CHAPTER XXXVIII

CONCLUSION

What we had long anticipated of the sufferings of the Indians, began

to manifest itself as the spring drew on. It first came under our

observation by the accounts brought in, by those who came in little

parties begging for food.

As long as it was possible to issue occasional rations their father

continued to do so, but the supplies in the Commissary Department

were now so much reduced that Col. Cutler did not feel justified in

authorizing anything beyond a scanty relief, and this in extreme cases.

We had ourselves throughout the winter used the greatest economy with

our own stores, that we might not exhaust our slender stock of flour

and meal before it could be replenished from "below." We had even

purchased some sour flour which had been condemned by the commissary,

and had contrived by a plentiful use of saleratus, and a due proportion

of potatoes, to make of it a very palatable kind of bread. But as we

had continued to give to party after party, as they would come to us to

represent their famishing condition, the time at length arrived when we

had nothing to give.

The half-breed families of the neighborhood, who had, like ourselves,

continued to share with the needy as long as their own stock lasted,

were now obliged, of necessity, to refuse further assistance. These

women often came in to lament with us over the sad accounts that were

brought from the wintering grounds. It had been a very open winter.

The snow had scarcely been enough at any time to permit the Indians to

track the deer, in fact, all the game had been driven off by the troops

and war parties scouring the country through the preceding summer.

We heard of their dying by companies from mere destitution, and lying

stretched in the road to the Portage, whither they were striving to

drag their exhausted frames. Soup made of the bark of the slippery elm,

or stewed acorns, were the only food that many had subsisted on for

weeks.

We had for a long time received our food by daily rations from

the garrison, for things had got to such a pass that there was no

possibility of obtaining a barrel of flour at a time. After our meals

were finished, I always went into the pantry, and collecting carefully

every remaining particle of food set it aside to be given to some of

the wretched applicants by whom we were constantly thronged.

One day as I was thus employed, a face appeared at the window with

which I had once been familiar. It was the pretty daughter of the elder

Day-kau-ray. She had formerly visited us often, watching with great

interest our employments--our sewing, or weeding and cultivating the

garden, or our reading. Of the latter, I had many times endeavored to

give her some idea, showing her the plates in the Family Bible, and

doing my best to explain them to her, but of late I had quite lost

sight of her. Now, how changed, how wan she looked! As I addressed her

with my ordinary phrase, "_Tshah-ko-zhah?_" (What is it?) she gave a

sigh that was almost a sob. She did not beg, but her countenance spoke

volumes.

I took my dish and handed it to her, expecting to see her devour the

contents eagerly, but no--she took it, and making signs that she would

soon return, walked away. When she brought it back, I was almost sure

she had not tasted a morsel herself.

* * * * *

The boats--the boats with the corn! Why did they not come? We both

wrote and sent to hasten them, but alas! everything and everybody moved

so slowly in those unenterprising times! We could only feel sure that

they would come when they were ready, and not a moment before.

We were soon obliged to keep both doors and windows fast, to shut out

the sight of misery we could not relieve. If a door was opened for the

admission of a member of the family, some wretched mother would rush

in, grasp the hand of my infant, and placing that of her famishing

child within it, tell us pleadingly, that he was imploring "his little

brother" for food. The stoutest-hearted man could not have beheld with

dry eyes the heart-rending spectacle which often presented itself. It

was in vain that we screened the lower portion of our windows with

curtains. They would climb up on the outside, and tier upon tier of

gaunt, wretched faces would peer in above, to watch us, and see if,

indeed, we were as ill-provided as we represented ourselves.

The noble old Day-kau-ray came one day, from the Barribault, to apprise

us of the state of his village. More than forty of his people, he

said, had now been for many days without food, save bark and roots.

My husband accompanied him to the commanding officer to tell his

story, and ascertain ii any amount of food could be obtained from that

quarter. The result was, the promise of a small allowance of flour,

sufficient to alleviate the cravings of his own family.

When this was explained to the chief, he turned away. "No," he said,

"if his people could not be relieved, he and his family would starve

with them!" And he refused, for those nearest and dearest to him, the

proffered succor, until all could share alike.

The announcement, at length, that "the boats were in sight," was a

thrilling and most joyful sound.

Hundreds of poor creatures were at once assembled on the bank, watching

their arrival. Oh! how torturing was their slow approach, by the

winding course of the river, through the extended prairie! As the first

boat touched the bank, we, who were gazing on the scene with anxiety

and impatience only equalled by that of the sufferers, could scarcely

refrain from laughing, to see old Wild-Cat, who had somewhat fallen off

in his huge amount of flesh, seize "the Washington Woman" in his arms,

and hug and dance with her in the ecstasy of his delight.

Their father made a sign to them all to fall to work with their

hatchets, which they had long held ready, and in an incredibly short

time, barrel after barrel was broken open and emptied, while even the

little children possessed themselves of pans and kettles full, and

hastened to the fires that were blazing around to parch and cook that

which they had seized.

From this time forward, there was no more destitution. The present

abundance was followed by the arrival of supplies for the Commissary's

Department; and refreshed and invigorated, our poor children departed

once more to their villages, to make ready their crops for the ensuing

season.

In the course of the spring, we received a visit from the Rev. Mr.

Kent, and Mrs. Kent, of Galena.[127] This event is memorable, as being

the first occasion on which the Gospel, according to the Protestant

faith, was preached at Fort Winnebago. The large parlor of the hospital

was fitted up for the service, and gladly did we each say to the other,

"Let us go to the house of the Lord!"

For nearly three years had we lived here without the blessing of

a public service of praise and thanksgiving. We regarded this

commencement as an omen of better times, and our little "sewing

society" worked with renewed industry, to raise a fund which might be

available hereafter, in securing the permanent services of a missionary.

* * * * *

Not long after this, on a fine spring morning, as we were seated at

breakfast, a party of Indians entered the parlor, and came to the door

of the room where we were. Two of them passed through, and went out

upon a small portico--the third remained standing in the door-way at

which he had at first appeared. He was nearly opposite me, and as I

raised my eyes, spite of his change of dress, and the paint with which

he was covered, I at once recognized him.

I continued to pour the coffee, and as I did so, I remarked to my

husband, "The one behind you, with whom you are speaking, is one of the

escaped prisoners."

Without turning his head, he continued to listen to all the directions

they were giving him about the repairing of their guns, traps, &c.,

which they wished to leave with the blacksmith. As they went on, he

cautiously turned his head towards the parlor door, and replied to the

one speaking to him from there. When he again addressed me, it was to

say,

"You are right, but it is no affair of ours. We are none of us to look

so as to give him notice that we suspect anything. They are undoubtedly

innocent, and have suffered enough already."

Contrary to his usual custom, their father did not ask their names, but

wrote their directions, which he tied to their different implements,

and then bade them go and deliver them themselves to M. Morrin.

The rest of our circle were greatly pleased at the young fellow's

audacity, and we quite longed to tell the officers that we could have

caught one of their fugitives for them, if we had had a mind.

* * * * *

The time had now come when we began to think seriously of leaving our

pleasant home, and taking up our residence at Detroit, while making

arrangements for a permanent settlement at Chicago.

The intelligence, when communicated to our Winnebago children, brought

forth great lamentations and demonstrations of regret. From the

surrounding country they came flocking in, to inquire into the truth

of the tidings they had heard, and to petition earnestly that we would

continue to live and die among them.

Among them all no one seemed so overwhelmed with affliction as

Elizabeth, our poor _Cut-nose_. When we first told her of our

intention, she sat for hours in the same spot, wiping away the tears

that would find their way down her cheeks, with the corner of the

chintz shawl she wore pinned across her bosom.

"No! never, never, never shall I find such friends again," she would

exclaim. "You will go away, and I shall be left here _all alone_."

Wild-Cat too, the fat, jolly Wild-Cat, gave way to the most audible

lamentations.

"Oh! my little brother," he said to the baby, on the morning of our

departure, when he had insisted on taking him and seating him on his

fat, dirty knee, "you will never come back to see your poor brother

again!"

And having taken an extra glass on the occasion, he wept like an infant.

It was with sad hearts that on the morning of the 1st of July, 1833,

we bade adieu to the long cortege which followed us to the boat, now

waiting to convey us to Green Bay, where we were to meet Governor

Porter and Mr. Brush, and proceed, under their escort, to Detroit.

When they had completed their tender farewells, they turned to

accompany their father across the Portage, on his route to Chicago, and

long after, we could see them winding along the road, and hear their

loud lamentations at a parting which they foresaw would be forever.

APPENDIX

As I have given throughout the Narrative of the Sauk War, the

impressions we received from our own observation, or from information

furnished us at the time, I think it but justice to Black Hawk and his

party to insert, by way of Appendix, the following account, preserved

among the manuscript writings of the late Thomas Forsyth, Esq., of St.

Louis, who, after residing among the Indians many years as a trader,

was, until the year 1830, the Agent of the Sauks and Foxes.[128] The

manuscript was written in 1832, while Black Hawk and his compatriots

were in prison at Jefferson Barracks.

* * * * *

"The United States troops under the command of Major Stoddard arrived

here,[BD] and took possession of this country in the month of February,

1804. In the spring of that year, a white person (a man or boy), was

killed in Cuivre Settlement, by a Sauk Indian. Some time in the summer

following, a party of United States troops were sent up to the Sauk

village on Rocky river, and a demand made of the Sauk Chiefs for the

murderer. The Sauk Chiefs did not hesitate a moment, but delivered him

up to the commander of the troops, who brought him down and delivered

him over to the civil authority in this place (St. Louis).

[Footnote BD: St. Louis, Mo.]

"Some time in the ensuing autumn some Sauk and Fox Indians came to this

place, and had a conversation with General Harrison (then Governor of

Indian Territory, and acting Governor of this State, then Territory of

Louisiana), on the subject of liberating their relative, then in prison

at this place for the above-mentioned murder.

"Quash-quame, a Sauk chief, who was the head man of this party, has

repeatedly said, 'Mr. Pierre Choteau, Sen., came several times to my

camp, offering that if I would sell the lands on the east side of

the Mississippi river, Governor Harrison would liberate my relation,

(meaning the Sauk Indian then in prison as above related), to which

I at last agreed, and sold the lands from the mouth of the Illinois

river up the Mississippi river as high as the mouth of Rocky river

(now Rock river), and east to the ridge that divides the waters of the

Mississippi and Illinois rivers, but I never sold any more lands.'

Quash-quame also said to Governor Edwards, Governor Clark and Mr.

Auguste Chouteau, Commissioners appointed to treat with the Chippewas,

Ottowas, and Pottowattamies of Illinois river, in the summer of 1816,

for lands on the west side of the Illinois river:

"'Your white men may put on paper what you please, but again I tell

you, I never sold any lands higher up the Mississippi than the mouth of

Rocky river.'

"In the treaty first mentioned, the line commences opposite to

the mouth of Gasconade river, and running in a direct line to the

headwaters of Jefferson[BE] river, thence down that river to the

Mississippi river--thence up the Mississippi river to the mouth of the

Ouisconsin river--thence up that river thirty-six miles--thence in a

direct line to a little lake in Fox river of Illinois, down Fox river

to Illinois river, down Illinois river to its mouth, thence down the

Mississippi river to the mouth of Missouri river, thence up that river

to the place of beginning. See Treaty dated at St. Louis, 4th November,

1804.

[Footnote BE: There is no such river in this country, therefore this

treaty is null and void---of no effect in law or equity. Such was the

opinion of the late Gov. Howard. (T. F.)]

"The Sauk and Fox nations were never consulted, nor had any hand in

this Treaty, nor knew anything about it. It was made and signed by two

Sauk chiefs, one Fox chief and one warrior.

