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum

reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis

praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam

non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus,

caede contentum esse dicebas? Quid? cum tu te Praeneste Kalendis 8

ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres,

sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodiis

vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod

non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.

_The night before last, you and your associates met at Laeca's

house, and laid your plans; you sent two of them to murder me

this morning; but I was forewarned and shut them out._

=4.= Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: iam intelleges

multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae.

Dico te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios--non agam obscure--in M.

Laecae domum; convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque

socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? convincam, si negas; video enim

esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. O di 9

immortales! ubinam gentium sumus? quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe

vivimus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis

terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostrum omnium

interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio

cogitent. Hosce ego video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos

ferro trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud

Laecam illa nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partes Italiae; statuisti quo

quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos

tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te

ipsum iam esse exiturum, dixisti paululum tibi esse etiam nunc morae,

quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura

liberarent et sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo

interfecturos esse pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam 10

coetu vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam maioribus praesidiis munivi

atque firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum [mane] miseras, cum

illi ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id

temporis venturos praedixeram.

_Now I bid you leave the city. So long as you attacked me only,

I resisted you single-handed; now you are attacking the State.

I will not kill you, for that would not rid us of your

adherents. No, leave the city--for exile, if you will--and take

them with you._

=5.= Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando

ex urbe; patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa

Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam

plurimos; purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque

te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes: non feram,

non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque 11

huic ipsi Iovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod

hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem

totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus

periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato, Catilina,

insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi.

Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores

tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum

praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato; denique,

quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam

perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam.

Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis; templa deorum 12

immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam ad

exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum et quod

huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo,

faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem

utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua

coniuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris,

exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei

publicae. Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me facere, 13

quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem.

Interrogas me: num in exilium? non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.

_You cannot wish to stay where your crimes are notorious. Ruin

stares you in the face. Your repeated attempts on my life have

failed; the senators, by their conduct, show how they hate you.

The State, our common mother, fears you and bids you leave her.

Your very offers to place yourself under restraint are a

self-condemnation._

=6.= Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit?

in qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non

metuat, nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non

inusta vitae tuae est? quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama?

quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod

flagitium a toto corpore afuit? cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum

inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem

praetulisti? Quid vero? nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis 14

nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc

scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in

hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata

esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes

impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad

privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam

difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad

omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. Potestne tibi haec 15

lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias esse

horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Ianuariis Lepido et Tullo

consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? manum consulum et principum

civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sceleri ac furori tuo non

mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse?

Ac iam illa omitto--neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa

postea--: quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem interficere

voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut vitari posse non

viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi!

Nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. Quotiens 16

tibi iam extorta est sica ista de manibus! quotiens excidit aliquo casu

et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit,

nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere.

=7.= Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut

odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi

nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta

frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post

hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis

gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista

subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad

caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam

subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi

ferendum putas? Servi me hercule mei si me isto pacto metuerent, 17

ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem: tu tibi

urbem non arbitraris? et si me meis civibus iniuria suspectum tam

graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis

oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum

agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum

mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? Si te

parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare

posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria,

quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu

nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: huius tu neque

auctoritatem verebere nec iudicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?

Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur: 18

'Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium

sine te; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque

sociorum impunita fuit ac libera; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et

quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti.

Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli:

nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit

Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a

tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc

mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem

aliquando timere desinam.

=8.= Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 19

debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in

custodiam dedisti? quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te

habitare velle dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es

atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum

tulisses, me nullo modo posse eisdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui

magno in periculo essem, quod eisdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q.

Metellum praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum

optimum, M. Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum

diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum

fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a

vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit?

_You challenge me to take a vote of the Senate. Without doing

so, I can show you what they think. When I bid you go into

exile, they give consent by their silence. They would not let

me speak to others thus. As for the knights, they are ready to

kill you._

Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non 20

potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis suppliciis iustis

debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? 'Refer' inquis 'ad

senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi placere decreverit te

ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod

abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas, quid hi de te

sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam metu, in

exilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catilina?

ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent.

Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum

perspicis? At si hoc idem adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si 21

fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mihi consuli hoc ipso in

templo iure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De te autem,

Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent,

clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita

vilissima, sed etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque optimi

viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui stant circum senatum, quorum tu et

frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire

potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem

facile adducam, ut te haec, quae iam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem

usque ad portas prosequantur.

_But it is vain to speak of exile. I wish there were a chance

of it, in spite of the hatred I should incur. Go then to the

camp of Manlius, as you have already arranged. Surrounded by

every kind of wickedness, you will be in your element there._

=9.= Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat? tu ut umquam 22

te corrigas? tu ut ullam fugam meditere? tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam

tibi istam mentem di immortales duint! etsi video, si mea voce

perterritus ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae

nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at

in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dummodo ista sit privata

calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis

commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae

cedas, non est postulandum; neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor

umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore

revocaverit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, 23

si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in

exilium: vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris; vix molem istius

invidiae, si in exilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem

servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum

manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis,

infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad

alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse videaris. Quamquam quid ego 24

te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium

praestolarentur armati? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem?

a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus

perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium

[scelerum tuorum] constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia

diutius carere possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a

cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium

transtulisti? =10.= Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem 25

ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi haec

res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te

amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu

non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus

es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe

derelictis conflatam improborum manum. Hic tu qua laetitia 26

perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! quanta in voluptate bacchabere,

cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque

videbis. Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores

tui, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus

obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam

bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes illam tuam praeclaram patientiam

famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum

senties. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut 27

exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut

id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum

nominaretur.

_Some may charge me with remissness in letting slip a public

enemy. It is no fear of illegality, or unpopularity that

influences me. But Catilina's departure to his camp will purge

the city of his adherents, and show everyone what his plans

really are. His death would give us only a temporary relief.

Let them leave us then for their wicked work, and Jupiter will

defend us from their attacks._

=11.= Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope iustam patriae

querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae

dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum

patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis

res publica sic loquatur: 'M. Tulli, quid agis? tune eum, quem esse

hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari

imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem

coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere,

ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed inmissus in urbem esse videatur?

Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio

mactari imperabis? Quid tandem te impedit? mosne maiorum? At 28

persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte

multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At

numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenuerunt.

An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers

gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum

tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si

propter invidiam aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum

neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est vehementius 29

severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae

pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta

ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum?'

=12.= His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui

hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu

iudicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram

horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi viri et

clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum

complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam

honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium

interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi

maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute

partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quamquam nonnulli sunt in 30

hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident

dissimulent, qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt

coniurationemque nascentem non credendo conroboraverunt: quorum

auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si

in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc

intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem

tam stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam

improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei

publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse.

Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique

collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo

haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum

omnium. =13.= Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his 31

periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto

omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri

consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,

videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,

periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in

visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu

febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur,

deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui

est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis

ingravescet. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum 32

in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe iam dixi,

discernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare

tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et

faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte

unius cuiusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres

conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis

auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus

bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta inlustrata,

oppressa vindicata esse videatis.

Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, cum 33

tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere

parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum

tu, Iuppiter, qui eisdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es

constitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,

hunc et huius socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac

moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum

inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac

nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque

mactabis.

ORATION II.

BEFORE THE PEOPLE.

_Citizens! We have driven Catilina from the city! We need no

longer fear his secret plots; he must now fight us openly. This

is a great success, as he feels._

=1.= Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem audacia, 1

scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic

urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel

ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit excessit, evasit erupit.

Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra

moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem

sine controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica illa

versabitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra

domesticos parietes perhorrescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est

expulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum geremus. Sine

dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum illum ex occultis

insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod vero non 2

cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est,

quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem

urbem reliquit, quanto tandem illum maerore esse adflictum et

profligatum putatis? Iacet ille nunc prostratusque est et se perculsum

atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc

urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget: quae quidem laetari mihi

videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit.

_Some may say, 'You should have arrested him.' Had I done so,

many would not have believed my accusations. For their sakes I

was obliged to make him declare himself. Once outside, I do not

fear him; I wish indeed he had taken all his adherents with

him. Our armies can easily deal with the band of bankrupts and

swindlers he has assembled; it is the conspirators of high

rank, whom he has left behind, that we have now to fear. They

see that we know their plans, yet they persist._

=2.= Ac si quis est talis, quales omnes esse oportebat, qui in 3

hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer

accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam

emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L.

Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a

me et mos maiorum et huius imperii severitas et res publica postulabat.

Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui quae ego deferrem non crederent?

quam multos, qui etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis

omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae

meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne 4

vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, si illum, ut erat meritus,

morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non

possem, rem huc deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte

videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse

timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod

ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum copias suas

eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat,

Publicium et Munatium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum

rei publicae motum adferre poterat: reliquit quos viros! quanto aere

alieno, quam valentes, quam nobiles! =3.= Itaque ego illum 5

exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno

et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis cotidie

comparantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex

agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia

deserere quam illum exercitum maluerunt: quibus ego non modo si aciem

exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident.

Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in

senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum

suos milites eduxisset: qui si hic permanent, mementote non tam

exercitum illum esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt,

pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quid cogitent

me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. Video, cui sit Apulia 6

attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis

sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit; omnia

superioris noctis consilia ad me delata esse sentiunt; patefeci in

senatu hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit: hi quid

exspectant? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem

perpetuam sperant futuram.

_I give them one more chance; let them follow their leader.

Happy for us if we can be quit of them! Catilina's departure

alone has relieved us much. He is the friend of every criminal,

the corrupter of youth, the support of bankrupts, the hero of

gladiators and actors. His adherents are monsters of crime; we

cannot endure them any longer. Their destruction is at hand.

Our general has given us peace abroad; under my leadership let

us declare war upon our domestic enemy._

=4.= Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte

coniurationem contra rem publicam videretis: nisi vero si quis est, qui

Catilinae similes cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati

locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam: exeant,

proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere.

Demonstrabo iter: Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad

vesperam consequentur. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem 7

hanc sentinam urbis huius eiecerit! Uno me hercule Catilina exhausto

relevata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut

sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis tota

Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis

parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis

ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor

iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum

Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce

annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium stuprum non per illum?

Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis inlecebra 8

fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios amabat ipse turpissime, aliorum amori

flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem

parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc

vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem

numerum perditorum hominum collegerat! Nemo non modo Romae, sed 9

ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quem

non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus adsciverit. =5.= Atque ut eius

diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo est in

ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum

Catilinae, nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope

sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum

exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame ac siti et vigiliis

perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia

atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumerentur.

Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint 10

desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, o rem publicam

fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consulatus mei! Non enim iam sunt

mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae: nihil

cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua

profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt, res eos iam pridem, fides nuper

deficere coepit: eadem tamen illa, quae erat in abundantia, libido

manet. Quodsi in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent,

essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi: hoc vero quis

ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos

prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus? qui

adcubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi,

conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris

eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia.

Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod et poenam iam diu 11

improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane

aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non

potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula

propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio, quam pertimescamus,

nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit; omnia sunt externa

unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum bellum manet, intus

insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis: cum

luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello

ducem profiteor, Quirites, suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum: quae

sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non

patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant

aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur

exspectent.

_Others reproach me with having driven Catilina into exile.

What I did was to declare to the Senate--who showed their

approval of what I said--the details of his plans. I bade him

betake himself to the camp of Manlius, whither I knew he meant

to go. Was that driving him into exile? Yet now if he should

change his mind, and really go into exile, I am to be called a

tyrant. I would gladly bear it, if war might be so averted. But

there is no chance of it; in three days he will be in arms.

Those who thus reproach me are really his secret partisans._

=6.= At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exilium eiectum 12

esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem,

qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus

vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exilium iussus est,

paruit atque ivit. Hesterno die, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem,

senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris vocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos

detuli: quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit? quis

salutavit? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut

importunissimum hostem? quin etiam principes eius ordinis partem illam

subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt.

Hic ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo cives in exilium eicio, quaesivi

a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne.

Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia convictus primo 13

reticuisset, patefeci cetera: quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam

constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta,

edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret

proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum

fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui

ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam.

In exilium eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? 14

Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra

posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et illa castra nunc non

Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exilium se Massiliam, ut

aiunt, non in haec castra conferet.

=7.= O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam

conservandae rei publicae! Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus,

periculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit,

sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi

abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium

converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus

ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed

indemnatus, innocens in exilium eiectus a consule vi et minis dicetur,

et erunt qui illum, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non

diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint.

Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae 15

tempestatem subire dummodo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefarii

periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dummodo eat in

exilium: sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis

immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L.

Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed

triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit

invidiosum aliquando, quod illum emiserim, potius quam quod eiecerim.

Sed cum sint homines, qui illum, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant,

eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? Quamquam isti, qui 16

Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur.

Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui illum non ad Manlium quam ad

Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si me hercule hoc, quod agit,

numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam

exulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem

cogitationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est,

optemus potius ut eat in exilium quam queramur.

_Of his adherents there are six classes._ (1) _Men with large

debts, but larger estates, which they will not part with,

hoping that Catilina will declare an abolition of debts. Their

only chance is a measure of compulsory sale, which I offer

them._ (2) _Those who hope by the revolution to obtain power

and office. Let these mark the forces against them, and

remember that, if it succeeds, the chief power will not fall to

them._ (3) _The Sullan colonists, who want fresh chances of

plunder. But the State will not endure a new proscription._ (4)

_The hopeless bankrupts. Their ruin is certain, but they need

not involve the whole State in it._ (5) _Criminals of every

class; let them stay with Catilina._ (6) _The dissolute youth

of Rome, his special favourites._

=8.= Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste, qui 17

iam fatetur se esse hostem et quem, quia, quod semper volui, murus

interest, non timeo: de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui

nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri

possit, non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei

publicae, neque, id quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent,

intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum

istae copiae comparentur; deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque

orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. Unum genus est eorum, 18

qui magno in aere alieno maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore

adducti dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est

honestissima--sunt enim locupletes--, voluntas vero et causa

impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu

rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione

detrahere, adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim exspectas? bellum? Quid ergo?

in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas? An

tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant: meo beneficio

tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui

possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si

maturius facere voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum

usuris fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus

civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut

deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur

vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma laturi.

=9.= Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premuntur aere 19

alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores,

quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata consequi se posse

arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem

quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse:

primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae; deinde

magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, [maximam

multitudinem] magnas praeterea copias militum; deos denique immortales

huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam

vim sceleris praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quodsi iam sint id, quod

summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine

civium, quae mente scelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules aut

dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere,

quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse.

Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exercitatione 20

robustum, quo ex genere est ipse Manlius, cui nunc Catilina succedit.

Sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit: quas ego universas

civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt

coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius

insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis,

lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis adparatis delectantur, in tantum

aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab

inferis excitandus: qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, homines tenues atque

egentes, in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego

utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono, sed eos hoc

moneo: desinant furere et proscriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus

enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo

homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur.

=10.= Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbulentum, 21

qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt, qui partim inertia,

partim male gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere

alieno vacillant, qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum

defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in illa castra conferre

dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acres quam infitiatores lentos esse

arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed

ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam

illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire

turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si

soli pereant, arbitrentur. Quintum genus est parricidarum, 22

sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum: quos ego a Catilina non

revoco; nam neque divelli ab eo possunt et pereant sane in latrocinio,

quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos carcer capere non possit. Postremum autem

genus est, non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod

proprium Catilinae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac

sinu, quos pexo capillo nitidos aut imberbes aut bene barbatos videtis,

manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos, non togis, quorum omnis

industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur.

In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes impuri 23

impudicique versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum amare

et amari, neque cantare et saltare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere

venena didicerunt: qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina

perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum futurum.

Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? num suas secum mulierculas

sunt in castra ducturi? Quemadmodum autem illis carere poterunt, his

praesertim iam noctibus? quo autem pacto illi Appenninum atque illas

pruinas ac nives perferent? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem toleraturos

putant, quod nudi in conviviis saltare didicerunt.

_We scarcely need the armies of the State to defeat such

contemptible opponents. We have all the resources of the

government, they have nothing; it is the cause of all good

against all evil. In such a contest the result is certain.

Guard your own homes, and we will do our duty._

=11.= O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sit 24

habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam! Instruite nunc,

Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia

vestrosque exercitus: et primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio

consules imperatoresque vestros opponite; deinde contra illam

naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur

educite. Iam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt

Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta,

praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque egestate conferre

debeo. Sed si omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 25

ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta

Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, si his rebus omissis

causas ipsas, quae inter se confligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso,

quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor

pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum; hinc fides,

illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc

furor; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc libido;

denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes

certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis

omnibus; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana

cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit.

In eius modi certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia

deficiant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus

tot et tanta vitia superari?

=12.= Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum iam antea 26

dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque defendite: mihi, ut urbi sine

vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque

provisum est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de

hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas finesque defendent.

Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit--quamquam

animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum,--potestate nostra

continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum

Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut omnes eius motus

conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis,

maturandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari videtis.

_One more appeal to the conspirators who are still in the city.

They can go out if they will, but any attempt at violence here

will be crushed. This shall be done under my direction, with as

little disturbance as possible. I rely upon the protection of

the gods, to whom you must address your prayers._

Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis 27

salutem omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt

hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea

lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod

latebat, erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, meam

hanc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut

pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator

viae; si qui exire volunt, conivere possum: qui vero se in urbe

commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve

contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules

vigilantes, esse magistratus egregios, esse fortem senatum, esse arma,

esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores

nostri esse voluerunt.

=13.= Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maximae res 28

minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum intestinum ac

domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato

duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si

ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam

sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens

patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud

profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum

videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos iam

omnes salvi esse possitis. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia 29

neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et

non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in

hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus: qui iam non procul, ut quondam

solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes suo

numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos vos,

Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem

pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium

copiis terra marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere

defendant.

ORATION III.

BEFORE THE PEOPLE.

_Citizens! This day I have saved the State, and may claim equal

honour with its founder. Let me tell you what has taken place

in the Senate._

=1.= Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona 1

fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clarissimi

imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque urbem hodierno die deorum

immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus consiliis periculis meis e

flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis

conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et si non minus nobis 2

iucundi atque inlustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi,

quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta

condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto,

quoniam illum, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia

famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit

is, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam toti

urbi, templis delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes

circumdatosque restinximus, eidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos

rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. Quae 3

quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis

iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam manifesta et qua

ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui ignoratis et

exspectatis, scire possitis.

_Since Catilina departed, I have been on the watch for evidence

against his confederates. I found that Lentulus had been

tampering with the delegates of the Allobroges, and was sending

letters by them to Gaul and to Catilina. Here was my

opportunity. By my orders, two of the praetors last night

arrested the delegates with Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus,

at the Mulvian Bridge, seized their letters and brought them to

me. I sent for Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius,

convoked the Senate, and conveyed thither the whole party, with

the letters unopened. Another praetor, sent by me, seized a

collection of arms in the house of Cethegus._

Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris

sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, Romae reliquisset,

semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam

absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. =2.= Nam tum, cum ex urbe

Catilinam eiciebam--non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum illa

magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit,--sed tum, cum illum exterminari

volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram aut eos, qui

restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. Atque 4

ego ut vidi, quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos

nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsi,

ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam

auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem

faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti

vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. Itaque ut

comperi, legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallici

excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad

suos cives eodemque itinere [cum litteris mandatisque] ad Catilinam esse

missos, comitemque iis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium atque huic ad

Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod

erat difficillimum quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, tota

res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto

deprehenderetur. Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum 5

praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me

vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Illi autem, qui omnia

de re publica praeclara atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac

sine ulla mora negotium susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad

pontem Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito

fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi

sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortes viros eduxerant, et ego ex

praefectura Reatina complures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor

assidue in rei publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim 6

tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem magno comitatu legati

Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus;

educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota

solis, ignorabatur a ceteris. =3.= Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci

pugna, quae erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo

comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi comprehensi ad me,

cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum

improbissimum machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihildum

suspicantem, vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum

C. Cethegus; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo, quod in litteris

dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. Cum summis 7

et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me

mane convenerant, litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri

placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus

iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo

publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim,

Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego

non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse mihi nimiam

diligentiam pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut 8

vidistis, coëgi. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium

praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum

esset, efferret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum

extulit.

_Before the Senate, Volturcius made a confession. The Gauls

disclosed their dealings with the conspirators; and the

letters, which their writers, Cethegus, Statilius, and

Lentulus, were forced to acknowledge, were found, when read, to

confirm their evidence. Cethegus gave up his defence; Lentulus

tried to cross-examine the Gauls, but broke down, especially

when his letter to Catilina was read. Finally Gabinius, like

the rest, was reduced to silence._

=4.= Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis, fidem publicam iussu senatus

dedi, hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine timore indicaret. Tum ille

dixit, cum vix se ex magno timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad

Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad

urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet; id autem, eo consilio, ut, cum

urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad modum descriptum distributumque erat,

incendissent caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille,

qui et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret.

Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab Lentulo, 9

Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab

his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam

primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas: Lentulum autem

sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse

illum tertium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque imperium

pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse: eundemque

dixisse fatalem hunc esse annum ad interitum huius urbis atque imperii,

qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii autem

incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris 10

controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem

fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur.

=5.= Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, quae a

quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus Cethego signum: cognovit; nos

linum incidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui

et populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse; orare ut

item illi facerent quae sibi legati eorum recepissent. Tum Cethegus, qui

paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant

deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum

studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus

conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et

signum et manum suam: recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam;

confessus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne

signum. Adnuit. 'Est vero' inquam 'notum quidem signum, imago avi tui,

clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos, quae quidem te

a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' Leguntur eadem 11

ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus

dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit; post

autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit,

quaesivit a Gallis, quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam

venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanterque

respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab

eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, tum ille subito

scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, ostendit: nam cum id

posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita

eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit,

sed etiam propter vim manifesti atque deprehensi sceleris impudentia,

qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. Volturcius vero 12

subito litteras proferri atque aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad

Catilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus

Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine

nomine, sed ita: 'Quis sim, scies ex hoc, quem ad te misi. Cura ut vir

sis et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus; vide, quid iam tibi sit

necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum.'

Gabinius deinde introductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset,

ad extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. Ac 13

mihi quidem, Quirites, cum illa certissima visa sunt argumenta atque

indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque

confessio, tum multo certiora illa, color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas.

Sic enim obstipuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam

inter se aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi

viderentur.

_The Senate then voted thanks to me, my colleague, and the

praetors; placed under arrest Lentulus (who had resigned his

praetorship) and eight others; and decreed a supplicatio in my

name, an honour never before bestowed on a civil magistrate._

=6.= Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, de

summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a principibus

acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate

est secutus. Et quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex

memoria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum 14

mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio,

providentia mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata; deinde L.

Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus

essem, merito ac iure laudantur; atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo,

laus impertitur, quod eos, qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent,

a suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, ut P.

Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque

uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant,

in custodiam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui

sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui

ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P.

Furium, qui est de iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q.

Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum

sollicitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, a quo

primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea 15

lenitate senatus usus est, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tantaque

hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem hominum perditissimorum poena

re publica conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur.

Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singulari eorum merito meo

nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato

contigit, et his verbis decreta est: quod urbem incendiis, caede cives,

Italiam bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris

[supplicationibus] conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta,

haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, quod

faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus,

quamquam, patefactus indiciis et confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus

non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se

abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat quo

minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem

occideret, ea nos religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur.

_We have thus defeated the conspiracy; but the struggle would

have been much more severe, if Catilina had remained in the

city._

=7.= Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi periculosissimique 16

belli nefarios duces captos iam et comprehensos tenetis, existimare

debetis, omnes Catilinae copias, omnes spes atque opes his depulsis

urbis periculis concidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc

providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse P. Lentuli

somnum nec L. Cassii adipes nec C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem

pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu,

dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat;

appellare, tentare, sollicitare poterat, audebat; erat ei consilium ad

facinus aptum, consilio autem neque lingua neque manus deerat. Iam ad

certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat.

Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat: nihil erat quod

non ipse obiret occurreret, vigilaret laboraret; frigus, sitim, famem

ferre poterat. Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam 17

paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus

diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium

compulissem, dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, non facile hanc tantam

molem mali a vestris cervicibus depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia

constituisset neque tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae

denuntiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes

manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta

sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum,

quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque

deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset,

quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti,

tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos

umquam, dum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam

tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus.

_Many signs show that the Gods have had us under their special

protection. The soothsayers warned us of our danger two years

ago, when the Capitol was struck by lightning. They bade us

avert it by making a new statue of Jupiter, and turning it

towards the Forum; it was erected this day, at the very moment

when the conspiracy was being detected. It is Jupiter alone who

has preserved us._

=8.= Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me administrata, 18

ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et provisa esse

videantur; idque cum coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur

humani consilii tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum vero ita

praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene

oculis videre possemus. Nam ut illa omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab

occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus

relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae ita multa nobis consulibus facta

sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales viderentur, hoc

certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est.

Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato consulibus 19

complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, cum et simulacra

deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera

liquefacta et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quem

inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, uberibus lupinis

inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota

Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum

civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum adpropinquare

dixerunt, nisi di immortales omni ratione placati suo numine prope fata

ipsa flexissent. Itaque illorum responsis tum et ludi per dies 20

decem facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad placandos deos pertineret,

praetermissa est: eidemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis facere maius et in

excelso collocare et contra atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere;

ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et

forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita

contra salutem urbis atque imperii, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu

populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud signum collocandum

consules illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque

superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante hodiernum diem collocaretur.

=9.= Hic quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero, tam 21

praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia, quae videmus,

praecipueque hanc urbem deorum immortalium nutu ac potestate

administrari? Etenim cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia,

interitum rei publicae comparari, et ea per cives, quae tum propter

magnitudinem scelerum nonnullis incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo

cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta sensistis. Illud vero

nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Iovis Optimi Maximi factum esse

videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et

eorum indices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum

statueretur? quo collocato atque ad vos senatumque converso, omnia, quae

erant cogitata contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis.

Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non 22

solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque

delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. Quibus ego si

me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus: ille, ille

Iuppiter restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam

urbem, ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus

hanc mentem voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni.

Iam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae

res creditae et ignotis et barbaris commissaeque litterae numquam essent

profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset

ereptum. Quid vero? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens

una restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non nolle

videatur, spem imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis

hominibus oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus

anteponerent, id non divinitus factum esse putatis? praesertim qui nos

non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint.

_Celebrate, then, the thanksgiving: never was one better

deserved. We have had many civil disturbances in the last

twenty years, and much bloodshed; but in these revolution was

the object, not the destruction of the State._

=10.= Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria 23

supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac

liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti

sunt ac debiti, sed profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex

crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu: sine caede, sine sanguine, sine

exercitu, sine dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore

vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes civiles 24

dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi

meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit: C. Marium,

custodem huius urbis, multosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate,

partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam:

omnis hic locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit.

Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario: tum vero, clarissimis viris

interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae

crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne dici quidem opus est, quanta deminutione

civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a

clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. Catulo: attulit non tam ipsius

interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum. Atque illae tamen 25

omnes dissensiones, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem

publicam pertinebant--non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae

esset, se esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac

urbe florere voluerunt,--eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione

concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc autem uno

post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla

umquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a

Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe

salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi,

Quirites, ut omnes salvi conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum

civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae caedi restitisset,

tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et

cives integros incolumesque servavi.

_I ask no reward but your recollection of my services. Unlike

foreign conquerors, I must live side by side with my enemies;

be it yours to see that I do not suffer from the hatred of the

wicked which I have provoked. Life can give me no greater

honour; I will strive to prove worthy of it in future._

_Make your prayers, then, to Jupiter, and guard your homes

to-night; the danger will soon be over._

=11.= Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis 26

praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum monimentum laudis

postulo praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego

vestris omnes triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monimenta

gloriae, laudis insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest

delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus

digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur,

sermonibus crescent, litterarum monimentis inveterascent et

conroborabuntur; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore,

propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei,

unoque tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum alter

fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter

eiusdem imperii domicilium sedesque servaret. =12.= Sed quoniam 27

earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae

illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum iis vivendum est,

quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos

reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,

mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum

sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent ego providi: ne mihi

noceant vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi

nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium,

quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, magna in re publica dignitas,

quae me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui

neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. Est etiam 28

in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae cedamus, sed

etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis impetus

domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis

erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se

pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus: mihi quidem

ipsi quid est, quod iam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim

neque in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videam altius,

quo mihi lubeat ascendere? Illud profecto perficiam, Quirites, 29

ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua

est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat

ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper

quae gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur.

Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati Iovem illum, custodem huius

urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est

periculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque

defendite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace

esse possitis providebo.

ORATION IV.

BEFORE THE SENATE.

_Senators! I see all eyes turned upon me. I appreciate your

anxiety on my behalf, but dismiss all care for me from your

minds. I am ready to meet all contingencies, though not unmoved

by the fears of those dear to me._

=1.= Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora atque 1

oculos esse conversos; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae,

verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est

mihi iucunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed

eam, per deos immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac

de vestris cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnes

acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum

fortiter, verum etiam lubenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque

Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. Ego sum ille consul, patres 2

conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus,

consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium

gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus, ad quietem datus, non

denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis

fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam

dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di

immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima,

coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima

vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam omnium

nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate

eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P.

Lentulus suum nomen inductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae

fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi

Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? =2.= Quare, patres conscripti, 3

consulite vobis, prospicite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos

fortunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite: mihi

parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare, omnes

deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse

gratiam: deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam

neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consulari

neque misera sapienti. Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris

carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear horumque omnium

lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis: neque meam mentem non domum

saepe revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus filius,

quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem consulatus mei,

neque ille, qui exspectans huius exitum diei stat in conspectu meo,

gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti salvi sint

vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius, quam et illi

et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus.

_Think of the gravity of the situation. You have already by

your measures shown your view of the case, but I will put it

before you as though it were still an open question. Only

remember that the evil is widespread, and calls for energetic

action._

Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae, 4

circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti.

Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus pl. fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod

agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium

occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium

adducitur: tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium

caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt; tenentur litterae,

signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; sollicitantur

Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur, id est initum

consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi

Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem relinquatur.

=3.= Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos multis 5

iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus

verbis et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem

patefactam esse decrevistis, deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare

praetura coëgistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iudicastis, in

custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem

decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini; postremo

hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis

amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim

dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur.

Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tamquam 6

integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena quid censeatis. Illa

praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re publica versari furorem

et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam, sed hanc

tantam, tam exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi.

Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant atque sententiae,

statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit,

videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. Latius

opinione disseminatum est hoc malum: manavit non solum per Italiam,

verum etiam transcendit Alpes et obscure serpens multas iam provincias

occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando et prolatando nullo pacto potest:

quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est.

_Two proposals are before us. D. Silanus would put the

conspirators to death; C. Caesar would imprison them in some

municipium for life; a plan difficult to carry out, and perhaps

really more severe than the other._

=4.= Video adhuc duas esse sententias, unam D. Silani, qui censet 7

eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos, alteram

C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes

acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum

magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnes vita

privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen

exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat

oportere, atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re

publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis

immortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem

naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque eam sapientes numquam

inviti, fortes saepe etiam lubenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero et ea

sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt.

Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si

imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare: decernatur tamen, si placet.

Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, quod salutis 8

omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis

recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula

ruperit: horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum

perditorum. Sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per

senatum aut per populum possit levare: eripit etiam spem, quae sola

homines in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet:

vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multas uno

dolore animi atque corporis aerumnas et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset.

Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos

eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse

voluerunt, quod videlicet intelligebant iis remotis non esse mortem

ipsam pertimescendam.

_My personal interest is clear. As Caesar is a popular leader,

I shall not, if you adopt his proposal, have to fear so much

the attacks of that party. Some of its members I see are

absent, as though they questioned our jurisdiction in this

matter. Caesar has shown that he has no such scruples._

=5.= Nunc ego, patres conscripti, mea video quid intersit. Si 9

eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in re publica

viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc

auctore et cognitore huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus

pertimescendi: sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii

contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei

publicae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et

maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae

in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est, quid interesset inter

levitatem contionatorum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi

consulentem. Video de istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, 10

abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam

ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives Romanos dedit et

supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis

adfecit. Iam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori

gratulationem, indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa

iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit, legem Semproniam esse de

civibus Romanis constitutam, qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum

civem nullo modo esse posse; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis

iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum,

largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio

huius urbis, tam acerbe, tam crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse

popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P.

Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum, ne

quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in perniciem populi Romani

posthac popularis esse possit: adiungit etiam publicationem bonorum, ut

omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas

consequatur.

_In any case we need not fear the charge of cruelty. In

punishing crimes like these, severity is the truest humanity.

Remember what L. Caesar said yesterday; yet the offences of C.

Gracchus cannot be compared to Catilina's._

=6.= Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem ad 11

contionem populo carum atque iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi

malueritis, facile me atque vos crudelitatis vituperatione populus

Romanus exsolvet, atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam,

patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate

punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. Nam ita mihi salva re

publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior

sum, non atrocitate animi moveor--quis est enim me mitior?--sed

singulari quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre

hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno

incendio concidentem; cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque

insepultos acervos civium; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et

furor in vestra caede bacchantis. Cum vero mihi proposui 12

regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se sperasse ex fatis confessus est,

purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum

lamentationem matrum familias, tum fugam virginum atque puerorum ac

vexationem [virginum] Vestalium perhorresco, et quia mihi vehementer

haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere

voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis

pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa

domo, supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is

clemens ac misericors an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur?

Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis

suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos,

qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas

unius cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium

delere conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis

huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii conlocarent, si

vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur: sin remissiores esse

voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama

subeunda est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et 13

amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, cum

sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audientem vita

privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis interfectum filiumque

eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit.

Quorum quod simile factum? quod initum delendae rei publicae consilium?

Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est et partium quaedam

contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus

Gracchum est persecutus; ille etiam grave tum vulnus accepit, ne quid de

summa re publica deminueretur: hic ad evertenda fundamenta rei publicae

Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos

trucidandos Cethego et ceteros cives interficiendos Gabinio, urbem

inflammandam Cassio, Italiam totam vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae.

Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere tam immani ac tam nefando nimis

aliquid severe statuisse videamini: multo magis est verendum, ne

remissione poenae crudeliores in patriam, quam ne severitate

animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse

videamini.

_You need not fear that we shall lack strength to carry out our

decision. Every class in the State is with us: the knights, the

civil servants, the freedmen, even the slaves. It is true that

the shopkeepers have been solicited by Lentulus, but in vain._

=7.= Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimulare non 14

possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad aures meas, eorum qui

vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis

hodierno die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta

sunt, patres conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia tum etiam

multo maiore populi Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communes

fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines,

omnium generum, omnium denique aetatum; plenum est forum, plena templa

circum forum, pleni omnes aditus huius loci ac templi. Causa est enim

post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque

idem, praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus

potius quam soli perire voluerunt. Hosce ego homines excipio et 15

secerno lubenter; neque enim in improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum

hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales, qua

frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque

consentiunt! Quid ego equites Romanos commemorem? qui vobis ita summam

ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei publicae

certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad

societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec

causa coniungit: quam si coniunctionem, confirmatam in consulatu meo,

perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum

civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. Pari

studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios,

fortissimos viros; scribas item universos, quos cum casu hic dies ad

aerarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem

communem esse conversos. Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam 16

tenuissimorum. Quis enim est, cui non haec templa, aspectus urbis,

possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc commune patriae solum

cum sit carum, tum vero dulce atque iucundum? =8.= Operae pretium est,

patres conscripti, libertinorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua

virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti hanc suam patriam iudicant,

quam quidam hic nati et summo loco nati non patriam suam, sed urbem

hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque

commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos

denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam

excitavit? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit

servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare

cupiat, qui non tantum, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad

communem salutem voluntatis. Quare si quem vestrum forte 17

commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare

circum tabernas, pretio sperare posse sollicitari animos egentium atque

imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tentatum, sed nulli sunt

inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non illum

ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile

atque lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae

salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt,

immo vero--id enim potius est dicendum--genus hoc universum amantissimum

est otii. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus

frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio: quorum si quaestus occlusis

tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit?

_The people will not fail you; do not fail them. Take advantage

of their unanimity, and think of the gravity of the crisis._

=9.= Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi Romani 18

praesidia non desunt: vos ne populo Romano deesse videamini providete.

Habetis consulem ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte

non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum; omnes ordines ad

conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce

consentiunt; obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex

manus tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis

arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ignem illum Vestae

sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque

urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum

atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris

hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, 19

oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines,

omnes homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili causa

hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate,

quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam

libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una

nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici, sed ne

cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque

haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus

sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio

functa consulari videretur.

_I know the danger I incur; but whatever comes I shall never

repent of what I have done. My achievements will find a place

with those of our national heroes. My domestic enemies will

wage eternal war upon me; but I trust in the protection of all

good citizens._

=10.= Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, 20

quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me

inimicorum multitudinem suscepisse video, sed eam iudico esse turpem et

infirmam et contemptam et abiectam. Quodsi aliquando alicuius furore et

scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae

dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres

conscripti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi mihi fortasse minitantur,

omnibus est parata: vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis

honestastis, nemo est adsecutus; ceteris enim bene gestae, mihi uni

conservatae rei publicae gratulationem decrevistis. Sit Scipio 21

clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hannibal in Africam redire

atque ex Italia decedere coactus est; ornetur alter eximia laude

Africanus, qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem

Numantiamque, delevit; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cuius currum

rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna

gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit;

anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes eisdem

quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur: erit profecto

inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est

patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, quam curare ut etiam

illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores revertantur. Quamquam est 22

uno loco condicio melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quia hostes

alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se

obligatos putant; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravati,

hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rei publicae

reppuleris, nec vi coërcere nec beneficio placare possis. Quare mihi cum

perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro

bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum periculorum, quae non modo

in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac

mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse

confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem

vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium

confringere et labefactare possit.