"When the annuities were delivered to the Sauk and Fox nations of

Indians, according to the treaty above referred to (amounting to $1,000

per annum), the Indians always thought they were presents, (as the

annuity for the first twenty years was always paid in goods, sent on

from Georgetown, District of Columbia, and poor articles of merchandize

they were, very often damaged and not suitable for Indians), until I,

as their Agent, convinced them of the contrary, in the summer of 1818.

When the Indians heard that the goods delivered to them were annuities

for land, sold by them to the United States, they were astonished, and

refused to accept of the goods, denying that they ever sold the lands

as stated by me, their Agent. The Black Hawk in particular, who was

present at the time, made a great noise about this land, and would

never receive any part of the annuities from that time forward. He

always denied the authority of Quash-quame and others to sell any part

of their lands, and told the Indians not to receive any presents or

annuities from any American--otherwise their lands would be claimed at

some future day.

"As the United States do insist, and retain the lands according to the

Treaty of Nov. 4, 1804, why do they not fulfil _their_ part of that

Treaty as equity demands?

"The Sauk and Fox nations are allowed, according to that Treaty, 'to

live and hunt on the lands so ceded, as long as the aforesaid lands

belong to the United States.' In the spring of the year 1827, about

twelve or fifteen families of squatters arrived and took possession of

the Sauk village, near the mouth of the Rocky river. They immediately

commenced destroying the Indians' bark boats. Some were burned, others

were torn to pieces, and when the Indians arrived at the village, and

found fault with the destruction of their property, they were beaten

and abused by the Squatters.

"The Indians made complaint to me, as their Agent I wrote to Gen.

Clark,[BF] stating to him from time to time what happened, and giving a

minute detail of everything that passed between the whites (Squatters)

and the Indians.

[Footnote BF: Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis. (Ed.)]

"The squatters insisted that the Indians should be removed from their

village, saying that as soon as the land was brought into market they

(the squatters) would buy it all. It became needless for me to show

them the treaty, and the right the Indians had to remain on their

lands. They tried every method to annoy the Indians, by shooting

their dogs, claiming their horses; complaining that the Indians'

horses broke into their cornfields--selling them whiskey for the most

trifling articles, contrary to the wishes and request of the chiefs,

particularly the Black Hawk, who both solicited and threatened them on

the subject, but all to no purpose.

"The President directed those lands to be sold at the Land Office, in

Springfield, Illinois. Accordingly when the time came that they were to

be offered for sale (in the Autumn of 1828), there were about twenty

families of squatters at, and in the vicinity of the old Sauk village,

most of whom attended the sale, and but one of them could purchase a

quarter-section (if we except George Davenport, a trader who resides

in Rocky Island). Therefore, all the land not sold, still belonged to

the United States, and the Indians had still a right, by treaty, to

hunt and live on those lands. This right, however, was not allowed

them--they must move off.

"In 1830, the principal chiefs, and others of the Sauk and Fox Indians

who resided at the old village, near Rocky river, acquainted me that

they would remove to their village on Ihoway river. These chiefs

advised me to write to General Clarke, Superintendent of Indian Affairs

at this place (St. Louis), to send up a few militia--that the Black

Hawk and his followers would then see that everything was in earnest,

and they would remove to the west side of the Mississippi, to their own

lands.

"The letter, as requested by the chiefs, was written and sent by me to

General Clarke, but he did not think proper to answer it--therefore

everything remained as formerly, and, as a matter of course. Black Hawk

and his party thought the whole matter of removing from the old village

had blown over.

"In the Spring of 1831, the Black Hawk and his party were augmented

by many Indians from Ihoway river. This augmentation of forces made

the Black Hawk very proud, and he supposed nothing would be done about

removing him and his party.

"General Gaines visited the Black Hawk and his party this season, with

a force of regulars and militia, and compelled them to remove to the

west side of the Mississippi river, on their own lands.

"When the Black Hawk and party recrossed to the east side of the

Mississippi river in 1832, they numbered three hundred and sixty-eight

men. They were hampered with many women and children, and had no

intention to make war. When attacked by General Stillman's detachment,

they defended themselves like men, and I would ask, who would not do

so, likewise? Thus the war commenced. * * * *

"The Indians had been defeated, dispersed, and some of the principal

chiefs are now in prison and in chains, at Jefferson Barracks. * * * *

"It is very well known, by all who know the Black Hawk, that he has

always been considered a friend to the whites. Often has he taken into

his lodge the wearied white man, given him good food to eat, and a good

blanket to sleep on before the fire. Many a good meal has _the Prophet_

given to people travelling past his village, and very many stray horses

has he recovered from the Indians, and restored to their rightful

owners, without asking any recompense whatever. * * * *

"What right have we to tell any people, 'You shall not cross the

Mississippi river on any pretext whatever?' When the Sauk and Fox

Indians wish to cross the Mississippi, to visit their relations among

the Pottawattomies, of Fox river, Illinois, they are prevented by us,

_because we have the power!_"

I omit, in the extracts I have made, the old gentleman's occasional

comments upon the powers that dictated, and the forces which carried on

the warfare of this unhappy Summer. There is every reason to believe

that had his suggestions been listened to, and had he continued the

Agent of the Sauks and Foxes, a sad record might have been spared.

I mean the untimely fate of the unfortunate M. St. Vrain, who, a

comparative stranger to his people, was murdered by them, in their

exasperated fury, at Kellogg's Grove, soon after the commencement of

the campaign.

NOTES

BY REUBEN GOLD THWAITES

1 (page 2).--_Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the

Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820; resumed and completed by

the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832_, by Henry R.

Schoolcraft (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855--the year in

which _Wau-Bun_ was written).

2 (page 2).--The etymology of Michilimackinac (now abbreviated to

Mackinac) is generally given as "great turtle," and is supposed to

refer to the shape of the island. The Ottawa chief, A. J. Blackbird,

in his _History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan_

(Ypsilanti, Mich., 1887), pp. 19, 20, gives a far different derivation;

he traces the name back to "Mishinemackinong," the dwelling-place of

the Mishinemackinawgo, a small tribe, early allies of the Ottawas,

but practically annihilated by the Iroquois, during one of the

North-western raids of the latter.

3 (page 3).---Robert Stuart, born in Scotland in 1784, was educated

in Paris; coming to America when twenty-two years of age, he went at

once to Montreal, connecting himself with the Northwest Fur Company.

In 1810, in connection with his uncle, David Stuart, he joined forces

with John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, and was one of the party

which went from New York by sea to found Astoria, on the Pacific coast.

In 1812, in company with Ramsay Crooks, he was sent overland to New

York with important despatches for the company--a hazardous expedition,

which consumed nearly a year in its accomplishment. He arrived at

Mackinac in 1819, a partner with Astor in the American Fur Company,

and manager of its affairs throughout the wide expanse of country

which was then served from this entrepôt. After fifteen years upon the

island, where he was the leading resident, Stuart went to Detroit in

1834, upon the closing out of the company's affairs. At that place he

took prominent part in business and public affairs. In 1887 we find him

local director of the poor; in 1839, moderator of the school district;

in 1840-41, state treasurer of Michigan, and from 1841-45, United

States Indian agent for that state. Stuart also took active part in

church work, was insistent on discountenancing the rum traffic, which

always went hand in hand with the fur trade, and bore a high reputation

for personal probity. Dying suddenly in Chicago, in 1848, his body was

taken in a sailing-vessel around by the lakes to Detroit; at Mackinac

Island, en route, it lay in state for several hours.

4 (page 6).--Rev. William Montague Ferry organized the Presbyterian

church at Mackinac in 1822; it later developed into a mission school.

After suffering many trials and disappointments he was released from

service August 6, 1834, at once settling at Grand Haven, Mich., his

being the first white family at that place. He died December 30, 1867.

Williams's _The Old Mission Church of Mackinac Island_ (Detroit, 1895)

gives a history of this enterprise.

5 (page 6).--Upon the downfall of New France (1763), the fur trade of

the Northwest fell into the hands of citizens of Great Britain. In

1766, a few Scotch merchants reopened the trade, with headquarters

at Mackinac, employing French-Canadians as agents, clerks, and

_voyageurs_. In 1783-87, the Northwest Company was organized, also

with Mackinac as a center of distribution, as the chief rival of the

Hudson Bay Company and of the old Mackinaw Company. In 1809, John Jacob

Astor organized the American Fur Company. Two years later he secured a

half interest in the Mackinaw Company, which he renamed the Southwest

Company. In the war of 1812-15, Astor lost his Pacific post of Astoria,

which fell into the possession of the Northwest Company, and the trade

of the Southwest Company was shattered. In 1816, Congress decreed that

foreign fur-traders were not to be admitted to do business within the

United States. Under this protection Astor reorganized the American Fur

Company, which flourished until his retirement from business, in 1834.

6 (page 8).--Large bateaux, about thirty feet long, used by fur-traders

in the transportation of their cargoes upon the lakes and rivers of

the Northwest. The cargo was placed in the center, both ends being

sharp and high above the water. The crew generally consisted of seven

men (_voyageurs_), of whom six rowed and one served as steersman; in

addition, each boat was commanded by a clerk of the fur company, who

was called the _bourgeois_ (master). During rainstorms the cargo was

protected by snug-fitting tarpaulins, fastened down and over the sides

of the boat.

7 (page 9).--Madame Joseph Laframboise, a half-breed, was the daughter

of Jean Baptiste Marcotte, who died while she was an infant; her mother

was the daughter of Kewaniquot (Returning Cloud), a prominent chief

of the Ottawas. Joseph Laframboise, a devout man, of great force of

character, conducted a considerable trade with the Indians. In 1809,

while kneeling at prayer in his tent near Grand River, on the east

shore of Lake Michigan, he was shot dead by an Indian to whom he had

refused to give liquor.

His wife, who had generally accompanied him on his expeditions,

continued the business without interruption, and obtained a wide

reputation throughout the Mackinac district as a woman of rare business

talents, and capable of managing the natives with astuteness. Her

contemporaries among Americans described her as speaking a remarkably

fine French, and being a graceful and refined person, despite her

limited education. She invariably wore the costume of an Indian

squaw. Her children were placed at school in Montreal. One of her

daughters, Josette, was married at Mackinac to Captain Benjamin K.

Pierce, commandant of the fort, and brother of President Pierce. Madame

Laframboise closed her business with the American Fur Company in 1821,

and thereafter lived upon the island, where she lies buried.

8 (page 10).--Samuel Abbott was one of the officials of the American

Fur Company, and a notary and justice of the peace, for many years

being the only functionary on Mackinac Island vested with power to

perform marriage ceremonies.

Edward Biddle was a brother of Nicholas Biddle, president of the United

States Bank during Andrew Jackson's administration. Edward went to

Mackinac about 1818, and married a pretty, full-blooded Indian girl,

step-daughter of a French fur-trade clerk named Joseph Bailly. The

Biddies lived on the island for fifty years, and were buried there.

Their eldest daughter, Sophia, was carefully educated in Philadelphia

by Nicholas Biddle's family, but finally died on the island, of

consumption. She was, like her mother, a Catholic; but the other

children, also well educated, became Protestants.

9 (page 10).--For a character sketch of Mrs. David Mitchell, see

Mrs. Baird's "Early Days on Mackinac Island," _Wisconsin Historical

Collections_, vol. xiv, pp. 35-58.

10 (page 11).--British and Indian forces under Captain Charles

Roberts, from the garrison at St. Joseph, captured the American fort

on Mackinac Island, commanded by Lieutenant Porter Hanks, upon July

17, 1812. The ease with which this capture was made, induced the

British to throw up a strong earthwork on the high hill commanding the

fort, about a half-mile in its rear. This fortification was called

Fort George; August 4, 1814, an attempt was made by the Americans to

retake the island, which has great strategic importance, as guarding

the gateways to Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. There were seven

war-vessels under Commodore Sinclair, and a land force of 750 under

Colonel Croghan. The vessels could effect only a blockade; the military

disembarked at "British Landing," where Roberts's forces had beached

two years before. In the consequent attack, which proved fruitless,

Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, second in command, and an officer of

great promise, was killed. When the island was surrendered to the

United States by the treaty of Ghent (February, 1815), Fort George was

rechristened Fort Holmes, a name which the abandoned ruins still bear.