_One reward I ask for my sacrifices and exertions--your

recollection of my services, and your protection of my son.

Vote then bravely, remembering the interests at stake, and I

will carry out your decision._

=11.= Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 23

provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae

sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro

clientelis hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non

minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus et pro

meis in vos singularibus studiis et pro hac, quam perspicitis, ad

conservandam rem publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis

totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo: quae dum erit in vestris fixa

mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quodsi meam spem

vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis meum parvum

filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum ad salutem, verum

etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo

conservaverit, illum filium esse memineritis. Quapropter de 24

summa salute vestra populique Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac liberis,

de aris ac focis, de fanis ac templis, de totius urbis tectis ac

sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re

publica decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum

consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae

statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare.

CICERO

SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA

_WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES_

BY

E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.

LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD

ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE

PART II.--NOTES

_THIRD EDITION, REVISED_

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1900

NOTES.

[N.B.--_The references are to the sections._]

ORATION I.

§1.

=tandem= often strengthens interrogatives. 'How long, pray?' or 'How

long, I ask?' Cf. 1. 16 'quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?' and

2. 2 'quanto tandem maerore?' So also with imperatives, as in 1. 8

'Recognosce tandem.'

=abutere=, future, as is shown by 'eludet,' 'iactabit.'

=quam diu=, etc. 'How long will your madness yet have full play?'

Connect 'etiam' with 'quamdiu,' as in Sall. Cat. 61 'Catilina repertus

est paullulum etiam spirans.' For 'eludet' used absolutely cf. Livy 2.

45 'adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat.' But some editors read

'_nos_ eludet' ('make sport of us').

=nocturnum praesidium Palatii=. The Palatium, or 'Mons Palatinus,' was

one of the seven hills, occupying a central position S. E. of the

Capitoline. It was now protected at night by a guard against any sudden

attempt of the conspirators to seize it. Augustus and his successors had

their residence there; hence, in later times, 'palatium' came to mean 'a

palace.'

=urbis vigiliae=, 'the patrols of the city.'

=bonorum=, perhaps in a general sense 'respectable citizens,' but with

special reference to the senatorial party at Rome, who called themselves

_boni cives_ or _optimates_; just as the aristocratic party at Athens

called themselves 'kalokagathoi'.

=hic munitissimus=, etc. They were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter

Stator on the Palatine, which was protected by the Equites in arms. The

ordinary place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia, on the north side of

the Forum.

=horum=, the senators.

=constrictam . . . coniurationem tuam=, 'that your conspiracy is fast

held and bound in the knowledge of all here present,' (i.e. it is

powerless, because everybody knows of it).

=Quid proxima . . . arbitraris?= 'Quem' is the direct interrogative;

'quid egeris,' 'ubi fueris,' etc., indirect questions depending upon

'ignorare'; they are put first in the sentence for the sake of emphasis.

=proxima nocte=, 'last night,' on which the attempt on Cicero's life was

made, superiore, 'the night before last,' when the meeting in the house

of Laeca was held. See Introduction, pp. 11, 12, and note.

§2.

=immo vero= is used when the speaker wishes to correct, either by

addition or qualification, something that has been said, like the Greek

'men oun'. 'Lives, did I say? Nay, he actually comes into the senate.'

Cf. 4. 17 'maxima pars . . . immo vero genus universum.'

=publici consilii=. _Consilium_ properly = 'deliberation,' 'counsel.'

Hence, as here, 'the deliberating body,' a sense which more properly

belongs to _concilium_. Any state-constituted assemblage of persons for

deliberation was called 'consilium publicum' (e.g. a board of _iudices_

assembled to try a case at law).

=unum quemque nostrum=, not 'each one of us,' but 'us, one by one,'

'individually.'

=viri fortes=, ironical.

=si vitemus=. The subj. is used in the protasis, because the idea of

contingency is contained in 'satisfacere videmur,' which is substituted

for the more regular 'satisfaciamus.' Cf. 4. 7 'habere videtur ista res

iniquitatem, si imperare velis,' and 2. 25 'si contendere velimus,

intelligere possumus.'

=iussu consulis=. The Lex Valeria (see note on 1. 28) secured to every

citizen the right of appeal to the people against the sentence of a

magistrate. On the question whether Cicero was on this occasion legally

entitled to put Catilina to death on his own authority, see Intr. Note

B.

§3.

=An vero, etc=. Tiberius Gracchus was tribune 133 B.C. His law for the

distribution of the public land roused against him the hatred of the

aristocratic party. On the day of the tribunician election for the next

year he was attacked and killed with 300 of his adherents by a body of

senators headed by P. Scipio Nasica. _Privatus_ is strongly opposed to

_consules_ in the next clause. It appears that Nasica was not actually

Pontifex Maximus at the time, but in any case the office was not

regarded as a magistracy.

=mediocriter labefactantem= is similarly contrasted with the more

serious designs of Catilina. Cicero here mentions the violent

proceedings against the Gracchi and their successors with approval,

because he wished to plead for similar measures against Catilina. In

another speech delivered during this year (de Lege Agraria 2. 5. 10) he

calls them 'amantissimi plebis Romanae viri,' and says, 'Non sum autem

is consul, qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare.'

=C. Servilius, etc=. Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, sold corn to the

populace at low rates during a famine in 440 B.C. He was accused of

aiming at the supreme power. Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, with C.

Servilius Ahala as his master of the horse; the latter killed Sp.

Maelius with his own hand.

=quod . . . occidit=, 'the fact that,' in apposition to illa, which, as

often, refers to what follows, like 'ekeinos' in Greek.

=Habemus senatus consultum=, i.e. the _ultimum decretum_, passed Oct.

21. See Introduction, p. 11.

=non deest=, etc. The senate, as the deliberative and authorizing body,

have done their part; the consuls, as the executive, fail.

§4.

=Decrevit quondam=, etc. This was in 121 B.C. Gaius Gracchus (tribune

123, 122) had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the

authority of the senate. They took the opportunity of a tumult to pass

the _ultimum decretum_, whereupon L. Opimius the consul, with an armed

force, attacked the Aventine, where the adherents of Gracchus were

assembled. Gracchus himself and his supporter M. Fulvius were killed.

=propter quasdam=, etc., a mild expression, intended once more to point

the contrast between the Gracchi and Catilina.

=patre=. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who was twice consul and twice

triumphed.

=avo=. His mother was Cornelia, daughter of P. Cornelius Scipio

Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.

=Simili senatus consulto=, etc. In 100 B.C. revolutionary measures were

proposed by L. Appuleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia. In their

fear of violence, the senate passed the _ultimum decretum_ and called

upon the consul Marius to protect them, though he had been a supporter

of Saturninus. In the tumult which followed, the latter and his

adherents were shut up in the senate house, where their opponents,

taking off the tiles, stoned them to death.

=mors ac reipublicae poena=. 'Ac' is explanatory, 'death, (which was)

the penalty inflicted by the state.'

=remorata est=, literally, 'Did death keep them waiting a day longer?'

i.e. 'Had they to wait a single day longer for their death?' He means

that they were put to death on the same day as that on which the

_ultimum decretum_ was passed.

=vicesimum diem=. He speaks in round numbers. The exact time since Oct.

21 (by the Roman reckoning) was eighteen or nineteen days, according as

we fix the date of this speech to Nov. 7 or Nov. 8. See Introduction, p.

12, note.

=interfectum te esse convenit=, 'you might well have been put to death.'

=patres conscripti=. The regular title used in addressing the senate.

The traditional explanation of it is as follows. The original senators

were called _patres_ (patricians); after the expulsion of the kings 160

new senators were enrolled (partly plebeians); these were called

_conscripti_. Hence the whole body were addressed as _patres et

conscripti_ and by abbreviation _patres conscripti_. But this would seem

to require _adscripti_ rather than _conscripti_, and 'it is possible the

senators were originally called _patres conscripti_ to distinguish them

from those _patres_ who were not senators.' [Gow's Companion to School

Classics, p. 192.]

§5.

=in Etruriae faucibus=, at Faesulae (now Fiesole), on the south-west

slope of the Apennines, commanding one of the passes into Cisalpine

Gaul.

=adeo=, 'even,' 'actually.' Cf. 1. 9 'atque adeo de orbis terrarum

exitio.'

=si te iam=, etc. 'Credo,' as usual, marks the sentence as ironical. He

might conceivably fear two opposite criticisms on his conduct--

(_a_) 'ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant,'

(_b_) 'ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.'

He really fears (_a_); hence speaking ironically he reverses the case,

and says, I shall have to fear, I suppose, not rather (_a_) than (_b_)

(i.e. not so much (_a_) as (_b_)). Translate the whole--'I shall have to

fear I suppose--not that all good citizens may call my action tardy--but

that some one may say it was excessively cruel.'

§6.

=quisquam=, besides its regular use in negative sentences and questions

implying a negative, is used in affirmative sentences, in the sense of

'_any one at all_,' where it is implied that there can be none, or at

most but one or two.

=mihi crede=, 'trust to me,' 'take my advice.'

§7.

=me . . . dicere=. The pres. inf. is often used after _memini_ when the

speaker refers to his own experience. The past event is for the moment

actually present to his mind. So in English 'do you remember my saying?'

Cf. Virg. Ecl. 1. 17 'de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.'

=a. d. xii Kal. Nov.= Oct. 21. See Intr. page 11.

=futurus esset=, subj. as part of what Cicero said in the senate.

=a. d. vi Kal. Nov.= Oct. 27. The reading is not certain, the MSS.

varying between vi and ix.

=audaciae satellitem=, etc., 'servant and helper.' 'Satelles' implies a

lower, less free relation than 'administer.' Cf. in Verr. 3. 21

'ministri ac satellites cupiditatum.'

=Num me fefellit=, 'Was I not right, not only as to the gravity of the

design, savage and incredible as it was, but--what is more

remarkable--in the date?'

=optimatium=. See note on 'bonorum' 1. 1.

=sui=, neut. gen. sing. from 'suus,' used to supply the place of gen.

pl. of 'se.' Cf. the similar use of 'nostri,' 'vestri.'

=cum . . . profugerunt=. When _cum_ simply means 'at the time when' (quo

tempore) and does not contain any idea of consequence or cause, it is

usually (though by no means invariably) followed by the indicative;

especially when, as here, the time is fixed by the preceding

demonstrative _tum_. Cf. below 'cum . . . dicebas,' and 1. 21 'cum

quiescunt, probant,' 2. 1 'loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est

expulsus.' Nothing is known of this exodus.

=qui remansissemus=. The antecedent to 'qui' must be understood from

'nostra.' Subj. because part of the Oratio Obliqua. Catilina said,

'caede illorum qui remanserunt contentus sum.'

§8.

=Quid?= a particle of transition, frequent in rhetorical passages.

'Again.' 'Nay more.' Cf. 'Quid vero?' 1. 14.

=cum=, 'although.'

=Praeneste=, twenty miles S. E. of Rome, occupying a strong position in

the Hernican mountains. It had been the last stronghold of the younger

Marius in 82 B.C.; on its capitulation Sulla put most of the citizens to

death, and subsequently established one of his colonies on the site.

Catilina hoped to use it as a fortified post.

=quod non ego=, etc. 'Quod' is consecutive, = 'tale ut.' 'Non' negatives

the whole clause 'ego . . . sentiam.' Others for 'quod non' read 'quin'

[= 'qui-ne,' lit. 'in such a way that not'], i.e. 'you can do nothing

without my hearing it.'

=tandem=. See on 1. 1.

=noctem illam superiorem=, 'the night before last'; 'last night' would

be 'hanc noctem' or 'proximam noctem.' Below he says 'priore nocte,' to

avoid repeating the same word. See Introduction, p. 12, note.

=ad=, 'with a view to.' Cf. 1. 26 'ad hoc studium meditati.'

=inter falcarios=, 'in the street of the scythemakers.' Cf. 'inter

lignarios,' 'in the street of the carpenters.' Livy 35. 441.

§9.

=ubinam gentium=, 'Where _in the world_?' A genitive is sometimes joined

to an adverb of place or time to define it more exactly. Cf. 'ibidem

loci' = 'in the same place'; 'nusquam gentium' = 'nowhere in the

world;' 'postea loci' (Sallust, Jug. 102. 1), 'afterwards,' and the

Greek 'pou gês';

=de re publica sententiam rogo=. The consul collected the opinion of the

senate by asking each senator successively for his vote (_sententia_) on

the question before the house. The senator might either give it without

comment or make a speech in support of his views.

=illa ipsa nocte=. See Introduction, p. 12, note.

=duo equites Romani=. On _equites_ see Introduction, p. 9, note. Their

names were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius (Sallust, Cat. 28).

§10.

=salutatum=, supine. The early morning was the usual time for

complimentary calls. Cf. Martial 4. 8. 1 'Prima salutantes atque altera

conterit hora.'

=id temporis=, adverbial phrase, 'at that particular time.' Cf. Cic. Pro

Roscio Amerino 97 'ut id temporis Roma proficisceretur'; Tac. Ann. 5. 9

'oblisis faucibus id aetatis corpora in Gemonias abjecta.' For this use

of the accusative, cf. phrases like 'ceterum,' 'suam vicem,' etc.

=aliquando= often strengthens imperatives, implying that now at length

the time has come for doing what is requested. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. 46. 118

'Respice, quaeso, aliquando'; and in Verrem 2. 1. 28 'audite, quaeso, et

aliquando miseremini sociorum.' So in Greek 'methes pote' (Soph. Phil.

816). Cf. also 'tandem aliquando' 1. 18, 2. 1.

§11.

=Iovi Statori=. The senate were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter

Stator on the Palatine. See on 1.33.

=in uno homine=, 'in the person of a single man.'

=consuli designato=. He was 'designatus' during the latter part of 64.

We do not know that Catilina then made any attempt on his life.

=proximis comitiis consularibus=, 'at the late assembly for the election

of the consuls.'

=campo=. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the consuls, met in the

Campus Martius; the Comitia Tributa in the Forum.

=nullo tumultu publice concitato=, 'without any official summons to

arms.'

=per me=, 'by myself,' i.e. by my own exertions without calling in other

help. Cf. 1. 28 'hominem per te cognitum,' 4. 24 'per se ipsum

praestare.'

§12.

=quod est primum=, etc. 'Since I cannot yet venture to take the course

which is the most obvious, and the most suited to the authority I hold

and the strict traditions of our ancestors.' _Imperium_ is the consular

authority (not 'empire'). Cf. 2. 3 'huius imperii severitas.'

=ad=. Greek 'pros'. 'With respect to.' Cf. 2. 18 'adquirere ad fidem.'

=sentina rei publicae=, ('the refuse of the state'), forms a single

expression upon which the explanatory genitive 'tuorum comitum'

('consisting of your comrades') depends.

§13.

=faciebas=, 'were just doing,' 'ready to do.'

=exilium=. See on §20 below.

=domesticae turpitudinis= refers especially to family scandals, such as

the story of his wife and son (§14). =privatarum rerum dedecus=, to

offences extending beyond the family, but still confined to private

life, i.e. having no political object.

=inretisses=. Subjunctive, because the antecedent to 'quem' does not

refer to any particular individual, but stands for a class.

=ad audaciam=, etc. The sword and the torch are the instruments by which

'audacia' and 'libido' attain their objects; the former to strike the

blow, the latter to show the way in the darkness.

§14.

=alio incredibili scelere=. Sallust (Cat. 15) says that Catilina,

wishing to marry the profligate Orestilla, poisoned his son because she

objected to his presence. The further charge, that he had killed his

first wife, is mentioned by Cicero alone.

=aut non vindicata esse=, understand 'si exstiterit.'

=proximis Idibus=. The Kalends, Nones, and Ides were the 'settling-days'

at Rome. Cicero means that Catilina will realize his failure on the next

settling-day, when his creditors will demand their money. Cf. Hor. Sat.

1. 3. 87 'Cum misero tristes venere Kalendae,' and Epodes 2. 69 'Omnem

redegit Idibus pecuniam, Curat Kalendis ponere,' where the money-lender

calls in his money on the Ides of one month, and on the Kalends of the

next lends it out again.

§15.

=te pridie Kalendas=, etc., i.e. December 31, 66 B.C. This refers to the

so-called 'first conspiracy,' on which see Introduction, page 8.

=comitio=. The singular _comitium_ denotes the place of assembly; the

plural _comitia_ the assembly itself.

=mentem=, 'reflection.'

=fortunam=, because the plot only failed through his accidentally giving

the signal too soon.

=neque enim=, etc. 'Neque' negatives the whole sentence, and 'non' goes

closely with 'multa'; 'for they are no secret, nor have your later

offences been few.'

=parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore=. Hendiadys, 'by a mere

turn of the body, so to speak.' The metaphor is taken from fencing, ('ut

aiunt' being introduced, like the Greek 'hôs eipein', to soften the

abruptness). Cf. Virg. Aen. 5. 437 (of boxing)

'Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem

Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.'

§16.

=initiata ac devota=. 'Consecrated and vowed'; alluding to the common

practice of assassins, of dedicating the weapon to some patron deity, in

case of the attempt being successful. 'Quae' is the connecting relative,

and 'quibus . . . sit,' an indirect question depending on 'nescio.'

=nulla=, adverbial, 'which you do not deserve _at all_.'

=tibi persaepe=. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dative of the

agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done

for the interest of as well as by the person. In poetry there is no such

restriction. Other instances are 1. 24 '_cui_ sciam pactam cum Manlio

diem,' 2.13 'quem ad modum esset _ei_ ratio belli descripta,' 2. 26

'_mihi_ consultum ac provisum est.'

=tandem=. See on 1. 1.

§17.

=pacto=, used adverbially like 'modo.' Cf. 'quo pacto' = 'how?'

=metuerent=. See on 'loquatur' 1. 19 below.

=urbem=. Sc. 'relinquendam esse.'

=iniuria=, 'undeservedly.'

=aliquo=, 'to some spot or other,' 'somewhither'; cf. 'in aliquas

terras' 1. 20. Cf. Ter. And. 339 'dum proficiscor aliquo.'

=nunc=, 'as it is.' So 'nun' in Greek.

§18.

=tacita loquitur=. Oxymoron, lit. 'speaks without voice,' 'silently

appeals to you.'

=multorum civium neces=, alluding to his share in carrying out the

proscriptions of Sulla.

=vexatio direptioque sociorum=. He had been propraetor of Africa 67

B.C., brought to trial for extortion, but acquitted in spite of strong

evidence of guilt. The term _socii_ had been originally confined to

those Italians who were not _cives_; but since the franchise had been

given to all Italians (90-89 B.C.) it had been extended to the

provincials.

=quaestiones=, 'law-courts' (_quaestio_ from _quaero_, lit. 'an

investigation'). Criminal jurisdiction belonged legally to the people

assembled in the Comitia Centuriata. As it soon became impossible for

the whole body of citizens to try every case, trials were delegated

from time to time to commissions (_quaestiones_) specially appointed.

Hence arose the idea of establishing standing commissions (_quaestiones

perpetuae_) to try particular classes of offences. The earliest of these

was the _quaestio perpetua de repetundis_ (149 B.C.), which had

cognizance of all cases of extortion. Catilina would have been indicted

before it. Other _quaestiones perpetuae_ were subsequently added, and

the whole system was regulated and extended by Sulla.

=tandem aliquando=. See on 1. 10.

§19.