11 (page 12).--The author was evidently misled by a typographical error

in some historical work which she had consulted. The date should be

1670. Father Jacques Marquette, driven with his flock of Hurons and

Ottawas from Chequamegon Bay (Lake Superior) by the Sioux of the West,

established himself at Point St. Ignace. There he remained for three

years, until he left with Louis Joliet to explore the Mississippi River.

12 (page 12).--When, in 1650, the Hurons fled before the great

Iroquois invasion, some of them took refuge with the French at

Quebec, and others migrated to the Mackinac region, and even as

far west as northern Wisconsin. The refugees to Lake Superior and

northern Wisconsin were driven back east again in 1670 (see Note

11), to Mackinac. When Cadillac founded Detroit (1701), some of them

accompanied him, and settled in the outskirts of that town. They

remained without a religious teacher until the arrival of the Jesuit La

Richardie. He established his mission on the opposite bank of the river

from Detroit, at where is now Sandwich, Ontario. This was in order to

avoid conflict of ecclesiastical jurisdiction with the Récollets in

charge at Detroit. The mission house built by La Richardie stood until

after the middle of the nineteenth century; that portion of his church

which was built in 1728 remained until the last decade of that century;

but the addition, built in 1743, is still in good condition, and used

as a dwelling.

13 (page 12).--Near the modern village of Harbor Springs, Mich. It is

frequently called "Cross Village" in early English-American documents.

14 (page 14).--John P. Arndt, a Pennsylvania German, arrived in Green

Bay in 1823. He was for many years the leader of the French fur-trading

element on the lower Fox River. He kept the first ferry at Green Bay

(1825), and was as well a miller and a lumberman.

15 (page 15).--In 1820, Colonel Joseph Lee Smith moved the garrison

from Fort Howard, on the west bank of Fox River, to new quarters,

called Camp Smith, three miles above, on the opposite bank. Camp

Smith was occupied for two years, when the garrison returned to

Fort Howard. A polyglot settlement sprang up between Camp Smith and

the river, popularly called Shantytown, but later (1829) platted

as Menomoneeville. Shantytown was afterward abandoned by the most

prosperous settlers in favor of a point lower down the river on the

same bank, and is but a suburb of the present Green Bay.

16 (page 16).--The site of Fort Howard (thus named from General

Benjamin Howard), on the west bank of Fox River, was selected in 1816

by Major Charles Gratiot, of the engineer corps, who prepared the

plans, and was present during the earlier portion of its construction;

its completion was, however, left to the superintendence of Colonel

Talbot Chambers. As per Note 15, the fort was abandoned in favor of

Camp Smith from 1820-22, but was otherwise continuously garrisoned

until 1841. It then remained ungarrisoned until 1849, when it was

occupied for two years. From 1852 forward the fort was unoccupied, save

for a brief period in 1863 by militiamen. The buildings are now for the

most part effaced.

17 (page 16).--James Duane Doty was born at Salem, N. Y., November 5,

1799. Having studied law, he settled at Detroit in his twentieth year,

and soon became clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court and secretary of

the territorial legislature. In 1820 he made a tour of the upper lakes

in company with Governor Lewis Cass, penetrating to the sources of the

Mississippi. In 1823 he was appointed United States district judge for

that portion of Michigan Territory lying west of Lakes Michigan and

Superior, and for ten years held court both at Green Bay and Prairie

du Chien. In 1834, as a member of the territorial legislature, he

drafted the act which made Michigan a state and Wisconsin a territory.

From 1837-41 he served as delegate to Congress from Wisconsin, and

from 1841-44 as governor of the new territory. Vigorously ambitious

in behalf of Wisconsin, he long though vainly sought to regain from

Illinois the strip of country north of a line drawn due westward from

the southernmost part of Lake Michigan, the ordinance of 1787 having

named this as the boundary between the two states to be erected to

the west of Lake Michigan and the Wabash River; had his contention

prevailed, Chicago would have been a Wisconsin city. Doty served in

the Wisconsin state constitutional convention (1846); was a member of

Congress (1850-53); in 1861 was appointed superintendent of Indian

affairs of Utah, and signed the first treaty ever made with the

Shoshones; and in May, 1863, was appointed governor of Utah, in which

office he died, June 13, 1865.

18 (page 17).--William Selby Harney, born in Louisiana, entered the

array in 1818 as a second lieutenant. He was made captain in the First

Infantry May 14, 1825, and major and paymaster May 1, 1833; promoted

to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the Second Dragoons August 15, 1836;

brevetted colonel December 7, 1840, for gallant and meritorious conduct

in successive Indian campaigns, and became colonel of his regiment

June 30, 1846. For conspicuous gallantry in the battle of Cerro

Gordo, he was brevetted brigadier-general April 18, 1847, and became

brigadier-general June 14, 1858. He was retired August 1, 1863, and two

years later was brevetted major-general for long and faithful service.

He died May 9, 1889.

19 (page 18).--Joseph Rolette was a prominent fur trader of Prairie du

Chien, and one of the most marked characters among the French Canadians

of Wisconsin during the first third of the nineteenth century. In the

War of 1812-15, he held a commission in the British Indian department,

and piloted the British troops in their attack on Prairie du Chien in

1814.

20 (page 20).--Rev. Richard Fish Cadle organized the Episcopalian

parish of St. Paul's, in Detroit, November 22, 1824. In 1828, his

health failing, he went to Green Bay in company with his sister Sarah,

and established an Indian mission school at the now abandoned barracks

of Camp Smith (see Note 15). During the winter of 1828-29, the United

States government granted a small tract of land for the purpose, and

the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of his church erected

suitable buildings thereon. In 1838 the Cadles withdrew from the

work, which had not met with great success. The Indians were either

indifferent to the scheme or bitterly opposed to it, objecting to rigid

discipline being applied to their children. The French also disliked

the enterprise, both because it was a Protestant mission and because

it did not accord with their notions of the fitness of things. Solomon

Juneau, the founder of Milwaukee, once wrote: "As to the little savages

whom you ask about for Mr. Cadle, I have spoken to several, and they

tell me with satisfaction that they are much happier in their present

situation than in learning geography." Mr. Cadle suffered greatly in

health because of the ceaseless worry of his untenable position; but no

doubt many of his troubles were the result of his own highly nervous

temperament. The mission was carried on by others until 1840, and then

succumbed.

21 (page 21).--Reference is here made to Ursula M. Grignon, daughter

of Louis Grignon, a Green Bay fur-trader, and grandson of Charles de

Langlade, the first permanent white settler in Wisconsin. Later, Miss

Grignon returned to her family at Green Bay, where she died February

22, 1887.

22 (page 22).--Elizabeth Thérèse Baird was born at Prairie du Chien,

April 24, 1810, a daughter of Henry Munro Fisher, a prominent Scotch

fur-trader in the employ of the American Fur Company. On her mother's

side she was a descendant of an Ottawa chief, Kewaniquot (Returning

Cloud), and related to Madame Laframboise (see Note 7). Marrying Henry

S. Baird, a young lawyer of Mackinac Island, in 1824, when but fourteen

years of age, the couple at once took up their residence at Green Bay.

Baird was the first regularly trained legal practitioner in Wisconsin,

and attained considerable prominence in the political life of the new

territory. He died in 1875. Mrs. Baird was one of the most remarkable

pioneer women of the Northwest; she was of charming personality and

excellent education, proud of her trace of Indian blood, and had a

wide acquaintance with the principal men and women of early Wisconsin.

Her reminiscences, published in vols. xiv and xv of the _Wisconsin

Historical Collections_, are as interesting and valuable of their kind

as _Wau-Bun_ itself. She died at Green Bay, November 5, 1890.

23 (page 23).--Mrs. Samuel W. Beall. Her husband was a lawyer from

Virginia, and she a niece of Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In 1835,

the Bealls, who were prominent in the social life of Green Bay, became

rich through land speculation, but subsequently lost the greater

part of their fortune. Beall was shot dead, in the Far West, in some

border disturbance, and his wife devoted the remainder of her life to

charitable work.

24 (page 25)--Major David Emanuel Twiggs was born in Georgia, and

entered the army as captain of infantry in 1812. He became major

of the Twenty-eighth Infantry in 1814; lieutenant-colonel of the

Fourth Infantry in 1831; colonel of the Second Dragoons in 1836;

brigadier-general in June, 1846; and for gallant and meritorious

conduct at Monterey was brevetted major-general in September of

the same year. Twiggs was dismissed the service in March, 1861,

having while on command in the South surrendered army stores to the

Confederates. He served as major-general in the Confederate army from

1861-65.

25 (page 27).--Wife of Lewis Cass, then governor of Michigan.

26 (page 27).--Charles Réaume was born of good family about 1752, at La

Prairie, opposite Montreal. In 1778 we find him at Detroit as a captain

in the British Indian department, in which capacity he accompanied

Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton in the expedition against Vincennes

in December of that year. When George Rogers Clark captured Vincennes

in the following February, Réaume was among the prisoners, but was

allowed to return to Detroit upon parole. He appears to have settled at

Green Bay about 1790, and it is thought received his first commission

as justice of the peace from the British authorities at Detroit. About

1801 he received a similar appointment from William Henry Harrison,

then governor of Indiana Territory, of which what is now Wisconsin was

then a part. In 1818, Governor Cass, of Michigan Territory, appointed

him one of the associate justices for Brown County, of which Green Bay

was the seat. In the same year he removed to Little Kaukaulin, ten

miles up Fox River from Green Bay, and there engaged in trade with the

Indians, in the course of which he fell into drunken habits. In the

spring of 1822 he was found dead in his lonely cabin. He was unmarried.

Réaume, as stated by Mrs. Kinzie, administered justice in a primitive

fashion. During much of his career as a petty magistrate, he was the

only civil officer west of Lake Michigan. Ungoverned by statutes or

by supervision, he married, divorced, even baptized, his people at

will, and was notary and general clerical functionary for the entire

population, white and red. He is one of the picturesque characters in

Wisconsin history.

27 (page 28).--The father of Nicholas Boilvin was a resident of Quebec

during the American Revolution. Upon the declaration of peace, Nicholas

went to the Northwest, and engaged in the Indian trade. He obtained

from the United States government the position of Indian agent, and

in 1810 went to Prairie du Chien. In 1814, when the British attacked

that post, Boilvin and his family, with other Americans, retired to a

gunboat in the Mississippi River and fled to St. Louis. In addition

to his Indian agency, Boilvin was a justice of the peace, his first

commission being issued by the authorities of Illinois Territory in

1809. He died in the summer of 1827 on a Mississippi River keel-boat,

while en route for St. Louis. At one time he furnished the war

department with a Winnebago vocabulary.

28 (page 29).--For other Canadian boat-songs, see _Hunt's Merchants'

Magazine_, vol. iii, p. 189; Bela Hubbard's _Memorials of a Half

Century_, and Ernest Gagnon's _Chanson Populaires du Canada_.

29 (page 30).--The Grignon family are prominently identified with

Wisconsin pioneer history. Their progenitor was Pierre, who had been

a _voyageur_ on Lake Superior at an early date, and an independent

fur-trader at Green Bay before 1763. For his second wife he married

Louise Domitilde, a daughter of Charles de Langlade, the first

permanent settler of Wisconsin (about 1750). By her, Pierre Grignon had

nine children--Pierre Antoine (1777), Charles (1779), Augustin (1780),

Louis (1783), Jean Baptiste (1785), Domitilde (1787), Marguerite

(1789), Hippolyte (1790), and Amable (1795). The elder Pierre died

at Green Bay in 1795, his widow subsequently marrying Jean Baptiste

Langevin. Of the sons of Pierre Grignon, most won prominence as

fur-traders--Augustin, whose valuable "Seventy-Two Years' Recollections

of Wisconsin" are given in vol. iii of _Wisconsin Historical

Collections_, is best known to students of Western history.

30 (page 31).--Variously spelled in contemporary documents, Grand

Kaccalin, Cacalin, Cockolin, Kackalin, Kakalin, and Kokolow; but later

crystallized into Kaukauna, the name of the modern manufacturing town

now situated upon the banks of this rapid. Dominic Du Charme was the

first white settler there (1793), being followed by Augustin Grignon

(1812). A Presbyterian Indian mission was established at the place in

1822 (see Note 31).

31 (page 32).--Rev. Cutting Marsh was born in Danville, Vt., July 20,

1800. Prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., he

graduated from Dartmouth in 1826, and from Andover Theological Seminary

in 1829. In October, 1829, he departed for the Northwest as missionary

to the Stockbridge Indians, in the employ both of the American Board

of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the Society in Scotland for

Propagating Christian Knowledge. The Stockbridges were originally a New

England tribe who had been moved to New York. In 1822-23, along with

Oneidas, Munsees, and Brothertowns, they went to the Fox River Valley

in Wisconsin. The mission to the Stockbridges was first established at

what is now South Kaukauna (see Note 30), and was called Statesburg;

later (1832), it was moved to Calumet County, east of Lake Winnebago,

the new village being called Stockbridge. Their first missionary in

Wisconsin was Jesse Miner, who died in 1829. Marsh served from 1830-48;

thereafter he was an itinerant Presbyterian missionary in northern

Wisconsin, and died at Waupaca July 4, 1873. Marsh's letter-books

and journals, a rich mine of pioneer church annals, are now in the

archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society; his annual reports to the

Scottish Society were published in Vol. XV of the _Wisconsin Historical

Collections_. They bear a curious resemblance in matter and style to

the _Jesuit Relations_ of New France, in the seventeenth century.

32 (page 32).--Rev. Eleazer Williams was an Episcopalian missionary

to the Oneida Indians, some of whom moved to Wisconsin from New York

in 1821-22. In 1853, Williams, who was imbued with a passion for

notoriety, suddenly posed before the American public as Louis XVII.,

hereditary sovereign of France, claiming to be that son of Louis XVI.

and Marie Antoinette who was officially reported to have died in prison

after his parents had been beheaded by the Paris revolutionists.

Although he was too young by eight years to be the lost dauphin, was

clearly of Indian origin, was stoutly claimed by his dusky parents,

and every allegation of his in regard to the matter was soon exposed

as false, many persons of romantic temperament believed his story, and

there are those who still stoutly maintain that his pretensions were

well founded. Williams died in 1858, discredited by his church, but

persisting in his absurd claims to the last. A considerable literature

has sprung up relative to this controversy, pro and con; the most

exhaustive account is W. W. Wight's monograph, Parkman Club _Papers_

(Milwaukee), No. 7.

33 (page 40).--Petit Butte des Morts (little hill of the dead) is a

considerable eminence rising from the shores of the Fox River in the

western outskirts of the present city of Menasha; a widening of the

river at this point bears the name of the _butte_. The hill, still a

striking feature of the landscape, although much reduced from railway

and other excavations, commanded the river for several miles in either

direction, and appears to have been used in early days as the site of

an Indian fort; as such, it was probably the scene of several notable

encounters during the Fox War, in the first third of the eighteenth

century. Because of these traditions, and the existence of a large

Indian mound on its summit, it was long supposed by whites that the

entire hill was a gigantic earthwork, reared to bury as well as to

commemorate the thousands of Indians whom the French are alleged to

have here slain. But this is now known to be mere fancy; the hill is

of glacial origin, although no doubt it was at one time used as an

Indian cemetery. Grand Butte des Morts, upon the upper waters of the

Fox River, above the present Oshkosh, has similar traditions as to its

inception, but is of like character; and does not appear to have been

the scene of any important fight.

34 (page 45).--The present Island Park, an Oshkosh summer resort.

35 (page 46).--See Gardner P. Stickney's "Use of Maize by Wisconsin

Indians," Parkman Club _Papers_, No. 13. This contains numerous

bibliographical citations. An exhaustive treatise on the use of wild

rice among the northern tribes, by Alfred E. Jenks, will soon be

published by the American Bureau of Ethnology.

36 (page 48).--John Lawe, whose father was an officer in the British

army. John came to Green Bay in 1797, when but sixteen years old, as

assistant to his uncle, Jacob Franks, an English Jew, who represented

at Green Bay the fur-trade firm of Ogilvie, Gillespie & Co., of

Montreal. On the outbreak of the War of 1812-15, Franks returned to

Montreal, turning over his large business to Lawe, who was, until his

death in 1846, one of the leading citizens of Green Bay; not only

conducting a large fur trade, but serving the public as magistrate and

in other capacities.

37 (page 49).--Jacques Porlier, a leading fur-trader, and chief justice

of Brown County court. He was a business partner of Augustin Grignon.

38 (page 52).--The Sacs and Foxes maintained an important confederacy

for about a hundred years, reaching between the routing of the Foxes

by the French, in the first third of the eighteenth century, and the

decimation of the Sacs by the Americans in the Black Hawk War (1832).

39 (page 52).--This is incorrect. The French popularly called the

Winnebagoes "Puants" (stinkards), a term long supposed to be a literal

translation of _Winepegou_, the name given this tribe by its neighbors.

But later investigation proves that Winepegou meant "men from the fetid

water," or "the fetids." At first, these people were called by the

French, "Tribe of the Sea," because it was thought that salt-water must

be meant by the term "fetid." As the continent was not then thought

to be as wide as it has since proved to be, the early French inferred

that the Winnebagoes must live on or near the ocean, and might be

Chinese. When Champlain sent Jean Nicolet to make a treaty with the

Winnebagoes, he equipped the latter with an ambassadorial costume

suitable for meeting mandarins. Nicolet was much disappointed to find

them at Green Bay, merely naked savages. Baye des Puans (or Puants) was

the French name for Green Bay, until well into the eighteenth century.

It is now thought that the Winnebagoes came to Wisconsin from the Lake

Winnipeg region, and obtained their name from sulphur springs in the

neighborhood of which they had lived. They are an outcast branch of the

Dakotan stock.

40 (page 54).--Alexander Seymour Hooe was born in Virginia, and

graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1827. At the time of Mrs.

Kinzie's visit, he was a first lieutenant in the Fifth Infantry; he

was made a captain in July, 1838. In 1846 he was brevetted major for

gallant and distinguished conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma,

and died December 9, 1847.

41 (page 57).--Pierre Paquette, local agent of the American Fur

Company, and government interpreter. He was a French half-breed, and

attained wide reputation because of his enormous strength and his

almost despotic control over the Winnebagoes, to whom he was related.

42 (page 59).--Reference is here made to Jefferson Davis, at this time

second lieutenant in the First Infantry.

43 (page 60).--This portage was the one used by Joliet and Marquette

in their expedition towards the Mississippi in 1673, and thereafter

persistently followed as one of the chief pathways to the Mississippi,

by French, English, and Americans in turn, until the decline of the fur

trade, about 1840. A government canal now connects the two rivers at

this point; but it is seldom used, for the upper Fox is very shallow,

and the Wisconsin is beset with shifting sandbars, so that few steam

craft can now successfully navigate these waters, except at seasons of

flood.

44 (page 63).--Old Decorah (sometimes called "Grey-headed" Decorah, or

De Kauray) was a village chief of the Winnebagoes, who served in the

British campaign against Sandusky in 1813. At the time of his death,

soon after Mrs. Kinzie's visit, he was popularly alleged to be one

hundred and forty-three years old.

45 (page 64).--Robert A. Forsyth, an army paymaster, long engaged in

the Indian department. He died October 21, 1849.

46 (page 65).--Kawneeshaw (White Crow), sometimes called "The Blind,"

was a civil chief and orator of the Winnebagoes. His village was on

Lake Koshkonong. White Crow's devotion to the whites, during the Black

Hawk War, was open to suspicion; like most of his tribe, he was but a

fair-weather ally.

47 (page 65).--Dandy was the son of Black Wolf, a Winnebago village

chief. He died at Peten Well, on the Wisconsin River, near Necedah, in

1870, aged about seventy-seven years.

48 (page 71).--Stephen Hempstead, a Revolutionary soldier who had

served as a sergeant in the company of Captain Nathan Hale, moved from

Connecticut to St. Louis in 1811. His daughter Susan was married to

Henry Gratiot, a leading settler in the Wisconsin-Illinois lead region.

Hempstead had two sons, living at Galena, who attained prominence among

the pioneers of the lead region, Edward being a commission merchant and

lead-ore shipper, and Charles a lawyer of distinction. It is uncertain

as to which of these two is meant by Mrs. Kinzie.

49 (page 72).--Joseph M. Street was born in Virginia, about 1780.

Emigrating to Kentucky in 1805-6, he published the _Western World_

at Frankfort, and took a conspicuous part in political controversy.

In 1812 he became one of the first settlers of Shawnee-town. Ill. As

a result of his efforts as a Whig partisan, he obtained in 1827 an

appointment to the Winnebago Indian agency at Prairie du Chien, at a

salary of $1,200 per year, to succeed Nicholas Boilvin (see Note 27).

It was to him, as agent, that Winnebago spies delivered up Black Hawk

in 1832. In November, 1836, he was ordered to open a Sac and Fox agency

at Rock Island; and in the fall of 1837 accompanied Keokuk, Wapello,

Black Hawk, and other Indian chiefs and head men to Washington. He

died in office, May 5, 1840, at Agency City, on the Des Moines River,

Wapello County, Iowa. His military title came from a commission as

brigadier-general in the Illinois militia, which he held for a brief

period.

50 (page 75).--Yellow Thunder, a Winnebago war chief, had his winter

camp at Yellow Banks, on Fox River, about five miles below Berlin, and

his summer camp about sixteen miles above Portage, on the Wisconsin

River. In the War of 1812-15, he took part with his tribe on the side

of the British. He died near Portage, in February, 1874, at the alleged

age of over one hundred years.

51 (page 88).--Richard M. Johnson was born in Kentucky in 1780. From

1807-19 he was a member of Congress from that State. In 1813 he raised

a volunteer cavalry regiment, of which he was colonel, to serve under

General William Henry Harrison. He distinguished himself at the battle

of the Thames, and was long thought to have killed Tecumseh by his own

hand; but to this doubtful honor he was probably unentitled. Appointed

an Indian commissioner in 1814, he was early in the region of the upper

Mississippi; he is known to have been at Prairie du Chien in 1819. In

that year he left the lower house of Congress to go into the Senate,

where he served until 1829. He was then re-elected to the house, in

which he held a seat until 1837, when he was elected Vice-President of

the United States. He died in Frankfort, November 19, 1850, while a

member of the Kentucky legislature. Johnson had the reputation of being

a courageous, kind-hearted, and talented man.

52 (page 95).--Apparently a son of François Roy, a Portage fur-trader.

53 (page 102).--Lake Kegonsa, or First Lake, in the well-known Four

Lakes chain. These lakes are numbered upward, towards the headwaters.

Among early settlers they are still known by the numbers given them by

the federal surveyors; but about 1856, Lyman C. Draper, then secretary

of the Wisconsin Historical Society, gave them the Indian names which

they now bear on the maps--Kegonsa (First), Waubesa (Second), Monona

(Third), and Mendota (Fourth). A fifth lake, called Wingra, also abuts

Madison, but is not in the regular chain.

54 (page 104).--Colonel James Morrison, who had in 1828 started a

trading establishment at what was called Morrison's (or Porter's)

Grove, nine miles from Blue Mounds. Later, Morrison became one of the

first settlers of Madison, where for many years he kept a hotel.