=si loquatur . . . debeat=. Contrast this with the conditional sentence

in §17 above, 'si metuerent . . . putarem.' Both the imperf. and the

pres. subj. make an imaginary supposition; but the imperfect, throwing

it into the past, marks it as impossible; the present regards it as

still conceivable. Thus 'si metuerent' (Greek 'ei ephobounto') = 'if

they feared' (which they do not); but 'si loquatur' (Greek 'ei legoi') =

'if it were to speak' (now or at any future time).

=custodiam=. A citizen was not imprisoned pending his trial on a

criminal charge. As a rule, he simply gave bail for his appearance;

sometimes however he was placed in the charge of some citizen of

reputation, who became responsible for his safe keeping (_libera

custodia_). Catilina had offered to place himself under some such

restraint on his indictment for inciting to riot (_de vi_) by L.

Paullus. See Introduction, page 11. The trial never took place, owing to

the subsequent events.

=parietibus . . . moenibus=. _Paries_ is the wall of a house; _moenia_

the walls of a town; _murus_ the general term.

=videlicet=, ironical ('videre licet,' like 'scilicet' = 'scire licet').

§20.

=aliquas=, cf. 'aliquo,' 1. 17 and note there.

=ad senatum referre=, the technical term for bringing a matter before

the senate for discussion. This could only be done by the consul (or

other magistrate) who summoned and presided over the meeting.

=non referam=. The real reason of his refusal was that the senate, not

being a judicial court, had no power to pass sentence upon any

individual. Moreover exile was not technically a punishment known to

Roman law; it was merely a recognized means of anticipating a sentence.

See on §28 below.

=hi=, the senators.

After =proficiscere= Cicero pauses, to give time for an expression of

opinion from the senators. As they are silent he resumes, 'Quid est,'

etc. Cf. the rhetorical artifice in Demosth. de Cor. §52.

=auctoritatem=, expressed request; =voluntatem=, unexpressed desire.

§21.

=P. Sestio=. Now quaestor; tribune in 57 B.C. when he was active in

promoting Cicero's return from exile. In 56 Cicero defended him on a

charge of riot.

=M. Marcello=, consul 51 B.C. Opposed Caesar; but was recalled from

exile by him and pardoned 46 B.C.

=vim et manus=, hendiadys.

=cum=, with indicative, see note on 1. 7. 'By their silence, they

approve.'

=cara=, because he professed himself ready to submit to a decree of the

senate ordering his exile.

=iam pridem studes=, 'have long been desiring.' Cf. the Greek 'palai

epithumei'.

§22.

=te ut ulla res frangat?= 'What? anything break _your_ resolution?' This

is exactly like the exclamatory use of the acc. and inf. in phrases like

'Mene incepto desistere victam?' (Virg. Aen. 1. 37) only here 'ut' with

subj. takes the place of the more usual acc. and infin. (i.e. he might

have said, 'Tene ullam rem frangere?') Cf. below §24 'tu ut illa diutius

carere possis?' 'Hoccine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius

imperii?' (pro Sestio §17), 'Utne tegam spurco Damae latus?' (Hor. Sat.

2. 5. 18).

=duint=. Subj. from 'duo' (perhaps an older form of 'do') with _i_ as

the characteristic vowel, in the place of the more usual _a_, as in

'sim,' 'velim,' 'possim,' 'edim,' etc. The form is found frequently in

Plautus, Terence, and old legal phrases. See Roby's Lat. Gr. vol. i.

§589.

=sed est tanti=, 'but it is worth while' (to risk the unpopularity).

=privata=, i.e. affects me only as a private citizen.

=legum poenas=, 'the punishment _prescribed by_ the laws.' Cf. 'rei

publicae poena' 1. 4.

=temporibus rei publicae cedas=, 'yield to the exigencies of the state';

'tempora,' as often, of a political crisis. Catilina is to yield to

these in the sense that he is to sacrifice his personal convenience for

the public advantage.

=ratio=, 'sound reasoning,' 'reflection.' The consecutive sentence is

best translated by turning 'revocaverit' into a passive, 'you are not

the man to have been recalled,' etc.

=exsulta=, 'revel.' Lit. 'leap about,' 'gambol.' Cf. §26 below.

§23.

=latrocinio=, 'brigandage' opposed to 'bellum,' §27. 'Latro,' originally

'a mercenary,' connected with [Greek] 'latreuô'; hence a brigand, because

mercenary troops were addicted to indiscriminate plundering.

§24.

=sciam=, subjunctive, as giving a reason, '_seeing that_ I know you have

sent on,' etc.

=Forum Aurelium=, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles

from Rome.

=cui=. See note on 1. 16.

=aquilam=. Marius introduced the silver eagle as the standard of the

legion. The one in question had been used (according to Sallust) in the

war against the Cimbri.

=cui domi tuae=, etc. The place where the eagles were set up in the camp

was regarded as sacred. Catilina prepares a similar sacred spot for his

in his own house. _Sacrarium_ means (1) a shrine, (2) any secret place;

it is here used in both senses; hence trans. 'for which you have

consecrated at your house the secret chamber of your crimes.' But Halm

would omit 'scelerum tuorum' as an interpolation.

=tu ut illa=, etc. See above on §22.

=altaribus=, 'the altar'; the singular form is not found in classical

Latin.

§25.

=haec res=, i.e. making war upon your country.

=tu non modo otium=, sed ne bellum quidem, etc. As the two clauses have

the same verb ('concupisti') the negative is _expressed_ only in the

second which contains the verb, and must be understood from it to the

first, i.e. 'non concupisti' must be understood after 'non modo.'

Literally, 'you not only (did not want) peace, but did not even want a

war unless it were wicked.' Observe that the negation in these two

clauses does not cancel but _repeats_ the original negative 'nunquam.'

This is the regular usage where a negative proposition branches out into

two clauses. Cf. 'Ea Caesar nunquam neque fecit neque fecisset' (Cic. ad

Fam. 14. 13), 'Caesar never did nor would have done those things.' See

Kennedy's Public Sch. Lat. Gr. §84. In English we may avoid the

repetition of negatives and say, 'you have never desired--I will not say

peace--but even war that was anything but criminal.' Exactly parallel is

2. 8 'Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae

fuit' Cf. also 2. 20 'ut iam,' etc.; 2. 21 'ut non modo,' etc.

=conflatam=. Metaphor from working metals, 'fused,' 'welded together.'

Cf. Virg. Georg. 1. 508 'falces conflantur in ensem,' and pro Roscio §1

'iniuriam novo scelere conflatam.' So 'sumphusan' in Greek; cf. Ar.

Knights 468

kai taut' eph' hoisin esti sumphusômena

egôida.

§26.

=meditati=, in passive sense, as the participles of many other

deponents; e.g. 'ultus,' 'complexus,' 'testatus,' 'adeptus,' etc. Cf.

Phil. 2. 34. 85 'meditatum et cogitatum scelus.'

=qui feruntur labores=, [Greek] 'hoi legomenoi ponoi', 'those exertions

of yours they talk of.'

=iacere=, =vigilare=, infinitives in apposition to labores.

§27.

=a consulatu=. At the election of consuls for 62, held a few weeks

before, Cicero had used his influence to defeat Catilina. See

Introduction, page 10. On 'cum' with indic. see 1. 7.

=est=. Generally a verb dependent on a subjunctive is itself

subjunctive. Here however the relative clause is not really part of the

consecutive sentence, but a mere epithet explanatory of 'id,' added by

the speaker, hence _est_ not _esset_. Cf. 3. 21 '(quis est) qui neget

haec omnia quae _videmus_,' etc.

=latrocinium=. See on §23 above.

=detester=, 'detestari' = 'to avert by entreaty.'

=si loquatur=. The apodosis is not expressed, owing to the length of the

following address. On pres. subj. see note on 1. 19.

=mactari=. Cicero and Caesar only use the acc. and inf. after 'impero'

with _passive_ verbs; in other cases 'ut' and subj.

§28.

=persaepe etiam privati=, an exaggeration. The only case of a 'privatus'

putting an offender to death which Cicero quotes is that of P. Scipio

Nasica and Ti. Gracchus. See note on 1. 3.

=An leges=, etc. The earliest of these was the Lex Valeria (509 B.C.),

which secured the right of appeal to the people from the magistrate

('_ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve

verberaret_'). This was re-enacted, and the penalty for violating it

strengthened by the Lex Porcia (197 B.C.) and the Lex Sempronia (122

B.C., Gaius Gracchus). Notice that these laws only forbade the

magistrate to inflict death or scourging on his own authority. The power

to do so, after trial and condemnation, remained with the people; but it

was seldom or never exercised, because the right of the accused to

anticipate the sentence by voluntary exile was universally recognized,

and even according to Sallust secured by law. See Cat. 51 'aliae leges

condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent.'

=at nunquam=, etc. Cf. 4.10; on the validity of this argument see Intr.

Note B.

=invidiam posteritatis=. Subjective genitive, 'hatred of (felt by)

posterity.' =fortitudinis=, just below, is objective, 'unpopularity of

(attaching to) firmness.'

=per te cognitum=, 'known by your own exertions only'; cf. 1. 11 'per

me tibi obstiti.' Cicero was a _novus homo_; i.e. none of his ancestors

had held a curule office.

=tam mature=. The age which a citizen must attain before becoming a

candidate for the several offices was fixed by the Lex Villia Annalis

(180 B.C.). Cicero appears to have been chosen for each magistracy _suo

anno_, i.e. as soon as he was legally eligible. He was now 43.

=per omnes honorum gradus=, 'through all the degrees of office.' By the

Leges Annales of Sulla, the offices of quaestor, praetor, consul, had to

be filled successively in the order named.

§29.

=si summi viri=, etc. See notes on 1. 3, 4.

=parricida=, because he is attacking the 'patria' which is 'omnium

nostrum communis parens.' But the word is sometimes used in a more

extended sense of wilful murder or sacrilege.

=redundaret=. Metaphor from the overflowing of a stream: 'lest any flood

of unpopularity should overwhelm me in the future.' (Cf. the English

phrase 'to redound to one's credit.')

§30.

=Quamquam=, etc. The first 'qui' is consecutive ('tales ut'), the second

is the connecting relative ('hi autem'), hence followed by indic.

'aluerunt.'

=dissimulent=, sc. 'se videre.'

=sententiis=, 'votes' (in the senate). See on 1. 9.

=regie=, 'tyrannically,' i.e. like a despot, not like the magistrate of

a free state. Gk. 'turannikôs'. Cf. 2. 14 'crudelissimum tyrannum.'

=naufragos=, 'castaways.' Cf. 2. 24 'illam naufragorum manum.'

§31.

=nescio quo pacto=, 'somehow.' 'Nescio quis' is treated as a single

word, hence _erupit_ not _eruperit_.

=latrocinio=, abstract for concrete; 'band of brigands.'

=aestu febrique=, hendiadys, 'in the burning heat of fever.'

=biberunt=, v.l. 'biberint.'

=relevatus= represents the protasis, 'si relevatus erit.'

§32.

=praetoris urbani=. The business of the praetors during their year of

office was mainly judicial. They were now eight in number; two presided

in the civil court; of these the _praetor urbanus_ tried suits between

citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum; the _praetor peregrinus_

suits between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six (without

distinctive name) acted as judges in criminal cases. Cicero means that

Catilina and his friends tried to intimidate the praetor in the

discharge of his duties.

=malleolos=. The 'malleolus' was a missile used in sieges. It was filled

with tow, which was ignited before it was thrown, and had an arrow

affixed. The name seems to be derived from the shape, which resembled a

mallet.

=tantam in vobis, etc=., i.e. he would as consul secure the execution of

whatever the senate might decree.

§33.

=cum=. Used of the attendant circumstances of an action. In English, 'to

the salvation of the state, the destruction of yourself,' etc.

=Iuppiter=. The temple of Iuppiter Stator (the 'Stayer of flight,' the

'Stablisher,') was vowed by Romulus during the fight with the Sabines

(Livy 1. 12); it was not, however, built till 294 B.C. (Livy 10. 37).

=auspicia=, augury from the flight of birds, which always preceded any

important undertaking. As the auspices were taken by the chief, 'to do a

thing under a person's auspices' came to mean 'to act under his

leadership and protection.'

ORATION II.

§1.

=Quirites=, the regular title by which citizens were addressed when

assembled in their civil capacity. Cf. the opening of the third speech,

also addressed to the people. The derivation is uncertain; some suppose

the word to be a form of 'Curetes,' i.e. inhabitants of the Sabine town

'Cures,' others derive it from 'Quiris,' a Sabine word meaning 'spear.'

=ferro flammaque=, another reading is 'ferrum flammamque.' We can say

either 'minitari alicui aliquid,' or 'minitari alicui aliqua re.'

=vel . . . vel . . . vel=. Each 'vel' substitutes a milder form of

expression for the preceding. 'We have driven him out,--let him go, if

you will,--at least bidden him good speed on his voluntary departure.'

ipsum = 'sua sponte.' verbis prosecuti is of course ironical.

=abiit, etc.= Note the absence of connecting particles (asyndeton) and

the increased force of each word rising to a climax in 'erupit.'

=versabitur=, 'will play around.'

=campo=, the Campus Martius.

=loco=, 'post,' 'vantage-ground.'

=cum= (= 'quo tempore'), 'at the very moment when.' The two actions were

simultaneous, there is no idea of cause or consequence; hence

indicative. See on 1. 7, and cf. below 'cum . . . eiecimus.'

=hoste= is emphatic. By his action he has declared himself the enemy of

the state. After bellum some MSS. insert 'iustum,' 'regular.'

§2.

=extulit=, indicative because the _fact_ that he did not carry away his

dagger stained with blood is emphasized; 'extulerit' would have made it

an expression of Catilina's feelings, as 'laetari quod evomuerit' below

expresses the feelings of the citizens. Cf. also 'quod non

comprehenderim' §3 ad init.

=tandem= adds force to the question. Cf. 1. 1 'quousque tandem?' and

note there.

=iacet=, 'he lies helpless.' Cf. 2. 25 'quam valde illi iaceant.'

§3.

=in hoc ipso=, 'in this very point,' explained by 'quod non

comprehenderim,' 'that I have not (as they complain) arrested.'

=capitalem=, threatening the 'caput' or principle of life; 'deadly.'

=huius imperii severitas=, 'the strict traditions of my (consular)

authority.'

=crederent=, consecutive subj., as regularly after 'sunt qui,' where the

relative refers not to certain specified individuals, but to a class.

=non modo invidiae=, etc., 'at the risk not merely of unpopularity, but

of life.'

§4.

=cum viderem=, etc. 'Re probata' is ablative absolute; not 'approved by

you,' but 'proved, demonstrated _to_ you.' 'Since I saw that the facts

were even then not fully established to the satisfaction of all of

_you_,' (much less to those inclined to sympathize with Catilina; this

is the force of 'quidem,') 'and that, if I punished him as he deserved,

I should not, under the burden of the unpopularity of that act, be able

to attack his associates, I brought the matter to this point,' etc. The

direct form of the conditional sentence would have been 'si multavero,

non potero'; this becomes in Oratio Obliqua 'cum viderem, si multassem,

fore ut non possem' (periphrasis being necessary because 'possum' has no

future participle).

=quam vehementer=, ironical. =foris= is emphatic; once outside the city

he does not fear him at all, as the context shows.

=exierit=, subjunctive, because the whole sentence stands as the object

of 'fero.'

=mihi=, the so-called 'Ethic' dative; 'Tongilius, I see, he has taken

with him.' The use of 'me' in the same sense is frequent in Shakespeare,

as in the phrases 'Knock me on this door,' 'he steps me to her

trencher,' etc., but is becoming obsolete in modern English.

=praetexta= (sc. 'toga'), the purple-edged 'toga' worn by boys up to the

age of sixteen, when they assumed the 'toga virilis,' which was plain

white.

§5.

=prae=, 'in comparison with.'

=Gallicanis legionibus=, the regular troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul.

The coast district of Umbria from the Rubicon to the Aesis was known as

'ager Gallicus,' having been originally the home of the Senonian Gauls.

The praetor Q. Metellus had been ordered by the senate to levy troops in

this district and Picenum for the defence of the government.

=agresti luxuria=, abstract for concrete. He is thinking particularly of

the Sullan colonists. See Introduction p. 9, and §20 below.

=decoctoribus=, 'bankrupts.' _Decoquo_, lit. 'to boil down,' so to

squander one's property, become bankrupt. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. ch. 18

'Tenesne memoria, te praetextatum decoxisse?'

=vadimonia=, 'bail,' i.e. security given for appearance in court when

called upon. Hence _vadimonia deserere_, 'to desert one's legal

obligations,' 'make default.'

=edictum praetoris=. Every praetor, on entering upon his office,

published an _edictum_, stating the rules to which he would adhere in

the administration of justice. Hence Cicero says, 'they will collapse

when I display to them the edict of the praetor,' i.e. remind them of

the penalties to which they will be liable by their non-appearance in

court to answer to their bail.

=hos=, strongly opposed to exercitum illum. He is not afraid of the

ruined spendthrifts who compose Catilina's army; he _is_ afraid of the

conspirators left behind in the city, who have, as it were, deserted

that army. (Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. are pointed at.)

=suos milites eduxisset=, 'taken with him _as_ his force.'

=quod quid cogitent=, etc., i.e. because they must have some secret

force at their back, which gives them confidence.

§6.

=superioris noctis consilia=, i.e. at the meeting in Laeca's house (1.

8), either the night before last or the last night but two. See

Introduction, p. 12 note.

=ne=, 'truly' (like the Greek 'nai', 'nê'), to be distinguished from the

conjunction. Used with pronouns only.

=nisi si quis=, 'nisi' is used like an adverb; hence the repetition of

'si.' Cf. Thuc. 1. 17 'ei mê ei ti'.

=ne patiantur=, 'in order that they may not permit.' Not prohibitive,

which according to Cicero's usage would require the perfect subjunctive.

=Aurelia via=. This was the coast road, the shortest route to Massilia,

whither Catilina pretended to be going.

§7.

=exhausto= keeps up the metaphor of draining away refuse contained in

'sentina.'

=subiector=, 'forger,' from 'subicere' in the sense of 'substitute.'

=nepos=, 'spendthrift,' 'prodigal.' Cf. the bad sense sometimes

attaching to 'neanias' in Greek.

§8.

=Iam vero=, frequent in transitions; 'once more,' 'again.' He is passing

to a fresh aspect of Catilina's character. Cf. 3. 22 and de Lege Manilia

11, where, after speaking of the military experience of Pompeius, he

goes on 'Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par inveniri?'

=fructum=, 'enjoyment,' 'satisfaction.'

§9.

=Nemo non modo Romae=, etc. Understand 'non fuit' from the second clause

after 'non modo' and see note on 1. 25 for full explanation.

=ut eius diversa studia=, etc., 'to help you to understand other tastes

of his in quite a different sphere of life' ('ratio,' lit. 'way,'

'method,' 'plan').

=ludo=, 'school,' where gladiators were trained under a fencing-master

(_lanista_).

=in scaena= ([Greek] 'skênê'), 'on the stage.' The profession of an

actor was considered degrading (_infamis_) for a Roman citizen, and was

generally left to slaves and freedmen.

=levior et nequior=, 'a little more frivolous and worthless' (than his

fellows).

=cum=, 'although.'

=instrumenta=, 'the instruments,' i.e. the powers of mind and body by

which a virtuous disposition makes itself felt.

§10.

=fortunas=, 'estates,' as distinguished from property in money.

=obligaverunt=, 'mortgaged.'