55 (page 107).--Rev. Aratus Kent was born at Suffield, Conn., January

15, 1794, and graduated from Yale in 1816. After serving pulpits in the

East, he was, in March, 1829, assigned to Galena, Ill., by the American

Home Missionary Society, having previously asked the society "for a

place so hard that no one else would take it." He organized at Galena

the first Presbyterian church in the lead mines, and there labored

zealously until December, 1848, when he withdrew to other fields. He

died November 8, 1869.

56 (page 107).--The villages and hunting and fishing grounds of the

Indians were connected by a network of such trails through the forests

and over the prairies. Many of the most important of these were no

doubt originally made by buffalo, in their long journeys between

pastures, or in their migrations westward in advance of oncoming

settlement. The buffalo traces were followed by the Indians upon their

hunts; and the best passes over both the Alleghanies and Rockies were

first discovered and trod by these indigenous cattle. The natural

evolution has been: First the buffalo trace, then the Indian trail,

next the pioneer's path, broadened and straightened at last for wagons,

then the military road, or the plank-road, and finally the railroad.

Broadly speaking, the continent has been spanned by this means. There

are still discoverable, in isolated portions of the Middle West,

remains of a few of the most important of the old Indian trails, such

as have not been adapted into white men's roads.

57 (page 112).--William Stephen Hamilton, the sixth child of the famous

Alexander Hamilton, was born August 4, 1797. In 1814 young Hamilton

entered the West Point Military Academy, but resigned in 1817, having

received an appointment on the staff of Colonel William Rector, then

surveyor-general of Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. He appears to

have resigned after a few years of service, and sought his fortune

in what is now Wisconsin. We first hear of him in Wisconsin in 1825,

when he bought a herd of cattle in Illinois and drove them overland to

Green Bay, via Chicago, for sale to the garrison at the former place.

Two years later he appeared in the lead mines, toward which was then

a heavy emigration, and settled at and founded what is now Wiota, La

Fayette County. He at once took high rank among the mine operators

of the region. In 1827 he commanded a company of volunteers in the

Red Bird uprising, and during the Black Hawk War (1832) commanded a

company of rangers. Emigrating to California in 1850, enticed thither

by the gold excitement, he settled on a large ranch near Red Bluff,

Tehama County, where he died about 1865. At first buried upon the

ranch, his remains were later removed to Sacramento, but the exact

location of the grave is now unknown. While at Wiota he was visited by

his aged mother and one of his sisters, then residing at Washington,

D. C. By his Wisconsin contemporaries, Hamilton was ranked as a

profound thinker; but his ambition to become a member of the state

constitutional convention failed, because his views were thought to be

too aristocratic to enable him to be a wise law-maker for a frontier

commonwealth. His various business enterprises were unfortunate in

their result.

58 (page 115).--The Pecatonica River.

59 (page 118).--Buffalo Grove was a small settlement, commenced about

1827-28 by O. W. Kellogg, ten miles north from Dixon's Ferry, on the

Galena road, or Kellogg's Trail; so called, because, in 1827, Kellogg

first opened this path from Peoria to the Galena lead mines. The trail

originally crossed the Rock River a few miles above the present Dixon;

but in 1828 was diverted to the site of what at first was called

Dixon's Ferry, but later was abbreviated to Dixon's, and finally to

Dixon.

60 (page 119).--John Dixon was born in Rye, Westchester County, N. Y.,

October 9, 1784. For several years he was a tailor and clothier in

New York City; but in 1820 emigrated to the West for the benefit of

his health. Settling near Springfield, Ill., he at first held several

public offices. He went to Peoria County as recorder of deeds--Galena

and Chicago being then included in territory attached to that new

county for administrative purposes. Taking the contract, in 1828, for

carrying the mail between Peoria and Galena, he induced Joseph Ogee,

a French Canadian half-breed, to establish a ferry at the Rock River

crossing (see Note 59). But two years later he bought out Ogee and

settled at the ferry himself, trading with the Indians, speculating in

wild lands, carrying the mail, and in general taking a prominent part

in pioneer enterprises. He died at Dixon, July 9, 1876.

61 (page 121).--The most important aboriginal highway was the great Sac

trail, extending in almost an air-line across the state, from Black

Hawk's village, at the mouth of Rock River, to the south shore of

Lake Michigan, and then through Michigan to Maiden, Canada. Over this

deep-beaten path, portions of which are still visible. Black Hawk's

band made frequent visits to the British Indian agency at Maiden.

62 (page 140).--The first Fort Dearborn was built in the summer and

autumn of 1803, by a company of regulars under command of Captain

John Whistler. See description and illustration in Blanchard's _The

Northwest and Chicago_ (Chicago, 1898), vol. i, pp. 333-336. This fort

was destroyed by Indians in 1812, at the time of the massacre. A new

fort was built on the same spot in 1816. A portion of the officers'

quarters in this second fort was still in existence in 1881.

63 (page 141).--Jean Baptiste Beaubien came to Chicago in 1817, as

local agent for Conant & Mack, a Detroit firm of fur-traders. A few

months later his employers sold out to the American Fur Company,

and Beaubien was displaced. He continued to reside at Chicago,

however, where he acquired considerable property, and married Josette

Laframboise, a French Ottawa half-breed, who had worked in John

Kinzie's family before the massacre. Several descendants of this couple

still reside in Chicago.

64 (page 143).--Mark Beaubien was a brother of Jean Baptiste. The

latter induced him to come to Chicago, from Detroit, in 1826. He at

once opened a small tavern, which by 1831 had grown to the dimensions

described by Mrs. Kinzie; it was named Sauganash Hotel. Mark was the

father of twenty-three children, sixteen by his first wife and seven by

his second.

65 (page 145).--Jonathan N. Bailey was appointed postmaster of Chicago,

March 31, 1831.

Stephen Forbes opened a private school there in June, 1830, assisted by

his wife, Elvira; they taught about twenty-five scholars in the simple

branches of English.

Hurlbut, in his _Chicago Antiquities_ (1881, p. 349), says that

Kercheval was merely a clerk for Robert Kinzie, not an independent

trader.

John Stephen Coats Hogan was born in New York City, February 5, 1805,

or 1806; his father, an Irishman, was a teacher of languages in New

York, who had married a French-Canadian woman. Early in his youth, John

was adopted by a Detroit family, and upon reaching maturity went into

trade. He had arrived in Chicago as early as 1830, being that year

elected a justice of the peace. He appears to have been a partner of

the Messrs. Brewster, Detroit fur-traders, and in connection with his

business conducted the sutler's store at Fort Dearborn. In 1832, while

postmaster of Chicago, he served as a lieutenant of militia in the

Black Hawk War. He was in California in 1849, and died at Boonville,

Mo., in 1868.

William Lee was not an ordained minister; he was a blacksmith by trade,

and an exhorter of the Methodist church. He was at the Calumet as early

as 1830, for in that year he was granted a right to maintain a ferry

there; but later in the year he was listed as a voter in Chicago. Lee

was first clerk of the commissioners' court of Cook County in 1831-32.

He removed to the rapids of Root River in 1835; but subsequently went

to Iowa County, Wis., dying at Pulaski in 1858.

66 (page 146).--The name is found, with many variants, on some of the

earliest French maps. In 1718, James Logan describes it in detail, in

a communication to the English Board of Trade; and it figures on the

English maps of that period as the "land carriage of Chekakou."

67 (page 146).--Father of John H. Kinzie, the author's husband.

68 (page 150).--It was early discovered by the French traders that a

strong current encircles Lake Michigan, going south along the west

shore, and returning northward along the east shore. For this reason

boats usually followed the Wisconsin bank up, and the Michigan bank

down.

69 (page 197).--Billy Caldwell (Sauganash), an educated half-breed, and

in his later years a leading chief of the united Ottawas, Chippewas,

and Pottawattomies, was private secretary to Tecumseh at the council of

Greenville. In 1816 he was a captain in the British Indian department;

in 1826 a justice of the peace in Chicago; in 1832 an efficient friend

of the whites during the Black Hawk War, yet nevertheless devoted to

the interests of his people. He died at Council Bluffs in 1841, still

claiming to be a British subject.

Alexander Robinson was a Pottawattomie chief, much respected by the

whites. He long lived at Casenovia, on the Desplaines River, about

twelve miles north-west of Chicago.

Shaubena (Shabonee, Shaubeenay, etc.), was an Ottawa by parentage,

being born on the Kankakee River in what is now Will County, Ill.

He married into the Pottawattomie tribe, and became its principal

chief. He aided Tecumseh, and was in the Thames battle; but thereafter

devoted his energies to preserving peace between the races. As a

consequence, he greatly angered hostile chiefs, and in 1827 was for a

time a prisoner in the camp of Big Foot, the Pottawattomie chief at

Big Foot Lake (now Lake Geneva). During the Black Hawk War, Shaubena

was successful in keeping the majority of the Pottawattomies and

Winnebagoes from active participation, thereby rendering very valuable

service to the white settlers. He frequently visited Washington on

business for his tribe, and always received marked attention both there

and in the West. Shaubena died at his home on the Illinois River, two

miles above Seneca, July 17, 1859, aged eighty-four years.

70 (page 200).--Reference is here made to the treaty concluded at

St. Louis, August 24, 1816, with "the united tribes of the Ottawas,

Chippewas, and Pottawattomies, residing on the Illinois and Melwakee

rivers and their waters, and on the southwestern parts of Lake

Michigan."

71 (page 200).--Treaties were held with the Pottawattomies in 1836,

at Turkey Creek (March 26), Tippecanoe River (March 29 and April 11),

Indian Agency (April 22), Yellow River (August 5), and Chippewanaung

(September 20-23). The principal object of all was to secure the

emigration of the tribe to the west of the Mississippi within two years.

72 (page 200).--In 1827, Congress granted alternate sections of land

for six miles on each side of the line to aid in building the canal

between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. One of these alternates

was section 9, town 39 north, range 13 east, embracing what is now

the Chicago business center. In 1830, the canal commissioners--Doctor

Jayne, Edmund Roberts, and Charles Dunn--proceeded to lay out a town

site upon this section; they employed for this purpose James Thompson,

a St. Louis surveyor; his plat covered about three-eighths of the

square mile. These commissioners named the original streets. The

north and south streets they called State, Dearborn, Clark, La Salle,

Wells, Franklin, Market, Canal, Clinton, Jefferson, and Desplaines;

the east and west streets named by them were Kinzie, Carroll, Water,

Lake, Randolph, Washington, and Madison. Many lots were sold at auction

in the first year, prices running from sixty to two hundred dollars.

The section immediately south was No. 16---the section granted by

the general government in every township as an endowment for public

education. Many wise citizens desired this school section reserved

from sale until neighboring settlement had brought up the price; but

land speculators secured the early sale of the lots, and the resulting

educational endowment was meager.

73 (page 202).--Martin Scott was born in Vermont, and entered the

army as a second lieutenant in 1814. In 1828 he was commissioned

captain of the Fifth Infantry, the post he was filling at the time of

which our author speaks. He was made major of his regiment in June,

1846, in recognition of gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la

Palma; in September following he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for

notable services in the several conflicts at Monterey, and was killed

September 8, 1847, in the battle of Molino del Rey. Captain Scott was

an eccentric character, of the misanthropic type, well known throughout

the country as an expert marksman; he had obtained his training among

the sharpshooters of the Green Mountains. His devotion to the chase

partook of the nature of a craze. At the various posts where he was

stationed, he maintained numerous kennels for his blooded dogs; those

at Fort Howard were pagoda-shaped, and presented so striking an

appearance that the little village of dog-houses was popularly styled

"Scott's four-legged brigade quarters."