=res=, 'money,' fides, 'credit.' This has just begun to fail them,

because in view of the break-down of their schemes, their creditors will

not trust them any longer. See on 'proximis Idibus' 1. 14.

=bonorum=. See on 1. 1.

§11.

=propagarit=, 'propago' ('pro' and 'pag-' root of 'pango,' 'to fasten

down'), originally a botanical term; 'to generate by slips,' hence

generally 'to extend,' 'prolong.' Tr. 'will have prolonged the existence

of the state, not merely for a brief period, but for many generations.'

A variation for the more usual construction 'in multa saecula propagarit

rempublicam.'

=rex . . . unius=. Pompeius, invested with the supreme command by the

Gabinian and Manilian laws, had just crushed the pirates of Cilicia

('mari'), and brought to a close the third war against Mithridates king

of Pontus ('terra'), by the battle of Nicopolis (B.C. 66).

§12.

Having answered those who might think his measures not strong enough

(§§3-11) Cicero now (§§12-16) addresses those who might urge that he had

acted tyrannically and abused his consular authority by driving Catilina

from the city.

=exilium= is emphatic. They pretend that he has been unlawfully forced

into exile; whereas really, so far from going into exile, he has

voluntarily departed for the camp of his lieutenant Manlius.

=verbo=, 'by a mere word' (as they pretend I did in Catilina's case).

=videlicet= = 'videre licet,' 'it is easy to see,' 'of course.' He is

sarcastically quoting the language of his assailants; his own reply

begins at 'Hesterno die.'

=quin etiam= adds a still stronger testimony. 'Why, even,' etc.

=vehemens ille consul=, 'your violent consul.'

=quaesivi=, see 1. 8.

=necne= is used in indirect disjunctive questions, 'annon' in direct.

§13.

=homo audacissimus=, 'with all his audacity.'

=conscientia=, 'by his guilty knowledge.'

=constituisset=, sc. 'agendum.'

=ei=. See note on dative of the agent, 1. 16.

=ratio=, 'plan.'

=quo iam pridem pararet=, 'whither (I knew) he had long been preparing

to go.'

=secures . . . fasces=, etc. Catilina meant to assume all the insignia

of a consul commanding an army in the field.

=sacrarium=, see on 1. 24.

=fecerat=, indic., because the sentence is a parenthesis added by Cicero

here for the information of his hearers. It is not a quotation from his

speech to the senate, for this would have required _fecisset_.

§14.

=credo=, strongly ironical.

=suo= is emphatic; 'in his _own_ name'; (Catilina, you ask us to

believe, had nothing to do with it.)

=condicionem=, the external circumstances, given conditions under which

a thing must be done. Here perhaps 'task' gives the meaning best; but it

may also be rendered by 'lot,' 'position,' 'terms,' according to the

context. Cf. 'nascendi condicio' 3. 2, 'consulatus condicio' 4. 1 and 3.

27.

=vi et minis=, hendiadys.

=tyrannum=. Cf. 'regie factum' 1. 30.

§15.

=Est mihi tanti=, 'I think it worth while.'

=falsae=, 'misdirected.'

=sane=, 'by all means.'

=non est iturus=, stronger than 'ibit,' 'he has no intention of going.'

=illud= refers to what _follows_ ('ne sit,' etc.). Cf. the use of

'ekeino' in Greek.

§16.

=Quamquam=, etc. 'And yet those, who keep saying that Catilina is going

to Massilia, do not really regret, so much as fear it. No one of them is

tender hearted enough to wish him to go thither rather than to Manlius.'

If their motive were really (as they pretend) disinterested pity for

Catilina, they would be glad to hear he had gone to Massilia, because

that is his only chance of escaping destruction. The truth is that they

are secret partisans of his schemes, and are afraid he may be going to

abandon them by voluntary exile.

§17.

=sanare sibi ipsos=, 'to restore them to themselves,' i.e. to their

right minds.

§18.

=possessiones=, of landed property exclusively ('estates'); =maiores=,

i.e. more than enough to pay their debts, if they were sold.

=dissolvi=, in a kind of middle sense, 'free themselves'; 'solvo' is the

technical word for payment of debts. Cf. the English 'liquidate.'

=species=, 'outward appearance.'

=voluntas et causa=, 'intentions and position.'

=tu . . . sis=, etc., dubitative subjunctive, implying incredulous

astonishment. 'Can you be?' 'is it possible that you are?' It is the

ordinary potential subj., ('velim,' 'I could wish,' etc.) thrown into an

interrogative form. Cf. Cic. ad Q. F. 1. 3 'Ego tibi irascerer, mi

frater?' 'I, angry with you, my brother?' and pro Sulla 44 'Tu tantam

rem ementiare?' 'You to utter such a falsehood?' Also Virg. Aen. 12. 947

'Tunc hinc spoliis indute meorum | Eripiare mihi?' Translate here, 'You

to be luxuriously and abundantly supplied with estates and houses,

silver plate and slaves, everything in short that you can wish for, and

yet to hesitate, by sacrificing a part of your estate, to gain in

respect of credit?' For ad, 'with respect to,' cf. 1. 12 'ad severitatem

lenius.' He wishes them to sell some of their land and pay their debts

with the proceeds; this, though apparently a sacrifice, would really be

a gain, because by restoring their solvency it would improve their

credit.

=tabulas novas=, lit. 'clean tablets,' 'new account books'; a phrase

implying a general cancelling of all debts, which Catilina promised.

=meo beneficio=, etc., 'thanks to me, there shall be an issue of new

tablets, but (they shall be) those of the auctioneers.' He means that he

would propose a law, compelling those debtors who had land to sell it by

auction, and pay with the proceeds. The necessary catalogues of sale

('auctionariae tabulae') would be 'novae tabulae' in a double sense,

(1) because such a law would be a novelty; (2) because it would lead to

freedom from debt, only by legal methods, instead of arbitrary

repudiation of the creditor's claims.

=salvi=, 'solvent.'

=certare cum usuris=, etc., 'instead of matching the produce of their

estates against the interest' (on their loans). They had borrowed

largely, and tried to pay the interest on the loans with the income

derived from their land. It was a contest ('certare') between the two,

in which the interest to be paid tended constantly to outstrip their

income.

=uteremur=, 'we should find them.' Cf. Gk. 'chrômai' in the same sense.

§19.

=dominationem=, 'tyranny,' 'despotism,' used always (like 'dominus') of

the rule of a single person.

=honores=, 'offices.'

=scilicet=, 'that is to say.'

=in bonis viris=, see note on 'bonorum' 1. 1.

=maximam multitudinem=, if genuine, must mean 'that their number is very

great,' but the words are probably an interpolation; 'in maxima

multitudine' (to be connected with 'magnam concordiam') has been

conjectured.

=si sint adepti=, a very remote contingency, 'supposing they were to

obtain.'

=fugitivo alicui=, etc., i.e. in the event of success the real power

would be seized by the most worthless of their own party.

§20.

=Sunt homines=, etc. Sulla during his dictatorship (82-80 B.C.) rewarded

his victorious soldiers to the number of 120,000, by distributing them

in military colonies throughout Italy, assigning an allotment of land to

each. Faesulae was one of these colonies.

=universas=, 'taken as a whole.' Cicero is careful to speak with respect

of Sulla, because he had been the great champion of the aristocratic

party, which was now supporting the orator against Catilina. But further

on he alludes to the horror which the recollection of the proscriptions

still inspired.

=sed tamen ii sunt coloni=, etc. Note that 'qui . . . iactarunt' is not

consecutive. Hence tr. 'Nevertheless the men in question are colonists

who,' etc. For 'ii' which seems awkward, 'in iis' has been conjectured.

=beati=, here, as often, of material prosperity, 'well-to-do.'

=familiis=, 'establishments,' (of slaves and dependents).

=illorum temporum=, i.e. the reign of terror under Marius and Cinna (87,

86 B.C.), during which many of the aristocratic leaders perished; and

the period of Sulla's dictatorship, with its wholesale proscriptions of

the popular party.

=tantus= is adverbial; 'to such an extent.' Cf. 1. 16 'quae tibi _nulla_

videtur.'

=non modo homines=, etc. Understand 'non passuri esse videantur' after

'non modo,' and see note on 1. 25 for explanation.

§21.

=iam pridem premuntur=, 'have long been overwhelmed.'

=emergunt=, 'get their heads above water.' Cf. Juvenal 3. 164

'Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat

Res angusta domi.'

=vetere=, 'long-standing.'

=vadimoniis=, etc, alludes to the three stages of legal proceedings

against a debtor. _Vadimonium_, security given for appearance in court;

_iudicium_, the trial and legal decision; _proscriptio bonorum_, the

confiscation of the property for the benefit of the creditors.

=infitiator= is one who denies his legal obligations; 'lentos' is added

to point the antithesis to 'acres'; 'not so much keen soldiers as

shirking defaulters.'

=non modo=, sc. 'non sentiat.'

§22.

=carcer=. The 'Tullianum' under the Capitol was the only public prison

in Rome.

=postremum=, 'the last,' i.e. 'the lowest,' both in point of number and

morality.

=proprium=, 'Catilina's particular favourites; his special choice,--let

me say rather his most cherished and bosom friends.'

=immo vero=, see on 1. 2.

=imberbes=, 'beardless,' i.e. effeminate.

=bene barbatos=, the wearing of a beard was contrary to the Roman custom

at this time and held to be a mark of dissoluteness.

=quorum omnis=, etc., 'who spend all their life's energy and sacrifice

their rest in banquets lasting until daybreak,' =antelucanis=, lit.

before dawn, i.e. prolonged till dawn.

§24.

=cohortem praetoriam=, the troop employed as the general's body guard;

first organized by the younger Scipio during the siege of Numantia (133

B.C.) (Cf. _Praetorium_ = the headquarters in the camp.) Out of this

grew the Praetorian Guard of the Emperors, which played such an

important part in the history of imperial Rome.

=nunc=, ironical, 'now' (if you think it worth while).

=eiectam=, 'castaway,' keeping up the metaphor contained in

'naufragorum.'

=Iam vero=, 'Why, already,' etc.

=urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum=. Originally _colonia_ meant a colony

whose citizens enjoyed the full Roman franchise; _municipium_ a town

possessed of 'Latin rights' only. But since 89 B.C., when the franchise

had been extended to all Italians, the distinction had ceased to exist.

=respondebunt=, 'will be a match for.' Catilina's rustic strongholds

('tumuli silvestres') are contemptuously contrasted with the fortified

towns ('urbes') which were in the hands of the government.

§25.

=urbe=, i.e. the capital.

=eget ille= is opposed to nos suppeditamur, the contrast being

emphasized by the omission of the connecting particle and the

arrangement of the words (Chiasmus).

=causas ipsas quae=, etc., 'simply the causes which are arrayed against

one another.'

=velimus=, subj. because in the apodosis 'intelligere possumus' is

equivalent to the potential subjunctive 'intelligamus.' Cf. 1. 2

'satisfacere videmur, si vitemus,' and note.

=iaceant=. See on 2. 2.

=denique aequitas=, etc., sums up the preceding; the four cardinal

virtues (justice, temperance, bravery, wisdom) are set against the

corresponding vices. The antithesis must be carefully kept in

translation.

=bona ratio cum perdita=, 'upright against corrupt principles.'

§26.

=mihi=, dative of agent. See on 1. 16.

=gladiatores=. There were in Italy a number of schools (_ludi_) where

gladiators were trained. Catilina had hoped to avail himself of these,

but by decree of the senate (October 21) they had been placed under

special guard. See Introduction, page 11.

=agrum Gallicum=. See on 2. 5.

§27.

=adeo= adds an emphasis, 'who indeed.'

=monitos=, sc. 'esse.' For the acc. and infin. construction after 'volo'

cf. 1. 4 'cupio me esse clementem.'

=qui commoverit= is subject to =sentiet=.

=cuius= = 'si illius.'

=carcerem=, as a place of execution ('vindicem') not of detention, for

imprisonment was not employed as a punishment in the case of citizens.

§28.

=togato duce et imperatore=. The toga was the civil dress of the

magistrate in the city, opposed to the military cloak (_paludamentum_)

worn by the general in the field. Tr. 'with me, a civil magistrate, as

your leader and general.' Cicero especially prided himself on the fact

that he defeated Catilina in his civil capacity as consul, without the

aid of an army. Cf. 3. 15, 23, and the words of his own poem on the

subject, 'Cedant arma togae.'

=illud=, explained by ut neque, etc. Cf. 2. 15.

ORATION III.

§2.

=quod salutis, etc.=, 'because the pleasure of safety is assured, while

our lot at birth is doubtful; because again we are not conscious of our

birth, while we can feel the delight of preservation.' =nascendi

condicio= = the external circumstances, surroundings to which we are

born. See on 2. 14.

=illum=, i.e. Romulus.

=benevolentia famaque=, hendiadys, 'with affectionate praise.'

=templum= is the consecrated ground ([Greek] 'temenos'); =delubrum= the

actual shrine ([Greek 'naos').

§3.

=ut= = 'ex quo tempore,' 'ever since.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 1. 13. 2 'ut

Brundisio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,' and

Hor. Od. 4. 4. 42.

=paucis ante diebus=. Really, it was nearly a month ago (Nov. 8-Dec. 3).

=cum . . . eiciebam=, indic. because 'cum' = 'quo tempore,' 'at the time

when.' Cf. 2. 1 and 1. 7, note.

=exterminari=, 'banished' (ex, terminus). The sense 'exterminated' is

not found in classical Latin.

§4.

=fidem faceret=, 'would command confidence.'

=tumultus=, used exclusively of disturbances in Italy and Gaul. Cf. Cic.

Phil. 8. ch. 1 'itaque maiores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat

domesticus, tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea

nullum nominabant,' and the whole passage. On the Allobroges, see

Introduction, p. 13.

=ad Catilinam=, 'addressed to Catilina.'

§5.

=qui omnia=, etc., 'like men whose political sentiments were entirely

sound and excellent.' sentirent is subj. because qui is causal.

=pontem Mulvium=, on the Via Flaminia, two miles N. of Rome; now called

Ponte Molle.

=praefectura= was the name given to a provincial town governed by a

magistrate sent annually from Rome, whereas the _municipia_ elected

their own magistrates.

=Reate= was a Sabine town, of which Cicero was _patronus_.

=in reipublicae praesidio=, v.l. 'in republica,' 'praesidio' being then

connected with 'miseram' as dat. of complement.

§6.

=tertia=, etc., i.e. between three and four a. m. The time between

sunset and sunrise was divided into four _vigiliae_.

=integris signis=. See on §10 below.

=ipsi=, i.e. = Volturcius and the Gauls.

=vocavi=. The consul had the right of summoning citizens to his presence

(_ius vocationis_), by force if necessary (_ius prehensionis_).

§7.

=si nihil esset inventum=. Virtual Oratio Obliqua, representing their

words 'si nihil inventum erit.'

=temere=, 'heedlessly,' =i.e. = without due cause.

=negavi=, etc. 'Ut . . . deferrem' is _not_ a final, but a substantival

clause, standing as the object to 'facturum,' the whole being a more

emphatic way of saying 'negavi me non delaturum esse'; 'I said that in a

danger which threatened the state, I could not but bring the facts

unprejudiced before the council of the state.' Cf. 3. 17 'commisisset ut

deprehenderentur.'

§8.

=fidem publicam dedi=. Lit. = 'pledged him the faith of the state,' i.e.

promised him in the name of the state that he should not be prosecuted

in respect of any disclosures, =iussu senatus=, because the consul could

not do this unless authorized by the senate.

=erat=, indic. because an explanation added by Cicero; not part of what

Volturcius said.

§9.

=data esse= (for the gender see note on 'deprehensa' §10), to be taken,

by zeugma, with both 'iusiurandum' and 'litteras,' 'that an oath (had

been sworn) and a letter given them addressed to their nation.'

=atque ita, etc.= Upon the main verb 'dixerunt' depend three

subordinates: 'esse praescriptum'; 'confirmasse'; 'dixisse'; each of

which has in its turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This will

be best seen by the following scheme;

Galli dixerunt:--

(_a_) ita sibi ab his et { ut equitatum mitterent; pedestres

a L. Cassio esse praescriptum { sibi copias non defuturas.

(_b_) Lentulum autem sibi { se esse ilium ... Sullam

confirmasse ex fatis, etc. { fuisse.

(_c_) eundemque dixisse { fatalem hunc esse ...

{ vicesimus.

The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb

upon which the subordinate sentence _immediately_ depends.

=pedestres sibi, etc.= This is part of what Cassius and the others said,

depending upon some verb of 'saying' to be understood from

'praescriptum'; 'they said that these men and L. Cassius had requested

them to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible, (adding that) they

should have no lack of infantry.'

=fatis Sibyllinis=, the original 'libri Sibyllini' (containing

prophecies in Greek) were said to have been brought by the Sibyl of

Cumae to Tarquinius Superbus; they were kept in the Capitol and

consulted in times of difficulty. In 83 B.C. they were burnt and a fresh

collection of Sibylline prophecies was made, which was sifted by order

of Augustus and Tiberius. See Tac. Ann. 6. 12.

=tertium Cornelium=, his full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. On

Cinna and Sulla see note on 3.24.

=virginum=, sc. = 'Vestalium.' Nothing is known of the event alluded to,

but the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always regarded as an event of

great significance.

=Capitolii incensionem=. The Capitol and adjacent buildings had been

burnt down B.C. 83.

§10.

=Saturnalibus=, the festival of Saturn at the end of December. It was a

general holiday, when special license was allowed to slaves; hence a

good opportunity for a rising.

=Primo ostendimus, etc.= Letters were generally written with a stylus on

wax tablets; these were then put together face inwards and tied with

string, which was secured by the seal of the sender. When, as often,

they were written by slaves from dictation, the seal was the only means

of recognising the authorship, as they were not generally signed.

=cognovit=, 'acknowledged it.'

=recepissent=, 'had promised'; _recipio_ = 'to take upon oneself,

engage.' =sibi=, the writer.

=quae . . . deprehensa=, a relative is generally neuter pl. when it

refers, as here, to two inanimate antecedents ('gladii' and 'sicae') of

different genders. So also adjectives and participles. Cf. 3. 9 'data.'

They may however agree with the nearest word, as in 3. 18 'visas . . .

faces ardoremque caeli.'

=qui . . . respondisset=, 'although he had answered.' =tamen=, i.e. in

spite of the appearances against him.

=se semper=, etc., 'that he had always had a fancy for good steel

implements.' He purposely avoids using the word 'tela,' pretending that

the weapons were only part of a collection.

=conscientia=, 'his consciousness of guilt.' For 'abiectus' cf. 4. 3

'abiecta metu filia.'

=in eandem fere sententiam=, 'to much the same effect.'

=avi=, P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C. Cf. 4. 13.

§11.

=eadem ratione=, either with =litterae=, 'of the same tenor,' or with

leguntur, 'in the same way,' i.e. 'with the same formalities.'

=per quem=, the agent was P. Umbrenus. Cf. §14 below.

=subito=, adverb, with =demens=.

=cum=, 'although.'

=dicendi exercitatio=. Lit. 'practice in speaking,' i.e. 'fluency.'

§12.

=Quis sim=, etc. The general sense of the letter is similarly given by

Sallust (Cat. 44) with verbal differences.

=locum=, 'position.'

=etiam infimorum=, i.e. he was to arm the slaves.

§13.

=cum . . . tum=, 'just as ... so also.' Cf. 3. 18. illa in each clause

refers to what follows. Note that 'certiora' follows 'certissima,'

showing that the latter means 'very sure,' not 'the surest possible.'

Cicero is fond of using the superlative in this sense.

=de summa re publica=, 'on a matter so vital to the state.' Cf. 1. 14

'ad summam rempublicam pertinent.'

=principibus=, the leaders.

=sententiae=. See on 1. 9.

=senatus consultum=, the regular word for a decree of the senate. When

passed, it was written down, and the names of the principal supporters

appended.

§14.

=liberata . . . sit=, etc. Subj. because he is quoting the substance of

the decree. =usus essem= is plup. because 'laudantur' (historic present)

is regarded as a past tense.

=viro forti, collegae meo=. This was C. Antonius Hybrida. He had been

associated with Catilina, but Cicero induced him to come over to the

side of the senate by giving up to him the province of Macedonia. See

note on 4. 23.

=a suis et rei publicae=, etc., i.e. he had ceased to hold any

communication with them, either on his private affairs, or his public

duties.

=cum se praetura=, etc. Note the construction of 'abdico.' Strictly

speaking, a magistrate could not be deprived of his office except by his

own act; but resignation was practically compulsory under certain

circumstances (e.g. when the election was proved to have been obtained

by bribery). As praetor, Lentulus could not have been placed under

arrest, for the person of a magistrate was inviolable (_sacrosanctus_).

=in custodiam=. See on 1. 19.

=de iis colonis=. See on 2. 20.

§15.

=supplicatio=, i.e. a period of public prayer and thanksgiving. This was

accompanied by the ceremony called _lectisternium_, when the images of

the gods were placed on couches (_pulvinaria_) before their temples,

with banquets beside them. Here the people came to worship. Cf. 3. 23

'ad omnia pulvinaria,' and Horace, Odes 1. 37. 2

'nunc Saliaribus

Ornare pulvinar Deorum

Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.'

A _supplicatio_ was generally a thanksgiving for victory; to the general

it was an honour only inferior to a triumph, which it often preceded.

More rarely, it was a period of national humiliation in time of

disaster. Thus a _supplicatio_ was decreed at the beginning of 217 B.C.,

and again after the defeat of Cannae. See Livy 22. 1, 23. 11.

=meo nomine=, 'in my name,' 'in my honour.' This was the only instance

of a _supplicatio_ decreed in honour of a citizen not holding a military

command.

=interest= instead of 'interesse videatur,' because he means to state

positively that the difference is there, whether the comparison be made

or not. So we can say, 'If you compare, there is this difference,'

instead of the more strictly grammatical, '_You will find_ that there is

this difference.' Cf. de Amic. §104 'Si illis orbatus essem, tamen

_affert_ nihi aetas ipsa solatium'; where the existence of the

consolation does not depend on the need for it.

=se abdicavit=, 'was allowed to resign.'

=ut quae religio=, etc. A magistrate being 'sacrosanctus,' religious

scruples would forbid his punishment. Cicero says that owing to

Lentulus' abdication, they will not have _this_ scruple to stand in

their way, though reminding them that it did not protect Glaucia. (See

on 1. 4.) Tr. 'So that we can punish Lentulus as a private citizen

without hindrance from any religious scruple; though such scruples did

not prevent C. Marius,' etc.

§16.

=cum pellebam=. See on 1. 7.

=somnum=, 'the sleepiness.'

=aditus=, 'the means of approaching.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 4. 423

'Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras.'

Note the striking picture of Catilina's abilities as a leader here

given, and contrast it with Cicero's contemptuous expressions elsewhere,

esp. 2. 9.

=certos=, 'particular,' 'definite.'

=mandarat=. The pluperf. indic. is rare after _cum_ even when (as here)

the connection is of time only.

=quod= constructed with 'obiret' as the nearest verb. 'occurreret' by

itself would require dative.

=vigilaret=, =laboraret= do not grammatically construct with 'quod' at

all. They are an amplification of 'obiret occurreret'; such

amplification being more commonly expressed by an adverbial clause such

as 'per vigilias et labores.' Cf. Aesch. P. V. 331

pantôn metaschôn kai tetolmêkôs emoi,

where 'kai tetolmêkôs' is an amplification of 'metaschôn', and does not

construct with 'emoi'.

§17.

=tanto ante=, because it was now only Dec. 3 and the Saturnalia (3. 10)

did not begin till Dec. 17.

=commisisset ut=, etc. 'have made the mistake of allowing to be

arrested.' Cf. 3. 7 'negavi me facturum esse ut non deferrem.'

§18.

=cum . . . tum=, 'not only ... but also.' Cf. 3. 13.

=Nam ut illa=, etc. Cicero must here be suiting his language to his

audience; for he probably did not believe in miraculous signs. His tone

in the second and third speeches, where he is addressing the people, is

throughout less refined than in the first and fourth, where he is

speaking to the senate.

=canere=, 'foretell,' often used of prophetic utterances.

§19.

=Cotta et Torquato consulibus=, B.C. 65.

=de caelo=, i.e. struck by lightning.

=legum aera=, the brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved.

=tactus=, etc. In the Capitoline Museum at Rome may be seen a bronze

figure of a wolf giving suck to the twins Romulus and Remus. It is just

possible that this may be the group alluded to here, as one of the legs

shows an injury such as would be caused by lightning; but it is more

probably a mediaeval copy of an ancient original.

=Etruria=, the original home of augury.

=adpropinquare dixerunt nisi . . . flexissent=. The soothsayers said

'adpropinquant, nisi flexerint,' the fut. perf. becoming plup. subj. in

Oratio Obliqua, according to rule. Not _adpropinquabunt_, because

futurity is sufficiently expressed by the word itself, = 'they are

drawing near,' 'are upon you.'

=suo numine=, 'by their influence.' The gods are regarded as subject to

Destiny, yet able to mitigate its decrees by their intercession. =prope=

apologizes as it were for the boldness of the expression. Cf. 4. 2 ad

fin.

§20.

=ad orientem=, etc. The Forum stretched S.E. from the Capitol, so that a

statue on the latter facing E. would overlook it.

=collocandum . . . locaverunt=, 'gave a contract for its erection';

_loco_ (lit. 'to place out') is used of the person for whom the work is

done; _conduco_ of the contractor.

=superioribus consulibus=, those of 64 B.C., L. Caesar and C. Figulus.

§21.

=praesens=, perhaps 'clear,' i.e. a visible evidence of the hand of the

gods; or it may be simply 'opportune.'

=ut . . . videatur= is consecutive, =ut . . . statueretur=,

substantival, explanatory of =illud=, '_the fact_ that the statue was

being erected at that particular moment.'

=eorum indices=, 'the witnesses against them.' The Temple of Concord was

on the Capitol; Cicero's house on the Palatine; so that the Forum would

have to be crossed in passing from one to the other.

=ducerentur= follows the mood of its main verb 'statueretur.' Otherwise

as 'cum' = 'quo tempore' we should probably have had the indic. on the

analogy of 1. 7 (where see note) and other instances.

§22.

=templis atque delubris=. See on 3. 2.

=mentem voluntatemque=, 'disposition and purpose.'

Some editions read 'iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab

Lentulo,' etc. For iam vero see on 2. 8.

=ut . . . neglegerent=, substantival ('the fact that') in apposition to

'id' below.

=ex civitate male pacata=. The limits of Transalpine Gaul were not

accurately defined at this time, and disturbances on the borders were

frequent. The Allobroges actually revolted two years later, and were

suppressed temporarily by C. Pomptinus; they shared in the universal

subjugation of Gaul by Caesar, 58-51 B.C.

=ultro=, 'spontaneously,' 'unsought,' because the first advances were

made by Lentulus.

=potuerint=, 'especially as they (were men who) might have,' etc.

§23.

=ad omnia pulvinaria=. See on _supplicatio_ 3. 15.

=togati=. See on 2. 28.

§24.

The historical allusions in this section will be best explained by the

following sketch.

In 88 B.C. Sulla was consul, and had just ended the Social War. P.

Sulpicius made certain proposals in the interests of the democratic

party, one of which was to transfer the command against Mithridates of

Pontus from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched on Rome; Sulpicius, with a

few adherents, was killed; Marius, with others, escaped with difficulty.

Sulla thereupon departed for the East.

In 87 Cinna, as consul, revived the schemes of Sulpicius. His colleague

Octavius drove him from the city; he collected an army, was joined by

Marius, and effected his return by force. A reign of terror followed,

during which many aristocrats were killed. Marius died in 86; Cinna was

killed in a mutiny two years later.

In 82 Sulla came back from the East, defeated the younger Marius (in

alliance with the revolted Samnites), at the Colline Gate, and was

created 'dictator reipublicae constituendae.' As such he issued a

proscription list, ordering the execution of most of the democratic

leaders. Having reformed the constitution in the interest of the

optimates, he resigned his power.

After his death M. Lepidus (consul 78) tried to reverse his acts, but

was expelled by his colleague Q. Catulus. He raised an army and tried,

like Cinna, to effect his return by force, but was defeated by Catulus

at the Mulvian Bridge, B.C. 77; he escaped to Sardinia, where he died.

=vidistis=, because they had all taken place within the last twenty-five

years.

=custodem huius urbis=, he had saved Rome by defeating the Teutones and

Cimbri (102, 101 B.C.).

=redundavit= only suits 'sanguine,' but is applied (by zeugma) to

'acervis corporum' as well, '(was choked) with heaps of corpses and

flooded with blood.'

=clarissimis viris=. Among these were L. Caesar (consul 90, and one of

the enfranchisers of the Italians) and Q. Catulus (consul 102) the

colleague of Marius in the war against the Cimbri.

=ne dici quidem, etc=. The victims of the Sullan proscriptions numbered

from four to five thousand.

=Q. Catulo=, son of the Catulus mentioned above.

=non tam ipsius=, i.e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself which

excited sympathy, but of those who were involved in it.

§25.

The reading in this section is uncertain, owing to interpolations having

been introduced into the original MS. The text given is Halm's

conjectural emendation; the principal variation is as follows:--

'Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones _erant eiusmodi Quirites_, quae

non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rempublicam _pertinerent_; non illi

nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes; neque

hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [_Atque

illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium reipublicae

quaesivit_, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed

internecione civium diiudicatae sint.']

According to this reading, the sentence in brackets is regarded as a

gloss; i.e. an explanation added in the margin by a transcriber, which

afterwards found its way into the text.

=diiudicatae sint=. In consecutive sentences the perf. subj. is used in

preference to the imperf. where the _fact_ of the result is emphasized.

It answers to [Greek] 'hôste' with indicative: the imperfect to [Greek]

'hôste' with infinitive.

=tantum=, '_only_ so much.'

=infinitae caedi restitisset= (resto), =lit=. 'had remained over to

bloodshed,' i.e. as the only thing left for it to destroy. Cf. Virg.

Aen. 1. 679.

'Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae.'

§26.

=insigne honoris=, 'mark of distinction,' may perhaps refer to some

purely personal honour (such as the title 'pater patriae'); =monimentum

laudis=, 'memorial of renown,' to something more external (such as a

statue). But see below.

=ornamenta honoris=, etc. The three expressions seem to be practically

synonymous, unless 'laudis insignia' be meant to include the other two.

'Every honourable decoration, every glorious memorial, every outward

mark of distinction.'

=alentur=, 'will be cherished.'

=literarum monimentis=, 'in the records of literature,' i.e. history.

=eandemque diem=, etc. 'Diem' here = 'period.' He means that he has

preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that during that period

the recollection of his consulship will last; the two will go together,

hence 'eandem.' Tr. 'I feel that one and the same term--a term which I

trust will have no limit--has been extended to the safe existence of the

state and the recollection of my consulship.'

=exstitisse= may either depend upon 'intellego,' or (better) upon a verb

to be understood from 'memoriam'; 'and (the recollection) that there

were,' etc.

=alter=, i.e. Pompeius, who was extending the empire by his conquests in

the East, which added the province of Syria to the Roman dominions.

Cicero speaks with rhetorical exaggeration.

§27.

=condicio=, 'circumstances,' 'position.' See on 2. 14.

=recte=, 'as is just.'

=bonis=. See on 'bonorum' 1. 1.

§28.

=Quodsi=, etc. Cicero's fears were realized by the motion for his

banishment (for having put Roman citizens to death without trial)

carried by Clodius, 58 B.C.

=vitae fructum=, 'the _results_ of life.'

=honore vestro=, 'the honours you can bestow'; =gloria virtutis=,

'renown won by merit.'

§29.

=Illud=, explained by 'ut . . . tuear,' etc.

ORATION IV.

§1.

=depulsum sit=. Subj. because he is putting their thoughts into words.

=vestris=. Some editions add _liberis_.

=condicio=. See on 2. 14, 'if these were the terms on which I received

the consulship.'

§2.

=in quo omnis aequitas continetur=, 'the home of all justice,' because

the praetor's courts were held in the Forum and adjacent buildings.

=consularibus auspiciis=, 'the auspices taken at the election of the

consuls.' They were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which met in the

Campus Martius. For 'auspicia' see on 1. 33.

=summum auxilium=, etc. The control of foreign relations belonged

particularly to the senate.

=ad quietem datus=, epithet of 'lectus' ('datus' must not be mistaken

for the main verb, which is 'fuit').

=sedea honoris=. Some MSS. add the explanatory words 'sella curulis.'

=multa tacui=. He hints at the suppression of the names of certain

persons suspected by him to be implicated. Crassus and Caesar may have

been among these. See Sall. Cat. 48, 49.

=meo quodam dolore=, abl. of attendant circumstances, 'at some pain to

myself.'

=templa atque delubra=. See on 3. 2.

=fatale ad perniciem=, 'destined to the destruction of,' referring to

his belief that he was the third Cornelius who should rule over Rome (3.

9). In the second clause 'prope' ('I may almost say') is added because

the expression might seem too arrogant without qualification. Cf. 3. 19

'nisi di immortales _prope_ fata ipsa flexissent.'

§3.

=pro eo ac mereor=, 'in proportion to my deserts.' Cf. 'simul ac,'

'aeque ac,' 'aliter ac,' etc.

=consulari=, 'to one who has been consul,' because no higher honour

remained to be won.

=misera sapienti=. The Stoic philosophy, of which Cicero was an

adherent, taught that true happiness consisted in being independent of

the external accidents of life.

=ille ferreus=, 'a man of such iron nature.'

=fratris=. Q. Cicero, now praetor designatus.

=uxor=, Terentia; =filia=, Tullia; =filius=, Marcus, now two years old.

=gener=, C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's first husband. Not being yet a

senator he was not seated in the assembly, but standing with the crowd

at the open doors of the temple.

=sed in eam partem uti=, etc., 'but only in the direction (of wishing)

that,' etc.

§4.

=Non Ti. Gracchus=, etc. The negatives go closely with the proper names,

and the _present_ 'adducitur' is emphatic. Tr. 'It is no Ti. Gracchus,

for proposing to become tribune a second time, no C. Gracchus, for

attempting to incite the agrarian party to violence, no L. Saturninus,

for the murder of C. Memmius, that is _now_ brought to trial before the

bar of your severity; you have in your hands men who,' etc. He uses the

indic. ('voluit,' 'conatus est,' etc.) instead of the subj. to emphasize

the fact that the persons named had actually committed the offences in

question; he is not simply quoting the grounds of an accusation which

might or might not have been true.

=iterum=, the election of the same person in successive years was

illegal. Ti. Gracchus was tribune 133 B.C. In attempting to secure his

re-election for the next year he fell a victim to the armed attack of

the senate.

=agrarios=, properly those interested in the distribution of the public

land. C. Gracchus carried on the agrarian schemes of his brother, but it

was not the most important part of his legislation. He trusted no doubt

for support to the agricultural population of Italy, but this was rather

in view of his plans for admitting them all to the franchise.

=C. Memmius=, a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine War; he

changed sides, and was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia on opposing

the latter in the consular election for 99 B.C.

=restiterunt= (=resto=), 'have stayed behind.'

=servitia=, abstract for concrete.

§5.

=vos multis iam=, etc. 'You have affirmed by many proofs of your

judgment'; i.e. the senate, by the measures they had already taken, had

practically affirmed their belief in the conspirators' guilt.

=in custodiam=. See on 1. 19.

=qui honos=, etc. Cf. 3. 15 and 2. 28.

§6.

The object of =referre= is =de facto quid iudicetis=, etc.; =tanquam

integrum=, 'as though it were an open question.'

=ego magnum=, etc. 'I had long seen that a dangerous madness was abroad,

and that evils of an unheard-of kind were seething and stirring in the

state.'

=latius opinione=, 'more widely than you think.' The following sentence

should be noted, as showing that Cicero recognized that the importance

of the decision lay in the effect it would have upon Catilina's

adherents abroad.

§7.

=sententias=, the technical word for the senator's formal declaration of

his vote. See on 1. 9. Tr. 'proposals.'

=D. Silani=, now consul designatus.

=censet=, not 'thinks,' but 'gives it as his opinion,' 'votes.'

=haec=, i.e. all that is around us, the houses, temples, etc.

=C. Caesaris=, now praetor designatus.

=recordatur=, 'remembers.' Cicero suggests that the recollection

influenced Silanus, not that he actually mentioned the precedents.

=aut necessitatem=, etc. Each _=aut=_ still further qualifies the idea

of death. So far from being a punishment, it is the common necessity of

our nature, or may even sometimes be an actual benefit.

=municipiis=, 'provincial towns.' See on 2. 24.

=si velis=. Subj. because contingency is expressed by 'habere videtur'

(= 'habeat'), 'seems to have,' 'might have.' Cf. 1. 2 'satisfacere

videmur si vitemus.' The sense is: it would be unfair to order any town

to undertake the duty, and difficult to induce any to do so if they

merely asked it as a favour.

§8.

=Adiungit=, sc. Caesar.

=aut per senatum=, etc., i.e. either by a 'senatus consultum,' or a

'lex' passed by the Comitia.

=illi antiqui=, the well-known writers of old time. The order of the

words is 'illi antiqui voluerunt eius modi quaedam supplicia apud

inferos impiis constituta esse.' voluerunt, lit. 'wished,' i.e. 'would

have had us believe.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 626 'Seque ortum antiqua

Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat.' Contrast Cicero's language here (where he

is speaking to a more intelligent audience) with that in 3. 18-22.

=ipsam=, 'by itself.'

§9.

=mea quid intersit=, 'what is for my own interest.'

=quoniam hanc=. 'Viam' is 'path,' 'course.' In English we may perhaps

change the metaphor, and say 'since he has taken what we agree to call

the popular _side_ in politics.' The 'populares' were the opponents of

the 'optimates'; they aimed at breaking down the aristocratic rule of

the senate.

=cognitore=, properly one who acts for another in a law-suit,

'advocate.'

=nescio an=, lit. 'I hardly know whether'; so affirmatively = 'I am

disposed to think.'

=rationes=, 'considerations.'

=enim=, used like [Greek] 'gar', to introduce a narrative or discussion

of a point. 'Now we have,' etc.

=obsidem=, 'pledge.'

=intellectum est, etc=. 'We understood (when we heard Caesar) how great

was the contrast between the frivolity of demagogues and the true

democratic spirit, which has the interest of the people at heart.'

§10.

=ne de capite=, i.e. because the senate had no legal right to decide

questions affecting the _caput_ (life, or civil rights) of a citizen,

which ought to come before the Comitia Centuriata. On this question see

Introd. Note B.

=nudius tertius=='nunc dies tertius,' 'the day before yesterday,'

according to the Roman inclusive method of reckoning.