74 (page 211).--Sir John Johnson, son and heir of the celebrated Sir

William. When a mere boy, during the Revolutionary War, he led the

Mohawks in forays against the New York settlers. After the war he was

made superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America,

and a colonel in the militia of Lower Canada. He died at Montreal,

January 4, 1830, with the rank of major-general.

75 (page 227) The troops were withdrawn from Fort Dearborn May 20,

1831; the post was re-occupied June 17, 1832, on account of the Black

Hawk uprising.

76 (page 238).--This is the Fox River of the Illinois; not to be

confounded with the Fox River of Green Bay.

77 (page 246).--Amos Foster was born in New Hampshire, and was

appointed second lieutenant in the Second Infantry, July 1, 1828. While

stationed at Fort Howard he was killed by a private soldier named

Doyle, February 7, 1832. The details of the tragedy are given by our

author upon pp. 341-343, _post_.

78 (page 249). [TN: Note 78 missing from this edition.]

79 (page 251).--The site of Beloit, Wis. This was a favorite camp of

the Turtle band of Winnebagoes.

80 (page 252).--Reference is here made to the fact that for several

weeks, in 1832, Black Hawk's party of Sac refugees dwelt upon the

shores of Lake Koshkonong. Some interesting prehistoric earthworks

surround the lake, showing that its banks were populated with

aborigines from the earliest times.

81 (page 256).--See Note 53.

82 (page 259).--See Note 24.

83 (page 260).--See Andrew J. Turner's "History of Fort Winnebago," in

_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. xiv; it contains illustrations

of the fort, the Indian Agency, etc., and portraits of several of the

principal military officers.

84 (page 266).--Reverend Samuel Carlo Mazzuchelli was born in Milan,

Italy, November 4, 1807, of an old and wealthy family. Becoming a

Dominican friar, he emigrated to Cincinnati in 1828, and two years

later was stationed at Mackinac. Being appointed commissary-general of

his order in the country west of Lake Michigan, he devoted ten years to

constant travel through what are now Wisconsin and Iowa, establishing

churches and schools. In 1843 he revisited Italy to raise funds for

an academy at Sinsinawa Mound, Wis.; seven years later this developed

into the provincial house of the Sisters of St. Dominic. The rest of

his life was spent as teacher here, and as parish priest for the large

neighborhood. He died in 1864, as the result of responding to distant

sick-calls. Mazzuchelli was a man of broad, generous temperament, and

in every way a worthy pioneer of the cross. In 1844 he published at

Milan, a now rare volume devoted to his experiences in the American

wilderness.

85 (page 269).--See Note 44.

86 (page 272).--See Note 41.

87 (page 273).--By the treaty of November 3, 1804, the Sacs and Foxes,

for the paltry sum of $1,000, ceded to the United States Government

50,000,000 acres of land in what are now Missouri, Illinois, and

Wisconsin; this tract included the lead region. Unfortunately, the

Indians were given permission to remain in the ceded territory until

the lands were sold to settlers. This privilege was the seed of the

Black Hawk War. Most of the Sac and Fox villages moved to the west

of the Mississippi River during the first quarter of the century.

Black Hawk's band, living at the mouth of Rock River, alone remained.

Settlement gradually encroached on them, and squatters sought to

oust the Indians from the alluvial river-bottom. Black Hawk did not

consider the squatters as legitimate settlers, and when they persisted

for several seasons in destroying his cornfields, stealing his crops,

and physically maltreating his people, he threatened vengeance. This

led, in 1831, to Governor John Reynolds, of Illinois, calling out

the militia, and in June making a demonstration before Black Hawk's

village. The Sacs thereupon withdrew to the west of the Mississippi,

and promised to remain there. But discouraged by lack of food, and

encouraged by promise of help from the Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies

of Illinois, Black Hawk recrossed the river at Yellow Banks, below

Rock Island, on April 6, 1832. Governor Reynolds again called out

the militia, and secured the aid of United States troops from Fort

Armstrong. The Black Hawk War ensued, ending disastrously for the Sac

leader and his people.

88 (page 274).--French-Canadian _patois_, so called, is but the

seventeenth-century speech of Normandy and Brittany, with some local

color derived from the Indians and the new conditions of the frontier.

It is a mistake to term this survival a rude dialect, as is so often

done by those English-speaking people who have learned only the modern

and somewhat artificial French of Paris and the Academy.

89 (page 275).--See Note 20.

90 (page 281).--Mrs. Kinzie here corrects a popular misconception

regarding the division of labor in an aboriginal household. In a

primitive stage, the Indian male of proper age and normal strength

devoted himself to the chase, to war, and the council, leaving to the

females the care of the household, which included the cultivation of

crops and the carrying of burdens. Aiding the females were those males

who were too young, or otherwise incapacitated for the arduous duties

of the warrior; also, slaves taken or bought from other tribes. Before

whites or strangers of their own race, the Indian warrior disdained to

be seen at menial occupations; but in the privacy of his own people he

not infrequently assisted his women.

91 (page 285).--See Note 27.

92 (page 303).--Daniel Whitney arrived at Green Bay in 1816, and was

the founder of Navarino (1830), on the site of the modern city of Green

Bay. He conducted an extensive fur trade in Wisconsin and Minnesota,

built numerous sawmills on Wisconsin waters, developed the shot-making

industry at Helena, Wis., and in many fields was one of the most

enterprising pioneers of Wisconsin.

Miss Henshaw was a sister of Mrs. Whitney.

Miss Brush was visiting her relative, Charles Brush, a resident of

Green Bay.

93 (page 305).--Colonel Samuel C. Stambaugh was Indian agent at

Green Bay in 1831-32. He had been a country newspaper publisher in

Pennsylvania, and received the office as a reward for political

services. The Senate refused confirmation of his appointment, and he

was withdrawn from the agency. He however served the department for

four or five years more as a special agent, when he retired from public

employment.

94 (page 306).--The name De Pere comes from _rapides des pères_,

referring to the early Jesuit mission (1671-87), at this the first

obstruction in ascending the Fox River. The modern manufacturing city

of De Pere lies on both sides of the rapids, about four miles above the

city of Green Bay. A memorial tablet of bronze was dedicated by the

Wisconsin Historical Society on the site of Father Allouez's mission at

De Pere, in September, 1899.

95 (page 307).--See Note 30.

96 (page 307).--Grand Butte des Morts, above Lake Winnebago, is meant;

the party had gone overland from Green Bay, and struck across country

to the south-west of Doty's Island.

James Knaggs was a Pottawattomie half-breed, who in 1835 became

ferryman, tavern-keeper, and fur-trader in a small way at Coon's Point,

Algoma, now in the city limits of Oshkosh. This was the year before the

arrival of Webster Stanley, the first white settler of Oshkosh.

97 (page 312).--Bellefontaine was the name of a farm and wayside tavern

owned by Pierre Paquette, the Portage half-breed fur-trader. At this

farm the specialty was live-stock, as Paquette had the government

contract for supplying most of the beef and horses to the Winnebago

tribe.

98 (page 314).--Doctor William Beaumont was an army surgeon. While

stationed at Mackinac, in 1822, he was called to treat a young man

named Alexis St. Martin, who had received a gunshot wound in his left

side. The wound healed, but there remained a fistulous opening into

the stomach, two and a half inches in diameter, through which Beaumont

could watch the process of digestion. His experiments regarding the

digestibility of different kinds of food, and the properties of the

gastric juice, were continued through several years--indeed, until

Beaumont's death (1853); but the first publication of results was made

in 1833, and at once gave Beaumont an international reputation among

scientists. Through several years, Beaumont (who resigned from the army

in 1839) was stationed at Fort Crawford, where many of his experiments

were conducted.

99 (page 318).--Joseph Crélie was the father-in-law of Pierre Paquette.

He had been a _voyageur_ and small fur-trader at Prairie du Chien as

early as 1791, and in the early coming of the whites (about 1836)

obtained much notoriety from claiming to be of phenomenal age. He died

at Caledonia, Wis., in 1865, at a time when he asserted himself to be

one hundred and thirty years old; but a careful inquiry has resulted in

establishing his years at one hundred.

100 (page 318).--General Henry Atkinson, in charge of the regular

troops in the pursuit of Black Hawk (1832), had followed the Sac leader

to Lake Koshkonong. On the night of July 1 he commenced throwing up

breastworks at the junction of the Bark with the Rock River. These were

surmounted by a stockade. The rude fort was soon abandoned in the chase

of Black Hawk to the west; but the site was chosen in 1836 for the home

of the first settler of the modern city of Fort Atkinson, Wis.

101 (page 321).--Now called Baraboo River.

102 (page 322).--David Hunter, a native of the District of Columbia,

was then first lieutenant in the Fifth Infantry. He became captain of

the First Dragoons in 1833, and was made major and paymaster in 1842.

On the outbreak of the War of Secession he was at first appointed

colonel of the Sixth Cavalry; but later, in 1861, was commissioned as

major-general of volunteers. Because of gallant and meritorious service

in the battle of Piedmont, and during the campaign in the Valley of

Virginia, he was brevetted major-general. He retired from the service

in July, 1866.

103 (page 323).--Charles Gratiot, the father of Henry, was born in

Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1753, the child of refugee Huguenots from

La Rochelle, France. Trained to mercantile life in London, he came to

America when not yet of age, and opened a trading-post at Mackinac,

visiting Green Bay and Prairie du Chien as early as 1770. He was a

wide traveler by canoe through the heart of the continent. In 1774 he

opened establishments at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and very materially

aided General George Rogers Clark with influence and fortune, in the

latter's celebrated expeditions for the capture of the Northwest. One

of his four sons was Henry, to whom our author refers. Henry became a

leader in the development of the Wisconsin-Illinois lead mines, and was

for many years Indian agent in that district, doing good service as

such in the Red Bird (1827) and Black Hawk (1832) uprisings. He died in

Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1836.

104 (page 328).--The term "pipe" was of more general application than

this, among _voyageurs_. It referred to the occasional stoppage of

work, in rowing, when pipes would be refilled, and perhaps other

refreshment taken. A canoe voyage along the lakes and rivers of the

West was measured by "pipes," which of course were more numerous going

against the current than with it. In the same manner a portage trail

was measured by the number of "pauses" necessary for resting; a rough

path having more such than a smooth, level trail.

105 (page 330).--Such huge flights of wild doves were still

occasionally to be seen in Wisconsin until about 1878. The present

writer has seen them, especially about 1868, in flocks of such size

as to darken the sun, as at a total eclipse; large fields in which

they would settle would seem to be solid masses of birds; and at night

they would roost upon trees in such numbers as to break the branches.

Farmers and pot-hunters easily killed great numbers with long sticks,

either as they rested upon the trees, or rose from the ground in

clouds, when disturbed.

106 (page 333).--See Note 31.

107 (page 337).--See Note 15.

108 (page 339).--This was during the Black Hawk War (1832). The

fleeing Sacs were retreating up Rock River, to the north-east, and

made a stand on Lake Koshkonong. The people at Green Bay were without

definite information regarding the fugitives, and their number and

capacity to do harm were greatly exaggerated. It was supposed that

they would continue going to the north-east, and seek an outlet

to Lake Michigan at Green Bay. This threw the people of the lower

valley of the Fox River into a panic, which was no less real because

ludicrous in character. See the diary during this flurry, of Cutting

Marsh, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in _Wisconsin Historical

Collections_, vol. xv.

109 (page 340).--General Winfield Scott had been ordered to the seat of

the Black Hawk War by way of the Great Lakes, with reinforcements for

Atkinson. Cholera among his troops had detained him first at Detroit,

then at Chicago, and lastly at Rock Island. Nearly one-fourth of his

force of a thousand regulars died with the pestilence.