=hoc=, explained by =quid iudicarit=. The order is 'hoc, quid (ille) qui

. . . decrerit de tota re et causa iudicarit, nemini dubium est.' Cicero

argues that the absent senators, by assenting to the previous measures,

have acknowledged their jurisdiction in the matter. It appears that

these measures had been unanimously adopted.

=quaesitori=, properly of the president of a law-court: here of Cicero,

as the conductor of the investigations. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6. 432 'Quaesitor

Minos urnam movet.'

=legem Semproniam=. What this was is not quite certain; but C. Gracchus

seems to have passed a law still further securing the right of citizens

to appeal to the people as against the arbitrary sentence of a

magistrate, though this was already provided by the Lex Valeria and the

Lex Porcia (see on 1. 28). Cicero refers to the Lex Sempronia here as

being the most recent legislation on the subject, and because the fact

that summary measures were taken against its author strengthens his

argument.

=qui autem=, etc. On this see Introd. Note B.

=iniussu= is a conjectural emendation for the MS. reading _iussu_,

because C. Gracchus was not put to death by order of the people; he was

killed by the agents of the consul Opimius, who professed to rely upon

the 'ultimum decretum' previously passed by the senate (see on 1. 4).

Cicero quotes it as a precedent exactly suiting the present case.

§11.

=sive=, 'if on the one hand,' answered by sive below. =dederitis= is the

apodosis to the first clause, =exsolvet= to the second.

=comitem=. Cicero would be expected to address the people after the

meeting, to acquaint them with the senate's decision (cf. the Third

Oration), and according to usage he would be accompanied by the proposer

of the successful motion. Connect =populo= with =carum atque iucundum=.

=populus Romanus exsolvet=. The reading of the MSS. here is

unintelligible; that in the text is a conjectural emendation. Other

suggestions are 'apud populum Romanum exsolvam,' 'populo Romano

exsolveritis.'

=obtinebo=, 'I shall maintain.' eam, sc: 'sententiam.'

=ita . . . ut=. A common way of emphasizing a declaration, by expressing

a wish that the welfare of the speaker may depend upon its truth. 'So

may it be mine to enjoy with you the blessings of preservation, as I am

moved,' etc. Cf. the phrase 'ita di me ament, ut,' and the formula 'So

help me God' appended to oaths in English law-courts.

§12.

=purpuratum=. A name for ministers at Eastern courts, from the

magnificence of their dress; 'with Gabinius as his grand vizier.'

=qui non lenierit=, causal, 'in that he did not alleviate.'

=id egerunt, ut=, 'have made it their object to place,' etc.

§13.

=L. Caesar=, consul 64 B.C., not to be confused with C. Julius Caesar.

=sororis suae virum=, Lentulus; =avum=, M. Fulvius Flaccus, the friend

and adherent of C. Gracchus, whose fate he shared. When the disturbance

broke out he sent his young son to treat with the consul Opimius, who

had him arrested and put to death.

The following table will show the relationship:

M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 125)

|

|

------------------------------

| |

| |

M.F. Flaccus Fulvia m. L.J. Caesar (cos. 90)

(filius) |

|

--------------------------

| |

| |

L.J. Caesar (cos. 64) Julia m. (1) M. Antonius Creticus.

(2) P.C. Lentulus.

=nudius tertius=. At the meeting of the senate described in the Third

Speech.

=quorum=, etc. 'What had they (i.e. Flaccus and C. Gracchus) done that

could compare with this' (the present conspiracy)? factum is treated as

a substantive.

=largitionis voluntas=, etc. 'Designs of largess were then rife in the

state, accompanied by some party rivalry.' C. Gracchus passed a law

providing the people with corn at low rates. He also transferred the

right of sitting as _iudices_ in the law-courts from the senate to the

equites, and thus stirred up strife ('partium contentio') between the

two orders.

Cicero purposely makes light of those measures, which had really very

important effects, in order to give point to his argument, which is--If

such comparatively moderate designs as those of C. Gracchus met with so

signal a punishment, what do the violent schemes of Catilina deserve?

Cf. 1. 4.

=avus=. P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 B.C., and _princeps senatus_

at the time of Gracchus' death. Cf. 3. 10.

=ne quid=, etc., 'lest the majesty of the state should be in any degree

impaired.'

=Vereamini censeo=, lit. 'it is my opinion that you should fear' ('ut'

being omitted, as often after 'censeo'). Ironical advice, where the

contrary is really intended. 'You had better be afraid, I should think.'

Cf. the similar ironical passage in Sallust, Cat. 52 (Cato is speaking

in favour of executing the conspirators), 'Misereamini censeo--deliquere

homines adulescentuli per ambitionem--atque etiam armatos dimittatis.'

=multo magis= verendum, etc. below gives his serious opinion.

§14.

Note the distinction between _vereri ut_ and _vereri ne_.

=imperium=, i.e. the sovereign authority of the Comitia, for which a

revolution might substitute that of a despot. Cf. 'regnantem Lentulum'

§12.

=loci=, the Temple of Concord, on the Capitol.

=in qua= = 'talis, ut in ea,' followed by consec. subj. 'sentirent.'

§15.

=Ceteri=. He goes through all the classes in turn; first the knights

(the disposition of the senate being already clear); then the official

classes (the Civil Service as we might say); then the general body of

freeborn citizens; lastly, the freedmen and slaves.

=equites=, see Introd. p. 9, note. As large holders of property, they

dreaded Catilina's schemes, and supported Cicero by occupying the

Capitol in arms, in order to protect the Senate.

=ita= . . . ut. 'Ut' has a limiting force; it shows with what

reservation the main statement is to be accepted. 'Only so far ...

that.' In English, 'who yield to you the first place in rank and wisdom,

only to rival you in patriotism.' Cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 88 'ita probanda

est mansuetudo, ut adhibeatur reipublicae causa severitas,' and Livy 23.

3 'ita vos irae indulgere oportet, ut potiorem ira salutem habeatis.'

=ex=, 'after.' The ground of quarrel was the right of sitting as

_iudices_ in the law-courts. Transferred from the senate to the

_equites_ by C. Gracchus, it had been restored by Sulla, and was now

shared between the two and the _tribuni aerarii_ (see below).

Cicero's great hope for the state lay in a union between the two orders

(cf. §22 ad fin.), but that now existing was soon broken.

=tribunos aerarios=, probably revenue officers of some kind, but not

much is known about them.

=scribas=, etc., the permanent government clerks, a certain number of

whom were attached to each magistrate. On this day (Dec. 5) the

quaestors for the next year entered on their office, and the _scribae_

had to draw lots to decide which quaestor they should severally attend.

This drawing took place at the treasury, which was in the Temple of

Saturn at the west end of the Forum, in full view of the Temple of

Concord. Hence tr.: 'the entire body of clerks also, who having been

brought to-day by chance to the treasury have I see been diverted from

the anticipation of the lot to thoughts of the public safety.'

§16.

=ingenuorum=, 'freeborn citizens,' opposed to _libertini_, who though

citizens were not freeborn.

=sit=, not subj. after 'cum' (which = 'not only'), but consecutive.

=operae pretium est=, 'it is worth while.'

=sua virtute=, etc., 'who by their own exertions have won the advantages

of our citizenship'; because only those would be manumitted whose

industry and energy deserved it.

=qui modo sit . . . qui non=, etc., the first relative clause limits the

subject ('servus'); the second is consecutive. 'There is no slave,--none

at least whose condition of servitude is bearable--who does not,' etc.

Cf. in Pisonem §45 'Nemo denique civis est, qui modo se civem esse

meminerit, qui vos non oculis fugiat.'

=voluntatis=, gen. after 'tantum.'

§17.

=aut fortuna miseri=, etc., 'so poverty-stricken or so disaffected.'

=immo vero= corrects the preceding. 'The greater part, nay the whole';

see on 1. 2. A large part of the retail trade at Rome was in the hands

of slaves.

=instrumentum=, 'means of trade.'

=futurum fuit=, 'was about to happen,' i.e. 'would have happened';

incensis represents the protasis, 'si incensae essent.' Cf. Livy 2. 1

'Quid enim futurum fuit, si illa plebs agitari coepta esset tribuniciis

procellis?'

§18.

=ignem illum Vestae=, pointing perhaps to the Temple of Vesta in the

Forum below him.

§19.

=in civili causa=, 'on a political question.'

=cogitate=, etc. A short form of expression combining two really

distinct indirect questions, (1) 'cogitate quantis laboribus imperium

fundatum sit,' and (2) 'cogitate ut una nox paene (imperium) delerit.'

In English, 'Think by what toil was the empire established, _which_ one

night nearly destroyed.'

=una nox=, the night of the arrest of the Allobroges. See pro Flacco

§102 'O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum

Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam

vocabantur.'

=non modo=, understand 'non possit' after confici, and see on 1. 25.

§20.

=sententiam=, sc. 'rogandam,' see on 1. 9. The consul would not

pronounce a formal 'sententia' himself.

=Quodsi=, etc. Cicero's fears were realized five years later (58 B.C.),

when Clodius carried a motion for his banishment.

§21.

=Scipio=. The elder Scipio restored the Roman supremacy in Spain during

the Second Punic War, and invaded Africa. Hannibal returned from Italy

to oppose him, and was defeated at Zama (202 B.C.).

=alter Africanus=. P. Cornelius Scipio (Aemilianus) Africanus, son of

Aemilius Paullus, but adopted by the elder Scipio's son. He took and

destroyed Carthage 146, Numantia 133 B.C.

=Paullus=. L. Aem. Paullus defeated and made prisoner Perseus king of

Macedonia at Pydna, 168 B.C.

=bis=. He defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (102), the Cimbri near

Vercellae on the Campus Raudius (101).

=Pompeius=, see on 2. 11. Note the rhetorical exaggeration in 'eisdem

quibus solis cursus,' etc.

§22.

=uno loco=, 'in one point'

=serviunt=, 'become slaves.'

=possis= is the apodosis of a conditional sentence with the protasis

suppressed. 'You would not be able (if you were to try),' i.e. 'you can

never hope to be able.'

=neque ulla=, etc. This hope was not realized. The immediate danger

being removed, the equites fell back into their habitual attitude of

opposition to the senate.

§23.

=pro imperio=, 'in the place of military command.' The _imperium_ was

the authority vested in a general in virtue of which he controlled his

army by martial law. It belonged equally to all the higher magistrates,

but within the walls of Rome itself its exercise was restricted. Cicero

was not going to govern a province, and therefore not to command an

army.

=pro provincia=. Sulla had ordained that each of the ten chief

magistrates (two consuls and eight praetors) should, after the

expiration of his year of office in the city, govern a province as

proconsul or propraetor. The senate decided which should be the consular

provinces, and the consuls settled between themselves (by lot or

otherwise) which each should take. The consular provinces for 62 B.C.

were Macedonia and Cisalpine Gaul. As Macedonia was a rich province,

Cicero had given it up to Antonius, in order to secure his support

against the conspirators. His own province would therefore in the

ordinary course have been Cisalpine Gaul. But subsequently he asked to

be allowed to resign it, and it fell to the praetor Metellus Celer. (See

Ep. ad Att. 2. 1 'cum provinciam in contione deposui,' and ad Fam. 5. 2,

where writing to Metellus Celer he says 'si hoc dicam, me tui causa

praetermisisse provinciam, tibi ipsi levior videar esse.') By resigning

his province he gave up the command of an army, and with it the chance

of a triumph.

=pro clientelis=, etc. Provincial communities often attached themselves

as 'clients' to their former governors, who became their 'patroni' and

were specially bound to look after their interests. Cicero here says

that by giving up a province he has given up the best opportunities of

forming such connections; nevertheless though confined to the city he

will still do his best in that direction. Tr. 'In the place of ties of

clientship and mutual friendship with provincials, which nevertheless by

such influence as I can exercise in the city (urbanis opibus) I strive

to acquire as zealously as I maintain them' (when acquired).

=pro meis=, etc. Note that 'pro' is here used in a different sense from

the foregoing; '_in return for_ my zeal,' etc.

=suo solius periculo=. Cf. phrases like 'mea ipsius manu.' 'Solius'

agrees with the genitive of the personal pronoun to be understood from

'suo.'

§24.

=per se ipsum=, 'by himself'; cf. 1. 11 'per me tibi obstiti.'

=praestare= is 'to be responsible for,' 'guarantee,' and so, 'to

execute.' He means that he will take upon himself the sole

responsibility of carrying out the senate's decrees.

INDEX.

accusative in adverbial phrases, 1. 10.

ager Gallicus, 2. 5, 2. 26.

agrarii, 4. 4.

Ahala, C. Servilius, 1. 3.

Allobroges, Intr. 13, 3. 4-13.

Antonius, C., Intr. 8, 3. 14.

asyndeton, 2. 1.

auspicia, 1. 33 _n._

Caesar, C. Julius, Intr. 8, 14, 18, 4. 7-10.

Caesar, L. Julius, 4. 13.

caput, 4. 10.

Cato, M., Intr. 15.

Cethegus, 3. 6-14.

Cinna, 3. 9, 3. 24.

clientelae provinciales, 4. 23.

cognitor, 4. 9.

colonia, 2. 24 _n._

comitium, 1. 15.

condicio, 2. 14 _n._, 3. 2, 3. 27, 4. 1, 4. 22.

conditional sentences, special forms of, 1. 2 _n._, 1. 19 _n._, 2. 25,

3. 15, 4. 7.

consilium, 1. 2.

contio, 4. 11.

cum with indic., 1. 7 _n._

custodia libera, 1. 19 _n._

dative of agent, 1. 16 _n._

decoctor, 2. 5.

duint, 1. 22.

edictum praetoris, 2. 5.

eludo, 1. 1.

equites, Intr. 9 _n._, 1. 21, 4. 15.

Ethic dative, 2. 4.

exilium. 1. 20 _n._

exterminor, 3. 3.

fides publica, 3.8.

First conspiracy, Intr. 8.

Flaccus, M. Fulvius, 1. 4, 4. 13.

Gabinius, 3. 6-14.

Glaucia, C. Servilius, 1. 4, 3. 15.

Gracchus, C., 1. 4, 4. 4, 4. 10, 4. 13.

Gracchus, Ti., 1. 3, 4. 4.

hendiadys, 1. 15, 1. 21, 1. 31, 2. 14, 3. 2.

honores, 1. 28.

Idus, 1. 14 _n._

immo vero, 1. 2, 2. 22, 4. 17.

imperium, 4. 23 _n._

indic. in oratio obliqua, 2. 13, 3.8.

inter falcarios, 1. 8.

ita ut, idiomatic uses of, 4. 11, 4. 15.

Laeca, M., 1. 8, 2. 12.

latrocinium, 1. 23, 1. 31.

Lentulus, P. Cornelius, 3. 4-16, 4. 2, 4. 5, 4. 10.

Lepidus, M., 3. 24.

Lex Porcia, 1. 28 _n._

Lex Sempronia, 1. 28 _n._, 4. 10.

Lex Valeria, 1. 28 _n._

Lex Villia Annalis, 1.28 _n._

libertini, 4. 16.

loco, 3. 20.

malleolus, 1. 32.

Manlius, Intr. 10, 1. 7, 1. 23, 2. 14, 2. 20.

Marius, C., 1. 4, 3. 15, 3. 24, 4. 21.

Memmius, C., 4. 4.

municipium, 2. 24 _n._, 4. 7.

non modo, 1. 25 _n._, 2. 9, 2. 20, 2. 21, 4. 19.

Octavius, Cn., 3. 24.

Opimius, L., 1. 4.

optimates, 1. 1 _n._

oxymoron, 1. 18.

Palatium, 1. 1.

parricida, 1. 29.

patres conscripti, 1. 4 _n._

Paullus, L. Aemilius, 4. 21.

Pistoria, Intr. 15.

Pompeius, 2. 11, 3. 26, 4. 21.

populares, 4. 9 _n._

possessio, 2. 18.

praefectura, 3. 5.

Praeneste, 1. 8.

praetexta, 2. 4.

praetor urbanus, 1. 32 _n._

praetor peregrinus, 1. 32 _n._

praetoria cohors, 2. 24.

propago, 2. 11, 3. 26.

proscriptio bonorum, 2. 21.

provinces (consular), 4. 23 _n._

pulvinar, 3. 23.

purpuratus, 4. 12.

quaesitor, 4. 10.

quaestio, 1. 18 _n._

Quirites, 2. 1 _n._

quisquam in affirm. sentences, 1. 6 _n._

Rabirius, C., Intr. 17.

Reate, 3. 5.

sacrarium, 1. 24.

satelles, 1. 7.

Saturnalia, 3. 10.

Saturninus, L., 1. 4, 4. 4.

Scipio Aemilianus, 4. 21.

Scipio Africanus, 4. 21.

Scipio Nasica, 1. 3.

scribae, 4. 15.

sententia, 1. 9 _n._

Sibylline prophecies, 3. 9.

Silanus, D., 4. 7.

socii, 1. 18 _n._

Spurius Maelius, 1. 3.

Statilius, 3. 6-14.

subiector, 2. 7.

subjunctive, interrogative, 2. 18.

Sulla, 3. 9, 3. 24.

Sullan colonies, 2. 20.

Sulpicius, P., 3. 24.

supplicatio, 3. 15.

tabulae auctionariae, 2. 18.

tabulae novae, 2. 18.

togatus, 2. 28, 3. 15, 3. 23, 4. 5.

tribuni aerarii, 4. 15.

tumultus, 3. 4.

Ultimum decretum, Intr. 11, 17, 1. 3.

ut with subj. in exclamations, 1. 22, 1. 24.

vadimonium, 2. 5, 2. 21.

Via Aurelia, 2. 6.

Volturcius, T., 3. 4-13, 4. 5.

zeugma, 3. 9, 3. 24.

THE END.

OXFORD: PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, M.A., PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

PROPER NAMES.

This index does not contain all the proper names occurring in the

Orations; those about which information is either unnecessary or

supplied in the notes or introduction are omitted.

Final _o_ is long. All other long single vowels are marked, unless they

are followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is long.

A

=Allobroges=, =-um=, a people of Gaul dwelling south-west of the Lake of

Geneva, between the Rhone and the Isère.

=Appenî=, =-i=, _m._ the Apennines, the mountain chain extending along

the centre of Italy.

=Apûlia=, =-ae=, _f._ a country on the east coast of Italy, between

Calabria and Samnium; now Puglia.

C

=Caesar, C. Iulius=, born 102 or 100 B.C. Elected Pontifex Maximus in

63, the year of Cicero's consulship. After the coalition with Pompeius

and Crassus, which is called the First Triumvirate, he became consul in

59, and in the next year he entered on the government of the Province of

Gaul and began his conquest of the tribes hitherto independent. In 49 he

marched into Italy as the declared enemy of the Senatorial party, and in

48 overthrew its champion, Pompeius, at Pharsâlus. On his return to Rome

he was made Dictator for life, and four years afterwards, on the 15th of

March, 44 B.C., he was murdered at a meeting of the Senate.

=Capitôlium=, =-i=, _n._, the Capitol, one of the two summits of the

Capitoline hill and the great temple of Jupiter on it, the other summit

being called the =arx= or citadel.

=Cicero, M. Tullius=, born at Arpînum of an Equestrian family, 106 B.C.

His first extant speech was delivered in 81. He impeached Verres in 70

for his misgovernment in Sicily, crushed the Catilinarian conspiracy

when he was consul in 63, and in 58 went into exile on a charge of

illegal conduct in ordering the execution of the conspirators. He was

recalled in the following year. When the civil war broke out between

Caesar and Pompeius, he supported the Senatorial party, but he became

reconciled to Caesar after his victory over Pompeius at Pharsâlus. After

the murder of Caesar he attacked Antonius violently in the

_Philippics_, and, being put on the list of the 'proscribed' by Augustus

and Antonius, he was murdered at Formiae by the soldiers of Antonius on

the 7th of December, 43 B.C.

=Cimber=, =-bri=, a _cognômen_ or additional name given by Cicero to P.

Gabînius Cepito, one of the conspirators.

=Concordia=, =-ae=, _f._ harmony, concord; personified as a goddess.

E

=Etrûria=, =-ae=, _f._ a country on the west coast of Italy, between the

Tiber and the Arno.

F

=Faesulae=, =-ârum=, _f. plur._ a city of Etrûria; now Fiesole, near

Florence.

=Faesulânus=, =-a=, =-um=, of Faesulae.

=Flaccus, M. Fulvius=, a supporter of C. Gracchus; killed with him 121

B.C.

I

=Iânuârius=, =-a=, =-um=, of January.

=Îdûs=, =-uum=, _f. plur._ the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May,

July, October, the thirteenth of the other months.

K

=Kalendae=, =-ârum=, _f. plur._ the Calends, the first day of the month;

=prîdiê Kalendâs=, the day before the Calends.

L

=Lepidus, M. Aemilius=, (1) consul 78 B.C., (2) consul 66 B.C.

M

=Manliânus=, =-a=, =-um=, of Manlius, the commander of Catiline's

troops.

=Marius, C=., born 157 B.C. He was consul seven times. His great

exploits were the conquest of Jugurtha (106), the destruction of the

Teutoni at Aquae Sextiae (102) and of the Cimbri at Vercellae (101). In

his sixth consulship he crushed the insurrection of Sâturnînus and

Glaucia. In the civil war against Sulla he was forced to flee from

Italy, but he soon returned, entered Rome with Cinna and massacred great

numbers of the aristocratical party opposed to him. He died in the

following year, 86 B.C.

=Massilia=, =-ae=, _f._ Marseilles, a Greek settlement near the mouth of

the Rhone, in the Roman Province (Gallia Narbônensis).

=Massiliensês=, =-ium=, the people of Massilia.

N

=November= _or_ =Novembris=, =-bris=, of November; =Kalendae Novembrês=,

the 1st of November.

P

=Penâtês=, =-ium=, _m._ the guardian gods of the State.

=Pîcênus=, =-a,=, =-um=, of Pîcênum, a district on the east coast of

Italy, north of Apûlia.

=Pompeius, Cn. Pompeius Magnus=, was born 106 B.C. When he was still

quite young, he showed great military ability in the service of Sulla

during the war in Italy against the generals of the Marian party. In 77

he was sent to Spain, and for five years conducted the operations

against Sertorius. In 66 he cleared the Mediterranean of the Cilician

pirates, and was appointed by the Manilian law to succeed Lucullus in

the command against Mithridâtes. In 60 he made the coalition with Caesar

and Crassus called the First Triumvirate, but when the civil war broke

out, he supported the Senate against Caesar and was conquered by him at

Pharsâlus, 48 B.C. He fled to Egypt and was murdered there.

R

=Reâtînus=, =-a=, =-um=, of Reâte, a Sabine town.

S

=Sâturnâlia=, =-ium= _or_ =-orum=, _n. plur._ the Festival of Saturn,

celebrated on the 17th of December and several days following.

T

=Transalpînus=, =-a=, =-um=, that lies beyond the Alps, Transalpine.

=Tullus, L. Volcâtius=, consul 66 B.C.

V

=Vesta=, =-ae=, goddess of the hearth and household.

=Vestâlis=, =-e=, of Vesta, Vestal; especially =Virginês Vestâlês=, the

virgin priestesses of Vesta, who kept the holy fire burning in her

temple.

VOCABULARY.

Final _i_ and _o_ are long, if they are not marked. All other long

single vowels are marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in

which case the syllable is necessarily long.

Perfects and supines of all verbs of the third conjugation are given.

Under other verbs they are not given, unless they are irregular.

An asterisk (*) prefixed to a word indicates that the word itself is not

found.

A

=â=, =ab=, =abs=, _prep. c. abl._ from, by.

=ab-dico= (1), _tr._ reject;

=abdico mê= (_c. abl._), resign.

=ab-eo=, =-ii=, =-itum=, =-îre=, _intr._ go away.

=ab-horreo=, =-ui=,----(2), _intr._ shrink from, differ from, am

unconnected with, am inconsistent with.

=ab-icio=, =-iêci=, =-iectum= (3), _tr._ cast away, degrade, humble;

=abiectus=, =-a=, =-um=, downcast, disheartened, prostrated.

=abs-condo=, =-di= _or_ =-didi=, =-ditum= (3), _tr._ hide, conceal.

=absens=, =-ntis=, absent.

=absolûtio=, =-ônis=, _f._ acquittal.

=ab-sum=, =âfui=, =abesse=, _intr._ am away, am distant.

=abundantia=, =-ae=, _f._ plenty.

=ab-ûtor=, =-ûsus sum= (3), _intr._ _c. abl._ misuse, abuse.

=ac=, _see_ =atque=.

=ac-cêdo=, =-cessi=, =-cessum= (3), _intr._ come, approach.

=ac-celero= (1), _tr. or intr._ hasten, make haste.

=ac-cido=, =-cidi=, =----= (3), _intr._ happen.

=ac-cipio=, =-cêpi=, =-ceptum= (3), _tr._ receive.

=ac-cûso= (1), _tr._ reproach, blame.

=âcer=, =âcris=, =âcre=, sharp, keen, active, vigorous, violent,

severe.

=acerbê=, _adv._ bitterly, violently.

=acerbitâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ harshness, pain, affliction.

=acerbus=, =-a=, =-um=, bitter, violent.

=acervus=, =-i=, _m._ heap.

=aciês=, =-êi=, _f._ sharp edge, edge; line of battle, battle array.

=acriter=, _adv._ keenly, energetically;

_compar._ =acrius=.

=ad=, _prep. c. acc._ to, at, near, with, for, with respect to.

=ad-cubo=, =----=, =----= (1), _intr._ recline.

=ad-dûco=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ bring, bring up, lead, induce,

prevail upon.

=adeo=, _adv._ so far, so, even.

=adeps=, =-ipis=, _c._ fat;

_plur._ corpulence.

=ad-fero=, =-tuli=, =-lâtum=, =-ferre=, _tr._ bring to, apply.

=ad-ficio=, =-fêci=, =-fectum= (3), _tr._ treat, honour, weaken, &c.

(_varied in meaning by the abl. that qualifies it_).

=adfînis=, =-e=, related, associated.

=ad-flicto= (1), _tr._ vex, distress.

=ad-flîgo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (3), _tr._ strike down, cast down.

=ad-grego= (1), _tr._ gather together.

=ad-hibeo= (2), _tr._ apply, use.

=adhûc=, _adv._ hitherto.

=ad-imo=, =-êmi=, =-emptum= (3), _tr._ take away.

=ad-ipiscor=, =-eptus sum= (3), _tr._ get, obtain.

=aditus=, =-ûs=, _m._ means of approaching, approach, access.

=ad-iungo=, =-nxi=, =-nctum= (3), _tr._ join, add, unite.

=ad-iuvo=, =-iûvi=, =-iûtum= (1), _tr._ help.

=administer=, =-tri=, _m._ assistant, helper.

=ad-ministro= (1), _tr._ manage, govern.

=ad-mîror= (1), _tr._ wonder at.

=admonitus=, =-ûs=, _m._ suggestion, request.

=ad-nuo=, =-ui=, =-ûtum= (3), _intr._ nod, assent.

=adparâtus=, =-a=, =-um=, splendid, sumptuous.

=ad-propinquo= (1), _intr._ approach.

=ad-quîro=, =-sîvi=, =-sîtum= (3), _tr._ get, gain.

=ad-scisco=, =-scîvi=, =-scîtum= (3), _tr._ admit.

=ad-sequor=, =-secûtus sum= (3), _tr._ overtake, gain, obtain.

=ad-servo= (1), _tr._ keep safe.

=ad-sideo=, =-sêdi=, =-sessum= (2), _intr._ sit, sit down.

=ad-suêfacio=, =-fêci=, =-factum= (3), _tr._ accustom, habituate.

=ad-sum=, =-fui=, =-esse=, _intr._ am near, am at hand.

=adulescens=, =-ntis=, _m._ youth.

=adulescentulus=, =-i=, _m._ very young man, youth.

=adulter=, =-eri=, _m._ adulterer.

=adultus=, =-a=, =-um=, full-grown.

=adventus=, =-ûs=, _m._ coming, arrival.

=ad-vesperascit=, =-âvit=, =----=, _impers._ (3), _intr._ evening

approaches.

=aedês=, =-is=, _f._ temple;

_plur._ house.

=aedificium=, =-i=, _n._ building, house.

=aedifico= (1), _tr._ build.

=aeger=, =-gra=, =-grum=, sick, ill.

=aequê=, _adv._ equally, in like manner;

=aequê ac=, just as.

=aequitâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ justice.

=aequus=, =-a=, =-um=, level, equal, untroubled.

=aerârium=, =-i=, _n._ treasury.

=aerârius=, =-a=, =-um=, belonging to the treasury;

=tribûni aerârii=, paymasters.

=aerumna=, =-ae=, _f._ trouble, distress.

=aes=, =aeris=, _n._ copper, bronze; money;

_plur._ bronze tablets;

=aes aliênum=, debt.

=aestus=, =-ûs=, _m._ heat.

=aetâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ age.

=aeternus=, =-a=, =-um=, eternal, endless.

=ager=, =-gri=, _m._ territory; land.

=agnosco= (=ad-gnosco=), =-gnôvi=, =-gnitum= (3), _tr._ recognize.

=ago=, =êgi=, =actum= (3), _tr._ drive, do, carry out;

_intr._ plead, speak.

=agrârius=, =-a=, =-um=, of the land, agrarian;

=agrârii=, =-ôrum=, _m. plur._ partisans of the agrarian laws.

=agrestis=, =-e=, of the country, of the fields;

=agrestis=, =-is=, _m._ countryman, peasant.

=aio=, =ais=, =ait=, _defect. intr._ say.

=âlea=, =-ae=, _f._ game of hazard, gambling.

=âleâtor=, =-ôris=, _m._ gambler.

=aliênigena=, =-ae=, foreign, alien.

=aliênus=, =-a=, =-um=, strange, belonging to another;

=aliênus=, =-i=, _m._ stranger.

=aliquando=, _adv._ at some time, now at length.

=aliquanto=, _adv._ somewhat, a little.

=aliqui=, =-qua=, =-quod=, _indef. adj._ some.

=aliquis=, =-quid=, _indef. pron._ some one, something.

=aliquo=, _adv._ to some place.

=aliquot=, _indecl. adj._ several, a number of.

=alius=, =-a=, =-ud=, other;

=alii . . . alii=, some ... others.

=alo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ feed, nourish, cherish, maintain,

support.

=altâria=, =-ium=, _n. plur._ altar.

=alter=, =-era=, =-erum=, the other, second;

=alter . . . alter=, the one ... the other.

=altus=, =-a=, =-um=, high, lofty.

=âmentia=, =-ae=, _f._ senselessness, madness.

=amicio=, =-icui= _or_ =-ixi=, =-ictum= (3), _tr._ wrap, cover.

=amîcitia=, =-ae=, _f._ friendship.

=amîcus=, =-a=, =-um=, _m._ friend.

=â-mitto=, =-mîsi=, =-missum= (3), _tr._ lose.

=amo= (1), _tr._ love;

=amans=, =-ntis=, loving, affectionate, devoted to (_gen._).

=amor=, =-ôris=, _m._ love, passion.

=amplector=, =-plexus sum= (3), _tr._ embrace, include.

=amplifico= (1), _tr._ extend, enlarge.

=amplitûdo=, =-inis=, _f._ grandeur, distinction.

=amplus=, =-a=, =-um=, considerable, great, illustrious; handsome (_of

words or rewards_);

_neut. compar._ =amplius=, _noun_, more; _adv._ further, besides.

=an=, _conj._ or, _after_ =utrum= _or_ =-ne=;

_also used elliptically to ask a single question_.

=angulus=, =-i=, _m._ corner.

=anhelo= (1), _tr. or intr._ breathe out, exhale; pant, gasp.

=anima=, =-ae=, _f_. breath, life.

=animadversio=, =-ônis=, _f._ punishment, chastisement.

=animadverto=, =-ti=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ notice, observe;

_intr._ =animadverto in=, punish.

=animus=, =-i=, _m._ mind, heart, feeling;

_plur._ spirit, courage.

=annus=, =-î=, _m._ year.

=ante=, _adv. or prep._ before.

=anteâ=, _adv._ before, formerly.

=antelûcânus=, =-a=, =-um=, before light, lasting till daybreak.

=ante-pôno=, =-posui=, =-positum= (3), _tr._ prefer.

=antequam=, _conj._ before.

=antîquus=, =-a=, =-um=, ancient, old.

=aperio=, =-ui=, =-tum= (4), _tr._ open.

=apertê=, _adv._ openly.

=appello= (1), _tr._ speak to, address.

=aptus=, =-a=, =-um=, fit.

=apud=, _prep. c. acc._ near, with, among, at the house of.

=aqua=, =-ae=, _f._ water.

=aquila=, =-ae=, _f._ eagle.

=âra=, =-ae=, _f._ altar.

=arbitror= (1), _tr. or intr._ think.

=arceo=, =-ui=, =-tum= (2), _tr._ keep away, repel.

=arcesso=, =-îvi=, =-îtum= (3), _tr._ call, summon.

=ardeo=, =arsi=, =arsum= (2), _intr._ burn.

=ardor=, =-ôris=, _m._ fire, heat, brightness.

=argenteus=, =-a=, =-um=, of silver, silver.

=argentum=, =-i=, _n._ silver, silver plate.

=argûmentum=, =-i=, _n._ proof, evidence.

=arma=, =-ôrum=, _n. plur._ arms.

=armâtus=, =-a=, =-um=, armed.

=arx=, =arcis=, _f._ citadel, stronghold.

=ascendo= (=ad-scendo=), =-di=, =-sum= (3), _intr._ mount, climb.

=aspectus=, =-ûs=, _m._ gaze, sight.

=aspicio= (=ad-spicio=), =-spexi=, =-spectum= (3), _tr._ look at.

=assiduê=, _adv._ constantly.

=at=, _conj._ but;

_adv._ yet.

=atque= _or_ =ac=, _conj._ and, as.

=atrôcitâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ savageness, cruelty.

=atrox=, =-ôcis=, horrible, hideous.

=at-tendo=, =-di=, =-tum= (3), _tr._ direct to;

_sc._ =animum=, give heed to.

=at-tribuo=, =-ui=, =-ûtum= (3), _tr._ assign, allot.

=auctiônârius=, =-a=, =-um=, of an auction.

=auctor=,=-ôris=, _m._ originator, author, proposer, doer.

=auctôritâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ influence, authority, bidding.

=audâcia=, =-ae=, _f._ boldness, insolence, violence.

=audax=, =-âcis=, bold, violent.

=audeo=, =ausus sum= (2), _tr. or intr._ dare.

=audio= (4), _tr._ hear.

=augeo=, =-xi=, =-ctum= (2), _tr._ increase, enlarge.

=auris=, =-is=, _f._ ear.

=auspicium=, =-i=, _n._ augury.

=aut=, _conj._ or;

=aut . . . aut=, either ... or.

=autem=, _conj._ but.

=auxilium=, =-i=, _n._ help.

=â-verto=, =-ti=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ turn away;

=âversus â=, opposed to.

=avus=, =-i=, _m._ grandfather.

B

=bacchor= (1), _intr._ revel, run wanton.

=barbaria=, =-ae=, _f._ foreign country, barbarous country.

=barbarus=, =-a=, =-um=, foreign, barbarous.

=barbâtus=, =-a=, =-um=, bearded.

=beâtus=, =-a=, =-um=, blessed, happy, well-to-do.

=bellum=, =-i=, _n._ war.

=bene=, _adv._ well.

=beneficium=, =-i=, _n._ kindness, service.

=benevolentia=, =-ae=, _f._ good-will, affection.

=benignitâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ kindness, favour.

=bibo=, =bibi=, =----= (3), _tr._ drink.

=bipertîto=, _adv._ in two divisions.

=bis=, _adv._ twice.

=bonus=, =-a=, =-um=, good, honest, respectable;

=bona=, =-ôrum=, _n. plur._ property.

=brevis=, =-e=, short.

=breviter=, _adv._ shortly.

C

=caedês=, =-is=, _f._ bloodshed, murder, massacre.

=caelum=, =-i=, _n._ heaven, sky.

=calamitâs=, =-âtis=, _f._ disaster.

=callidus=, =-a=, =-um=, skilful, crafty.

=campus=, =-i=, _m._ plain (_especially the Campus Martius_).

=cano=, =cecini=, =cantum= (3), _tr. or intr._ sing, foretell.

=canto= (1), _intr._ sing.

=capillus=, =-i=, _m._ hair.

=capio=, =cêpi=, =captum= (3), _tr._ take, hold, make, form;

=mente captus=, =-a=, =-um=, weakened in sense, insane.

=capitâlis=, =-e=, belonging to the head, capital, deadly.

=caput=, =-itis=, _n._ head; life, civil rights.

=carcer=, =-eris=, _m._ prison.

=careo= (2), _intr. c. abl._ am without, forgo.

=cârus=, =-a=, =-um=, dear.

=castra=, =-ôrum=, _n. plur._ camp.

=castrensis=, =-e=, of the camp.

=câsus=, =-ûs=, _m._ chance.

=causa=, =-ae=, _f._ cause, reason, question; position;

=causâ= (_gen._), for the purpose of.

=cêdo=, =cessi=, =cessum= (3), _intr._ yield;

_c. dat._ yield to.

=celebro= (1), _tr._ throng, celebrate.

=celeriter=, _adv._ quickly.

=cêna=, =-ae=, _f._ dinner, supper.

=censeo=, =-ui=, =-um= (2), _tr._ judge, propose, vote.

=centurio=, =-ônis=, _m._ centurion.

=cerno=, =crêvi=, =crêtum= (3), _tr._ discern, perceive.

=certâmen=, =-inis=, _n._ contest.

=certê=, _adv._ certainly, assuredly.

=certo= (1), _intr._ contend, struggle, fight, rival.

=certus=, =-a=, =-um=, certain, sure, trustworthy;

=certiôrem facio=, inform.

=cervix=, =-îcis=, _f._ neck; _usually plur. in prose_.

=cêteri=, =-ae=, =-a=, the rest, all other.

=cibus=, =-i=, _m._ food.

=cinis=, =-eris=, _m._ ashes.

=circum=, _adv. or prep._, _c. acc._ around, about.

=circum-clûdo=, =-si=, =-sum= (3), _tr._ shut in, hem in.

=circum-do=, =-dedi=, =-datum= (1), _tr._ put round.

=circumscriptor=, =-ôris=, _m._ cheat.

=circum-sedeo=, =-sêdi=, =-sessum= (2), _tr._ surround.

=circum-spicio=, =-exi=, =-ectum= (3), _tr. or intr._ look round, look

round on, give heed to.

=circum-sto=, =-steti=, =----= (1), _tr. or intr._ stand round.

=cîvîlis=, =-e=, civil, political.