110 (page 342).--Nathan Clark entered the army in 1813, as a second

lieutenant, and became a captain in the Fifth Infantry in 1824--the

rank he held at the time alluded to by Mrs. Kinzie. He was brevetted

major in 1834, for ten years' faithful service in one grade, and died

February 18, 1836. His daughter, now Mrs. Charlotte Ouisconsin Van

Cleve, is the author of a book of reminiscences, which covers much

of the ground traversed by Mrs. Kinzie, _Three Score Years and Ten_

(Minneapolis, 1888).

111 (page 343).--See Note 73.

112 (page 343).--Major Henry Dodge, afterward first territorial

governor of Wisconsin, was, during the Black Hawk War, in charge of the

Michigan militia west of Lake Michigan. Generals James D. Henry and M.

K. Alexander were in charge of brigades of Illinois volunteers. The

combined army of regulars and volunteers had followed Black Hawk to

Lake Koshkonong. While encamped there, Henry, Alexander, and Dodge had

been despatched (July 10) to Fort Winnebago for much needed provisions,

it being the nearest supply point. While they were absent, the fugitive

Sacs fled westward to the Wisconsin River. The troops followed on a hot

trail, and July 21 there ensued the battle of Wisconsin Heights, near

Prairie du Sac. Black Hawk, with sadly diminished forces, continued

his flight to the Mississippi; where, near the mouth of the Bad Ax,

occurred (August 1 and 2) the final battle of the war.

113 (page 345).--Site of the modern city of Appleton, Wis.

114 (page 349).--During the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a large party

of non-combatants in Black Hawk's party, composed mainly of women,

children, and old men, were sent down the Wisconsin River on a large

raft and in canoes borrowed from the Winnebagoes. A detachment of

regulars, sent out from Fort Crawford, fired into this party and killed

and captured many. The few who could escape to the woods were afterward

massacred by the band of Menomonee Indians of whom Mrs. Kinzie speaks;

the contingent had been organized in the neighborhood of Green Bay, by

Colonel Samuel C. Stambaugh, former Indian agent. This was the only

exploit in which Stambaugh's expedition participated, for the war was

practically ended before it arrived on the scene of action.

115 (page 353).--This refers to the so-called "battle of the Bad Ax"

(see last clause of Note 112). Black Hawk endeavored to surrender, but

the party of regulars on the steamer "Warrior" disregarded his white

flag, and he was caught between the land forces under Atkinson and the

fire of the steamer. The Indians were shot down like rats in a trap;

and those who finally managed to swim across the Mississippi, under

cover of the islands, were set upon by the Sioux, who had been inspired

to this slaughter by the authorities at Fort Crawford. The Black Hawk

War, from beginning to end, is a serious blot on the history of our

Indian relations.

116 (page 353).--General Hugh Brady, then colonel of the Second

Infantry. He had been brevetted brigadier-general in 1822, for ten

years' faithful service in one grade; and was brevetted major-general

in 1848 for meritorious conduct. Brady led the 450 regulars, upon the

trail of Black Hawk, from Wisconsin Heights to the Bad Ax.

117 (page 354).--May 14, 1832, Black Hawk and fifty or sixty of his

head men were encamped near the mouth of Sycamore Creek, a tributary

of the Rock River. Toward sunset of that day, there appeared, three

miles down the Rock, two battalions of Illinois volunteer troops, a

total of 341 men, under Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey. The

whites had unlimbered for a night in camp, when three Indians appeared

with a white flag, messengers from Black Hawk, who tells us in his

autobiography that he wished at the time to offer to meet General

Atkinson in council, with a view to peaceful withdrawal to the west

of the Mississippi. The troopers, many of whom were in liquor, slew

two of the messengers, the third running back to warn Black Hawk. That

astute warrior drew up twenty-five securely mounted braves behind a

fringe of bushes, and when the whites appeared in disorderly array

fired one volley at them, and rushed forward with the war-whoop. The

troopers turned and fled in consternation, galloping madly toward their

homes, carrying the news that Black Hawk and two thousand blood-thirsty

warriors were raiding northern Illinois. Sycamore Creek was thereafter

known as Stillman's Run.

118 (page 354).--August 27, 1832, two Winnebago braves, Chætar and

One-Eyed Decorah, delivered up Black Hawk and his Prophet to the

Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, Joseph M. Street (see Note 49). The

fugitives had been found at the dalles of the Wisconsin River, above

Kilbourn City.

119 (page 355).--Edgar M. Lacey, a native of New York, was at this time

second lieutenant in the Second Infantry; he was commissioned first

lieutenant in 1835, and captain in 1838. From 1831-38 he served at

Forts Winnebago (Portage) and Crawford (Prairie du Chien). He died at

the latter post, April 2, 1839, aged thirty-two years.

120 (page 357).--Red Bird, a Winnebago village chief, was the leader

of what in Wisconsin history is indifferently called "The Winnebago

War," or "Red Bird's uprising," in 1827. The United States troops,

having quelled the disturbance, proposed to wreak summary vengeance on

the entire tribe unless it gave up the two principal offenders. Red

Bird and a brave named Wekau, who had escaped to the wilderness. The

two men voluntarily surrendered themselves to Major William Whistler,

at the Fox-Wisconsin portage, in July of that year. Red Bird's conduct

on this occasion was particularly brave and picturesque, and he won

the admiration of the troops. He was confined at Prairie du Chien,

and given ample opportunity to escape, for the military authorities

did not know what to do with him; but he proudly refused to break his

parole. After a few months he died from an epidemic then prevalent in

the village, and thus greatly relieved his unwilling jailers.

121 (page 358).--General George B. Porter, of Pennsylvania, was

appointed governor of Michigan Territory in 1831, to succeed Lewis

Cass. He died in office, in July, 1834.

122 (page 359).--See Note 17.

123 (page 360).--Joseph C. Plymton was a native of Massachusetts, and

at this time a captain in the Second Infantry, but held the brevet of

major for ten years' faithful service in one grade. His commission as

major came in 1840; he was made lieutenant-colonel in 1846, and colonel

in 1853; he died on Staten Island, June 5, 1860. Plymton won notice for

gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Contreras.

124 (page 366).--Apparently Camillus C. Daviess, of Kentucky, a second

lieutenant of the Fifth Infantry. He became a first lieutenant in 1836,

and resigned in 1838.

125 (page 366).--Enos Cutler, born at Brookfield, Mass., November 1,

1781, graduated at Brown University at the age of nineteen, was tutor

there a year, and then studied law in Cincinnati. He entered the army

in 1808 as lieutenant, was promoted to a captaincy in 1810, serving

through the War of 1812 as assistant adjutant-general and assistant

inspector-general; major in 1814; served under General Jackson in the

Creek War and on the Seminole campaign; made lieutenant-colonel in

1826; colonel in 1836; resigning in 1839, and dying at Salem, Mass.,

July 14, 1860.

126 (page 379).--Horatio Phillips Van Cleve, of New Jersey, was at

this time a brevet second lieutenant of the Second Infantry; he was

regularly commissioned as such in 1834. In 1836 he resigned from

the army to become a civil engineer in Michigan. During the War of

Secession he went out as colonel of the Second Minnesota, was severely

wounded at Stone River, but recovered and served with distinction until

the close of the war, retiring with the rank of major-general. In 1836

he married Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark, daughter of Major Nathan Clark

(see Note 110). Mrs. Van Cleve, who is still living (1901), was born at

Fort Crawford in 1819, and is said to have been the first woman of pure

white blood born within the present limits of Wisconsin.

127 (page 384).--See Note 55.

128 (page 387).--Major Thomas Forsyth, who had been a fur-trader on

Saginaw Bay, at Chicago, on an island in the Mississippi near Quincy,

and at Peoria, was appointed government Indian agent for the Illinois

district at the outbreak of the War of 1812-15. His headquarters were

at Peoria. At the close of the war he was appointed agent for the

Sacs and Foxes, resigning just previous to the Black Hawk War (1832).

Forsyth rendered valuable service to the government while Indian agent,

and has left behind many valuable MS. reports, of great interest to

historical students; a large share of these are in the archives of the

Wisconsin Historical Society.

INDEX

Abbott, Samuel, of American Fur Company, 10, 395.

Agatha, daughter of Decorah, 369-371;

her sad story, 372-375.

Agency City, Iowa, Street at, 404;

treaty of 1836, 409.

Albach, James R., _Annals of the West_, 155.

Alexander, Gen. Milton K., in Black Hawk War, 343, 416.

Algoma, Wis., Knaggs at, 413.

Alleghany Mountains, discovery of passes, 405, 406.

Allen, Col. George W., has negro servant, 193.

Allouez, Father Claude, Jesuit missionary, at De Pere, 413.

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, operations in

Wisconsin, 401.

American Bureau of Ethnology, publications of, 402.

American Fur Company, at Mackinac, 6-10, 150, 393-395;

at Fort Winnebago, 66, 326, 327, 336, 337, 403;

Fisher's agency, 398;

John Kinzie's agency, xvi;

John H. Kinzie's agency, xvi, xvii, 42-45;

Rolette's agency, 17-19;

absorbs Conant & Mack, 407.

American Home Missionary Society, sends out Kent, 405.

Appleton, Wis., Mrs. Kinzie at site of, 35, 416.

Atkinson, Gen. Henry, in Black Hawk War, 315, 318, 344, 414-417.

Arkansas, early land surveys, 406.

Armstrong, Mrs. ----, tavern keeper, 351.

Arndt, Hamilton, freighter, 58, 69, 70, 305, 306.

Arndt, John P., Green Bay tavern keeper, 14, 396;

at a hop, 23, 24.

Arndt, Mrs. John P., tavern keeper, 14, 15, 48.

Astor, John Jacob, establishes American Fur Company, 393, 394.

Astoria, founded, 393;

fall of, 394.

Auberry (Aubrey), William, killed in Black Hawk War, 317, 318.

Aux Plaines. See River Desplaines.

Bailey, Maj. David, raided by Black Hawk, 417.

Bailey, Jonathan N., Chicago postmaster, 145, 408.

Bailly, Joseph, fur-trade clerk, 395.

Baird, Elizabeth Thérèse, entertains Mrs. Kinzie, 22;

sketch, 398, 399;

"Reminiscences," xix, 395.

Baird, Henry S., Green Bay lawyer, 22, 398.

Baptists, family servant, 376.

Barclay, Commodore Robert H., British naval officer, 194.

Baye des Puans (Puants). See Green Bay.

Beall, Lieut. ----, in Black Hawk War, 316.

Beall, Samuel W., Green Bay resident, 399.

Beall, Mrs. Samuel W., at Green Bay hop, 23, 24;

sketch, 399.

Bear, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Beaubien, ----, death of, 201.

Beaubien, Jean Baptiste, Chicago resident, 141;

sketch, 407.

Beaubien, Mrs. Jean Baptiste, in Chicago massacre, 171.

Beaubien, Mark, residence of, 143; sketch, 407;

portrait, 144.

Beaubien, Medard, hunting, 201;

at a ball, 228-230.

Beaumont, Dr. William, at Fort Crawford, 314;

sketch, 413.

Beaver, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Bee trees, at Piché's, 134.

Beloit, Wis., Mrs. Kinzie at, 411.

Bell, ----, early constable, 28.

Bellaire, ----, engagé, 371.

Bellaire, Madame ----, wife of foregoing, 369-371.

Bellefontaine, wayside tavern, 60, 351, 413;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 308, 309, 312.

Berthelet, ----, fur trader, 151, 152.

Bertrand (Parc aux Vaches), in Chicago massacre, 171.

Biddle, Edward, marries Indian girl, 10, 395.

Biddle, Nicholas, educates Sophia Biddle, 395.

Big Foot, Pottawattomie chief, 247-250;

imprisons Shaubena, 409;

view of village, 250.

Bisson, Mrs. ----, befriends Mrs. Helm, 182-185.

Blackbird, A. J., _History of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians_, 393.

Black Hawk, Sac headman, opposes land cession, 389, 391, 392;

uprising of, 272, 273, 407, 411, 414, 416, 417;

capture of, 404, 417;

portrait, 354.

See also, Black Hawk War.

Black Hawk War, causes of, 411, 412;

murder of St. Vrain, 116;

Stillman's Run, 354;

at Lake Koshkonong, 411, 414, 415;

battle of Wisconsin Heights, 344, 354, 416;

battle of Bad Ax, 353, 354, 416;

effect at Fort Winnebago, 363, 364;

scare at Green Bay, 375;

Stambaugh's expedition, 349;

Winnebagoes in, 65, 404;

Gratiot's services, 414;

Hamilton's operations, 406;

Scott's movements, 415;

Pottawattomies in, 409;

Hogan in, 408;

Street's services, 404;

comments on, 416;

Mrs. Kinzie's account, 314-371;

Thomas Forsyth's account, 387-392.

Black Jim, a negro servant, 180, 193.

Black Partridge, Pottawattomie chief, in Chicago massacre, 169, 174, 175,

182-184, 189, 190;

illustration of return of medal, 168.

Black Wolf, Winnebago chief, 80, 321, 404.

Blanchard, Rufus, _The Northwest and Chicago_, 407.

Blue Mounds, near Morrison's, 405;

Kinzies at, 103, 104;

in Black Hawk War, 318.

Boilvin, Nicholas, Indian agent and justice, 28, 285;

removed, 404;

sketch, 400.

Boisvert, ----, Green Bay habitan, 27, 28.

Bourgeois, meaning of term, 28, 394.

Brush, Miss ----, sister of Charles, 412;

accompanies Kinzies, 303, 304.

Brush, Charles, Green Bay resident, 386, 412.

Bradley, Capt. Hezekiah, erects Fort Dearborn II, 140.

Brady, Gen. Hugh, in Black Hawk War, 353;

sketch, 416, 417.

Brewster, Messrs., fur traders, 408.

Brothertown Indians, move to Wisconsin, 401;

visited by Mrs. Kinzie, 333-336.

Brown, Henry, _History of Illinois_, 155.

Brown County, Wis., early court of, 402.

Buffalo, hunted by Indians, 405, 406.

Buffalo Grove, Ill., settled, 406;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 118.

Burnett, ----, fur trader, 180.

Burns, ----, in Chicago massacre, 155, 159.

Burns, Mrs. ----, held captive by Indians, 188, 189.

Butte des Morts, Grand, legend of, 52;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 48-53, 307-309, 328-330, 413;

Doty at, 25.

Butte des Morts, Petit, description and tradition, 401, 402;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 40, 349.

Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, founds Detroit, 396.

Cadle, Richard Fish, mission school, 275;

greets Mrs. Kinzie, 20;

sketch, 398.

Cadle, Sarah, at Green Bay mission school, 398;

greets Mrs. Kinzie, 20.

Cahokia, Ill., Charles Gratiot at, 414.

Caldwell, Billy (the Sauganash), Pottawattomie chief, 144;

befriends whites, 184, 197, 249;

hunting, 201;

accompanies Kinzies, 234-238;

sketch, 408, 409.

Caledonia, Wis., Crélie at, 414.

Calumet County, Wis., Stockbridges in, 401.

Camp Smith, established, 396, 397;

site of Cadle mission, 398.

Canada, Sac trail to, from Mississippi River, 121.

Canadian boat songs, 23-30, 56, 327, 400.

Canadian voyageurs, 150-154.

Carlisle, Pa., settlement of, 207.

Casenovia, Ill., Alexander Robinson at, 409.

Cass, Lewis, tour to sources of Mississippi, 2, 27, 397;

superintendent of Indians, xvii, 44, 146;

governor of Michigan Territory, 399, 418;

in Winnebago War, 319.

Cass, Mrs. Lewis, advises Mrs. Kinzie, 27, 399.

Catherine, a servant, 356.

Catholics, at Mackinac, 9, 395.

See also, Jesuits and Mazzuchelli.

Caxton Club, republishes _Wau-Bun_, xx.

Chætar, a Winnebago, 417.

Chambers, Col. Talbot, completes Fort Howard, 397.

Champlain, Samuel de, sends Nicolet to Wisconsin, 403.

Chandonnai, John B., fur trade clerk, 179, 186, 188.

Charlotte, a Winnebago woman, 267, 268.

Chekakou. See Chicago.

Chequamegon Bay, Marquette driven from, 396.

Chicago, origin of name, 145, 146;

on early maps, 408;

map of portage, 146;

early voyages to, 1;

early French at, 146;

arrival of Kinzie family, xvi, 138, 139;

John Kinzie's career, 146-150;

the massacre (1812), 155-191;

return of John Kinzie (1816), 197;

burial of massacre victims, 197;

bas-reliefs from massacre monument, 168, 172, 174, 176;

Indian agency, 197, 227;

trail from Dixon's, 117, 121;

from Piché's, 132;

from Portage, 108;

John H. Kinzie at, xvii, xviii, 92-139, 150, 385, 386;

historical relation to Kinzie family, xviii;

town site platted, 200, 409, 410;

Kinzie's Addition platted, 204, 205, 376;

conditions in 1831, 140-145, 197-205;

early postal arrangements, 198, 304, 408;

early sermon, 203, 204;

Methodists at, 408;

early school, 408;

express from Fort Winnebago, 91, 369;

early marketing, 197, 198;

cattle for Fort Howard, 406;

currant bushes from, 277;

ferries, 143, 408;

taverns, 143, 407;

ball at Hickory Creek, 227-230;

fur trade, 408, 419;

early publishing, xviii;

Beaubiens at, 407;

Billy Caldwell at, 409;

Pottawattomie cession, 200;

cholera at, 415;

land grant for canal, 409, 410;

Wright's Woods, 202;

in Peoria County, 407;

site claimed by Wisconsin, 397;

view in 1820, 140;

in 1831, 142;

map of 1830, 142;

Historical Society furnishes illustrations, xvi, 142, 144, 146, 156,

198, 228;

Mrs. Kinzie's _Narrative of Massacre_, xviii, xix.

See also, Fort Dearborn and Fur Trade.

Chillicothe, Ohio, McKenzie girls at, xiv, xv.

Chippewanaung, treaty of 1836, 409.

Chippewa Indians, French appelation of, 52;

language, 32, 68, 264, 355;

relations to English, 7;

treaty of 1816, 388, 409;

Billy Caldwell, 408, 409;

in Black Hawk War, 320, 329, 351;

met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32;

Blackbird's _History_, 393.

Cholera, in Black Hawk War, 340, 355, 356, 415.

Chouteau, Auguste, treats with Sacs, 388.

Chouteau, Pierre, sr., treats with Sacs, 388.

Christman, ----, a soldier, 37, 38, 41, 273, 274.

Clark, ----, marries Elizabeth McKenzie, xv.

Clark, Charlotte Ouisconsin, marries Lieut. Van Cleve, 418.

See also, Mrs. H. P. Van Cleve.

Clark, Gen. George Rogers, captures Vincennes, 399.

Clark, Maj. Nathan, at Fort Howard, 342, 343;

Fort Crawford, 418;

sketch, 415.

Clark, Gov. William, treats with Sacs, 388, 390, 391.

Clay, Henry, visits Winnebagoes, 65.

Clybourn, Archibald, Chicago resident, 144.

Clybourn, Jonas, marries Elizabeth McKenzie, xvi.

Conant & Mack, fur traders, 407.

Cook County, Ill., commissioners' court, 408.

Cooke & Co., D. B., publish _Wau-Bun_, xix.

Cooper, Fenimore, novelist, 399.

Corbin, Mrs. Phelim, heroism of, 178.

Corn (maize), grown by Northwest Indians, 7, 8.

Corn Planter (Big White Man), Seneca chief, 209, 211, 215-223.

Council Bluffs, Iowa, Billy Caldwell at, 409.

Courtes-oreilles. See Ottawa Indians.

Courville, Florence, at Sunday school, 274, 275.

Crélie (Crély), Joseph, Green Bay habitan, 27, 28;

in Black Hawk War, 318;

sketch, 414.

Croghan, Col. George, attacks Mackinac Island, 395.

Crooks, Ramsay, expedition from Astoria, 393.

Cross Village. See L'Arbre Croche.

Cuivre Settlement, Indian murder at, 387.

Currie, ----, hospital steward, 369-371.

Cut Nose (Elizabeth), a Winnebago woman, 269-271, 385.

Cutler, Col. Enos, at Fort Winnebago, 366, 367, 380;

sketch, 418.

Dakotan Indians, Winnebagoes are offshoots from, 403.

Dandy, son of Black Wolf, 404.

Dandy, Winnebago chief, 65, 66.

Davenport, George, purchases Sac Lands, 390, 391.

David, negro servant, 90, 327, 354.

Daviess, Lieut. Camillus C., at Fort Winnebago, 366;

sketch, 418.

Davis, Lieut. Jefferson, at Fort Winnebago, 59, 70, 403.

Dean, John, sutler at Fort Dearborn, 141, 145.

De Charme, ----, Michigan fur trader, 167.

Decorah, Grey-headed (Old), Winnebago chief, 63, 64, 88, 89, 382;

sketch, 403;

his mother, 278-280;

his daughter, 381, 382.

Decorah, One-Eyed, a Winnebago, 417;

captures Black Hawk, 354.

Decorah, Rascal, his daughter Agatha, 369-375.

Decorah (Day-kau-ray) family, Winnebagoes, 269, 270, 372-374.

Deer, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

De Langlade, Charles, first white settler in Wisconsin, 398, 400.

De Langlade, Louise Domitilde, marries Pierre Grignon, 400.

Delaware (Lenapé) Indians, friends of whites, 206, 207, 211.

De Ligney, ----, letter to De Siette, 146.

De Pere, Wis., origin of name, 413;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 306.

Derby & Jackson, publish _Wau-Bun_, xix.

De Siette, ----, letter from De Ligney, 146.

Detroit, founded by Cadillac, 396;

Jesuit mission, 12, 396;

Récollets at, 396;

massacre, 323;

Lytles, 223;

John Kinzie, xiv, xv, 148, 181, 186;

Kinzies, xvi, xvii, 1, 2, 26, 28, 44, 167, 262, 278, 304, 385, 386;

Mackenzies, xiii, xv;

Réaume, 399;

surrendered by Hull, 162, 192;

under English control, 188, 192-196, 224;

lake schooner from, 227;

early wagon from, 231;

cholera at, 340, 345;

Mark Beaubien, 407;

Doty, 397;

Hogan, 408;

Robert Stuart, 393, 394.

Dickenson's, gossip at, 304;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 337.

Dixon, John, founder of Dixon, Ill., 406;

entertains Kinzies, 119-121;

sketch, 407.

Dixon, Mrs. John, entertains Kinzies, 118-121.

Dixon, Ill. (Ogee's Ferry), genesis of, 406, 407;

Mrs. Kinzie at, 94, 116-122.

Dodge, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry, 104, 106.

Dodge, Maj. Henry, in Black Hawk War, 104, 343, 344, 360, 416

Dogherty, ----, a Quaker, 134, 136, 137.

Dole, George W., Chicago settler, 228.

Dominicans, in Wisconsin, 411.

Doty, James Duane, entertains Kinzies, 16-27;

accompanies Kinzies, 27, 35, 37, 38, 48, 50, 51, 53;

defends Winnebago suspects, 359;

sketch, 397.

Doty, Mrs. James Duane, entertains Kinzies, 17, 21.

Doty's Island, Mrs. Kinzie at, 413.

Dousman family, residence at Mackinac, 10.

Doyle, ----, a soldier, hanged for murder, 341-343, 410.

Draper, Lyman Copeland, names Madison lakes, 405.

Drew, ----, residence at Mackinac, 10.

Du Charme, Dominic, settles Kaukauna, 400.